29.Unit 6 When disaster strikes(主题阅读)-2025-2026学年上学期八年级英语知识点梳理与巩固（外研版2024）

2025-2026学年上学期八年级英语知识点梳理与巩固(外研版2024) Unit 6 When disaster strikes主题阅读 必备知识清单 单元主题阅读 一、阅读主题 本单元所涉及的自然灾害及其预防这一主题聚焦于各种自然灾害现象以及人类如何采取措施预防和应对它们。自然灾害，诸如地震（earthquake）、洪水（flood）、台风（typhoon）、飓风（hurricane）等，对人类社会和自然环境有着巨大的破坏力。学习这一主题，有助于学生了解不同自然灾害的特点、形成原因以及它们所带来的影响。例如，“An earthquake can cause buildings to collapse and roads to crack.”（地震能导致建筑物倒塌和道路开裂。）通过对自然灾害的探讨，学生可以认识到提前预防和正确应对的重要性，像 “We should prepare an emergency kit in case of a natural disaster.”（我们应该准备应急包以防自然灾害。）这不仅能增长知识，还能培养学生在面对自然灾害时保护自己和他人的能力。 1. 主题内涵：此主题深入探讨自然灾害的多方面内容。它涵盖了自然灾害的种类，如火山爆发（volcano eruption）、山体滑坡（landslide）、海啸（tsunami）、龙卷风（tornado）、干旱（drought）等；研究它们的形成机制，比如 “A typhoon forms over warm ocean waters.”（台风在温暖的海洋水域上形成。）；关注灾害发生时的现象，例如 “During a flood, water levels rise rapidly and inundate lowlying areas.”（洪水期间，水位迅速上升并淹没低洼地区。）；以及灾害对人类生活和生态环境造成的严重后果，像 “The wildfire destroyed large areas of forests and wildlife habitats.”（野火摧毁了大片森林和野生动物栖息地。）通过学习，学生能够全面认识自然灾害，理解人与自然环境之间复杂而微妙的关系。 2. 素养体现：从语言素养角度，学生能够积累大量与自然灾害相关的词汇和表达方式，提升语言运用能力，例如用 “The earthquake struck suddenly, and people were caught off guard.”（地震突然袭来，人们措手不及。）来描述地震发生的场景。在思维素养方面，学生需要分析不同自然灾害的特点和应对策略，培养逻辑思维和批判性思维，比如思考 “Why is it important to have different evacuation plans for different disasters?”（为什么针对不同灾害制定不同的疏散计划很重要？）。在文化意识素养上，了解不同国家和地区在应对自然灾害时的文化差异和传统做法，拓宽国际视野，如 “In some cultures, people have specific rituals to pray for safety during a natural disaster.”（在一些文化中，人们在自然灾害期间有特定的仪式来祈求平安。）。在学习能力素养方面，学生学会自主探索自然灾害相关知识，提高信息获取和处理能力。 3. 策略要求：在阅读过程中，学生需要运用多种阅读策略。预测策略，根据文章标题、图片等信息预测文章内容，如看到 “The Aftermath of a Hurricane”（飓风的后果）这个标题，学生可以猜测文章可能会讲述飓风过后的破坏情况、救援行动等。略读策略，快速浏览文章，把握文章大意，例如快速找出文章是关于哪种自然灾害以及主要讲述的是灾害的发生过程、影响还是应对措施。扫读策略，在文章中快速定位关键信息，像查找关于某一自然灾害发生时间、地点、伤亡人数等具体数据。推理策略，根据文章所给信息进行推理，如从 “The ground was shaking violently, and there was a loud rumbling sound.”（地面剧烈摇晃，有巨大的隆隆声。）推断出可能发生了地震。同时，学生还需要学会总结归纳，将文章中关于不同自然灾害预防措施的内容进行整理归纳。 4. 文化品质：这一主题蕴含着丰富的文化品质。一方面，它体现了人类在面对自然灾害时的坚韧不拔和团结协作精神。例如，在地震或洪水等灾害发生后，不同国家和地区的人们都会伸出援手，互相帮助，像 “People from all over the country donated money and supplies to help the earthquakestricken area.”（全国各地的人们捐款捐物帮助地震灾区。）这种跨文化的互助行为展现了人类命运共同体的理念。另一方面，不同文化背景下对于自然灾害有着不同的解读和应对方式，反映了人类文化的多样性。一些文化中会将自然灾害视为神灵的警示，而现代科学文化则强调通过科学技术和合理规划来预防和应对灾害，学生在学习过程中可以体会到这种文化差异，并培养尊重不同文化的品质。 二、词汇句式 1. 主题词汇 自然灾害名称类：earthquake（地震）、quake（地震，非正式）、flood（洪水）、typhoon（台风）、hurricane（飓风）、tornado（龙卷风）、tsunami（海啸）、volcano eruption（火山爆发）、landslide（山体滑坡）、drought（干旱）、wildfire（野火，山火）、avalanche（雪崩）、storm（暴风雨）、hailstorm（雹暴） 灾害相关现象类：collapse（倒塌）、crack（裂缝；破裂）、shake（摇晃）、rumble（隆隆作响）、overflow（溢出）、inundate（淹没）、erode（侵蚀）、burn（燃烧）、freeze（结冰）、thunder（打雷）、lightning（闪电） 受灾情况类：destroy（摧毁）、damage（损害）、ruin（毁坏）、devastate（使荒废；破坏）、homeless（无家可归的）、injured（受伤的）、hurt（受伤）、wound（创伤；使受伤）、death（死亡）、casualty（伤亡人员） 预防与应对措施类：prepare（准备）、evacuate（疏散）、shelter（避难所；躲避）、rescue（营救）、aid（援助）、emergency（紧急情况）、first aid（急救）、warning（警告）、alert（警报）、monitor（监测）、reinforce（加强）、stockpile（储备） 2. 主题句式 1.描述自然灾害发生： A + 形容词 + 自然灾害名称 + struck/hit/occurred in + 地点 + 时间. 例如：A powerful earthquake struck the small town last night.（昨晚一场强烈的地震袭击了这个小镇。） There was a + 自然灾害名称 + in + 地点 + 时间. 例如：There was a severe flood in the valley last summer.（去年夏天山谷里发生了严重的洪水。） The 自然灾害名称 + broke out/started + 时间. 例如：The wildfire started in the forest due to a lightning strike.（由于雷击，森林里燃起了野火。） 2.描述灾害影响： The 自然灾害名称 + caused + 名词. 例如：The hurricane caused great damage to the coastal areas.（飓风给沿海地区造成了巨大破坏。） 名词 + were/was + 动词过去分词 + by the 自然灾害名称. 例如：Houses were destroyed by the earthquake.（房屋被地震摧毁了。） The 自然灾害名称 + made + 名词 + 形容词. 例如：The flood made many people homeless.（洪水使许多人无家可归。） 3.描述预防措施： We should + 动词原形 +... to prevent + 自然灾害名称. 例如：We should plant more trees to prevent landslides.（我们应该多种树来预防山体滑坡。） It's important to + 动词原形 +... in case of + 自然灾害名称. 例如：It's important to have an emergency plan in case of a fire.（制定火灾应急预案很重要。） People are advised to + 动词原形 +... before + 自然灾害名称. 例如：People are advised to stock up on food and water before a typhoon.（建议人们在台风来临前储备食物和水。） 4.描述应对措施： When + 自然灾害名称 + happens, we should + 动词原形 +... 例如：When an earthquake happens, we should hide under a sturdy table.（当地震发生时，我们应该躲在坚固的桌子下面。） In case of + 自然灾害名称, we need to + 动词原形 +... 例如：In case of a flood, we need to evacuate to higher ground.（万一发生洪水，我们需要疏散到高地。） The government/authorities took measures to + 动词原形 +... after the 自然灾害名称. 例如：The government took measures to provide aid to the floodaffected areas.（政府采取措施向受洪水影响的地区提供援助。） 三、阅读策略 1. 背景知识运用策略：由于学生对自然灾害有一定的生活常识和认知基础，在阅读前，可以引导学生回忆自己所知道的关于各种自然灾害的信息，如地震发生时的感受、洪水的样子等。例如，在阅读一篇关于海啸的文章前，让学生先说一说他们从电视、网络或书本上了解到的海啸知识，这样可以帮助学生更好地理解文章内容。当文章中提到 “Tsunamis are usually caused by underwater earthquakes.”（海啸通常由海底地震引起。）时，学生基于已有的背景知识就能更容易理解这句话的含义。 2. 关键词把握策略：在阅读过程中，教会学生识别与自然灾害相关的关键词，如特定自然灾害的名称（earthquake、typhoon等）、描述灾害程度的形容词（severe、powerful等）、表示预防和应对措施的动词（prepare、evacuate等）。通过抓住这些关键词，学生可以快速把握文章的核心内容。比如在文章 “The local government has been taking steps to reinforce buildings to withstand powerful earthquakes.” 中，学生抓住 “government”“reinforce”“earthquakes” 等关键词，就能大致了解文章是关于政府针对地震采取的建筑加固措施。 3. 图表辅助策略：许多关于自然灾害的文章会配有图表，如地震震级图、洪水水位变化图、台风路径图等。引导学生学会观察这些图表，将图表信息与文字信息相结合，能更直观地理解文章内容。例如，在阅读一篇关于台风的文章时，文中有一张台风路径图，学生通过观察图表中台风的移动方向、经过的地区等信息，再结合文字描述 “The typhoon is moving northwestward and is expected to hit the coastal city tomorrow.”（台风正朝西北方向移动，预计明天袭击沿海城市。），就能更清晰地了解台风的动态。 4. 对比归纳策略：在阅读多篇关于不同自然灾害的文章后，组织学生进行对比归纳。对比不同自然灾害的形成原因、特点、影响以及预防和应对措施的异同点。比如，将地震和洪水进行对比，地震通常是瞬间发生，主要破坏建筑物和基础设施；而洪水是一个持续的过程，更多地影响低洼地区的居民生活和农业生产。通过这样的对比归纳，学生可以加深对各种自然灾害的理解，同时提高分析和总结能力。 综合实战演练 1 On October 8th, when I cooked breakfast for my children, my house started shaking (摇动). It was an earthquake (地震). My children were with me. Ali, who was 5 years old, came to me and asked for breakfast. He ate a slice of bread when the earthquake came. When we tried to run out, something struck (撞击) Ali. Humna and I ran out of the house safely. Soon Ali’s father came and helped us, but we couldn’t find Ali and my other daughter, Ayesha. We, with other people, looked for them everywhere. Finally we found Ayesha’s dead (死的) body from her room. We found Ali six hours later. We could hear him cry at that time. The people said to him, “We have a bike for you. Don’t cry.” He was very happy after hearing it because he wanted a bike very much. He asked for his bike when he came out, but we had nothing for him except (除……之外) the dead body of his sister Ayesha. 1．What did Ali do when the earthquake came? A．He ran into the house. B．He played in the yard. C．He ate a slice of bread. D．He helped his mum cook. 2．How many children were there in the family before the earthquake? A．Two. B．Three. C．Four. D．Five. 3．They spent more than ________ hours looking for Ali. A．3 B．4 C．5 D．6 4．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A．Ali was 5 years old. B．Ayesha was dead. C．The writer bought a bike for Ali. D．The earthquake came in the morning. 5．The passage is about ________. A．a bad trip B．a clever child C．a great mother D．a terrible earthquake 2 Do you live in an area hit by snow in winter? If so, you may experience snowstorms. A snowstorm is a very heavy fall of snow, usually with a strong wind. Now let’s take a closer look at it. Snowstorms make it difficult for people to travel. They also make it difficult for people to buy food and other things they need for daily life. Snowstorms can also lead to health risks, including frostbite (冻伤). You should pay attention to the weather report. Then you can get well prepared for snowstorms. You can change your travel plan in time before snowstorms arrive. Prepare what you need to keep warm, and save enough food and water for your family. If your house is not strong enough, move to a safer place quickly. In this way, you won’t get hurt if it is damaged by heavy snow. If you are indoors, try not to go out. Use heating tools in a proper (恰当的) way when staying indoors. If coal is used for heating, keep the windows open to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning (一氧化碳中毒). If you have to go out, you need to wear thick clothes to keep warm. And you’d better wear proper shoes to prevent you from falling down. Besides, be careful of falling power lines, because they can be dangerous for people on foot. These are some basic things about snowstorms, and you need to keep them in mind. Protect yourself during snowstorms. 6．What question can describe the second paragraph? A．How can people live in a snowstorm? B．What should people do in a snowstorm? C．What influences (影响) can snowstorms bring? D．Why are people afraid of snowstorms? 7．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．The house. B．The travel. C．The food. D．The plan. 8．Why should we wear proper shoes? A．Because they make our feet comfortable. B．Because they can stop us from falling down. C．Because they help us to walk or run fast. D．Because they are nice and cheap. 9．Where can we read the passage? A．In a book about illnesses. B．In a newspaper about culture. C．On a website about hard life. D．In a magazine about weather. 3 ①Water is one of the most useful things on Earth. It gives us life. We think water is something soft and gentle, but sometimes water is so powerful that it can even be destructive (破坏性的). Here we talk about floods. ②There are two main kinds of floods: flash floods and slow floods. Flash floods are sudden floods of great volumes of water. They overflow (溢出) the banks of the rivers and wash away everything they touch into pieces. Flash floods are destructive. The other type is slow floods. They rise over a long period of time. Usually as more and more rain falls, the water in rivers rise and land floods. These slow floods happen in every country in the world. ③Floods are the world’s biggest natural killer. When floods happen, crops are damaged (毁坏), houses are washed away, roads are destroyed, and people are killed. Every year in America water kills over 100 people, most in flash floods. Floods also cause huge economic (经济的) losses. ④Floods are a serious problem. Worse still, they may become more powerful and happen more often as global (全球的) warming becomes more and more serious. Around the world, sea levels will rise, and more lives will be taken by the flood waters of our planet. ⑤Floods are a serious natural disaster and we must try to stop them from happening often to protect our lives and homes. 10．What can we know about flash floods? A．They happen unexpectedly. B．They are slow, but powerful. C．They are less destructive than slow floods. D．They appear everywhere around the world. 11．How does the writer explain “Floods are the world’s biggest natural killer.”? A．By giving facts. B．By telling stories. C．By raising questions. D．By showing steps. 12．What does the underlined word “taken” mean in Paragraph 4? A．Born. B．Protected. C．Killed. D．Controlled. 13．Which of the following shows the structure (结构) of the text? (Paragraph=P) A． B． C． D． 4 A little knowledge can make a difference at a time of life or death. Do you know what to do if you find yourself in an earthquake? If you are inside: ● Quickly move under a strong desk, a strong table or along a wall. You can also go into a small room like the bathroom. This will protect you from falling things. Do not get into a lift. ● Don’t stand near windows, large mirrors (镜子), heavy furniture or fireplaces. If you’re outside: ● Move away from buildings and streetlights. These could fall on you. ● Squat (蹲下) and protect your head until the shaking stops. After the earthquake: ● Check, take care of injuries and help make sure people around you are all right. ● Watch out for aftershocks. ● Protect yourself by wearing long pants, a long-sleeved (长袖的) shirt and strong shoes. ● Listen to the radio for the latest information. 14．If you are in a tall building when an earthquake happens, you’d better ________. A．run into a lift B．not stay in the bathroom C．stand near large mirrors D．not stand near windows 15．If you are outside during an earthquake, ________. A．you must move into a building B．you cannot squat C．you have to stop the shaking D．you must move away from streetlights 16．After the earthquake, you should ________. A．look after injuries B．not help the others around you C．protect yourself without wearing shoes D．not listen to the radio for the latest information 17．The underlined word “aftershocks” in the passage means “________” in Chinese. A．震感 B．震源 C．余震 D．防震 18．The passage is mainly about ________. A．what to do before an earthquake takes place B．what to do if you are in an earthquake C．how to escape from an earthquake when you’re at home D．how to predict an earthquake in the open air 5 Can animals sense earthquakes and other natural disasters before they happen? Is there any real science behind this idea? As far back as 373 B．C．, the ancient Greeks noticed that snakes would “behave strangely days before a big earthquake”. However, there isn’t enough scientific support that animals can sense earthquakes, at least not days before they happen. When an earthquake happens, it produces two kinds of energy waves. The smaller one is called a Primary Wave, or “P wave”. It arrives a couple of minutes before the larger Secondary Wave, or “S wave”. The “P wave” travels faster because it can move through solid (固体的) things, water and air, while the “S wave” can only pass through solid things. Very few people notice the “P wave”, but animals often can, thanks to their good senses. With their excellent sense of smell, some wild animals can tell when a fire is burning nearby. But it’s impossible for them to have a premonition of when and where fires will start ahead of time. With the world getting warmer and warmer, wildfires become more common. It is harder than ever for animals to live through these disasters. A new study suggests that some birds may be able to sense storms much earlier than humans. The researchers studied veeries (棕色夜鸫), a kind of songbird. In certain years, these birds finished their breeding season (繁殖期) and began moving to South America earlier than usual. Those years turned out to have longer and more serious hurricane (飓风) seasons. The researchers consider the birds’ unusual behavior to be a sign of storms. But we need more research to make sure of this. 19．How does the writer lead in the topic? A．By telling a story. B．By asking questions. C．By comparing things. D．By listing research results. 20．Why does the “P wave” travel faster? A．Because it’s much smaller. B．Because it carries more energy. C．Because people can sense it more easily. D．Because it can move through more things. 21．What does the underlined word “premonition” mean? A．A feeling that something is going to happen. B．A feeling that something is really important. C．A feeling that something is not completely true. D．A feeling that something will turn uncomfortable. 22．Which of the following might be a sign of serious storms? A．Veeries sing day and night. B．Veeries give birth to more babies. C．Veeries fly to South America earlier. D．Veeries spend more time staying in the trees. 23．What is the structure of the text? (P= Paragraph) A． B． C． D． 6 What is a tsunami (海啸)? Tsunamis are often caused by earthquakes or volcanoes (火山). The average speed (平均速度) of the waves (波浪) is 300 mph and the waves can last from five minutes to an hour. What to do in a tsunami? Firstly, when a strong earthquake comes, leave the water at once, get to the shore (海岸) and go as far away as you can from the beach. Secondly, turn on the TV for news and the weather report. They will tell you more about the tsunami. Thirdly, get all members of your family together and let everyone know the tsunami is coming. Choose a place to stay together. Make sure the place is safe and as far away from the shore as possible. Bring emergency supplies (应急用品) when you have to leave your house. At last, if you find a huge wave is coming, climb onto the roof of your house or on the highest point of the nearest building. Hold on to anything that’s strong enough. For a tsunami, the only way to survive (幸免于) it is to be prepared. 24．When a tsunami comes, the waves will ________. A．go as quickly as 300 mph B．become stronger before the earthquake C．cause heavy rain D．last only a few minutes 25．We should do the following when a tsunami is coming EXCEPT ________. A．listen to the weather report B．go to a low place to keep safe C．get emergency supplies ready D．leave the water as far away as you can 26．What’s the best title of the passage? A．How to keep safe in the water B．What a tsunami is C．What to do after a tsunami D．How to survive a tsunami 7 ①Floods are becoming more and more common around the world. The warming climate is leading to heavier rainfall, but could the way that cities are growing be making things worse? Could we design cities in a different way to reduce the risk of flooding? ②As cities get larger, and more and more land is under concrete (混凝土), less water is taken in and more needs to be carried away by storm drains (雨水渠) and sewerage systems (下水道系统). As there is more water than they can be filled with, the risk of flash flooding increases. ③Could it be that we’ve been taking the wrong way? Chinese landscape designer Yu Kongjian certainly thinks so. In 2013, he thought of the idea of “sponge cities (海绵城市)”, which are designed to take in water—like a sponge—reducing the risk of sudden floods. Natural solutions are encouraged, using riverside parks and ponds to take in floodwater. Ways inspired by this have been taken by cities across the world. Auckland, in New Zealand, was named the spongiest city in one study. It has built green banks and connected parks instead of the concrete drains around the Oakley creek stream. This has reduced flooding in the nearby housing areas as well as the amount of waste which used to be washed into the sea. ④Auckland has taken a natural way, but a much more high-tech method can be seen in Amsterdam. The Dutch city has fixed blue-green roofs (屋顶) on a number of buildings. These roofs have a layer of plants on the outside, and then layers under which collect and store rainwater. This water can be used by people in the building below to water plants or wash toilets. Smart software can even tell the roofs to release water ahead of upcoming storms to make the system take in more rainwater. It can even know which areas of the city are at most risk and take effective action. ⑤Yu Kongjian describes the sponge city way as using Tai Chi with nature instead of boxing. Questions have been raised as to whether a natural way is enough when faced with increased rain fall globally. What remains to be seen is whether increased size and connection with modern technology can help natural methods save many more people from flooding. 27．Why is rainfall getting heavier around the world? A．Because cities need more rain water. B．Because cities are getting larger. C．Because the climate is getting warm. D．Because cities are under concrete. 28．What’s the purpose of “sponge cities”? A．To help cities save water. B．To develop larger cities. C．To build more tourist attractions. D．To protect cities from floods. 29．What is the structure of this passage? (1= Paragraph 1, 2= Paragraph 2...) A． B． C． D． 30．What’s the writer’s attitude towards the future role of “sponge cities”? A．Worried. B．Hopeful. C．Uncertain. D．Uncaring. 8 We should all have at least one fire extinguisher somewhere in our house or office building. However, it’s not enough to simply keep an extinguisher somewhere. The best way to be ready for a sudden fire is to study this guide carefully and review it from time to time. Here is what we should do when a fire suddenly breaks out. (1) Have a clear exit route (疏散路线) Before using the fire extinguisher, make sure you have a clear exit route. If you cannot put out the fire, you will need to make a safe exit. Also, make sure everyone else is out. (2) Report the fire Even if the fire appears manageable, you should always have the firemen on the way. Once they arrive, they can double-check to see if the fire has been completely put out. (3) Stand back Face the fire and keep your back to the clear exit. You should stay between 1.8 and 2.5 meters away from the flames (火焰) as you prepare to use the fire extinguisher. (4) Use the extinguisher It can be difficult to think clearly during a fire. One method to help you remember how to use an extinguisher is to remember “PASS”: ►P-Pull: Pull the pin on the fire extinguisher. ►A-Aim: Aim low. Point the nozzle at the bottom of the fire. ►S-Squeeze (挤压): Squeeze the handle to let out the extinguishing chemicals. ►S-Sweep: Sweep the nozzle from side to side until the fire is put out. (5) Keep an eye on the fire After the fire appears to be out, continue to watch the fire area to make sure it doesn’t start burning again. If the fire starts again, repeat the “PASS”. (6) Get to a safe place Once the fire is out, or if you are unable to put it out, find a place out of reach of the fire. 31．What is the text about? A．How to prevent a big fire. B．How to use an extinguisher. C．How to keep an extinguisher. D．How to deal with a sudden fire. 32．Which order of the pictures describes “PASS”? A．③②④① B．②①④③ C．②④③① D．③①④② 33．In which theme activity can the text be used? A．A better self. B．Safety with me. C．Young scientists D．Home, sweet home. 9 There are many different kinds of disasters around the world. As an adult you know what to do during a disaster, but what about the children? Some adults think it would probably never happen to them, so they don’t teach their children what to do. Before it’s too late here are ways to help you prepare your child for a disaster. Educate: It is always good to let your child know about possible disasters. This doesn’t mean children have to live in fear. When teaching them about disasters, keep the conversation positive (积极的) by telling them there is a solution (解决办法) to the disaster. Keep the conversations short, allow for questions and answer honestly. Prepare: Always be prepared, that is the best advice for children. For example when preparing for bad weather, get the tools you need, like candles, radios, food, water and medicine. Teach your child what is needed in certain disasters so that they know what is available for them if ever needed. Plan: You should always have a plan for you and your child for any dangerous situation. Write out a simple list that they can read. Then plan could start with “Listen to an adult’s advice and/or call 119”. Practice: Once you have got the correct safety tools and worked out the right plan, practice every few months. Practicing what to do during a disaster with your child will help them if the time comes. Disaster’s can’t be avoided but they can be lessened (减轻) once you are prepared and ready for one. 34．What does the word “disaster” mean? A．灾难 B．命运 C．演戏 D．倾销 35．What’s the most important thing for children? A．Always ask adults for help. B．Always be prepared for a disaster. C．Always listen to an adult’s advice. D．Always remember where the tools are. 36．What is NOT suggested doing? A．Remembering what is needed in certain disasters. B．Getting the children to know the plan well. C．Helping people in disaster areas. D．Getting radios for bad weather. 10 A bottle of water may not seem like much to you, but thousands of bottles will be of great help for people who live in drought-hit areas in China. Last autumn, there was very little rain in the Southwest China. Some places, especially in Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, experienced a serious drought. Crops died, the land cracked (裂开), and wells and rivers dried up. More than 20 million people are having difficulty in finding safe drink in water. After learning about the drought, many people around the country helped by giving water, money and other things. Last week, every member of the Communist Youth League and Young Pioneers were encouraged to give one bottle of water to the drought-hit areas. Students in primal schools and middle schools quickly joined the activity. In Yuhua Primary School in Xi’an, 900 students bought over 1,000 bottles of water with their pocket money. They also wrote their wishes on the bottles. The serious drought has also made students realize the importance of saving water. Student from Nanshan Middle School in Huizhou, Guangdong went on the street to tell people to take part water-saving activities. “I’ve heard that some children in drought-hit areas don’t have enough drinking water. They have to drink muddy (含泥的) water, I feel really sad about that,” said Su Xiaolei, a student in Hangzhou. “I decide to take a shower twice a week instead of every day to save water,” he said. 37．What does Paragraph 2 mainly show us? A．The four drought-hit places in China. B．The weather in the Southwest China. C．The serious results in drought-hit areas. D．The reasons of the drought last autumn. 38．What activity did the school students join for the drought? A．Raising water and money for the people in Yunnan. B．Finding safe drinking water in the Southwest China. C．Sending wishes to the people in the drought-hit areas. D．Giving one bottle of water to people in the drought-hit areas. 39．Which of the following may be the best title for the article? A．Different Disasters B．Action after a drought C．Water-saving activities D．Save Water, Save nature 11 Temperatures are rising. “We’re seeing the hottest summers in history, several years in a row.” Dr. Grant Lipman told TIME. He’s an emergency doctor. It’s more important than ever to know how to keep cool. As a result of the long heat waves, nighttime temperatures are also higher. They give people less time to cool down. Being really hot makes people impatient, uneasy or angry. And in serious cases, it can lead to heat illness. This illness is a result of your body temperature rising to a dangerous level during hot weather. It normally happens when you are staying in the heat for too long without taking proper steps to cool down. Your body deals with heat in many ways. One is by sweating. Another is by giving off heat. Your body works hard to stay cool. Staying cool uses energy. But there are ways to help your body prepare for the heat. First, you can get used to heat. You can train for the hot weather. Going somewhere hot? Lipman suggests an hour outside every day. He also suggests other ways to help prevent heat illness. Avoid heavy exercise in the middle of the day. Wear loose and light clothing. Clothing with a high UPF will be better. It can protect your skin like sunscreen does. It’s important to drink lots of water, even if you are not thirsty. We need more while sweating, for we are losing electrolytes which are very important for our bodies. If you’re outside, find some shade. And always go inside if you are feeling too hot. Look out for signs of heat illness. 40．The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refers to ________. A．cooling down B．staying in the heat C．being really hot D．being impatient, uneasy or angry 41．What’s the main purpose of quoting Dr. Grant Lipman’s words in Paragraph 1? ________ A．To introduce the topic. B．To explain the writer’s opinion. C．To make the passage more interesting. D．To draw attention to high temperature. 42．Which of the following is the proper way to prepare for the heat? ________ A．We should go outside if we feel too hot. B．We should exercise outside in the late afternoon. C．We don’t need to drink water if we aren’t thirsty. D．We must go somewhere very hot to prepare for the heat. 43．What will the writer probably talk about after the last paragraph? ________ A．What to do if people get heat illness. B．Where to go for summer holiday. C．The causes of the high temperature. D．People’s opinion about Dr. Grant Lipman. 12 Research recently published in the magazine Science studied land subsidence (地面沉降) in China’s major cities, raising people’s worries about land sinking in the country. However, Hu Xie, co-author of the study, said this idea isn’t right scientifically. “Almost every city has areas of sinking and uplift (上升),” He told the Intellectual, a new science and technology media. The sinking of certain areas in a city does not mean the whole city is sinking. Human activities, like digging to build or taking out groundwater, are often the reason for it. What matters is how the areas are influenced and how quickly the land changes. In fact, during times of fast economic (经济的) development, the rate (速度) of land subsidence in China has been much slower compared to other countries. For example, in San Jose, California, US, certain areas sank by 1.2 meters between 1912 and 1933. This was the time when the area quickly developed. The subsidence rate in Tokyo, Japan, even reached 27 centimeters a year during the 1950s. However, the subsidence rates in major (主要的) Chinese cities are still around a few millimeters a year. Even so, the government has taken measures to slow down the sinking. The key is not taking out too much water from the ground. The South-to-North Water Diversion Project (南水北调工程) is offering a helping hand to the country’s northern cities. Through this project, less water from the ground is used in northern areas and land subsidence in many areas of Beijing and Tianjin has stopped. Shanghai has also reduced yearly ground subsidence from around 10 mm in 1995 to 6 mm in 2019 through efforts such as improving the water supply system and closing deep wells (井), according to The Paper. 44．Which of the opinions does Hu Xie agree on? A．The sinking of certain areas matters most. B．Every city has areas of sinking and uplift. C．People needn't worry too much about the sinking. D．Human activities have nothing to do with the sinking. 45．We can infer when an area’s economy develops fast, the rate of land subsidence may ________. A．get slower B．get higher C．not be predictable D．not be influenced 46．What does the South-to-North Water Diversion Project help with? A．Preventing flooding. B．Building high buildings. C．Reducing water pollution. D．Taking out less groundwater. 47．What action has Shanghai taken to slow down land subsidence? A．Asking volunteers for help. B．Using water from southern cities. C．Encouraging people to save water. D．Improving the water supply system. 48．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To show the rate of land subsidence in China. B．To discuss land subsidence and practical actions. C．To explain the different causes of land subsidence. D．To introduce the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. ( 1 / 1 )学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2025-2026学年上学期八年级英语知识点梳理与巩固(外研版2024) Unit 6 When disaster strikes主题阅读 必备知识清单 单元主题阅读 一、阅读主题 本单元所涉及的自然灾害及其预防这一主题聚焦于各种自然灾害现象以及人类如何采取措施预防和应对它们。自然灾害，诸如地震（earthquake）、洪水（flood）、台风（typhoon）、飓风（hurricane）等，对人类社会和自然环境有着巨大的破坏力。学习这一主题，有助于学生了解不同自然灾害的特点、形成原因以及它们所带来的影响。例如，“An earthquake can cause buildings to collapse and roads to crack.”（地震能导致建筑物倒塌和道路开裂。）通过对自然灾害的探讨，学生可以认识到提前预防和正确应对的重要性，像 “We should prepare an emergency kit in case of a natural disaster.”（我们应该准备应急包以防自然灾害。）这不仅能增长知识，还能培养学生在面对自然灾害时保护自己和他人的能力。 1. 主题内涵：此主题深入探讨自然灾害的多方面内容。它涵盖了自然灾害的种类，如火山爆发（volcano eruption）、山体滑坡（landslide）、海啸（tsunami）、龙卷风（tornado）、干旱（drought）等；研究它们的形成机制，比如 “A typhoon forms over warm ocean waters.”（台风在温暖的海洋水域上形成。）；关注灾害发生时的现象，例如 “During a flood, water levels rise rapidly and inundate lowlying areas.”（洪水期间，水位迅速上升并淹没低洼地区。）；以及灾害对人类生活和生态环境造成的严重后果，像 “The wildfire destroyed large areas of forests and wildlife habitats.”（野火摧毁了大片森林和野生动物栖息地。）通过学习，学生能够全面认识自然灾害，理解人与自然环境之间复杂而微妙的关系。 2. 素养体现：从语言素养角度，学生能够积累大量与自然灾害相关的词汇和表达方式，提升语言运用能力，例如用 “The earthquake struck suddenly, and people were caught off guard.”（地震突然袭来，人们措手不及。）来描述地震发生的场景。在思维素养方面，学生需要分析不同自然灾害的特点和应对策略，培养逻辑思维和批判性思维，比如思考 “Why is it important to have different evacuation plans for different disasters?”（为什么针对不同灾害制定不同的疏散计划很重要？）。在文化意识素养上，了解不同国家和地区在应对自然灾害时的文化差异和传统做法，拓宽国际视野，如 “In some cultures, people have specific rituals to pray for safety during a natural disaster.”（在一些文化中，人们在自然灾害期间有特定的仪式来祈求平安。）。在学习能力素养方面，学生学会自主探索自然灾害相关知识，提高信息获取和处理能力。 3. 策略要求：在阅读过程中，学生需要运用多种阅读策略。预测策略，根据文章标题、图片等信息预测文章内容，如看到 “The Aftermath of a Hurricane”（飓风的后果）这个标题，学生可以猜测文章可能会讲述飓风过后的破坏情况、救援行动等。略读策略，快速浏览文章，把握文章大意，例如快速找出文章是关于哪种自然灾害以及主要讲述的是灾害的发生过程、影响还是应对措施。扫读策略，在文章中快速定位关键信息，像查找关于某一自然灾害发生时间、地点、伤亡人数等具体数据。推理策略，根据文章所给信息进行推理，如从 “The ground was shaking violently, and there was a loud rumbling sound.”（地面剧烈摇晃，有巨大的隆隆声。）推断出可能发生了地震。同时，学生还需要学会总结归纳，将文章中关于不同自然灾害预防措施的内容进行整理归纳。 4. 文化品质：这一主题蕴含着丰富的文化品质。一方面，它体现了人类在面对自然灾害时的坚韧不拔和团结协作精神。例如，在地震或洪水等灾害发生后，不同国家和地区的人们都会伸出援手，互相帮助，像 “People from all over the country donated money and supplies to help the earthquakestricken area.”（全国各地的人们捐款捐物帮助地震灾区。）这种跨文化的互助行为展现了人类命运共同体的理念。另一方面，不同文化背景下对于自然灾害有着不同的解读和应对方式，反映了人类文化的多样性。一些文化中会将自然灾害视为神灵的警示，而现代科学文化则强调通过科学技术和合理规划来预防和应对灾害，学生在学习过程中可以体会到这种文化差异，并培养尊重不同文化的品质。 二、词汇句式 1. 主题词汇 自然灾害名称类：earthquake（地震）、quake（地震，非正式）、flood（洪水）、typhoon（台风）、hurricane（飓风）、tornado（龙卷风）、tsunami（海啸）、volcano eruption（火山爆发）、landslide（山体滑坡）、drought（干旱）、wildfire（野火，山火）、avalanche（雪崩）、storm（暴风雨）、hailstorm（雹暴） 灾害相关现象类：collapse（倒塌）、crack（裂缝；破裂）、shake（摇晃）、rumble（隆隆作响）、overflow（溢出）、inundate（淹没）、erode（侵蚀）、burn（燃烧）、freeze（结冰）、thunder（打雷）、lightning（闪电） 受灾情况类：destroy（摧毁）、damage（损害）、ruin（毁坏）、devastate（使荒废；破坏）、homeless（无家可归的）、injured（受伤的）、hurt（受伤）、wound（创伤；使受伤）、death（死亡）、casualty（伤亡人员） 预防与应对措施类：prepare（准备）、evacuate（疏散）、shelter（避难所；躲避）、rescue（营救）、aid（援助）、emergency（紧急情况）、first aid（急救）、warning（警告）、alert（警报）、monitor（监测）、reinforce（加强）、stockpile（储备） 2. 主题句式 1.描述自然灾害发生： A + 形容词 + 自然灾害名称 + struck/hit/occurred in + 地点 + 时间. 例如：A powerful earthquake struck the small town last night.（昨晚一场强烈的地震袭击了这个小镇。） There was a + 自然灾害名称 + in + 地点 + 时间. 例如：There was a severe flood in the valley last summer.（去年夏天山谷里发生了严重的洪水。） The 自然灾害名称 + broke out/started + 时间. 例如：The wildfire started in the forest due to a lightning strike.（由于雷击，森林里燃起了野火。） 2.描述灾害影响： The 自然灾害名称 + caused + 名词. 例如：The hurricane caused great damage to the coastal areas.（飓风给沿海地区造成了巨大破坏。） 名词 + were/was + 动词过去分词 + by the 自然灾害名称. 例如：Houses were destroyed by the earthquake.（房屋被地震摧毁了。） The 自然灾害名称 + made + 名词 + 形容词. 例如：The flood made many people homeless.（洪水使许多人无家可归。） 3.描述预防措施： We should + 动词原形 +... to prevent + 自然灾害名称. 例如：We should plant more trees to prevent landslides.（我们应该多种树来预防山体滑坡。） It's important to + 动词原形 +... in case of + 自然灾害名称. 例如：It's important to have an emergency plan in case of a fire.（制定火灾应急预案很重要。） People are advised to + 动词原形 +... before + 自然灾害名称. 例如：People are advised to stock up on food and water before a typhoon.（建议人们在台风来临前储备食物和水。） 4.描述应对措施： When + 自然灾害名称 + happens, we should + 动词原形 +... 例如：When an earthquake happens, we should hide under a sturdy table.（当地震发生时，我们应该躲在坚固的桌子下面。） In case of + 自然灾害名称, we need to + 动词原形 +... 例如：In case of a flood, we need to evacuate to higher ground.（万一发生洪水，我们需要疏散到高地。） The government/authorities took measures to + 动词原形 +... after the 自然灾害名称. 例如：The government took measures to provide aid to the floodaffected areas.（政府采取措施向受洪水影响的地区提供援助。） 三、阅读策略 1. 背景知识运用策略：由于学生对自然灾害有一定的生活常识和认知基础，在阅读前，可以引导学生回忆自己所知道的关于各种自然灾害的信息，如地震发生时的感受、洪水的样子等。例如，在阅读一篇关于海啸的文章前，让学生先说一说他们从电视、网络或书本上了解到的海啸知识，这样可以帮助学生更好地理解文章内容。当文章中提到 “Tsunamis are usually caused by underwater earthquakes.”（海啸通常由海底地震引起。）时，学生基于已有的背景知识就能更容易理解这句话的含义。 2. 关键词把握策略：在阅读过程中，教会学生识别与自然灾害相关的关键词，如特定自然灾害的名称（earthquake、typhoon等）、描述灾害程度的形容词（severe、powerful等）、表示预防和应对措施的动词（prepare、evacuate等）。通过抓住这些关键词，学生可以快速把握文章的核心内容。比如在文章 “The local government has been taking steps to reinforce buildings to withstand powerful earthquakes.” 中，学生抓住 “government”“reinforce”“earthquakes” 等关键词，就能大致了解文章是关于政府针对地震采取的建筑加固措施。 3. 图表辅助策略：许多关于自然灾害的文章会配有图表，如地震震级图、洪水水位变化图、台风路径图等。引导学生学会观察这些图表，将图表信息与文字信息相结合，能更直观地理解文章内容。例如，在阅读一篇关于台风的文章时，文中有一张台风路径图，学生通过观察图表中台风的移动方向、经过的地区等信息，再结合文字描述 “The typhoon is moving northwestward and is expected to hit the coastal city tomorrow.”（台风正朝西北方向移动，预计明天袭击沿海城市。），就能更清晰地了解台风的动态。 4. 对比归纳策略：在阅读多篇关于不同自然灾害的文章后，组织学生进行对比归纳。对比不同自然灾害的形成原因、特点、影响以及预防和应对措施的异同点。比如，将地震和洪水进行对比，地震通常是瞬间发生，主要破坏建筑物和基础设施；而洪水是一个持续的过程，更多地影响低洼地区的居民生活和农业生产。通过这样的对比归纳，学生可以加深对各种自然灾害的理解，同时提高分析和总结能力。 综合实战演练 1 On October 8th, when I cooked breakfast for my children, my house started shaking (摇动). It was an earthquake (地震). My children were with me. Ali, who was 5 years old, came to me and asked for breakfast. He ate a slice of bread when the earthquake came. When we tried to run out, something struck (撞击) Ali. Humna and I ran out of the house safely. Soon Ali’s father came and helped us, but we couldn’t find Ali and my other daughter, Ayesha. We, with other people, looked for them everywhere. Finally we found Ayesha’s dead (死的) body from her room. We found Ali six hours later. We could hear him cry at that time. The people said to him, “We have a bike for you. Don’t cry.” He was very happy after hearing it because he wanted a bike very much. He asked for his bike when he came out, but we had nothing for him except (除……之外) the dead body of his sister Ayesha. 1．What did Ali do when the earthquake came? A．He ran into the house. B．He played in the yard. C．He ate a slice of bread. D．He helped his mum cook. 2．How many children were there in the family before the earthquake? A．Two. B．Three. C．Four. D．Five. 3．They spent more than ________ hours looking for Ali. A．3 B．4 C．5 D．6 4．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A．Ali was 5 years old. B．Ayesha was dead. C．The writer bought a bike for Ali. D．The earthquake came in the morning. 5．The passage is about ________. A．a bad trip B．a clever child C．a great mother D．a terrible earthquake 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．D 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者在地震中的亲身经历，包括地震发生时家人的不同状况、救援过程以及地震带来的悲剧性后果，突出了地震的可怕和破坏性。 1．细节理解题。根据“He ate a slice of bread when the earthquake came.”可知，地震发生时，Ali正在吃一片面包。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据“My children were with me. Ali, who was 5 years old...”和“...but we couldn’t find Ali and my other daughter, Ayesha.”以及第二段提到的“Humna”可知，作者有三个孩子：Ali、Humna和Ayesha。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“We found Ali six hours later.”可知，他们花了六个多小时寻找Ali。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据“He asked for his bike when he came out, but we had nothing for him except the dead body of his sister Ayesha.”可知，作者并没有为Ali买自行车。故选C。 5．主旨大意题。文章主要描述了地震发生时作者一家的遭遇，包括孩子的失踪、女儿的遇难以及救援过程，突出了地震的可怕和家庭的悲痛。选项D“a terrible earthquake”最能概括文章主题。故选D。 2 Do you live in an area hit by snow in winter? If so, you may experience snowstorms. A snowstorm is a very heavy fall of snow, usually with a strong wind. Now let’s take a closer look at it. Snowstorms make it difficult for people to travel. They also make it difficult for people to buy food and other things they need for daily life. Snowstorms can also lead to health risks, including frostbite (冻伤). You should pay attention to the weather report. Then you can get well prepared for snowstorms. You can change your travel plan in time before snowstorms arrive. Prepare what you need to keep warm, and save enough food and water for your family. If your house is not strong enough, move to a safer place quickly. In this way, you won’t get hurt if it is damaged by heavy snow. If you are indoors, try not to go out. Use heating tools in a proper (恰当的) way when staying indoors. If coal is used for heating, keep the windows open to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning (一氧化碳中毒). If you have to go out, you need to wear thick clothes to keep warm. And you’d better wear proper shoes to prevent you from falling down. Besides, be careful of falling power lines, because they can be dangerous for people on foot. These are some basic things about snowstorms, and you need to keep them in mind. Protect yourself during snowstorms. 6．What question can describe the second paragraph? A．How can people live in a snowstorm? B．What should people do in a snowstorm? C．What influences (影响) can snowstorms bring? D．Why are people afraid of snowstorms? 7．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．The house. B．The travel. C．The food. D．The plan. 8．Why should we wear proper shoes? A．Because they make our feet comfortable. B．Because they can stop us from falling down. C．Because they help us to walk or run fast. D．Because they are nice and cheap. 9．Where can we read the passage? A．In a book about illnesses. B．In a newspaper about culture. C．On a website about hard life. D．In a magazine about weather. 【答案】6．C 7．A 8．B 9．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了暴风雪的影响及应对措施。 6．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Snowstorms make it difficult for people to travel... They also make it difficult for people to buy food... Snowstorms can also lead to health risks...”可知，暴风雪使人们出行困难，还使人们难以购买食物，暴风雪还可能带来健康风险，因此本段主要描述暴风雪带来的影响。故选C。 7．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“If your house is not strong enough, move to a safer place quickly. In this way, you won’t get hurt if it is damaged by heavy snow.”可知，如果你的房子不够坚固，迅速搬到一个更安全的地方。这样，如果它被大雪损坏，你就不会受伤。因此“it”指代前文提到的“house”。故选A。 8．细节理解题。 根据文章第四段“And you’d better wear proper shoes to prevent you from falling down.”可知，穿合适的鞋子是为了防止摔倒。故选B。 9．推理判断题。根据“These are some basic things about snowstorms...”以及全文可知，这些是关于暴风雪的一些基本知识，文章适合刊登在天气杂志上。故选D。 3 ①Water is one of the most useful things on Earth. It gives us life. We think water is something soft and gentle, but sometimes water is so powerful that it can even be destructive (破坏性的). Here we talk about floods. ②There are two main kinds of floods: flash floods and slow floods. Flash floods are sudden floods of great volumes of water. They overflow (溢出) the banks of the rivers and wash away everything they touch into pieces. Flash floods are destructive. The other type is slow floods. They rise over a long period of time. Usually as more and more rain falls, the water in rivers rise and land floods. These slow floods happen in every country in the world. ③Floods are the world’s biggest natural killer. When floods happen, crops are damaged (毁坏), houses are washed away, roads are destroyed, and people are killed. Every year in America water kills over 100 people, most in flash floods. Floods also cause huge economic (经济的) losses. ④Floods are a serious problem. Worse still, they may become more powerful and happen more often as global (全球的) warming becomes more and more serious. Around the world, sea levels will rise, and more lives will be taken by the flood waters of our planet. ⑤Floods are a serious natural disaster and we must try to stop them from happening often to protect our lives and homes. 10．What can we know about flash floods? A．They happen unexpectedly. B．They are slow, but powerful. C．They are less destructive than slow floods. D．They appear everywhere around the world. 11．How does the writer explain “Floods are the world’s biggest natural killer.”? A．By giving facts. B．By telling stories. C．By raising questions. D．By showing steps. 12．What does the underlined word “taken” mean in Paragraph 4? A．Born. B．Protected. C．Killed. D．Controlled. 13．Which of the following shows the structure (结构) of the text? (Paragraph=P) A． B． C． D． 【答案】10．A 11．A 12．C 13．D 【解析】本文主要介绍了洪水的相关知识，包括洪水的类型、危害以及洪水愈发严重的现状，强调洪水是严重的自然灾害，需加以防范。 10．细节理解题。根据“There are two main kinds of floods: flash floods and slow floods. Flash floods are sudden floods of great volumes of water.”可知，山洪暴发是突然发生的洪水，sudden意味着unexpectedly，表示“出乎意料地”。故选A。 11．推理判断题。根据“When floods happen, crops are damaged, houses are washed away, roads are destroyed, and people are killed. Every year in America water kills over 100 people, most in flash floods. Floods also cause huge economic losses.”可知，作者通过列举洪水发生时毁坏庄稼、冲毁房屋、破坏道路、造成人员死亡以及在美国每年洪水导致100多人死亡和造成巨大经济损失等事实，来解释洪水是世界上最大的自然杀手这一观点。故选A。 12．词句猜测题。根据“Worse still, they may become more powerful and happen more often as global warming becomes more and more serious. Around the world, sea levels will rise, and more lives will be taken by the flood waters of our planet.”可知，随着全球变暖，洪水更强大、更频繁，海平面上升，更多生命会被洪水夺走。故选C。 13．篇章结构题。文章第①段引出洪水的话题；第②段介绍洪水的两种主要类型；第③段阐述洪水的危害；第④段说明洪水问题愈发严重；第⑤段呼吁人们阻止洪水频发。整体是“总—分—总”的结构，先总述洪水，再分别阐述洪水类型和危害，最后总结强调洪水是严重灾害需防范。故选D。 4 A little knowledge can make a difference at a time of life or death. Do you know what to do if you find yourself in an earthquake? If you are inside: ● Quickly move under a strong desk, a strong table or along a wall. You can also go into a small room like the bathroom. This will protect you from falling things. Do not get into a lift. ● Don’t stand near windows, large mirrors (镜子), heavy furniture or fireplaces. If you’re outside: ● Move away from buildings and streetlights. These could fall on you. ● Squat (蹲下) and protect your head until the shaking stops. After the earthquake: ● Check, take care of injuries and help make sure people around you are all right. ● Watch out for aftershocks. ● Protect yourself by wearing long pants, a long-sleeved (长袖的) shirt and strong shoes. ● Listen to the radio for the latest information. 14．If you are in a tall building when an earthquake happens, you’d better ________. A．run into a lift B．not stay in the bathroom C．stand near large mirrors D．not stand near windows 15．If you are outside during an earthquake, ________. A．you must move into a building B．you cannot squat C．you have to stop the shaking D．you must move away from streetlights 16．After the earthquake, you should ________. A．look after injuries B．not help the others around you C．protect yourself without wearing shoes D．not listen to the radio for the latest information 17．The underlined word “aftershocks” in the passage means “________” in Chinese. A．震感 B．震源 C．余震 D．防震 18．The passage is mainly about ________. A．what to do before an earthquake takes place B．what to do if you are in an earthquake C．how to escape from an earthquake when you’re at home D．how to predict an earthquake in the open air 【答案】14．D 15．D 16．A 17．C 18．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了在地震发生时应该如何应对，包括在室内、室外以及地震后的应对措施。 14．细节理解题。根据“Don’t stand near windows, large mirrors (镜子), heavy furniture or fireplaces.”可知，地震发生时不应站在窗户附近。故选D。 15．细节理解题。根据“Move away from buildings and streetlights. These could fall on you.”可知，地震发生时应该远离建筑物和路灯。故选D。 16．细节理解题。根据“Check, take care of injuries and help make sure people around you are all right.”可知，地震后应该照顾伤者。故选A。 17．词句猜测题。根据“After the earthquake”和“Watch out for”可知，地震过后要小心余震，“aftershocks”指的是地震后的余震。故选C。 18．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了地震发生时的应对措施，包括在室内、室外以及地震后的行动，即如果你在地震中该怎么办。故选B。 5 Can animals sense earthquakes and other natural disasters before they happen? Is there any real science behind this idea? As far back as 373 B．C．, the ancient Greeks noticed that snakes would “behave strangely days before a big earthquake”. However, there isn’t enough scientific support that animals can sense earthquakes, at least not days before they happen. When an earthquake happens, it produces two kinds of energy waves. The smaller one is called a Primary Wave, or “P wave”. It arrives a couple of minutes before the larger Secondary Wave, or “S wave”. The “P wave” travels faster because it can move through solid (固体的) things, water and air, while the “S wave” can only pass through solid things. Very few people notice the “P wave”, but animals often can, thanks to their good senses. With their excellent sense of smell, some wild animals can tell when a fire is burning nearby. But it’s impossible for them to have a premonition of when and where fires will start ahead of time. With the world getting warmer and warmer, wildfires become more common. It is harder than ever for animals to live through these disasters. A new study suggests that some birds may be able to sense storms much earlier than humans. The researchers studied veeries (棕色夜鸫), a kind of songbird. In certain years, these birds finished their breeding season (繁殖期) and began moving to South America earlier than usual. Those years turned out to have longer and more serious hurricane (飓风) seasons. The researchers consider the birds’ unusual behavior to be a sign of storms. But we need more research to make sure of this. 19．How does the writer lead in the topic? A．By telling a story. B．By asking questions. C．By comparing things. D．By listing research results. 20．Why does the “P wave” travel faster? A．Because it’s much smaller. B．Because it carries more energy. C．Because people can sense it more easily. D．Because it can move through more things. 21．What does the underlined word “premonition” mean? A．A feeling that something is going to happen. B．A feeling that something is really important. C．A feeling that something is not completely true. D．A feeling that something will turn uncomfortable. 22．Which of the following might be a sign of serious storms? A．Veeries sing day and night. B．Veeries give birth to more babies. C．Veeries fly to South America earlier. D．Veeries spend more time staying in the trees. 23．What is the structure of the text? (P= Paragraph) A． B． C． D． 【答案】19．B 20．D 21．A 22．C 23．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了动物是否能够提前感知地震和其他自然灾害。 19．细节理解题。根据第一段“Can animals sense earthquakes and other natural disasters before they happen? Is there any real science behind this idea?”可知，作者是通过问问题引入话题的。故选B。 20．细节理解题。根据第三段句子“The ‘P wave’ travels faster because it can move through solid (固体的) things, water and air, while the ‘S wave’ can only pass through solid things.”可知， 相较“S波”只可以穿过固体，“P波”不仅可以穿过固体，还可以穿过水和空气。故选D。 21．词句猜测题。该划线词所在句子“But it’s impossible for them to have a premonition of when and where fires will start ahead of time.”是对前文“With their excellent sense of smell, some wild animals can tell when a fire is burning nearby. ”的转折描述，从中可知，虽然凭借敏锐的嗅觉，一些野生动物能够察觉到附近有火灾发生，但他们不可能提前预知火灾何时何地开始。因此，划线词“premonition”指的是动物对即将发生的事情的预感。A项“一种即将发生事情的感觉。”符合此意。故选A。 22．细节理解题。根据第五段句子“In certain years, these birds finished their breeding season (繁殖期) and began moving to South America earlier than usual…the researchers consider the birds’ unusual behavior to be a sign of storms.”可知，棕色夜鸫提前飞往南美可能是严重风暴的迹象。故选C。 23．篇章结构题。纵观全文可知，本文呈现“总—分”结构。第①段引入动物是否能够提前感知地震和其他自然灾害这一话题；第②段和第③段介绍地震与动物感知，第④段介绍火灾与动物感知，第⑤段介绍风暴与动物感知。故选C。 6 What is a tsunami (海啸)? Tsunamis are often caused by earthquakes or volcanoes (火山). The average speed (平均速度) of the waves (波浪) is 300 mph and the waves can last from five minutes to an hour. What to do in a tsunami? Firstly, when a strong earthquake comes, leave the water at once, get to the shore (海岸) and go as far away as you can from the beach. Secondly, turn on the TV for news and the weather report. They will tell you more about the tsunami. Thirdly, get all members of your family together and let everyone know the tsunami is coming. Choose a place to stay together. Make sure the place is safe and as far away from the shore as possible. Bring emergency supplies (应急用品) when you have to leave your house. At last, if you find a huge wave is coming, climb onto the roof of your house or on the highest point of the nearest building. Hold on to anything that’s strong enough. For a tsunami, the only way to survive (幸免于) it is to be prepared. 24．When a tsunami comes, the waves will ________. A．go as quickly as 300 mph B．become stronger before the earthquake C．cause heavy rain D．last only a few minutes 25．We should do the following when a tsunami is coming EXCEPT ________. A．listen to the weather report B．go to a low place to keep safe C．get emergency supplies ready D．leave the water as far away as you can 26．What’s the best title of the passage? A．How to keep safe in the water B．What a tsunami is C．What to do after a tsunami D．How to survive a tsunami 【答案】24．A 25．B 26．D 【解析】本文讲述海啸来临时，人们怎样应对海啸的四点建议。 24．细节理解题。根据“The average speed (平均速度) of the waves (波浪) is 300 mph and the waves can last from five minutes to an hour.”可知，海啸来临时，海浪的平均速度可达 300 英里每小时，故选A。 25．推理判断题。根据“climb onto the roof of your house or on the highest point of the nearest building. Hold on to anything that’s strong enough.”可知，爬到房子的屋顶或者最近的建筑楼的最高点，可知B选项“去一个低处保证安全”表述错误。故选B。 26．最佳标题题。根据“What to do in a tsunami?”可知，文章讲述海啸的时候人们应该做些什么才能幸免于难，所以文章的最佳标题是“How to survive a tsunami”。故选D。 7 ①Floods are becoming more and more common around the world. The warming climate is leading to heavier rainfall, but could the way that cities are growing be making things worse? Could we design cities in a different way to reduce the risk of flooding? ②As cities get larger, and more and more land is under concrete (混凝土), less water is taken in and more needs to be carried away by storm drains (雨水渠) and sewerage systems (下水道系统). As there is more water than they can be filled with, the risk of flash flooding increases. ③Could it be that we’ve been taking the wrong way? Chinese landscape designer Yu Kongjian certainly thinks so. In 2013, he thought of the idea of “sponge cities (海绵城市)”, which are designed to take in water—like a sponge—reducing the risk of sudden floods. Natural solutions are encouraged, using riverside parks and ponds to take in floodwater. Ways inspired by this have been taken by cities across the world. Auckland, in New Zealand, was named the spongiest city in one study. It has built green banks and connected parks instead of the concrete drains around the Oakley creek stream. This has reduced flooding in the nearby housing areas as well as the amount of waste which used to be washed into the sea. ④Auckland has taken a natural way, but a much more high-tech method can be seen in Amsterdam. The Dutch city has fixed blue-green roofs (屋顶) on a number of buildings. These roofs have a layer of plants on the outside, and then layers under which collect and store rainwater. This water can be used by people in the building below to water plants or wash toilets. Smart software can even tell the roofs to release water ahead of upcoming storms to make the system take in more rainwater. It can even know which areas of the city are at most risk and take effective action. ⑤Yu Kongjian describes the sponge city way as using Tai Chi with nature instead of boxing. Questions have been raised as to whether a natural way is enough when faced with increased rain fall globally. What remains to be seen is whether increased size and connection with modern technology can help natural methods save many more people from flooding. 27．Why is rainfall getting heavier around the world? A．Because cities need more rain water. B．Because cities are getting larger. C．Because the climate is getting warm. D．Because cities are under concrete. 28．What’s the purpose of “sponge cities”? A．To help cities save water. B．To develop larger cities. C．To build more tourist attractions. D．To protect cities from floods. 29．What is the structure of this passage? (1= Paragraph 1, 2= Paragraph 2...) A． B． C． D． 30．What’s the writer’s attitude towards the future role of “sponge cities”? A．Worried. B．Hopeful. C．Uncertain. D．Uncaring. 【答案】27．C 28．D 29．B 30．C 【解析】本文介绍了全球洪水灾害日益增多的背景下，城市设计与洪水风险的关系，以及为减轻洪水风险而提出的两种城市设计理念：海绵城市和高科技防水城市。 27．细节理解题。根据“The warming climate is leading to heavier rainfall”可知，气候变暖导致降雨增多。故选C。 28．细节理解题。根据“In 2013, he thought of the idea of ‘sponge cities (海绵城市)’, which are designed to take in water—like a sponge—reducing the risk of sudden floods.”可知，海绵城市的设计是为了吸水，减少突发洪水的风险。故选D。 29．篇章结构题。分析文章可知，本文第一段提出问题，即全球洪水灾害增多与城市发展的关系；第二段描述城市问题及新问题带来的风险；第三段和第四段分别介绍了两个不同城市的解决方案；第五段提出对未来海绵城市作用的疑问和期待。结构如选项B所示。故选B。 30．观点态度题。根据“Questions have been raised as to whether a natural way is enough when faced with increased rain fall globally. What remains to be seen is whether increased size and connection with modern technology can help natural methods save many more people from flooding.”可知，面对全球降雨量增加，自然方法是否足够，而且现代技术与自然方法结合的效果也还有待观察，因此作者的态度是不确定的。故选C。 8 We should all have at least one fire extinguisher somewhere in our house or office building. However, it’s not enough to simply keep an extinguisher somewhere. The best way to be ready for a sudden fire is to study this guide carefully and review it from time to time. Here is what we should do when a fire suddenly breaks out. (1) Have a clear exit route (疏散路线) Before using the fire extinguisher, make sure you have a clear exit route. If you cannot put out the fire, you will need to make a safe exit. Also, make sure everyone else is out. (2) Report the fire Even if the fire appears manageable, you should always have the firemen on the way. Once they arrive, they can double-check to see if the fire has been completely put out. (3) Stand back Face the fire and keep your back to the clear exit. You should stay between 1.8 and 2.5 meters away from the flames (火焰) as you prepare to use the fire extinguisher. (4) Use the extinguisher It can be difficult to think clearly during a fire. One method to help you remember how to use an extinguisher is to remember “PASS”: ►P-Pull: Pull the pin on the fire extinguisher. ►A-Aim: Aim low. Point the nozzle at the bottom of the fire. ►S-Squeeze (挤压): Squeeze the handle to let out the extinguishing chemicals. ►S-Sweep: Sweep the nozzle from side to side until the fire is put out. (5) Keep an eye on the fire After the fire appears to be out, continue to watch the fire area to make sure it doesn’t start burning again. If the fire starts again, repeat the “PASS”. (6) Get to a safe place Once the fire is out, or if you are unable to put it out, find a place out of reach of the fire. 31．What is the text about? A．How to prevent a big fire. B．How to use an extinguisher. C．How to keep an extinguisher. D．How to deal with a sudden fire. 32．Which order of the pictures describes “PASS”? A．③②④① B．②①④③ C．②④③① D．③①④② 33．In which theme activity can the text be used? A．A better self. B．Safety with me. C．Young scientists D．Home, sweet home. 【答案】31．D 32．C 33．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了面对突发火灾时应采取的一系列措施，包括规划清晰的疏散路线、及时报告火警、保持安全距离、按 “PASS” 方法使用灭火器、持续留意火势以及在必要时撤至安全地带等，指导人们如何应对突发火灾。 31．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了如何应对火灾事故，选项D“如何应对突发火灾”符合主题。故选D。 32．细节理解题。根据“►P-Pull: Pull the pin on the fire extinguisher. ►A-Aim: Aim low. Point the nozzle at the bottom of the fire. ►S-Squeeze (挤压): Squeeze the handle to let out the extinguishing chemicals. ►S-Sweep: Sweep the nozzle from side to side until the fire is put out.”可知，“PASS”分别对应：拉掉灭火器的保险销，对应图片②；瞄准低处，将喷嘴对准火焰底部，对应图片④；挤压把手喷出灭火化学物质，对应图片③；左右移动喷嘴直到火被扑灭，对应图片①，所以顺序为②④③①。故选C。 33．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲的是应对突发火灾的安全知识，与安全主题相关。因此，在选项B“安全与我同行”的主题活动中可以使用本文。故选B。 9 There are many different kinds of disasters around the world. As an adult you know what to do during a disaster, but what about the children? Some adults think it would probably never happen to them, so they don’t teach their children what to do. Before it’s too late here are ways to help you prepare your child for a disaster. Educate: It is always good to let your child know about possible disasters. This doesn’t mean children have to live in fear. When teaching them about disasters, keep the conversation positive (积极的) by telling them there is a solution (解决办法) to the disaster. Keep the conversations short, allow for questions and answer honestly. Prepare: Always be prepared, that is the best advice for children. For example when preparing for bad weather, get the tools you need, like candles, radios, food, water and medicine. Teach your child what is needed in certain disasters so that they know what is available for them if ever needed. Plan: You should always have a plan for you and your child for any dangerous situation. Write out a simple list that they can read. Then plan could start with “Listen to an adult’s advice and/or call 119”. Practice: Once you have got the correct safety tools and worked out the right plan, practice every few months. Practicing what to do during a disaster with your child will help them if the time comes. Disaster’s can’t be avoided but they can be lessened (减轻) once you are prepared and ready for one. 34．What does the word “disaster” mean? A．灾难 B．命运 C．演戏 D．倾销 35．What’s the most important thing for children? A．Always ask adults for help. B．Always be prepared for a disaster. C．Always listen to an adult’s advice. D．Always remember where the tools are. 36．What is NOT suggested doing? A．Remembering what is needed in certain disasters. B．Getting the children to know the plan well. C．Helping people in disaster areas. D．Getting radios for bad weather. 【答案】34．A 35．B 36．C 【解析】本文作者从“教育、准备、计划和练习”四个方面给我们提出了一些安全建议，告诉我们如何让孩子们为可能的灾难做好准备。 34．词义猜测题。根据“There are many different kinds of disasters around the world. As an adult you know what to do during a disaster...Before it’s too late here are ways to help you prepare your child for a disaster.”以及文章内容可知，文章介绍了一些方法，可以帮助孩子为可能的灾难做好准备，故此处画线部分意为“灾难”。故选A。 35．细节理解题。根据“Prepare: Always be prepared, that is the best advice for children”可知最重要的事情是为灾难做好准备。故选B。 36．细节理解题。根据“Teach your child what is needed in certain disasters”可知教你的孩子在某些灾难中需要什么；根据“You should always have a plan for you and your child for any dangerous situation”可知应该为你和你的孩子制定一个应对任何危险情况的计划；根据“For example when preparing for bad weather, get the tools you need, like candles, radios, food, water and medicine”可知在为恶劣天气做准备时，准备好你需要的工具，如蜡烛、收音机、食物、水和药品。故选C。 10 A bottle of water may not seem like much to you, but thousands of bottles will be of great help for people who live in drought-hit areas in China. Last autumn, there was very little rain in the Southwest China. Some places, especially in Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, experienced a serious drought. Crops died, the land cracked (裂开), and wells and rivers dried up. More than 20 million people are having difficulty in finding safe drink in water. After learning about the drought, many people around the country helped by giving water, money and other things. Last week, every member of the Communist Youth League and Young Pioneers were encouraged to give one bottle of water to the drought-hit areas. Students in primal schools and middle schools quickly joined the activity. In Yuhua Primary School in Xi’an, 900 students bought over 1,000 bottles of water with their pocket money. They also wrote their wishes on the bottles. The serious drought has also made students realize the importance of saving water. Student from Nanshan Middle School in Huizhou, Guangdong went on the street to tell people to take part water-saving activities. “I’ve heard that some children in drought-hit areas don’t have enough drinking water. They have to drink muddy (含泥的) water, I feel really sad about that,” said Su Xiaolei, a student in Hangzhou. “I decide to take a shower twice a week instead of every day to save water,” he said. 37．What does Paragraph 2 mainly show us? A．The four drought-hit places in China. B．The weather in the Southwest China. C．The serious results in drought-hit areas. D．The reasons of the drought last autumn. 38．What activity did the school students join for the drought? A．Raising water and money for the people in Yunnan. B．Finding safe drinking water in the Southwest China. C．Sending wishes to the people in the drought-hit areas. D．Giving one bottle of water to people in the drought-hit areas. 39．Which of the following may be the best title for the article? A．Different Disasters B．Action after a drought C．Water-saving activities D．Save Water, Save nature 【答案】37．C 38．D 39．B 【解析】本文主要讲述了中国西南地区遭遇严重干旱，导致许多人缺乏安全饮用水。全国各地的人们通过捐赠水、钱和物资来帮助受灾地区。学生们也积极参与捐水活动，并意识到节约用水的重要性。 37．主旨大意题。根据“Last autumn, there was very little rain in the Southwest China...More than 20 million people are having difficulty in finding safe drink in water.”可知，第二段主要讲了干旱地区庄稼死亡、土地干裂、水源干涸等严重后果。故选C。 38．细节理解题。根据“Last week, every member of the Communist Youth League and Young Pioneers were encouraged to give one bottle of water to the drought-hit areas. Students in primal schools and middle schools quickly joined the activity.”可知，学生们参与的活动是给干旱地区的人们捐赠一瓶水。故选D。 39．最佳标题题。结合文章内容可知，本文主要讲了干旱发生后人们的行动，包括送水、节水等。故选B。 11 Temperatures are rising. “We’re seeing the hottest summers in history, several years in a row.” Dr. Grant Lipman told TIME. He’s an emergency doctor. It’s more important than ever to know how to keep cool. As a result of the long heat waves, nighttime temperatures are also higher. They give people less time to cool down. Being really hot makes people impatient, uneasy or angry. And in serious cases, it can lead to heat illness. This illness is a result of your body temperature rising to a dangerous level during hot weather. It normally happens when you are staying in the heat for too long without taking proper steps to cool down. Your body deals with heat in many ways. One is by sweating. Another is by giving off heat. Your body works hard to stay cool. Staying cool uses energy. But there are ways to help your body prepare for the heat. First, you can get used to heat. You can train for the hot weather. Going somewhere hot? Lipman suggests an hour outside every day. He also suggests other ways to help prevent heat illness. Avoid heavy exercise in the middle of the day. Wear loose and light clothing. Clothing with a high UPF will be better. It can protect your skin like sunscreen does. It’s important to drink lots of water, even if you are not thirsty. We need more while sweating, for we are losing electrolytes which are very important for our bodies. If you’re outside, find some shade. And always go inside if you are feeling too hot. Look out for signs of heat illness. 40．The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refers to ________. A．cooling down B．staying in the heat C．being really hot D．being impatient, uneasy or angry 41．What’s the main purpose of quoting Dr. Grant Lipman’s words in Paragraph 1? ________ A．To introduce the topic. B．To explain the writer’s opinion. C．To make the passage more interesting. D．To draw attention to high temperature. 42．Which of the following is the proper way to prepare for the heat? ________ A．We should go outside if we feel too hot. B．We should exercise outside in the late afternoon. C．We don’t need to drink water if we aren’t thirsty. D．We must go somewhere very hot to prepare for the heat. 43．What will the writer probably talk about after the last paragraph? ________ A．What to do if people get heat illness. B．Where to go for summer holiday. C．The causes of the high temperature. D．People’s opinion about Dr. Grant Lipman. 【答案】40．C 41．A 42．D 43．A 【解析】本文主要讲述了全球气温正在升高，过高的温度会导致中暑，并介绍了一些方法来帮助我们的身体为高温做好准备和如何避免中暑。 40．词句猜测题。根据“Being really hot makes people impatient, uneasy or angry. And in serious cases,...”可知，此处“it”指的是“高温”，故选C。 41．推理判断题。根据“We’re seeing the hottest summers in history, several years in a row.”可知，引用格兰特博士的这句话，是为了引出话题“气温正在升高”这个话题。故选A。 42．细节理解题。根据“First, you can get used to heat. You can train for the hot weather. Going somewhere hot. Lipman suggests an hour outside every day.”可知，格兰特博士建议每天在高温的地方训练身体适应高温一个小时，故选D。 43．推理判断题。根据“If you’re outside, find some shade. And always go inside if you are feeling too hot. Look out for signs of heat illness.”可知，我们要关注中暑的迹象，所以推测接下来会讲如果中暑了应该怎么办。故选A。 12 Research recently published in the magazine Science studied land subsidence (地面沉降) in China’s major cities, raising people’s worries about land sinking in the country. However, Hu Xie, co-author of the study, said this idea isn’t right scientifically. “Almost every city has areas of sinking and uplift (上升),” He told the Intellectual, a new science and technology media. The sinking of certain areas in a city does not mean the whole city is sinking. Human activities, like digging to build or taking out groundwater, are often the reason for it. What matters is how the areas are influenced and how quickly the land changes. In fact, during times of fast economic (经济的) development, the rate (速度) of land subsidence in China has been much slower compared to other countries. For example, in San Jose, California, US, certain areas sank by 1.2 meters between 1912 and 1933. This was the time when the area quickly developed. The subsidence rate in Tokyo, Japan, even reached 27 centimeters a year during the 1950s. However, the subsidence rates in major (主要的) Chinese cities are still around a few millimeters a year. Even so, the government has taken measures to slow down the sinking. The key is not taking out too much water from the ground. The South-to-North Water Diversion Project (南水北调工程) is offering a helping hand to the country’s northern cities. Through this project, less water from the ground is used in northern areas and land subsidence in many areas of Beijing and Tianjin has stopped. Shanghai has also reduced yearly ground subsidence from around 10 mm in 1995 to 6 mm in 2019 through efforts such as improving the water supply system and closing deep wells (井), according to The Paper. 44．Which of the opinions does Hu Xie agree on? A．The sinking of certain areas matters most. B．Every city has areas of sinking and uplift. C．People needn't worry too much about the sinking. D．Human activities have nothing to do with the sinking. 45．We can infer when an area’s economy develops fast, the rate of land subsidence may ________. A．get slower B．get higher C．not be predictable D．not be influenced 46．What does the South-to-North Water Diversion Project help with? A．Preventing flooding. B．Building high buildings. C．Reducing water pollution. D．Taking out less groundwater. 47．What action has Shanghai taken to slow down land subsidence? A．Asking volunteers for help. B．Using water from southern cities. C．Encouraging people to save water. D．Improving the water supply system. 48．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To show the rate of land subsidence in China. B．To discuss land subsidence and practical actions. C．To explain the different causes of land subsidence. D．To introduce the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. 【答案】44．C 45．B 46．D 47．D 48．B 【解析】本文主要讨论了地面沉降的原因及其应对措施。 44．推理判断题。根据第二段“However, Hu Xie, co-author of the study, said this idea isn’t right scientifically. ‘Almost every city has areas of sinking and uplift (上升),’ He told the Intellectual, a new science and technology media. The sinking of certain areas in a city does not mean the whole city is sinking.”可知，胡认为不是城市中某些区域的下沉并不意味着整个城市正在下沉。故而推测出他认为人们不必太担心沉没。故选C。 45．推理判断题。根据第四段“For example, in San Jose, California, US, certain areas sank by 1.2 meters between 1912 and 1933. This was the time when the area quickly developed. The subsidence rate in Tokyo, Japan, even reached 27 centimeters a year during the 1950s.”可知，通过列举美国加利福尼亚州圣何塞和日本经济快速发展时，有些地区的下沉会更高，故而推测出经济快速发展时，地面沉降的速度可能会更高。故选B。 46．细节理解题。根据第五段“The South-to-North Water Diversion Project (南水北调工程) is offering a helping hand to the country's northern cities. Through this project, less water from the ground is used in northern areas and land subsidence in many areas of Beijing and Tianjin has stopped.”可知，南水北调工程帮助减少地下水的抽取。故选D。 47．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Shanghai has also reduced yearly ground subsidence from around 10 mm in 1995 to 6 mm in 2019 through efforts such as improving the water supply system and closing deep wells (井), according to The Paper.”可知，上海通过改善供水系统来减缓地面沉降。故选D。 48．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讨论了地面沉降的原因及其应对措施。故选B。 ( 1 / 1 )学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $