专题01 什么是英语长难句？-2026年高考英语阅读理解长难句突破

该高中英语高考复习课件聚焦阅读理解长难句这一核心考点，依据高考评价体系明确考查要求，重点梳理“三长两短一并列”修饰成分（介词短语、从句、非谓语等），结合近五年真题分析定语从句、非谓语等高频考点分布，构建“抓主干-析修饰-理逻辑”的完整答题思路体系，体现备考针对性与实用性。 课件亮点在于“真题精析+方法建模”的实战策略，如以2023年全国乙卷真题为例，运用“括号法”划分主干与修饰成分，培养学生语言能力和思维品质。通过“一划主干、二括修饰、三会意群”三步法，帮助学生快速拆解长难句，教师可据此开展精准教学，助力学生高效突破考点，提升阅读理解得分率。

专题01 什么是英语长难句？ 高考英语阅读理解 长难句突破 CONTENTS 长难句初体验 01 长难句分析 02 长难句策略 03 长难句高考真题 04 长难句初体验 ① Four basic sentence structures基本句子类型 Miss Liu is our English teacher. Miss Liu is our English teacher she is very pretty. Miss Liu is our English teacher ， devotes herself to teaching. Miss Liu is our English teacher______ devotes herself to teaching ______ we all admire her. and who who and Simple sentence 简单句 Compound sentence并列句 Complex sentence 复合句 Compound-complex sentence并列复合句 长难句初体验 ① 1.He works hard. 2.He works hard for a company. 4.Living with his son happily, he works hard for a company which was founded in 2002. 5.Living with his son happily, he works hard for a company which was founded in 2002 and most of his workmates show great respect for him. 3.He works hard for a company which was founded in 2002. What makes a simple sentence become complicated? 长难句初体验 ① Living with his son happily, he works hard for a company which was founded in 2002 and most of his workmates show great respect for him. A complicated sentence Trunk 主干 Modifiers 修饰成分 = + preposition phrase介词短语 clause从句 non-finite verb phrase非谓语 parallel structure并列结构 adjective/ adverb 形容词、副词 (S +V) What makes a simple sentence become complicated? He is Zhong Nanshan, an extremely excellent doctor graduating from Beijing Medical University, whose hometown is Xiamen, Fujian, leading the fights against SARS in 2003 and COVID-19 pandemic. 主系表 副词 形容词 从 句 名词 短语 非谓语 短语 介词短语 介词 短语 非谓语 短语 并 列 长难句分析 ② 三长 and, but, or, as well as 一并列 两短 preposition phrase 介词短语 clause从句 non-finite verb phrase非谓语 adjective/ adverb 形容词、副词 parallel structure 平行并列结构 The modifiers can be concluded as follows： 长难句分析 ② 划分：从介词开始 到介词后面第一个名词结束 划分：引导词开始 ①到句尾 ②到逗号 ③到下一个修饰成分 ④到下一个谓语 划分：非谓语开始 ①到句尾 ②到逗号 ③到谓语动词 ④到下一个修饰成分 tips： 扩句程度较低，不影响句子理解，在分析句子的时候可以不单独挑出来 连接词连接名词，动词，句子等,找出连接词,如果连接句子，把句子断开后再分析单个句子里面的句子成分 介词短语 Preposition phrase 从句 Clause 非谓语 Non-finite verb phrase 形容词、副词 Adjective, adverb 并列 Parallel 长难句分析 ② The girl (under the tree) is my sister. The Spring Festival (that can show the tradition of Chinese) is the most important festival. The man (teaching English) is called Damon. I (firmly) believe he is the (only) choice. Singing and laughing, we headed to the park. Use brackets(括号) to mark “三长” “两短”,and circles to mark the compound(连词). 长难句分析 ② 【定义】 从介词开始到名词结束，表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构。 【起止标识】 标记介词短语时，要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词终止;或者逗号为止，如： at home、in the school、in the beautiful park、during my happy childhood、over the last few years 三长----介词短语 Preposition phrase 长难句分析 ② “三长” -介词短语 划分： ①到介词后面第一个名词 ②到逗号 He is from China. 1. The man from China teaches us English. 2. Do you know the girl on the car? 3. During my childhood, I often played games with my siblings in the yard. （ ） （ ） （ ） （ ） （ ） 长难句分析 ② 三长----从句 Clause 【定义】从句是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although等关系词引导的非主句部分。 【起止标识】标记从句时，一定从关系词开始，到以下四种终止。 ①如：Li Hua is a teacher (who teaches English).到句尾终止 ②如： (When I was young), I listened to the radio.到句中的逗号终止 ③如：I will invite Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) to Beijing. 到下一个修饰成分终止 ④如：Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) is studying in Shanghai. 到一下个谓语动词终止 长难句分析 ② I would appreciate it if you receive my sincere invitation. What I want indeed is what you can never give. Newton is described as a gifted scientist with certain human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began. “三长”-从句 划分： 从引导词开始 ①到句尾 ②到逗号 ③到下一个谓语 ④到下一个修饰成分 （ ） （ ） （ ） （ ） （ ） （ ） （ ） 长难句分析 ② 三长----非谓语动词短语 Non-finite verb phrase 【定义】非谓语动词是指动词在句子中“不是谓语”时的几种变化形式，主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）三类。 【起止标识】标记非谓语动词短语时，一定是从动词不定义（to do）、动名词（doing）或分词（现在分词doing或过去分词done）开头，到以下四种情况终止。 长难句分析 ② ①如：Li Hua is a teacher(teaching English).到句尾终止 ②如：(To improve my English), I often listen to the English radio. 到句中的逗号终止 ③如：Jack walked to the hall, (waving )to the audience. (to the audience是介词短语，属于另一修饰成分。)到下一个修饰成分终止 ④如； We, (singing a happy song), rode to school. 到下一个谓语动词终止 长难句分析 ② “三长”-非谓语 划分： 从非谓语开始 ①到句尾 ②到逗号 ③到谓语动词到 下一个修饰成分 He is doing his homework. 1. The man teaching us English is called Damon. 2. Hearing the knews, I chouldn't help crying. 3. He studied hard to get a full understanding of the knowledge. 4. Published on the megazine, the news got great attention. （ ） （ ） （ ） （ ） 长难句分析 ② 两短----形容词 Adjective 【定义】形容词是指用来修饰名词的单词， 往往带有-ous, -y, -ful,-able等后缀。 【常见位置】 ①一般置于名词之前，如a beautiful park. ②修饰不定代词（something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody）时置于不定代词之后，如“一些有趣的事”应译为something interesting. 长难句分析 ② 两短----副词 Adverb 【定义】副词用来修饰形容词、动词等，往往带有-ly等后缀。 【常见位置】英语中，副词的用法比形容词灵活得多。 ①可置于整句之前，如： Unfortunately, he failed to make it. ②可置于整句之后，如： The teacher greets his students individually. ③可置于“助动词、系动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前”，如： The princess looks extremely beautiful today. (系动词之后） He immediately saw the black cat. (实义动词之前） He has undoubtedly fallen in love with the princess.(助动词之后，实义动词之前） ④可置于形容词或副词之前，如： There is an extremely beautiful garden in our campus. 长难句分析 ② “两短” tips： 扩句程度较低，不影响句子理解，分析句子的时候可以不单独挑出来 写作的时候可以增加精准高级的形容词/副词 I'm very happy. 1. I sincerely hope that you can come. 2. I firmly believe he is the only choice. 3. Tens of thousands of people were killed in the severe earthquake. 长难句分析 ② 平行并列结构----Parallel 【定义】平行并列结构是指由并列词将两个或两个以上含义相似、结构相同的并列项连接起来构成的结构。 Singing and laughing, we headed to the park. The children can go with us or they can stay at home. 长难句分析 ② “一并列” tips： 连接词可以连接名词，动词，介词短语，句子等 找出连接词 如果连接句子，把句子断开之后再分析单个句子里面的句子成分 1. A carnival will not only take place during the festival, but also people will get dressed and hang out. 2. A great number of animals lost their habitats so it's of great importance to protect them. 3. A balanced diet needs protective food and energy-giving food. 长难句策略 ③ ①去繁存简抓主干认清“三长两短一并列”，找到主干。 三长 介词短语 从句 非谓语 两短 形容词 副词 一并列 并列句 括号标记 (名从充当主干） 不做标记 框出并列词，往后看找出并列成份并标🔺 ※ 同位语、插入语、强调句、省略句、倒装句的嵌套 长难句策略 ③ (Even though Britain has a reputation)( for less-than-impressive cuisine）, it is producing more top class chefs （who appear frequently）（ on our television screens） and （whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists）. 本句主干 ②按照顺序译意群 运用词汇及语法知识,借助连接词/引导词等将长句分解成若干意群并直译 引导条件让步状语从句 引导定语从句 引导定语从句 长难句策略 ③ (Even though Britain has a reputation)( for less-than-impressive cuisine）, it is producing more top class chefs （who appear frequently）（ on our television screens） and （whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists）. ③调整语序明句意 合理调整语序，使句意表达通顺。 尽管英国的菜肴有个不怎么样的名声，但是它培养了越来越多顶级厨师，他们经常出现在电视屏幕上，他们的食谱经常在畅销书列表上名列前茅。 长难句策略 ③ The key finding (of the study) was that （when crowds were further divided）（into smaller groups ）(that were allowed to have a discussion), the averages (from these groups) were more accurate （than those ）（from an equal number） (of independent individuals). 本句主干 引导表语从句（充当主干） 引导时间状语从句 引导定语从句 修饰先行词 指代 这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为可以进行讨论的更小的群体时，这些群体的平均值会比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。 长难句策略 ③ 总结 修饰成分(定语，状语等)是造成长难句的罪魁祸首！ “三长两短一并列” 括号法 次要成分，去掉之后句子依然完整 长难句策略 ③ 先找出主语和谓语 把认识的组成部分先用括号括出来（缩句） 当能理解短语或者组成部分的时候可以不用分的很细 总结 长难句策略 ③ How can we understand a long and difficult sentence? 1. 划出句子主干(主谓) trunk 谓语动词有什么特点 2. 括起修饰成分 拨开枝叶减少干扰 3. 圈出句中连词 根据连词确定从句类型 4. 理顺逻辑读懂句意 注意英汉差异：后置定语 一划 (二括/圈) “三会意” branches (leaves) 理清句子主干和附属成分之间逻辑关系 长难句策略 ③ A difficult sentence 1. trunk(主干部分) 2. modifiers 修饰语部分 非谓语动词 形容词、副词 、介词短语 同位语、插入语 从句 独立主格结构 I was rooted to the spot, tears of fear mixed with rain streaming down my face. 长难句策略 ③ Proudly reading my words, I glanced around the room, only to find my classmates bearing big smiles on their faces and tears in their eyes. 【句式分析】本句是_________句，主干是_________________________。修饰语包括三个非谓语短语：__________，________，和__________。 【句子翻译】当自豪地阅读我写得内容的时，我环顾整个房间，却发现我的同学笑得眼泪都要流出来了。 一划，二括，三会意 ) ( ) ( ) ( 简单 reading to find bearing I glanced around the room 长难句策略 ③ The Olympic spirit -- the spirit of competition which emphasizes taking part rather winning – has been violated by the desire to succeed at all costs. 【句式分析】本句是______句，主干为______________________________ 其余部分皆为_________。which引导___________，修饰先行词_______, to succeed修饰________。 【句子翻译】奥林匹克精神—强调参与而不是取胜的竞技精神– 已经被为成功而不惜一切代价的愿望所亵渎。 一划，二括，三会意 ) ( ) ( 复合 定语从句 spirit desire 侵犯,亵渎 修饰语 同位语 The Olympic spirit has been violated 长难句策略 ③ Beds that are too small, shower heads(淋浴喷头) that are too low, and restaurant tables with hardly any leg-room（腿部空间）all make life difficult for those of above average height. 一划，二括，三会意 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 【句式分析】本句是______句，谓语动词是______，主语是_____，第一个that从句修饰______，第二个that从句修饰______________，with结构修饰_________________。 【句子翻译】太小的床，太低的淋浴喷头，几乎没有腿部空间的餐厅桌子，都让那些身高高于平均水平的人的生活变得艰难。 复合 make shower heads restaurant tables beds 长难句策略 ③ 【句式分析】本句是______句，连词为____。第一个分句是____________， 第二个分句是____________。修饰语有___，___，___。suitable for living修饰_______, to go further into space修饰______ 。句中运用了__________ 时态。 【句子翻译】到本世纪末，我们将会在太阳系中发现其他适合人类居住的星球，并将发现进行更远空间探索的方法。 By the end of the century, we will have discovered other places in our solar system suitable for living and we will have discovered ways to go further into space. 一划，二括，三会意 ) ( ) ( 并列 ) ( 将来完成 ways and places we will have ... we will have ... 长难句策略 ③ The more exposed young people are to financial issues, and the younger they become aware of them, the more likely they are to become responsible, forward-planning adults who manage their finances confidently and effectively. 一划，二括，三会意 【句式分析】本句包含了特殊句式___________________________，主干是___________________, who引导的从句修饰________。 【句子翻译】年轻人越接触经济问题，越早地了解这些问题，他们就更有可能成为有责任感的、早作打算的成年人，能够有信心地、有效地管理自己的经济问题。 ) ( the+比较级，the+比较级 adults 长难句策略 ③ As their world expanded, (she said), children compared themselves to others online in a way that was “hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves”. (2017江苏卷D) 一划，二括，三会意 【句式分析】本句是______ 句，主干是__________。that引导的是_______ 从句，修饰______。从句主干是______，后面三个介词短语的关系是______关系。 【句子翻译】随着他们的世界的扩张，孩子们把自己跟网络上的其它人，用一种对自我认同、自信心和自我发展能力都具有极大破坏力的方式进行比较。 ) ( 复合 ) ( 定语 way 并列 长难句高考真题 ④ (2023年全国乙卷·32) If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. ◇ What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 长难句高考真题 ④ （If you want to tell the history） (of the whole world), a history （that does not privilege one part） (of humanity), you cannot do it (through texts alone), （because only some of the world has ever had texts, （while most of the world, (for most of the time)， has not）. 引导条件状语从句 同位语 引导定语从句 主句 引导原因状语从句 引导表转折的并列句 如果你想讲述全球的历史，一段不偏袒任何人类某一部分的历史，仅仅通过文字记载是不够的，因为世界上只有部分地区曾经有过文字记载，而大多数地区在大部分时期都没有文字。 长难句高考真题 ④ (2023年全国乙卷·32) If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. ◇ What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. ✔ 长难句高考真题 ④ (2023年新课标Ⅰ卷·C篇) In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. 双星报喜（Pair Check）：交换习作，互相称赞对方做的好/对的地方，或提出 修订意见。 长难句高考真题 ④ (In part one), I describe the philosophical foundations (of digital minimalism), （starting with an examination） （of the forces ）(that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable),（before moving on to a detailed discussion )(of the digital minimalism philosophy). 为v.-ing形式作方式状语 名师指津 句子主干 引导一个定语从句 修饰先行词 介词短语作时间状语 在第一部分里，我描述了数字极简主义的哲学基础，在详细探讨了什么是数字极简主义哲学前，首先分析了让许多人的数字生活越来越难以忍受的力量。 长难句高考真题 ④ 【2022全国乙卷】 Researchers have studied how birth order affects kid's personalities in the past,but one study out of the United Kingdom has found that firstborns may have an educational advantageover their younger siblings(兄弟姐妹). 先并列后复合 主从复合句 复合句 = orignate from UK 长难句高考真题 ④ （2024 新全国一卷）The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path， which brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. 含有插入语→忽略，直奔主题 （主从）复合句 长难句高考真题 ④ 定语从句 The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement, 主句 to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path， 插入语 玻璃温室矗立 带来植物 主 谓 which brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. 主 谓 宾 长难句高考真题 ④ 定语从句 The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement, 主句 to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path， 插入语 玻璃温室作为一项成就矗立 带来来自亚洲本地的植物 which brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. 最终成为英国园艺富饶的标志 长难句高考真题 ④ 定语从句 The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement, 主句 to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path， 插入语 玻璃温室作为一项成就矗立 带来来自亚洲本地的植物 which brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. 最终成为英国园艺富饶的标志 容纳植物 容纳中国西南的植物 谢谢观看！ $