第27讲 阅读理解议论文攻略（复习讲义）（北京专用） 2026年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

第27讲 阅读理解议论文攻略 目录 01 考情解码·命题预警 2 02 体系构建·思维可视 4 03 核心突破·靶向攻坚 4 考点一 议论文高频考点 4 知识点1 议论文概述 4 知识点2 主旨大意题（最佳标题/作者观点） 10 知识点3 词义猜测题（划线词/短语含义） 13 知识点4 推理判断题（作者态度/意图/隐含意义） 17 考向1 考查主旨大意题 20 考向2 考查词义猜测题 26 思维建模 词义猜测题解题思路 27 考向3 考查推理判断题之深层推理 30 考点二 议论文中低频考点 36 知识点1 细节理解题（事实信息定位） 36 知识点2 推理判断题（观点态度/结构功能/文章出处/人物性格/目标读者/后续走势） 36 考向1 考查细节理解题 43 考向2 考查推理判断题 46 04真题溯源·考向感知 52 01 考情解码·命题预警 五年考情（2021-2025） 年份 词数 话题 考点分布 细节理解 推理判断 主旨大意 词义猜测 2025 406 对社会比较这一观念的思考：并非所有社会比较都不健康，可加以利用促进自我提升 0 1 1 1 2024 408 讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的 0 3 0 1 2022 400 量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？ 1 1 1 1 2021 480 文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。 1 2 1 0 2020 433 工智能(AGI)实现的可能性 1 2 0 1 考情分析： 从内容上看，近年来北京高考议论文选材聚焦科技伦理、社会心理、哲学思辨等前沿话题，注重考查逻辑推理、观点辨析与作者态度。 从题型上看，以推理判断、词义猜测、主旨大意为主，选项干扰性强，需结合上下文精准把握论证逻辑与作者立场。 高频设问点多为标题、观点句、转折/让步处、举例/引用作用。难度为中等略高，要求快速定位论点并辨别论据与论证方法。 预计2026年北京高考议论文会出现。复习过程中要熟练掌握议论文的命题特点和解题方法，做到成功应对议论文阅读试题。 复习目标： 1. 掌握议论文三要素（论点、论据、论证）的识别与分析能力。 2. 强化推理判断技巧，能区分作者观点、他人观点及事实论据。 3. 熟悉高频题型（如态度题、目的题、词义题）的解题路径。 4. 提升对抽象概念、复杂句式的理解能力，快速抓取核心论点。 5. 培养批判性思维，能评价论证有效性并归纳文章主旨。 02 体系构建·思维可视 03 核心突破·靶向攻坚 考点一 议论文高频考点 知识点1 议论文概述 一、观点论证类（高考最核心、最高频） 1. 核心特征 作者明确提出一个中心论点（如 “科技使人疏远”“阅读纸质书更利于深度思考”），再通过分论点、论据（事实、数据、名言、案例等）层层论证观点的合理性，最终强化中心论点。 此类文章的关键是找到 “总 - 分 - 总” 或 “引论 - 本论 - 结论” 的结构，明确 “作者到底想证明什么”。 2. 论证逻辑 引论：通过背景、现象、设问等引出中心论点（常位于首段结尾或第二段开头）； 本论：分论点 1 + 论据（如研究数据 / 名人观点）→ 分论点 2 + 论据 → （可选）反驳对立观点； 结论：重申中心论点，或提出建议、展望。 3. 解题关键 1) 定位中心论点（注意首段转折词 but/however、总结词 therefore，或第二段首句的新观点）； 2)区分 “论点”（作者的观点）和 “论据”（支撑观点的材料），避免将论据当主旨。 二、利弊分析类（高频，侧重辩证思考） 1.核心特征 针对某一现象、事物或行为（如 “社交媒体的使用”“线上教育”“人工智能的发展”），从 “利” 和 “弊” 两个维度展开分析，最终可能偏向某一立场，或保持中立、提出平衡建议。 此类文章的标志是有明显的 “正反对比” 逻辑，常出现表转折或对比的连接词。 2. 论证逻辑 1)引入话题：介绍讨论对象（如 “近年来线上办公普及”）； 2)分析有利方面：分点阐述好处（如 “节省通勤时间”“灵活安排工作”），配具体例子； 3)分析不利方面：用转折词（however/on the other hand）引出弊端（如 “缺乏面对面沟通”“工作与生活边界模糊”），配案例或数据； 4) 结论：① 偏向某一方（如 “利大于弊，应合理推广”）；② 中立建议（如 “需制定规则减少弊端”）。 3. 解题关键 1)梳理 “利”“弊” 对应的具体内容，避免混淆； 2)关注结尾段的 “作者态度”（是否有明确倾向，还是建议平衡），这是主旨题的常考点。 三、问题解决类（侧重 “提出问题 - 分析原因 - 给出方案”） 1.核心特征 文章围绕一个具体问题（如 “环境污染”“青少年肥胖”“传统文化流失”）展开，先明确问题的表现或严重性，再分析问题产生的原因，最后提出解决问题的方法或建议。 此类文章的核心是 “问题→原因→对策” 的逻辑链，常出现表因果、建议的词汇。 2. 论证逻辑 1)提出问题：描述问题的现象（如 “全球气温持续上升，极端天气增多”），或用数据说明问题的严重性； 2)分析原因：从多个角度（如社会、经济、个人、技术）分析问题根源（如 “温室气体排放”“森林砍伐”）； 3)解决对策：分点提出具体方案（如 “减少化石燃料使用”“推广可再生能源”“加强国际合作”）； 4)结尾：强调对策的重要性，或展望解决后的效果。 3. 解题关键 1)理清 “问题 - 原因 - 对策” 的对应关系（如某对策是针对某一具体原因）； 2)注意 “建议类词汇”（suggest/propose/recommend/should/must），这类词汇后常是解题关键信息。 四、现象解释类（侧重 “是什么 - 为什么 - 怎么样”） 1.核心特征 针对某一特殊现象（如 “人们为何更愿意买品牌产品”“为什么熬夜现象普遍”“某些传统节日复兴”），先说明现象的具体表现，再深入分析现象背后的原因（如心理、社会、文化因素），最后可能补充现象的影响（积极 / 消极）。此类文章的重点是 “解释原因”，而非 “论证观点”，常涉及心理学、社会学等背景知识。 2. 论证逻辑 1）引入现象：用具体案例、数据或生活场景描述现象（如 “调查显示，70% 的年轻人每周至少熬夜 3 次”）； 2）分析原因：从不同维度拆解（如心理原因：“白天压力大，夜晚想独处”；社会原因：“工作 / 学习任务重，不得不熬夜”；技术原因：“手机娱乐内容多，吸引熬夜”）； 3)补充影响：（可选）说明现象的后果（如 “熬夜导致免疫力下降”），或提出应对思路。 3. 解题关键 1)关注 “原因类信号词”（because/since/why/the reason is that/due to）； 2)区分 “直接原因” 和 “根本原因”，避免只看表面现象。 五、对比论证类（侧重 “比较不同观点 / 事物”） 1.核心特征 将两个或多个相关的观点、事物、方法进行对比（如 “传统教育 vs 线上教育”“两种环保政策的效果”“不同文化对‘礼貌’的定义”），通过比较它们的异同、优缺点，最终可能得出 “哪一个更优” 或 “需结合使用” 的结论。 此类文章的结构多为 “总 - 分 - 总”，对比维度清晰（如效果、成本、适用人群）。 2.论证逻辑 1)引入对比对象：明确要比较的两个事物 / 观点（如 “关于‘是否应该禁止校园零食’，存在两种不同意见”）； 2) 分维度对比：从同一角度比较两者（如维度 1：健康影响 → 观点 A 认为…，观点 B 认为…；维度 2：学生需求 → 观点 A 认为…，观点 B 认为…）； 3) 结论：总结对比结果，提出作者倾向（如 “禁止零食虽利于健康，但需兼顾学生合理需求”）。 3.解题关键 1)梳理 “对比维度”（如健康、成本、效率），避免混淆不同维度的信息； 2)注意 “对比信号词”（while/whereas/in contrast/on the contrary），帮助定位异同点。 总结：议论文类型与解题关联 知识点2 主旨大意题（最佳标题/作者观点） 一、【命题解读】 主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解,它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。 2、 【常考类型】 题型1 段落大意题 每个段落都有一个中心思想,且中心思想通常会在段落的首句或尾句体现出来,这个句子就是常说的段落主题句。没有给出明显的主题句时,要根据段落内容概括出段落大意 题型2 文章大意题 考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,即考查考生的归纳概括能力 题型3 标题归纳题 概括出文章的中心思想,并对中心思想再次加以提炼,拟定出文章的标题。文章标题可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子 3、 解题策略 ①利用主题句在段首位置推敲段落大意 说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。 ②利用主题句在段中位置推敲段落大意 有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。 ③利用主题句在段尾位置推敲段落大意 有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词: in brief/ short, all in all, in conclusion, in a word等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。 ④利用段落没有主题句推敲段落大意 有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 ⑤利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题 有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 知识点3 词义猜测题（划线词/短语含义） 一、【猜测词义命题解读】 词句猜测题它可以是对一个单词的意义的推断,也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断。词句猜测题既可以考查生词的意义,也可以考查熟词的新义,还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中,所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上,而要根据短文提供的语境,通过阅读上下文,根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。 二、【猜测词义解题策略】 题型1 词义(词组)猜测题 考查考生猜测文章中某个生词或短语的含义,或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替 题型2 句意猜测题 考查考生准确理解作者的观点,尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点,以准确推断语句的含义 题型3 代词指代题 要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系 方法1：关注词的功能。授课过程中引导学生关注构词法、词的情感色彩、同义词、反义词、上下义词。 方法2：关注语篇中的解释功能。引导学生总结解释的几种方式：下定义、定语（从句）、同位语（从句）、举例子、标点符号等。 方法3：关注逻辑关系。引导学生总结几种常见的逻辑关系：因果、转折、并列、递进等。 正确 选项 特征 逻辑通顺 内容上与词或短语所在的句子、段落有关，符合上下文逻辑； 代词查询 代词指代有时与上文距离较远，需要对前文内容进行总结才能得出结论； 本意延伸 真实的含义与其字面意思无关，在原意的基础上进行延伸或者拓展； 接近原意 采取转述、举例或列举等表达方式，与原句意思最接近。 干扰项特征 1.构词法干扰，指片面地从构词法的角度猜测、思考，不考虑上下文语境，望词生义； 2.句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般是错误选项。 3拘泥于字面意思，根据所学过的熟词意义常使考生觉得画线词义背过而忽略上下文主观臆断。 三、词义(词组)猜测题设问方式 By saying that “...” in the first (second ...) paragraph, the author means that ________. In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by “______”． The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to ________. Which of the following has the closest meaning to ... (Paragraph ...)？ As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to ________. The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ________. 四、词义(词组)猜测题7大猜词技巧 要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。 1.利用释义法解题 在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义或解释部分，读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。 有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如： ①Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. 句子给予了annealing一个明确的定义，即“退火”。 ②It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily. 从that is(也就是说)后的解释中我们可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。 ③The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。 ④The weather in this area is treacherous;_its sudden changes often endanger the lives of sailors. 分号后的句子在解释什么样的天气是treacherous, sudden change与treacherous在语义上相对应，因此含义是“突变的”。 ⑤Some good readers find it helpful to use their sense to visualize — or picture — what they read. visualize的意思由破折号后的picture(想象)给出了说明，因此含义为“想象”。 ⑥When President Torrijos of Panama met Carter, he tried to give him a friendly abrazo (hug)． abrazo对大多数人来说都很陌生，但由括号内的hug(拥抱)，我们不难推测abrazo也是“拥抱”的意思。 2.利用同位关系进行猜测 阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如： ①They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle,_a large building in old times. 同位语部分“a large building in old times”给出了castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。 ②We are on the night_shift — from midnight to 8 a．m. — this week. 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。 ③The “Chunnel”， a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete. 此句中“a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France”是Chunnel的同位语。因此，Chunnel指的就是英法之间的海底隧道。 3.利用构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测 在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如： ①“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” Anaclerio said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.” 文中interactive是由前缀inter(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。 ②Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred? possibility是possible的同根名词，据此可以判断possibility的意思是“可能性”。 4.利用因果关系进行猜测 在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如： ①The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again. 从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。 ②Mary didn't notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was completely engrossed in her reading. 从前面的结果“当我走进教室时，玛丽没有注意到我”可以推测engrossed的意思为“全神贯注的”。 ③Our vision was obscured by the trees, so we couldn't see the lake from our window. 由后面的结果couldn't see(看不见)可知，我们的视线被树遮挡住(obscured)了。 6.利用同义或近义关系进行猜测 在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。 6.利用常识法解题 在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。 7.利用转折或对比关系进行猜测 根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如： ①A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle;_it can be a basket of fun. 从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。 ②She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。 ③The players in the World Cup are professionals, while those who play in the Olympics must be amateurs. 由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出amateurs是professionals(专业人士)的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。 知识点4 推理判断题（作者态度/意图/隐含意义） 一、【命题解读】 推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题，是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上,通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示,作出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程，主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。 常以infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose等词提问。 提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can, could, might, would 等和其他表示可能性的副词,如probably, possibly等。 具体的设问方式如: What can we infer from the (first/.../last) paragraph? Where does this passage probably come from? What’s the author’s attitude towards...? What is the main purpose of the passage?等 二、【解题策略】 1. 正确选项推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,正确选项一般具有以下特征: (1) “立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。 (2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等,正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。 2. 干扰选项特征 张冠李戴 即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点,选项中出现的却是其他人的观点;题干问的是其他人的观点,选项中却出现了作者的观点 无中生有 这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点,但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次,这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干 曲解文意 即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话,命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项,看似表达文章的意思,其实是借题发挥,是对原文意思的曲解 鱼目混珠 鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中,即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义 扩缩范围 为了准确、严密地表达文章内容,命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定,有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意范围加以限定。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语,将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变,从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法 偷梁换柱 干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词,却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词,造成句意的改变 三、【常考类型】 题型1 深层推断题 周密逻辑分析推断隐含意义 题型2 意图推断题 依据文体特点推断写作意图 题型3 文章出处题 根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处 题型4 观点态度题 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断 题型5 人物性格特征题 利用感情色彩、态度观点的词汇推断 题型6 目标读者推断题 利用语言表达方式或者文章的内容推断 题型7 文章后续走势和篇章结构题 利用文章结构进行推断 01深层推断题（隐含推断题） 推断隐含义类的题目要求考生根据文章中的信息(句子、 段落或者全文)进行合理的、适度的逻辑推断，推断出作者没有直接说明的内容、可能会发生的事情或者事务的特征等，理解作者的言外之意。这类题目特点如下： 01题干设置关键词 常用 infer, indicate, imply, suggest, conclude, assume, know, learn 等 动词以及 suggestion, indication, assumption, conclusion 等名词。 02正确选项的设置 (1) 根据原文推断出的内容，不是原文内容的直接体现，多为语块或词块  的同义词转化或者表层含义的延伸； (2)一般不含有绝对概念的字眼，通常含有 usually, may, some, probably,   be likely to,  about, can, possibly, probably 等。 03 常见的设问方式 What can we infer about … from the text?        What can we learn about … ?        What can be inferred about … ? 02 写作意图推断题-依据文体特点推断写作意图 常见设问方式： What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? The writer of the story wants to tell us that________ The fact... is mentioned by the author to show______ The author writes the last paragraph in order to_____ 解题技巧： 1. 关注设问的信息位置: 1)开头提出问题——To attract readers’ attention；To introduce the topic; 2)开头举例，用谚语或者名人名言——To draw the readers’ attention to the top; 3)结尾设问——To attract readers to pay for a trip to some attraction; To call on…; To sell a product or service； 4)文中引语、事例、研究的数据和研究——To argue against…; To support one’s own idea; To make it more persuasive (更有说服力的) 2. 关注逻辑关系和篇章结构（TEEC 模式）Topic→explanation→example→conclusion 主题+举例子解释或者证明——To stress/confirm/support sth 常见的说明方法: 1、列数字(list figures): 具体而准确地说明该事物的特点。使说明更有说服力。 2、举例子(give examples): 具体真切地说明了事物的等等特点。 3、引资料(quote): 能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。用引用的方法说明事物的特征，增强说服力。如引用古诗文、谚语、俗话。引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用。 4、分类别(by category): 条理清楚地说明了事物的特点，对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明，使说明更有条理性。使说明的内容眉目清楚，避免重复交叉的现象。 5、打比方(make an analogy) : 打比方就是修辞方法中的比喻。生动形象地说明该事物的xx特点，增强了文章的趣味性。 6、下定义(draw a definition/ make analysis): 用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示，从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。 7、作比较(make a contrast/comparision): 突出强调了被说明对象的特点(地位、影响等)。 考向1 考查主旨大意题 例1 (2025·北京·高考)Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C. Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D. Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science 【答案】 30. A 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。 【变式训练1】（23-24高三上·北京石景山·期末）A Swiss radio station recently carried out a social experiment on air, testing robot-created voices and content. The 13-hour experiment took place at the French-language station Couleur 3. During the period, listeners heard the cloned voices of five human presenters. The station’s programming also included music created by artificial intelligence (AI) methods. The programming informed listeners about the experiment every 20 minutes. “AI is taking your favorite radio by storm,” a voice said. “Our voice clones and AI are here to unsettle, surprise and shake you. And for that matter, this text was also written by a robot.” Recent AI developments have led to the creation of a series of tools that permit robots to lead different human activities. These tools belong to a group of systems known as “generative AI”. The tools use machine learning methods to train AI systems on huge amounts of data to produce human-quality results. One of the most highly publicized generative AI tools is called ChatGPT. It received wide attention by demonstrating the ability to quickly produce written answers to questions at a level and quality similar to humans. However, the development of “generative AI” systems has led to some criticism of the technology. Critics have warned that such systems, if used incorrectly, could cause economic, cultural and social harms. The station said in a statement it received hundreds of messages on the day of the experiment, with some supporting and others opposing. One person complained of unfunny jokes. Another listener admitted to not recognizing the programming as an experiment. One critic called the project a waste of time for a station that gets public financing. Many listeners noted, “You can sense these are robots, and there are fewer surprises, less personality.” Some listeners were even more forceful, urging station officials to “give us back our humans!” The Swiss station’s chief, Antoine Multone, told The Associated Press that Couleur 3 was able to carry out the experiment because it is already known for doing provocative things. Multone defended the project as a lesson on how to live with AI. “I think if we become ostriches (鸵鸟) ... we put our heads in the sand and say, ‘Mon Dieu, there’s a new technology! We’re all going to die!’ then yeah, we’re going to die because it (AI) is coming, whether we like it or not,” Multone said by phone. “We want to master the technology so we can then put limits on it.” He added that about 90 percent of the listener reactions suggested the experiment was a good idea. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Putting AI Voices on Radio B．Creating Generative AI Tools C．Exploring the Development of AI D．Replacing Announcers with AI 【答案】 4．A 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，第一段引出下文对人工智能的讨论，根据第一段首句“A Swiss radio station recently carried out a social experiment on air, testing robot-created voices and content. (瑞士一家广播电台最近在播放中进行了一项社会实验，测试机器人创造的声音和内容)”可知，本文主要通过瑞士一家广播电台做的关于机器人创造的声音和内容的社会实验，引出不同的人对人工智能的不同看法。由此可知，A选项“在广播中播放人工智能声音”最适合作本文标题。故选A。 【变式训练2】 （24-25高三上·北京房山·期末）It was an arresting image: a large airplane parked on the Antarctic ice, smiling flight attendants posing in front of it. The shot seemed to mark a new phase for Antarctic tourism. Fortunately, the flight in question was delivering staff and supplies for research rather than tourism — but travel to Earth’s southernmost continent has nonetheless reached a new milestone. The growing number of visitors brought a new urgency to the question of how much tourism should be allowed on the icy continent. Many members of the International Association of Antarctic Tourism Operators (IAATO) say promoting Antarctic conservation is part of their mission. In fact, IAATO members follow strict rules designed to protect the environment, including removing all waste from the continent and avoiding unknowingly introducing non-native species. Nonetheless, a number of biosecurity studies found a large number of non-native species present. The risks are real. An invasive (侵袭的) grass species has established a foothold on one of Antarctica’s South Shetland Islands, while bird flu recently reached the Sub-Antarctic Islands, where it has had a damaging effect on the seal population. Despite these growing threats, biosecurity is not the biggest danger facing Antarctica’s wilderness areas. Tourists can reduce biosecurity risks by taking new clothing to Antarctica, but the carbon impact is a real issue. The average per-person carbon emissions (排放) for an Antarctic tourist are 3.76 tonnes — about the total sum that an individual typically generates in an entire year. One study calculated that each tourist between 2016 and 2020 was effectively melting around 83 tonnes of snow, due largely to emissions from travel ships. The Antarctic is at risk not just because of the delicacy of its environment, but due to the lack of a single governing body. The Antarctic Treaty, established in 1961 to provide governance for the continent, operates on a consultative basis, which means all parties have to agree before a change can be put into action. There is a common understanding that something needs to change, but no agreement on what those changes should be. Should landings be made at a larger number of sites for instance, or should we aim to keep the human footprint as small as possible? Researchers recommend that anyone thinking about visiting Antarctica should take a hard look at their motivation and the impacts of their choice. “As a researcher, it’s a moral decision that I make every time I go, whether what I’m doing is worth the impact,” said a professor, who says tourists should also weigh up the consequences. “If your motivation is simply because you have stepped on six continents already and you want to step on the seventh — personally I think that’s a fairly silly reason.” 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Antarctic Research: A Promising Future! B．Flying to the Antarctic: A New Milestone! C．Antarctic Tourism: Should We Just Say No? D．Threat to the Antarctic: Why Biosecurity Risks? 【答案】 4．C 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讨论了南极旅游带来的各种问题，如生物安全、碳排放等，同时提到对于是否应该发展南极旅游存在争议，没有就改变措施达成一致，所以Antarctic Tourism: Should We Just Say No?(南极旅游：我们应该说不吗？)作为标题最合适。故选C项。 【变式训练3】 （2023·北京朝阳·二模）Superhuman artificial intelligence is already among us. Well, sort of. When it comes to playing games like chess and Go, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of us. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading. Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. Reading minds comes so easily to us, though, that we often don’t think to spell out what we want. If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life—to cooperate effectively with us or to understand that a child might run into the road after a bouncing ball—we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds. Psychologists refer to the ability to infer another’s mental state as theory of mind. In humans, this capacity starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences. Moreover, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to emerge naturally from one’s own learning process. Building prior knowledge into AI makes it reliant on our imperfect understanding of theory of mind. In addition, AI may be capable of developing approaches we could never imagine. There can be many forms of theory of mind that we don’t know about simply because we live in a human body that has certain types of senses and a certain ability to think. Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals and desires to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI. It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen. But along the way thinking about other people and other agents, we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves. 35．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected B．AI with Theory of Mind Will Reshape Our Future C．AI’s Theory of Mind Is a Blessing or Suffering to Humans D．Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI 【答案】 35．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。当涉及到下棋和围棋等游戏，或解决预测蛋白质结构等棘手的科学挑战时，计算机远远领先于我们。但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术。作者希望人工智能也能具备这种思维能力，实现人类与人工智能的交流。 35．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合最后一段的“It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. (然而，重要的是要记住，追求具有思维理论的机器不仅仅是为了制造更有用的机器人。这也是迈向人工智能和机器人研究更深层目标的垫脚石：建造真正有自我意识的机器)”可知，作者期待建造真正有自我意识的机器，即作者期待人工智能具备思维理论。故A项“AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected(期待人工智有拥有自己的心智理论)”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选A。 考向2 考查词义猜测题 例1 (2024·北京·高考片段) The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. 29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 【答案】 29. B 29.【解析】词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingent on我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词concepts and words，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。 思维建模 词义猜测题解题思路 【变式训练1】（23-24高三上·北京丰台·期末）Over millions of years humans have responded to certain situations without thinking too hard. If our ancestors spotted movement in the nearby forest, they would run first and question later. At the same time, the ability to analyze and to plan is part of what separates us from other animals. The question of when to trust your instinct (直觉)and when to think slow matters in the office as much as in the savannah(草原). Slow thinking is the feature of a well-managed workplace. Yet instinct also has its place. Some decisions are more connected to emotional responses and less to analysis. In demanding customer-service or public-facing situations, instinct is often a better guide to how to behave. Instinct can also be improved. Plenty of research has shown that instinct becomes more unerring with experience. In one well-known experiment, volunteers were asked to assess whether a selection of designer handbags were real or not. Some were instructed to operate on instinct and others to deliberate(深思熟虑)over their decision. Instinct worked better for those who owned at least three designer handbags; indeed, it outperformed analysis. The more expert you become, the better your instinct tends to be. However, the real reason to embrace fast thinking is that it is, well, fast. It is often the only way to get through the day. To take one example, when your inbox floods with new emails at the start of a new day, there is absolutely no way to read them all carefully. Instinct is what helps you decide which ones to answer and which to delete or leave unopened. Fast thinking can also help the entire organization. The value of many managerial decisions lies in the simple fact that they have been made at all. Yet as data explodes, the temptation(诱惑)to ask for one more bit of analysis has become much harder to resist. Managers often suffer from overthinking, turning a simple problem into a complex one. When to use instinct in the workplace rests on its own form of pattern recognition. Does the decision maker have real expertise in this area? Is this a field in which emotion matters more than reasoning? Above all, is it worth delaying the decision? Slow thinking is needed to get the big calls right. But fast thinking is the way to stop deliberation turning to a waste of time. 1．What does the underlined word “unerring” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Accurate. B．Creative. C．Controllable. D．Obvious. 【答案】1．A 词义猜测题。根据文章第三段第一句“Instinct can also be improved.”（直觉能够被改善。）及最后一句“The more expert you become, the better your instinct tends to be.”（你变得越熟练，直觉越准确。）说明随着熟练度的提高，直觉也会越来越准确。故“unerring”应是“无偏差的，精确的”意思。故选A项。 【变式训练2·变考法】 （24-25高三上·北京海淀·期中）Science should guide policy, but caution is needed when technologies like CRISPR have the potential to exclude rather than assist people to live their lives. CRISPR can be used to treat disease. Yet the far-reaching, more worrying promise of this  technology — one about which scientists seem at once excited and cautious — lies in its ability to eliminate from the gene pool what medical science identifies as faulty or abnormal genes that cause difference in individual people. Certainly, goes the logic of CRISPR’s promise, the goal of ridding future generations of terrible diseases that cause suffering and death and exhaust resources, seems an unquestionable enterprise. This logic is consistent with wider societal views. The idea that ridding society of genetic differences that count as defect (缺陷) is an undeniable “good” continues to be pervasive. Editing out a gene-linked condition, supporters may argue, is different from editing out a person, and curing disease is a good thing. But our genetic conditions are not simply entities that can be clipped away from us and our genetic conditions form a fundamental part of who we are. Using genome manipulation tools and performing genetic selection is equal to a new form of eugenic (优生学的) thinking grounded in what the communications studies scholar James L. Chemey calls “common sense” ableism, a belief system that allows people to simultaneously deny any commitment to distasteful eugenic principles while also holding them up. Ultimately, “common sense” ableism embodies a similar goal of cleansing unacceptable human variations that the campaigns to eliminate the supposedly inferior have held in the past. People with “bad” genes shouldn’t be edited out of existence in some version of a utopian (乌托邦的) future. Evaluating the quality of life of another person is morally questionable in a society based on the concept that all people are of equal value regardless of their individual differences. Expanding diversity in all its forms, including disability, strengthens the human community ethically and biologically because it opens the public and private sphere to a variety of perspectives, experiences and ideas to live together with mutual flourishing. Genome editing is powerful in reshaping medical treatments, but it can also be harmful by editing out the kinds of people that medical science, and the society it has shaped, categorize as diseased or genetically contaminated — people who are understood as having bad genes. We should be reminded that bad genes don’t necessarily lead to bad lives, just as good genes don’t necessarily lead to good lives. If CRISPR is put to use to eliminate rather than to treat genetic difference, we as a society would essentially instrumentalize this moralistic and reductionist assumption. 3．What does the underlined part in the last sentence mean? A．People need to adopt more simplified solutions. B．The society should apply CRISPR into other fields. C．This belief might be widely practiced in the society. D．The technology will be used to create a utopian future. 【答案】 3．C 3．词句猜测题。由文章最后一段中“If CRISPR is put to use to eliminate rather than to treat genetic difference, we as a society would essentially instrumentalize this moralistic and reductionist assumption. (如果CRISPR被用于消除而不是治疗基因差异，我们作为一个社会，本质上是将这种道德主义和简化主义的假设工具化。)”可知，将这种道德主义和简化主义的假设工具化，暗示这种做法可能在社会上广泛实践。故选C。 考向3 考查推理判断题之深层推理 例1(2025·北京·高考) Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 28. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A. Excited. B. Inspired. C. Energized.D. Relieved. 【答案】28. B 28.【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。 【变式训练2】（24-25高三上·北京海淀·期末）Crucial systems across the world collapsed on Friday, triggered by one mistake in a single company. The power cut of CrowdStrike, a giant in the cybersecurity industry, hit banks, airlines, and health-care systems. It may end up being the worst information technology disaster in history. This was not, however, an unforeseeable freak accident, nor will it be the last of its kind. Instead, the devastation was the inevitable outcome of modern social systems that have been designed for hyperconnected optimization (优化), not decentralized resilience. There is often a trade-off between maximum optimization and resilience. Consider a basic prehistorical social system in which many humans lived in small, isolated bands. What any single person did would have little to no effect on those living elsewhere. It was an inefficient, basic system — but if one part of the human system failed, few others were affected. Throughout our advancement as a species, from building empires to building machines, social systems have evolved to be more connected and centralized. In the 21st century, the combination of globalization and digitization has created a landscape characterized by the threat of catastrophic, immediate risk. Globalization enables large efficiency gains, where a product can be put together from carefully managed links in the global supply chain. But those systems lack resilience. Every link must fit together perfectly; the system falls apart if even one chain breaks. Centuries ago, the philosopher David Hume wrote that we can never be certain that the patterns of the past will remain the patterns of the future. This is especially true in the 21st century as we are betting more and more of our world on unstable systems. Can we really trust our species to flawlessly govern unimaginably complex systems — systems we don’t always fully understand — that can be brought down by a single screw-up? Modern societies have discounted the cost of that risk because our current reward systems favor optimization over resilience. CEOs try to deliver short-term improvements, not long-term planning. Nobody gets reelected by investing in a rainy-day fund. Business leaders are hired or fired based on quarterly results. Even though the modern quest for optimization has too often made resilience an afterthought, it is not inevitable that we continue down the risky path we’re on. And making our systems more resilient doesn’t require going back to a disconnected, primitive world, either. Instead, our complex, interconnected societies simply demand that we compromise a bit of efficiency in order to allow a little extra cushion (缓冲). If social systems rely on a more diverse digital array of companies, the societies will be less vulnerable (脆弱的). For the broader set of risks facing global society, better regulation is essential to ensure fail-safes, backups, and stress testing — so that one error doesn’t bring down entire systems. The CrowdStrike breakdown is a clear warming that the modern world is fragile by design. So far, we have decided to make ourselves vulnerable. That means we can decide differently too. 1．The author mentions the CrowdStrike mainly to ______. A．highlight its crucial role in cybersecurity B．introduce an information technology collapse C．explain why people are in a connected system D．indicate predictable failures of the modern system 2．What can be inferred about a more globalized system? A．It leads to a highly advanced digitalized network. B．It tends to prioritize adaptability over productivity. C．It enlarges the impact of local errors to a global scale. D．It guarantees immediate economic rewards for participants. 3．As for the future of social systems, which would the author agree with? A．The more disconnected they are, the more resilient they will be. B．Some efficiency should be sacrificed for more flexibility. C．Long-term planning prevents structural breakdowns. D．History can help people predict future patterns. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Crucial systems across the world collapsed on Friday, triggered by one mistake in a single company. The power cut of CrowdStrike, a giant in the cybersecurity industry, hit banks, airlines, and health-care systems. It may end up being the worst information technology disaster in history.(周五，全球关键系统崩溃，起因是一家公司的一个失误。网络安全行业巨头 CrowdStrike 的停电影响了银行、航空公司和医疗保健系统。这可能最终成为历史上最严重的信息技术灾难。)”以及第二段“This was not, however, an unforeseeable freak accident, nor will it be the last of its kind. Instead, the devastation was the inevitable outcome of modern social systems that have been designed for hyperconnected optimization, not decentralized resilience.(然而，这并非一场不可预见的怪异事故，也不会是此类事故中的最后一次。相反，这场灾难是现代社会系统的必然结果，这些系统是为超连接优化而设计的，而非分散式弹性设计。)”可知，作者提及CrowdStrike 事件主要是为了表明现代系统存在可预见的故障。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Globalization enables large efficiency gains, where a product can be put together from carefully managed links in the global supply chain. But those systems lack resilience. Every link must fit together perfectly; the system falls apart if even one chain breaks.(全球化带来了巨大的效率提升，产品可以由全球供应链中精心管理的环节组装而成。但这些系统缺乏弹性。每个环节都必须完美配合；哪怕只有一个环节出问题，整个系统就会崩溃。)”可知，全球化使得系统缺乏弹性，一个环节出错就可能导致整个系统崩溃，可推断出全球化的系统会将局部错误的影响扩大到全球范围。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Even though the modern quest for optimization has too often made resilience an afterthought, it is not inevitable that we continue down the risky path we’re on. And making our systems more resilient doesn’t require going back to a disconnected, primitive world, either. Instead, our complex, interconnected societies simply demand that we compromise a bit of efficiency in order to allow a little extra cushion.(尽管现代对优化的追求常常将弹性置于次要地位，但我们并非必然要继续走这条危险的道路。而且，使我们的系统更具弹性也不需要回到一个脱节的、原始的世界。相反，我们复杂、相互关联的社会只要求我们牺牲一点效率，以便有更多的缓冲空间。)”可知，作者认为为了使系统更具弹性，即更具灵活性，应该牺牲一些效率。故选B项。 【变式训练3】（2025年·海淀·二模） If you’ve ever hung around scientists, you’ve most likely heard one of them say “the best explanation is the simplest one.” But is it? From the behavior of ants to the occurrence of tornadoes, the natural world is often quite complex. Why should we assume the simplest explanation is closest to the truth? This idea is known as Occam’s (or Ockham’s) razor. It’s also referred to as “rule of economy”. And it bears a family relationship to the “principle of least astonishment,” which holds that if an explanation is too surprising, it’s probably not right. The name comes from William of Ockham, a 14th-century scholastic philosopher. He formulated the principle that “entities (实体) should not be multiplied beyond necessity.” The philosophical claim is a form of ontological minimalism: we should not invoke entities unless we have evidence that they exist. In other words: don’t make stuff up. In 1687, Isaac Newton expanded on the notion with his concept of a vera causa — a true cause, stating that we should admit only causes that were both true and sufficient to explain natural phenomena. He added that Nature did nothing in vain and Nature was pleased with simplicity. Although Newton was a great scientist, this claim seems odd. Who is to say what “pleases Nature”? Doesn’t this guidance assume we know what we are in fact trying to figure out? Consider the world of Physics filled with explanations that are surprising, unexpected and hard to get your head around. Newton explained light as being made of particles, whereas other scientists explained it as a wave. Quantum mechanics, however, tells us light is both a wave and a particle. Newton’s account was simpler, but modern physics tells us the more complex model is closer to the truth. When we turn to biology, things get even more complicated. Imagine two smokers, both of whom went through a pack a day for 30 years. One gets cancer; the other doesn’t. The simplest explanation? For decades the tobacco industry’s answer was that smoking doesn’t cause cancer. Simple but false. In fact, disease is complex, and we don’t yet understand all the factors involved in cancer. Occam’s razor is not a fact or even a theory. It’s a metaphysical (形而上学的) principle: an idea held independently of empirical (实证的) evidence. In human affairs, things are more often than not complex. Human motivations are typically multiple. People can be good and bad at the same time, selfish and selfless, depending on circumstances. The shelves of ethicists are filled with books pondering why good people do bad things, and their answers are rarely short and sweet. Our explanations should match the world as best as we can make them. Science is about allowing things to unfold naturally, and sometimes this means accepting that the truth is not simple, even if it would make our lives easier if it were. 28. Occam’s razor indicates that_________. A. simpler explanations should be preferred B. reasonable explanations can’t be surprising C. explanations should be consistent with purposes D. sufficient causes can explain natural phenomena 29. What can we learn from this passage? A. Newton offered solid empirical support to Occam’s razor. B. The tobacco industry’s response is in line with Occam’s razor. C. Quantum mechanics confirms Newton’s particle theory of light. D. Ethicists argue human complexity results in multiple motivations. 30. It’s implied in the passage that we need to ________. A. follow the laws of nature B. interpret the world as it is C. balance accuracy and simplicity D. highlight the existence of entities 【答案】28. A 29. B 30. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了“奥卡姆剃刀”认为最简单的解释最接近真相，但牛顿的理论及物理中光的解释、生物学中吸烟与癌症的关系表明，自然和人类事务都很复杂。奥卡姆剃刀是形而上学原则，科学应让事物自然展现，真相往往并非简单，不应一味追求简单的解释。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“If you’ve ever hung around scientists, you’ve most likely heard one of them say “the best explanation is the simplest one.”(如果你曾经和科学家在一起，你很可能会听到他们中的一个人说：“最好的解释是最简单的。”)”以及第二段“He formulated the principle that “entities (实体) should not be multiplied beyond necessity.”(他提出了这样一个原则：“如无必要，勿增实体”)”可知，奥卡姆剃刀理论表明，更简单的解释更可取。故选A。 【29题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“When we turn to biology, things get even more complicated. Imagine two smokers, both of whom went through a pack a day for 30 years. One gets cancer; the other doesn’t. The simplest explanation? For decades the tobacco industry’s answer was that smoking doesn’t cause cancer. Simple but false. In fact, disease is complex, and we don’t yet understand all the factors involved in cancer.(当我们转向生物学时，事情变得更加复杂。想象一下，有两个吸烟者，他们每天吸一包烟，持续了30年。一个得了癌症；另一个没有。最简单的解释是什么？几十年来，烟草行业的答案是吸烟不会致癌。简单但错误。事实上，疾病是复杂的，我们还不了解与癌症有关的所有因素)”可知，烟草业用“吸烟不致癌”这一简单但错误的解释，虽违背事实，但其逻辑符合奥卡姆剃刀的表面原则（优先简单解释）。故选B。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Our explanations should match the world as best as we can make them. Science is about allowing things to unfold naturally, and sometimes this means accepting that the truth is not simple, even if it would make our lives easier if it were.(我们的解释应该尽可能符合现实。科学是关于让事物自然展开的，有时这意味着接受事实并不简单，即使事实简单会让我们的生活更容易)”可知，我们需要如实地解读世界。故选B。 考点二 议论文中低频考点 知识点1 细节理解题（事实信息定位） 1. 细节理解题（事实信息定位） 出现频率：偶尔出现，通常为1题 常见问法： According to the passage, what can we learn about...? 解题关键：精准定位原文，避免主观推断。 知识点2 推理判断题（观点态度/结构功能/文章出处/人物性格/目标读者/后续走势） 01 观点态度题-利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断 推断作者或者文中人物的意图态度题就是指针对文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的观点或者态度进行设问。文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的情感、观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。 观点态度类的题目旨在考在考生对作者或者文中人物的观点或态度的理解能力，要求考生在理解文意的基础上进行推理判断。有时文中没有直接表明相关人物的观点态度的词句，需要考生结合文中描述该人物的相关词句及他人的评价等信息来推断其观点或态度。 常见的设问方式有: How does the author feel about...? What does the author think of...? What is the author’s attitude towards/to...? 题干设置关键词attitude, opinion, believe, consider, regard, feel about, think of 等。 作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：乐观、支持、赞同；中立、客观；悲观、怀疑、反对、批评。作者的 思想态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间，应特别注意文中表达感情色彩的形容词和副词。 【观点态度词】 一、表中立，客观 1.objective客观的 2.neutral中立的 3.factual事实的 4.disinterested无兴趣的 5.impartial公平的；不偏不倚的 6.impersonal无人情味的 7.unprejudiced无偏见的 8.unbiased无偏见的 9.unconcerned不关心的 10.detached独立的 二、表赞同、支持 1.enthusiastic热心的 2.supportive支持的 3.optimistic乐观的 4.positive积极的 5.favorable有利的；赞成的 6.approving赞成的 7.appreciative欣赏的 8.admiring钦佩的 9.impressive印象深刻的 三、表怀疑、否定 1.suspicious可疑的 2.doubtful怀疑的 3.skeptical/sceptical怀疑的 4.questioning质疑的 5.opposed反对的 6.contradictory自相矛盾的 7.negative消极的 8.disapproving不赞成的 9.critical批评的 10.disgusted反感的 11.ironic反话的；讽刺的 12.hostile敌对的 13.contemptuous蔑视的 14.dismissive轻蔑的 15.pessimistic悲观的 16.gloomy阴暗的；令人沮丧的 17.apprehensive忧虑的 四、其他 1.mixed混合的 2.tolerant容忍的 3.indifferent漠不关心的 4.concerned担心的 5.sensitive敏感的 6.reserved矜持的 7.conservative保守的；守旧的 8.radical激进的 9.moderate中等的；适度的 10.mild温和的；温顺的 11.subjective主观的 12.inconclusive无定论的 02目标读者推断题-利用语言表达方式或者文章的内容 推断文章作者或目标读者的设题方式： Who probably wrote the letter? Who is the passage written for? Who are the intended readers of the passage? The author probably writes this passage for __________. 阅读理解中通常会要求考生根据文章的内容来判断文章作者或目标读者。 1: 判断文章的作者 判断文章作者，可以从语言表达方式或者文章的内容两个方面去判断。 例如：如果材料是议论文，考生可以留意一下作者对于论点所持有的态度或观点，这些态度或观点是作者直接表述的，还是引用别人的。如果材料是说明文，那么作者很可能就是与材料相关的专业人士。 2: 推断文章的目标读者 文章的目标读者，也就是文章的指向性。此类题目与文字的内容是紧密相连的。不同的文章内容，其目标读者是不同的。 核心原则 内容决定读者：文章讨论的核心议题和论点，决定了谁会对它感兴趣。 语言反映读者：作者的措辞、语气和论据类型，是为目标读者“量身定制”的。 来源暗示读者：文章出处（如杂志、网站）是最直接的线索。 二、 具体分析步骤（“四看”法） 引导学生遇到此类题目时，依次从以下四个角度寻找证据： 一看：看议题与论点 (Look at the Topic & Argument) 问自己：这篇文章主要在讨论什么？作者想证明什么观点？ 二看：看语言与论据 (Look at the Language & Evidence) 专业术语多？→ 读者有专业知识背景（如科学家、学者）。 术语有解释，语言通俗？→ 读者是普通大众。 论据是数据、研究？→ 说服理性、重证据的读者。 论据是个人故事、情感呼吁？→ 说服更易共鸣的普通读者。 三看：看来源与体裁 (Look at the Source & Genre) 这是最快、最准的线索！务必提醒学生注意文章标注的出处。 A business magazine -> 读者：商人、投资者 An academic journal -> 读者：学者、学生 An education blog -> 读者：家长、老师 无明确来源，但体裁是Opinion piece（观点文章） -> 读者：关心社会议题的普通公众 四看：看作者口吻与呼告 (Look at the Tone & Direct Address) 作者在用什么样的身份对读者说话？ “We as a society...” -> 呼吁社会公众 “Parents should consider...” -> 直接呼告家长群体 “For researchers...” -> 明确指向研究人员 3. 解题流程与误区警告 答题步骤： 1）审题：明确题目问的是“intended audience”（目标读者）。 2）速览：重点读标题、出处、首段和尾段，形成初步假设。 3）验证：带着假设精读，用“四看”法寻找证据。 4）排除：排除那些与文章内容无关、语言风格不符或范围绝对化（如“all people”）的选项。 5）选择：选出与所有线索最匹配的选项。 常见误区： ❌ 过度推断：文章只讨论了教育的一个方面，不能推断读者是“all teachers”。 ❌ 主观臆断：不能因为“我觉得感兴趣”，就选“high school students”。 ✅ 正确做法：所有结论必须源于文本证据。 03 结构功能题（段落/句子作用） 常见问法： Why does the author mention...? What is the function of Paragraph X? 解题关键：分析段落与全文逻辑关系（举例、对比、引出话题等）。 04 推断文章出处-利用文体特征进行推断 推断文章出处或类别要从文章内容、语言特色和标志信息着手;确定读者对象要根据文章主题和文章措辞来判断。 常见设问方式： This passage would be most likely to be found in____ The passage is probably taken out of _____________ Where does this text probably come from? Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from? 判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强。 Newspaper特征：1.首段或首句为新闻归纳(时效性强)。2.有特殊的文体标示(如Reuters) Magazine 特征：1.内容更加丰富，专题性更强，话题更详细语言轻松活泼、语言表述更具作者的主体意识。 Research特征：1. 语言比较专业化，会有一些专业词汇(如Planetary orbit)2.内容上严肃且精华，经常出现专业的知识。 常见选项： A biology textbook(生物教科书)/A magazine /A research paper(研究论文) /A travel brochure(旅游手册)/A news report(新闻报告)/A booklet(小册子)/A website/a blog(博客；网络日志)/ A guide book/An advertisement 等. 05 判断人物性格特征题 推断人物特征类的题目主要考查考生对文章中出现的人物性格行为特征等进行综合分 析和推断的能力。考生要特别关注有关人物的语言、情感、行为等语句及文中涉及该人物的 具体的事实信息，充分利用表达感情色彩、态度观点的词汇推断人物特征。 01常见的设问方式 What can we say about sb. ?  What can we learn about sb. ?  What kind of person is sb. ? What can best describe ...？ 02描写人物特征的相关形容词: adaptable 有适应能力的 aggressive 有进取心的 ambitious 有雄心的 appreciative 感激的，感谢的 4cautious 小心的，谨慎的 concerned 关心的 considerate 体贴的 cooperative  合作的 courageous 勇敢的 demanding 要求极严的 devoted 全心全意的 reliable 可靠的faithful 忠诚的 far-sighted 有远见的 humorous 幽默的 independent 独立的 indifferent 冷漠的 diligent勤奋的 responsible负责任的 knowledgeable知识渊博的 sensible 明智的，理智的 straightforward 率直的，坦率的 talented 有才能的 tolerant 宽容的，容忍的 innovative 创新的 easy-going 随和的 open-minded 思想开明的 grateful 感激的，感谢的 intelligent 聪明的 determined 意志坚定地 committed 尽心尽力的 06 后续走势和篇章结构题 后续情节发展推断题要求考生对接下来的故事情节或文章内容进行推断。解答该题型时，考生要把握作者的写作思路，分析段落之间的联系，继而作出合理的推断。 常见的设问方式： 1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph? 2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph? 3．What would the author most probably discuss next? 4．Where does the article go next? 5.What would the following paragraph talk about? 考向1 考查细节理解题 例1 (2022·北京·高考) Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 【答案】 32. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。 【变式训练1】 （2025年·东城·一模片段） Years after my art history class, I am insufferable at museums. “That’s definitely a Matisse,” I say. “You can telI because of the brushwork and the use of colour.” Sometimes it is not a Matisse but oftentimes it is. It is unsettling to learn, then, that for all of my carefully won art appreciation, I am in danger of being surpassed by an insect. In a recent study, honeybees — whose brains are the size of grass seeds — were shown Picassos and Monets paired side by side. Below the prints were two small containers, one containing sugar water and the other nothing at all. Which to enter? Bees couldn’t see or smell whether a given container held the treat until they’d already flown inside it. But they could let the masterpieces guide them: for some bees, the reward was always under the Picasso, while for the rest it was under the Monet. Over the course of many trials, the bees learned to fly straight for the correct container. Indeed, they even performed slightly better than chance when faced with pairs of paintings they’d never seen before. The bees had learned to discriminate, however modestly, between the two artists’ styles. 31. Why does the author mention bees? A. To present an example. B. To put forward a theory. C. To draw out a comparison. D. To highlight a research finding. 【答案】31. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“It is unsettling to learn, then, that for all of my carefully won art appreciation, I am in danger of being surpassed by an insect. In a recent study, honeybees — whose brains are the size of grass seeds — were shown Picassos and Monets paired side by side.(然而，令人不安的是，尽管我精心培养了对艺术的鉴赏力，但我却有可能被一种昆虫超越。在最近的一项研究中，蜜蜂——它们的大脑只有草籽大小——被展示了毕加索和莫奈的画作，并排摆放在一起)”可知，作者提到蜜蜂是为了与人类进行艺术鉴赏能力的对比。故选C。 【变式训练2】（2024高三上·北京石景山·期末片段）A Swiss radio station recently carried out a social experiment on air, testing robot-created voices and content. The 13-hour experiment took place at the French-language station Couleur 3. During the period, listeners heard the cloned voices of five human presenters. The station’s programming also included music created by artificial intelligence (AI) methods. The programming informed listeners about the experiment every 20 minutes. “AI is taking your favorite radio by storm,” a voice said. “Our voice clones and AI are here to unsettle, surprise and shake you. And for that matter, this text was also written by a robot.” 1．What did the social experiment test? A．Audiences’ feedback. B．Robot-created systems. C．Human presenters’ voices. D．AI-generated programmes. 【答案】1．D 细节理解题。根据第一段“A Swiss radio station recently carried out a social experiment on air, testing robot-created voices and content. The 13-hour experiment took place at the French-language station Couleur During the period, listeners heard the cloned voices of five human presenters.(瑞士一家广播电台最近在播放中进行了一项社会实验，测试机器人创造的声音和内容。这场为期13个小时的实验在法语站Couleur 3进行。在此期间，听众听到了五位人类主持人的克隆声音)”可知，瑞士这家广播电台在法语站Couleur 3测试机器人创造的声音和内容，播放了五位主持人的克隆声音。由此可知，实验的目的是测试机器人创造出来的声音。故选D。 考向2 考查推理判断题 例1(2024·北京·高考) The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation?” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 30. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 【答案】28. C 30. A 31. C 【解析】 28. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。 30.【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。 31.【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。 【变式训练1】 （2024高三上·北京石景山·期末）A person could be forgiven for believing 20 years ago that the Internet would soon revolutionise academic publishing, because it became possible for publishers to spread scholarly work at the click of a button — much cheaper than the traditional subscription-based (订阅) model. Recognising the opportunity, many scholars and librarians began to advocate a new, open access model, in which articles are made freely available online to anyone. The result would be a true online public library of science. However, more than two decades later, the movement has made only slight progress, and the traditional subscription-based model remains entrenched. Fortunately, things are changing. A big shoe dropped when the University of California (UC) Libraries, one of the biggest library systems, declined to renew its contract with Elsevier, a leading scientific publisher. Elsevier wanted the Libraries to pay two fees: One for its package of licensed journals and the other for the use of Elsevier’s open access model. UC Libraries wanted the licensed journals fee to cover the open access fee; they also wanted open access to all UC researches published in Elsevier journals. When the two sides couldn’t come to terms, the Libraries walked away. Actually, the open access revolution is more likely to be led by research funding agencies, who can use their purse power to promote open access. A team of funders, Coalition S, insisted that any research they fund should be published in a journal that makes all of its articles freely and immediately available to the public, which is called Plan-S. Now that some librarians and funders are flexing their muscles, what should academics do? The worst response would be to complain that Plan-S deprives(剥夺) them of academic freedom. Some thoughtful academics might worry that a shift to open access would affect their promotion. After all, subscription journals are more familiar and more prestigious (有威望的) in the current system. However, if enough academics support open access, the system could reach a tipping point beyond which subscriptions no longer signal prestige. Reaching that point would take considerable time and efforts, but it is possible. When the journal system began in 1665, it was kind of a form of open access. Journals allowed academics to learn openly from one another. It was only in the 1900s that the journal system became thoroughly commoditized(商品化). Now is the time to bring it back to its roots. 2．What is the core of failed negotiation between UC Libraries and Elsevier? A．The duration of the contract. B．The way of payment. C．The charge for open access model. D．The choice of licensed journals. 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Academics welcome open access model with full heart. B．Open access model will soon achieve a dominant position. C．Publishers are willing to abandon the subscription model gradually. D．Establishing a true online public library of science requires joint efforts. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the open access model? A．Critical. B．Supportive. C．Disapproving. D．Indifferent. 【答案】 2．C 3．D 4．B 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Elsevier wanted the Libraries to pay two fees: One for its package of licensed journals and the other for the use of Elsevier’s open access model. UC Libraries wanted the licensed journals fee to cover the open access fee; they also wanted open access to all UC researches published in Elsevier journals. When the two sides couldn’t come to terms, the Libraries walked away.(爱思唯尔希望图书馆支付两笔费用：一笔是它的授权期刊包，另一笔是使用爱思唯尔的开放获取模式。加州大学图书馆希望授权期刊费能覆盖开放存取费；他们还希望开放加州大学在爱思唯尔期刊上发表的所有研究。当双方无法达成协议时，图书馆离开了)”可推知，开放获取模式收费是UC图书馆和爱思唯尔谈判失败的核心问题。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“However, if enough academics support open access, the system could reach a tipping point beyond which subscriptions no longer signal prestige. Reaching that point would take considerable time and efforts, but it is possible.(然而，如果有足够多的学者支持开放获取，该系统可能会达到一个临界点，超过这个临界点，订阅就不再意味着声望。要达到这一点需要相当长的时间和努力，但这是可能的)”可推知，建立一个真正的在线科学公共图书馆需要共同努力。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“It was only in the 1900s that the journal system became thoroughly commoditized (商品化). Now is the time to bring it back to its roots.(直到20世纪，期刊系统才彻底商品化。现在是时候让它回归本源了)”可推知，作者对开放存取模式的态度是支持的。故选B。 【变式训练2】 （2024高三上·北京丰台·期末）Over millions of years humans have responded to certain situations without thinking too hard. If our ancestors spotted movement in the nearby forest, they would run first and question later. At the same time, the ability to analyze and to plan is part of what separates us from other animals. The question of when to trust your instinct (直觉)and when to think slow matters in the office as much as in the savannah(草原). Slow thinking is the feature of a well-managed workplace. Yet instinct also has its place. Some decisions are more connected to emotional responses and less to analysis. In demanding customer-service or public-facing situations, instinct is often a better guide to how to behave. Instinct can also be improved. Plenty of research has shown that instinct becomes more unerring with experience. In one well-known experiment, volunteers were asked to assess whether a selection of designer handbags were real or not. Some were instructed to operate on instinct and others to deliberate(深思熟虑)over their decision. Instinct worked better for those who owned at least three designer handbags; indeed, it outperformed analysis. The more expert you become, the better your instinct tends to be. However, the real reason to embrace fast thinking is that it is, well, fast. It is often the only way to get through the day. To take one example, when your inbox floods with new emails at the start of a new day, there is absolutely no way to read them all carefully. Instinct is what helps you decide which ones to answer and which to delete or leave unopened. Fast thinking can also help the entire organization. The value of many managerial decisions lies in the simple fact that they have been made at all. Yet as data explodes, the temptation(诱惑)to ask for one more bit of analysis has become much harder to resist. Managers often suffer from overthinking, turning a simple problem into a complex one. When to use instinct in the workplace rests on its own form of pattern recognition. Does the decision maker have real expertise in this area? Is this a field in which emotion matters more than reasoning? Above all, is it worth delaying the decision? Slow thinking is needed to get the big calls right. But fast thinking is the way to stop deliberation turning to a waste of time. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Managers can afford the cost of slow thinking. B．Fast thinking can be a boost to work efficiency. C．Slow thinking will hold us back in the long run. D．Too much data is to blame for wrong decisions. 3．What is the author's purpose of writing the passage? A．To explain how instinct works. B．To compare instinct and slow thinking. C．To highlight the value of instinct in the workplace. D．To illustrate the development of different thinking patterns. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要论述了直觉在工作场所的应用价值。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段第四句第五句“Instinct is what helps you decide which ones to answer and which to delete or leave unopened. Fast thinking can also help the entire organization. ”（直觉能够帮助你决定哪些邮件需要回复，哪些需要删除，哪些不用打开。快速思考也对整个组织有益。）可知快速思考可以提高工作效率，避免在不重要的事情上浪费时间。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第一段最后一句“The question of when to trust your instinct (直觉 )and when to think slow matters in the office as much as in the savannah (草原)”.（什么时候应该相信你的直觉及什么时候应该缓慢思考的问题在办公室和在大草原上一样重要。）可知，在工作场所，直觉也是很重要的。结合最后一段第一句“When to use instinct in the workplace rests on its own form of pattern recognition. ”（什么时候在工作场所使用直觉取决于其自身的识别模式。）可知要具体分析在工作场所使用直觉的情况。联系全文内容可知，本文主要强调了直觉在工作场所的应用价值。故选C项。 04真题溯源·考向感知 (2025·北京·高考) Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 28. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A. Excited. B. Inspired. C. Energized.D. Relieved. 29. What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. Major achievements. B. Complex feelings. C. Significant impacts. D. Fine differences. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C. Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D. Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science 【答案】28. B 29. D 30. A 【主题】本文是一篇议论文。作者通过讲述自己和女儿关于能否延长看屏幕时间的争论，引出对社会比较这一观念的思考，指出并非所有社会比较都不健康，若理解其原理，可加以利用促进自我提升。 28.【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。 29.【解析】词句猜测题。根据第二段“ In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. (为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的____。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较都是不健康的这一想法。)” 可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视，所以“nuances”意思可能是 “细微差别”。故选D。 30.【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。 (2024·北京·高考) The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation?” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 30. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. A 31. C 【解析】 【主题】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。 28.【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。 29.【解析】词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingent on我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词concepts and words，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。 30.【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。 31.【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。 (2022·北京·高考) Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 【答案】31. A 32. C 33. A 34. D 【主题】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。 31.【解析】推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。 32.【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。 33.【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”（ 但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。 34.【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。 (2021·北京·高考) Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking． Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect． The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies． Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness． When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose． 31.What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？ A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature． B. Everyone can define time on their own terms． C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it． D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists． 32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 33. What can we learn from this passage？ A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life． B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems． C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower． D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame． 34. What can we infer from this passage？ A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time． B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless． C. We should live in harmony with nature． D. History is a mirror reflecting reality． 【答案】31. B 32. D 33. C 34. C 【主题】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。 31.【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。 32.【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。 33.【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段的“We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。 34.【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。 （2020年北京卷） Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. A GI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.” Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.” Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from A GI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else. The promise and danger of true A GI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. 42. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean? A. Enormous in quantity. B. Changeable daily. C. Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere. 43. What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters? A. Help to tackle problems. B. Make brains more active. C. Benefit ambitious people. D. Set up powerful databases. 44. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines the author is ____________. A. supportive B. disapproving C. fearful D. uncertain 45. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage? A. It may be only a dream. B. It will come into being soon. C. It will be controlled by humans. D. It may be more dangerous than ever. 【答案】42. D 43. A 44. B 45. A 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。 【42题详解】 词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Help to tackle problems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Good对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。 1 / 61 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第27讲 阅读理解议论文攻略 目录 01 考情解码·命题预警 2 02 体系构建·思维可视 3 03 核心突破·靶向攻坚 3 考点一 议论文高频考点 3 知识点1 议论文概述 3 知识点2 主旨大意题（最佳标题/作者观点） 9 知识点3 词义猜测题（划线词/短语含义） 10 知识点4 推理判断题（作者态度/意图/隐含意义） 14 考向1 考查主旨大意题 18 考向2 考查词义猜测题 22 考向3 考查推理判断题之深层推理 25 考点二 议论文中低频考点 29 知识点1 细节理解题（事实信息定位） 29 知识点2 推理判断题（观点态度/结构功能/文章出处/人物性格/目标读者/后续走势） 29 考向1 考查细节理解题 36 考向2 考查推理判断题 38 04真题溯源·考向感知 42 01 考情解码·命题预警 五年考情（2021-2025） 年份 词数 话题 考点分布 细节理解 推理判断 主旨大意 词义猜测 2025 406 对社会比较这一观念的思考：并非所有社会比较都不健康，可加以利用促进自我提升 0 1 1 1 2024 408 讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的 0 3 0 1 2022 400 量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？ 1 1 1 1 2021 480 文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。 1 2 1 0 2020 433 工智能(AGI)实现的可能性 1 2 0 1 考情分析： 从内容上看，近年来北京高考议论文选材聚焦科技伦理、社会心理、哲学思辨等前沿话题，注重考查逻辑推理、观点辨析与作者态度。 从题型上看，以推理判断、词义猜测、主旨大意为主，选项干扰性强，需结合上下文精准把握论证逻辑与作者立场。 高频设问点多为标题、观点句、转折/让步处、举例/引用作用。难度为中等略高，要求快速定位论点并辨别论据与论证方法。 预计2026年北京高考议论文会出现。复习过程中要熟练掌握议论文的命题特点和解题方法，做到成功应对议论文阅读试题。 复习目标： 1. 掌握议论文三要素（论点、论据、论证）的识别与分析能力。 2. 强化推理判断技巧，能区分作者观点、他人观点及事实论据。 3. 熟悉高频题型（如态度题、目的题、词义题）的解题路径。 4. 提升对抽象概念、复杂句式的理解能力，快速抓取核心论点。 5. 培养批判性思维，能评价论证有效性并归纳文章主旨。 02 体系构建·思维可视 03 核心突破·靶向攻坚 考点一 议论文高频考点 知识点1 议论文概述 一、观点论证类（高考最核心、最高频） 1. 核心特征 作者明确提出一个中心论点（如 “科技使人疏远”“阅读纸质书更利于深度思考”），再通过分论点、论据（事实、数据、名言、案例等）层层论证观点的合理性，最终强化中心论点。 此类文章的关键是找到 “总 - 分 - 总” 或 “引论 - 本论 - 结论” 的结构，明确 “作者到底想证明什么”。 2. 论证逻辑 引论：通过背景、现象、设问等引出中心论点（常位于首段结尾或第二段开头）； 本论：分论点 1 + 论据（如研究数据 / 名人观点）→ 分论点 2 + 论据 → （可选）反驳对立观点； 结论：重申中心论点，或提出建议、展望。 3. 解题关键 1) 定位中心论点（注意首段转折词 but/however、总结词 therefore，或第二段首句的新观点）； 2)区分 “论点”（作者的观点）和 “论据”（支撑观点的材料），避免将论据当主旨。 二、利弊分析类（高频，侧重辩证思考） 1.核心特征 针对某一现象、事物或行为（如 “社交媒体的使用”“线上教育”“人工智能的发展”），从 “利” 和 “弊” 两个维度展开分析，最终可能偏向某一立场，或保持中立、提出平衡建议。 此类文章的标志是有明显的 “正反对比” 逻辑，常出现表转折或对比的连接词。 2. 论证逻辑 1)引入话题：介绍讨论对象（如 “近年来线上办公普及”）； 2)分析有利方面：分点阐述好处（如 “节省通勤时间”“灵活安排工作”），配具体例子； 3)分析不利方面：用转折词（however/on the other hand）引出弊端（如 “缺乏面对面沟通”“工作与生活边界模糊”），配案例或数据； 4) 结论：① 偏向某一方（如 “利大于弊，应合理推广”）；② 中立建议（如 “需制定规则减少弊端”）。 3. 解题关键 1)梳理 “利”“弊” 对应的具体内容，避免混淆； 2)关注结尾段的 “作者态度”（是否有明确倾向，还是建议平衡），这是主旨题的常考点。 三、问题解决类（侧重 “提出问题 - 分析原因 - 给出方案”） 1.核心特征 文章围绕一个具体问题（如 “环境污染”“青少年肥胖”“传统文化流失”）展开，先明确问题的表现或严重性，再分析问题产生的原因，最后提出解决问题的方法或建议。 此类文章的核心是 “问题→原因→对策” 的逻辑链，常出现表因果、建议的词汇。 2. 论证逻辑 1)提出问题：描述问题的现象（如 “全球气温持续上升，极端天气增多”），或用数据说明问题的严重性； 2)分析原因：从多个角度（如社会、经济、个人、技术）分析问题根源（如 “温室气体排放”“森林砍伐”）； 3)解决对策：分点提出具体方案（如 “减少化石燃料使用”“推广可再生能源”“加强国际合作”）； 4)结尾：强调对策的重要性，或展望解决后的效果。 3. 解题关键 1)理清 “问题 - 原因 - 对策” 的对应关系（如某对策是针对某一具体原因）； 2)注意 “建议类词汇”（suggest/propose/recommend/should/must），这类词汇后常是解题关键信息。 四、现象解释类（侧重 “是什么 - 为什么 - 怎么样”） 1.核心特征 针对某一特殊现象（如 “人们为何更愿意买品牌产品”“为什么熬夜现象普遍”“某些传统节日复兴”），先说明现象的具体表现，再深入分析现象背后的原因（如心理、社会、文化因素），最后可能补充现象的影响（积极 / 消极）。此类文章的重点是 “解释原因”，而非 “论证观点”，常涉及心理学、社会学等背景知识。 2. 论证逻辑 1）引入现象：用具体案例、数据或生活场景描述现象（如 “调查显示，70% 的年轻人每周至少熬夜 3 次”）； 2）分析原因：从不同维度拆解（如心理原因：“白天压力大，夜晚想独处”；社会原因：“工作 / 学习任务重，不得不熬夜”；技术原因：“手机娱乐内容多，吸引熬夜”）； 3)补充影响：（可选）说明现象的后果（如 “熬夜导致免疫力下降”），或提出应对思路。 3. 解题关键 1)关注 “原因类信号词”（because/since/why/the reason is that/due to）； 2)区分 “直接原因” 和 “根本原因”，避免只看表面现象。 五、对比论证类（侧重 “比较不同观点 / 事物”） 1.核心特征 将两个或多个相关的观点、事物、方法进行对比（如 “传统教育 vs 线上教育”“两种环保政策的效果”“不同文化对‘礼貌’的定义”），通过比较它们的异同、优缺点，最终可能得出 “哪一个更优” 或 “需结合使用” 的结论。 此类文章的结构多为 “总 - 分 - 总”，对比维度清晰（如效果、成本、适用人群）。 2.论证逻辑 1)引入对比对象：明确要比较的两个事物 / 观点（如 “关于‘是否应该禁止校园零食’，存在两种不同意见”）； 2) 分维度对比：从同一角度比较两者（如维度 1：健康影响 → 观点 A 认为…，观点 B 认为…；维度 2：学生需求 → 观点 A 认为…，观点 B 认为…）； 3) 结论：总结对比结果，提出作者倾向（如 “禁止零食虽利于健康，但需兼顾学生合理需求”）。 3.解题关键 1)梳理 “对比维度”（如健康、成本、效率），避免混淆不同维度的信息； 2)注意 “对比信号词”（while/whereas/in contrast/on the contrary），帮助定位异同点。 总结：议论文类型与解题关联 知识点2 主旨大意题（最佳标题/作者观点） 一、【命题解读】 主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解,它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。 2、 【常考类型】 题型1 段落大意题 每个段落都有一个中心思想,且中心思想通常会在段落的首句或尾句体现出来,这个句子就是常说的段落主题句。没有给出明显的主题句时,要根据段落内容概括出段落大意 题型2 文章大意题 考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,即考查考生的归纳概括能力 题型3 标题归纳题 概括出文章的中心思想,并对中心思想再次加以提炼,拟定出文章的标题。文章标题可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子 3、 解题策略 ①利用主题句在段首位置推敲段落大意 说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。 ②利用主题句在段中位置推敲段落大意 有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。 ③利用主题句在段尾位置推敲段落大意 有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词: in brief/ short, all in all, in conclusion, in a word等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。 ④利用段落没有主题句推敲段落大意 有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 ⑤利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题 有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 知识点3 词义猜测题（划线词/短语含义） 一、【猜测词义命题解读】 词句猜测题它可以是对一个单词的意义的推断,也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断。词句猜测题既可以考查生词的意义,也可以考查熟词的新义,还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中,所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上,而要根据短文提供的语境,通过阅读上下文,根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。 二、【猜测词义解题策略】 题型1 词义(词组)猜测题 考查考生猜测文章中某个生词或短语的含义,或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替 题型2 句意猜测题 考查考生准确理解作者的观点,尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点,以准确推断语句的含义 题型3 代词指代题 要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系 方法1：关注词的功能。授课过程中引导学生关注构词法、词的情感色彩、同义词、反义词、上下义词。 方法2：关注语篇中的解释功能。引导学生总结解释的几种方式：下定义、定语（从句）、同位语（从句）、举例子、标点符号等。 方法3：关注逻辑关系。引导学生总结几种常见的逻辑关系：因果、转折、并列、递进等。 正确 选项 特征 逻辑通顺 内容上与词或短语所在的句子、段落有关，符合上下文逻辑； 代词查询 代词指代有时与上文距离较远，需要对前文内容进行总结才能得出结论； 本意延伸 真实的含义与其字面意思无关，在原意的基础上进行延伸或者拓展； 接近原意 采取转述、举例或列举等表达方式，与原句意思最接近。 干扰项特征 1.构词法干扰，指片面地从构词法的角度猜测、思考，不考虑上下文语境，望词生义； 2.句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般是错误选项。 3拘泥于字面意思，根据所学过的熟词意义常使考生觉得画线词义背过而忽略上下文主观臆断。 三、词义(词组)猜测题设问方式 By saying that “...” in the first (second ...) paragraph, the author means that ________. In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by “______”． The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to ________. Which of the following has the closest meaning to ... (Paragraph ...)？ As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to ________. The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ________. 四、词义(词组)猜测题7大猜词技巧 要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。 1.利用释义法解题 在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义或解释部分，读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。 有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如： ①Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. 句子给予了annealing一个明确的定义，即“退火”。 ②It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily. 从that is(也就是说)后的解释中我们可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。 ③The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。 ④The weather in this area is treacherous;_its sudden changes often endanger the lives of sailors. 分号后的句子在解释什么样的天气是treacherous, sudden change与treacherous在语义上相对应，因此含义是“突变的”。 ⑤Some good readers find it helpful to use their sense to visualize — or picture — what they read. visualize的意思由破折号后的picture(想象)给出了说明，因此含义为“想象”。 ⑥When President Torrijos of Panama met Carter, he tried to give him a friendly abrazo (hug)． abrazo对大多数人来说都很陌生，但由括号内的hug(拥抱)，我们不难推测abrazo也是“拥抱”的意思。 2.利用同位关系进行猜测 阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如： ①They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle,_a large building in old times. 同位语部分“a large building in old times”给出了castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。 ②We are on the night_shift — from midnight to 8 a．m. — this week. 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。 ③The “Chunnel”， a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete. 此句中“a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France”是Chunnel的同位语。因此，Chunnel指的就是英法之间的海底隧道。 3.利用构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测 在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如： ①“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” Anaclerio said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.” 文中interactive是由前缀inter(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。 ②Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred? possibility是possible的同根名词，据此可以判断possibility的意思是“可能性”。 4.利用因果关系进行猜测 在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如： ①The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again. 从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。 ②Mary didn't notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was completely engrossed in her reading. 从前面的结果“当我走进教室时，玛丽没有注意到我”可以推测engrossed的意思为“全神贯注的”。 ③Our vision was obscured by the trees, so we couldn't see the lake from our window. 由后面的结果couldn't see(看不见)可知，我们的视线被树遮挡住(obscured)了。 6.利用同义或近义关系进行猜测 在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。 6.利用常识法解题 在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。 7.利用转折或对比关系进行猜测 根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如： ①A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle;_it can be a basket of fun. 从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。 ②She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。 ③The players in the World Cup are professionals, while those who play in the Olympics must be amateurs. 由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出amateurs是professionals(专业人士)的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。 知识点4 推理判断题（作者态度/意图/隐含意义） 一、【命题解读】 推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题，是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上,通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示,作出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程，主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。 常以infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose等词提问。 提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can, could, might, would 等和其他表示可能性的副词,如probably, possibly等。 具体的设问方式如: What can we infer from the (first/.../last) paragraph? Where does this passage probably come from? What’s the author’s attitude towards...? What is the main purpose of the passage?等 二、【解题策略】 1. 正确选项推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,正确选项一般具有以下特征: (1) “立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。 (2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等,正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。 2. 干扰选项特征 张冠李戴 即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点,选项中出现的却是其他人的观点;题干问的是其他人的观点,选项中却出现了作者的观点 无中生有 这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点,但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次,这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干 曲解文意 即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话,命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项,看似表达文章的意思,其实是借题发挥,是对原文意思的曲解 鱼目混珠 鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中,即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义 扩缩范围 为了准确、严密地表达文章内容,命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定,有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意范围加以限定。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语,将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变,从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法 偷梁换柱 干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词,却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词,造成句意的改变 三、【常考类型】 题型1 深层推断题 周密逻辑分析推断隐含意义 题型2 意图推断题 依据文体特点推断写作意图 题型3 文章出处题 根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处 题型4 观点态度题 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断 题型5 人物性格特征题 利用感情色彩、态度观点的词汇推断 题型6 目标读者推断题 利用语言表达方式或者文章的内容推断 题型7 文章后续走势和篇章结构题 利用文章结构进行推断 01深层推断题（隐含推断题） 推断隐含义类的题目要求考生根据文章中的信息(句子、 段落或者全文)进行合理的、适度的逻辑推断，推断出作者没有直接说明的内容、可能会发生的事情或者事务的特征等，理解作者的言外之意。这类题目特点如下： 01题干设置关键词 常用 infer, indicate, imply, suggest, conclude, assume, know, learn 等 动词以及 suggestion, indication, assumption, conclusion 等名词。 02正确选项的设置 (1) 根据原文推断出的内容，不是原文内容的直接体现，多为语块或词块  的同义词转化或者表层含义的延伸； (2)一般不含有绝对概念的字眼，通常含有 usually, may, some, probably,   be likely to,  about, can, possibly, probably 等。 03 常见的设问方式 What can we infer about … from the text?        What can we learn about … ?        What can be inferred about … ? 02 写作意图推断题-依据文体特点推断写作意图 常见设问方式： What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? The writer of the story wants to tell us that________ The fact... is mentioned by the author to show______ The author writes the last paragraph in order to_____ 解题技巧： 1. 关注设问的信息位置: 1)开头提出问题——To attract readers’ attention；To introduce the topic; 2)开头举例，用谚语或者名人名言——To draw the readers’ attention to the top; 3)结尾设问——To attract readers to pay for a trip to some attraction; To call on…; To sell a product or service； 4)文中引语、事例、研究的数据和研究——To argue against…; To support one’s own idea; To make it more persuasive (更有说服力的) 2. 关注逻辑关系和篇章结构（TEEC 模式）Topic→explanation→example→conclusion 主题+举例子解释或者证明——To stress/confirm/support sth 常见的说明方法: 1、列数字(list figures): 具体而准确地说明该事物的特点。使说明更有说服力。 2、举例子(give examples): 具体真切地说明了事物的等等特点。 3、引资料(quote): 能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。用引用的方法说明事物的特征，增强说服力。如引用古诗文、谚语、俗话。引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用。 4、分类别(by category): 条理清楚地说明了事物的特点，对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明，使说明更有条理性。使说明的内容眉目清楚，避免重复交叉的现象。 5、打比方(make an analogy) : 打比方就是修辞方法中的比喻。生动形象地说明该事物的xx特点，增强了文章的趣味性。 6、下定义(draw a definition/ make analysis): 用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示，从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。 7、作比较(make a contrast/comparision): 突出强调了被说明对象的特点(地位、影响等)。 考向1 考查主旨大意题 例1 (2025·北京·高考) Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C. Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D. Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science 【变式训练1】（23-24高三上·北京石景山·期末）A Swiss radio station recently carried out a social experiment on air, testing robot-created voices and content. The 13-hour experiment took place at the French-language station Couleur 3. During the period, listeners heard the cloned voices of five human presenters. The station’s programming also included music created by artificial intelligence (AI) methods. The programming informed listeners about the experiment every 20 minutes. “AI is taking your favorite radio by storm,” a voice said. “Our voice clones and AI are here to unsettle, surprise and shake you. And for that matter, this text was also written by a robot.” Recent AI developments have led to the creation of a series of tools that permit robots to lead different human activities. These tools belong to a group of systems known as “generative AI”. The tools use machine learning methods to train AI systems on huge amounts of data to produce human-quality results. One of the most highly publicized generative AI tools is called ChatGPT. It received wide attention by demonstrating the ability to quickly produce written answers to questions at a level and quality similar to humans. However, the development of “generative AI” systems has led to some criticism of the technology. Critics have warned that such systems, if used incorrectly, could cause economic, cultural and social harms. The station said in a statement it received hundreds of messages on the day of the experiment, with some supporting and others opposing. One person complained of unfunny jokes. Another listener admitted to not recognizing the programming as an experiment. One critic called the project a waste of time for a station that gets public financing. Many listeners noted, “You can sense these are robots, and there are fewer surprises, less personality.” Some listeners were even more forceful, urging station officials to “give us back our humans!” The Swiss station’s chief, Antoine Multone, told The Associated Press that Couleur 3 was able to carry out the experiment because it is already known for doing provocative things. Multone defended the project as a lesson on how to live with AI. “I think if we become ostriches (鸵鸟) ... we put our heads in the sand and say, ‘Mon Dieu, there’s a new technology! We’re all going to die!’ then yeah, we’re going to die because it (AI) is coming, whether we like it or not,” Multone said by phone. “We want to master the technology so we can then put limits on it.” He added that about 90 percent of the listener reactions suggested the experiment was a good idea. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Putting AI Voices on Radio B．Creating Generative AI Tools C．Exploring the Development of AI D．Replacing Announcers with AI 【变式训练2】 （24-25高三上·北京房山·期末）It was an arresting image: a large airplane parked on the Antarctic ice, smiling flight attendants posing in front of it. The shot seemed to mark a new phase for Antarctic tourism. Fortunately, the flight in question was delivering staff and supplies for research rather than tourism — but travel to Earth’s southernmost continent has nonetheless reached a new milestone. The growing number of visitors brought a new urgency to the question of how much tourism should be allowed on the icy continent. Many members of the International Association of Antarctic Tourism Operators (IAATO) say promoting Antarctic conservation is part of their mission. In fact, IAATO members follow strict rules designed to protect the environment, including removing all waste from the continent and avoiding unknowingly introducing non-native species. Nonetheless, a number of biosecurity studies found a large number of non-native species present. The risks are real. An invasive (侵袭的) grass species has established a foothold on one of Antarctica’s South Shetland Islands, while bird flu recently reached the Sub-Antarctic Islands, where it has had a damaging effect on the seal population. Despite these growing threats, biosecurity is not the biggest danger facing Antarctica’s wilderness areas. Tourists can reduce biosecurity risks by taking new clothing to Antarctica, but the carbon impact is a real issue. The average per-person carbon emissions (排放) for an Antarctic tourist are 3.76 tonnes — about the total sum that an individual typically generates in an entire year. One study calculated that each tourist between 2016 and 2020 was effectively melting around 83 tonnes of snow, due largely to emissions from travel ships. The Antarctic is at risk not just because of the delicacy of its environment, but due to the lack of a single governing body. The Antarctic Treaty, established in 1961 to provide governance for the continent, operates on a consultative basis, which means all parties have to agree before a change can be put into action. There is a common understanding that something needs to change, but no agreement on what those changes should be. Should landings be made at a larger number of sites for instance, or should we aim to keep the human footprint as small as possible? Researchers recommend that anyone thinking about visiting Antarctica should take a hard look at their motivation and the impacts of their choice. “As a researcher, it’s a moral decision that I make every time I go, whether what I’m doing is worth the impact,” said a professor, who says tourists should also weigh up the consequences. “If your motivation is simply because you have stepped on six continents already and you want to step on the seventh — personally I think that’s a fairly silly reason.” 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Antarctic Research: A Promising Future! B．Flying to the Antarctic: A New Milestone! C．Antarctic Tourism: Should We Just Say No? D．Threat to the Antarctic: Why Biosecurity Risks? 【变式训练3】 （2023·北京朝阳·二模）Superhuman artificial intelligence is already among us. Well, sort of. When it comes to playing games like chess and Go, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of us. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading. Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. Reading minds comes so easily to us, though, that we often don’t think to spell out what we want. If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life—to cooperate effectively with us or to understand that a child might run into the road after a bouncing ball—we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds. Psychologists refer to the ability to infer another’s mental state as theory of mind. In humans, this capacity starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences. Moreover, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to emerge naturally from one’s own learning process. Building prior knowledge into AI makes it reliant on our imperfect understanding of theory of mind. In addition, AI may be capable of developing approaches we could never imagine. There can be many forms of theory of mind that we don’t know about simply because we live in a human body that has certain types of senses and a certain ability to think. Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals and desires to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI. It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen. But along the way thinking about other people and other agents, we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves. 35．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected B．AI with Theory of Mind Will Reshape Our Future C．AI’s Theory of Mind Is a Blessing or Suffering to Humans D．Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI 考向2 考查词义猜测题 例1 (2024·北京·高考片段) The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. 29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 【变式训练1】（23-24高三上·北京丰台·期末）Over millions of years humans have responded to certain situations without thinking too hard. If our ancestors spotted movement in the nearby forest, they would run first and question later. At the same time, the ability to analyze and to plan is part of what separates us from other animals. The question of when to trust your instinct (直觉)and when to think slow matters in the office as much as in the savannah(草原). Slow thinking is the feature of a well-managed workplace. Yet instinct also has its place. Some decisions are more connected to emotional responses and less to analysis. In demanding customer-service or public-facing situations, instinct is often a better guide to how to behave. Instinct can also be improved. Plenty of research has shown that instinct becomes more unerring with experience. In one well-known experiment, volunteers were asked to assess whether a selection of designer handbags were real or not. Some were instructed to operate on instinct and others to deliberate(深思熟虑)over their decision. Instinct worked better for those who owned at least three designer handbags; indeed, it outperformed analysis. The more expert you become, the better your instinct tends to be. However, the real reason to embrace fast thinking is that it is, well, fast. It is often the only way to get through the day. To take one example, when your inbox floods with new emails at the start of a new day, there is absolutely no way to read them all carefully. Instinct is what helps you decide which ones to answer and which to delete or leave unopened. Fast thinking can also help the entire organization. The value of many managerial decisions lies in the simple fact that they have been made at all. Yet as data explodes, the temptation(诱惑)to ask for one more bit of analysis has become much harder to resist. Managers often suffer from overthinking, turning a simple problem into a complex one. When to use instinct in the workplace rests on its own form of pattern recognition. Does the decision maker have real expertise in this area? Is this a field in which emotion matters more than reasoning? Above all, is it worth delaying the decision? Slow thinking is needed to get the big calls right. But fast thinking is the way to stop deliberation turning to a waste of time. 1．What does the underlined word “unerring” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Accurate. B．Creative. C．Controllable. D．Obvious. 【变式训练2·变考法】 （24-25高三上·北京海淀·期中）Science should guide policy, but caution is needed when technologies like CRISPR have the potential to exclude rather than assist people to live their lives. CRISPR can be used to treat disease. Yet the far-reaching, more worrying promise of this  technology — one about which scientists seem at once excited and cautious — lies in its ability to eliminate from the gene pool what medical science identifies as faulty or abnormal genes that cause difference in individual people. Certainly, goes the logic of CRISPR’s promise, the goal of ridding future generations of terrible diseases that cause suffering and death and exhaust resources, seems an unquestionable enterprise. This logic is consistent with wider societal views. The idea that ridding society of genetic differences that count as defect (缺陷) is an undeniable “good” continues to be pervasive. Editing out a gene-linked condition, supporters may argue, is different from editing out a person, and curing disease is a good thing. But our genetic conditions are not simply entities that can be clipped away from us and our genetic conditions form a fundamental part of who we are. Using genome manipulation tools and performing genetic selection is equal to a new form of eugenic (优生学的) thinking grounded in what the communications studies scholar James L. Chemey calls “common sense” ableism, a belief system that allows people to simultaneously deny any commitment to distasteful eugenic principles while also holding them up. Ultimately, “common sense” ableism embodies a similar goal of cleansing unacceptable human variations that the campaigns to eliminate the supposedly inferior have held in the past. People with “bad” genes shouldn’t be edited out of existence in some version of a utopian (乌托邦的) future. Evaluating the quality of life of another person is morally questionable in a society based on the concept that all people are of equal value regardless of their individual differences. Expanding diversity in all its forms, including disability, strengthens the human community ethically and biologically because it opens the public and private sphere to a variety of perspectives, experiences and ideas to live together with mutual flourishing. Genome editing is powerful in reshaping medical treatments, but it can also be harmful by editing out the kinds of people that medical science, and the society it has shaped, categorize as diseased or genetically contaminated — people who are understood as having bad genes. We should be reminded that bad genes don’t necessarily lead to bad lives, just as good genes don’t necessarily lead to good lives. If CRISPR is put to use to eliminate rather than to treat genetic difference, we as a society would essentially instrumentalize this moralistic and reductionist assumption. 3．What does the underlined part in the last sentence mean? A．People need to adopt more simplified solutions. B．The society should apply CRISPR into other fields. C．This belief might be widely practiced in the society. D．The technology will be used to create a utopian future. 考向3 考查推理判断题之深层推理 例1(2025·北京·高考) Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 28. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A. Excited. B. Inspired. C. Energized.D. Relieved. 【变式训练2】（24-25高三上·北京海淀·期末）Crucial systems across the world collapsed on Friday, triggered by one mistake in a single company. The power cut of CrowdStrike, a giant in the cybersecurity industry, hit banks, airlines, and health-care systems. It may end up being the worst information technology disaster in history. This was not, however, an unforeseeable freak accident, nor will it be the last of its kind. Instead, the devastation was the inevitable outcome of modern social systems that have been designed for hyperconnected optimization (优化), not decentralized resilience. There is often a trade-off between maximum optimization and resilience. Consider a basic prehistorical social system in which many humans lived in small, isolated bands. What any single person did would have little to no effect on those living elsewhere. It was an inefficient, basic system — but if one part of the human system failed, few others were affected. Throughout our advancement as a species, from building empires to building machines, social systems have evolved to be more connected and centralized. In the 21st century, the combination of globalization and digitization has created a landscape characterized by the threat of catastrophic, immediate risk. Globalization enables large efficiency gains, where a product can be put together from carefully managed links in the global supply chain. But those systems lack resilience. Every link must fit together perfectly; the system falls apart if even one chain breaks. Centuries ago, the philosopher David Hume wrote that we can never be certain that the patterns of the past will remain the patterns of the future. This is especially true in the 21st century as we are betting more and more of our world on unstable systems. Can we really trust our species to flawlessly govern unimaginably complex systems — systems we don’t always fully understand — that can be brought down by a single screw-up? Modern societies have discounted the cost of that risk because our current reward systems favor optimization over resilience. CEOs try to deliver short-term improvements, not long-term planning. Nobody gets reelected by investing in a rainy-day fund. Business leaders are hired or fired based on quarterly results. Even though the modern quest for optimization has too often made resilience an afterthought, it is not inevitable that we continue down the risky path we’re on. And making our systems more resilient doesn’t require going back to a disconnected, primitive world, either. Instead, our complex, interconnected societies simply demand that we compromise a bit of efficiency in order to allow a little extra cushion (缓冲). If social systems rely on a more diverse digital array of companies, the societies will be less vulnerable (脆弱的). For the broader set of risks facing global society, better regulation is essential to ensure fail-safes, backups, and stress testing — so that one error doesn’t bring down entire systems. The CrowdStrike breakdown is a clear warming that the modern world is fragile by design. So far, we have decided to make ourselves vulnerable. That means we can decide differently too. 1．The author mentions the CrowdStrike mainly to ______. A．highlight its crucial role in cybersecurity B．introduce an information technology collapse C．explain why people are in a connected system D．indicate predictable failures of the modern system 2．What can be inferred about a more globalized system? A．It leads to a highly advanced digitalized network. B．It tends to prioritize adaptability over productivity. C．It enlarges the impact of local errors to a global scale. D．It guarantees immediate economic rewards for participants. 3．As for the future of social systems, which would the author agree with? A．The more disconnected they are, the more resilient they will be. B．Some efficiency should be sacrificed for more flexibility. C．Long-term planning prevents structural breakdowns. D．History can help people predict future patterns. 【变式训练3】（2025年·海淀·二模） If you’ve ever hung around scientists, you’ve most likely heard one of them say “the best explanation is the simplest one.” But is it? From the behavior of ants to the occurrence of tornadoes, the natural world is often quite complex. Why should we assume the simplest explanation is closest to the truth? This idea is known as Occam’s (or Ockham’s) razor. It’s also referred to as “rule of economy”. And it bears a family relationship to the “principle of least astonishment,” which holds that if an explanation is too surprising, it’s probably not right. The name comes from William of Ockham, a 14th-century scholastic philosopher. He formulated the principle that “entities (实体) should not be multiplied beyond necessity.” The philosophical claim is a form of ontological minimalism: we should not invoke entities unless we have evidence that they exist. In other words: don’t make stuff up. In 1687, Isaac Newton expanded on the notion with his concept of a vera causa — a true cause, stating that we should admit only causes that were both true and sufficient to explain natural phenomena. He added that Nature did nothing in vain and Nature was pleased with simplicity. Although Newton was a great scientist, this claim seems odd. Who is to say what “pleases Nature”? Doesn’t this guidance assume we know what we are in fact trying to figure out? Consider the world of Physics filled with explanations that are surprising, unexpected and hard to get your head around. Newton explained light as being made of particles, whereas other scientists explained it as a wave. Quantum mechanics, however, tells us light is both a wave and a particle. Newton’s account was simpler, but modern physics tells us the more complex model is closer to the truth. When we turn to biology, things get even more complicated. Imagine two smokers, both of whom went through a pack a day for 30 years. One gets cancer; the other doesn’t. The simplest explanation? For decades the tobacco industry’s answer was that smoking doesn’t cause cancer. Simple but false. In fact, disease is complex, and we don’t yet understand all the factors involved in cancer. Occam’s razor is not a fact or even a theory. It’s a metaphysical (形而上学的) principle: an idea held independently of empirical (实证的) evidence. In human affairs, things are more often than not complex. Human motivations are typically multiple. People can be good and bad at the same time, selfish and selfless, depending on circumstances. The shelves of ethicists are filled with books pondering why good people do bad things, and their answers are rarely short and sweet. Our explanations should match the world as best as we can make them. Science is about allowing things to unfold naturally, and sometimes this means accepting that the truth is not simple, even if it would make our lives easier if it were. 28. Occam’s razor indicates that_________. A. simpler explanations should be preferred B. reasonable explanations can’t be surprising C. explanations should be consistent with purposes D. sufficient causes can explain natural phenomena 29. What can we learn from this passage? A. Newton offered solid empirical support to Occam’s razor. B. The tobacco industry’s response is in line with Occam’s razor. C. Quantum mechanics confirms Newton’s particle theory of light. D. Ethicists argue human complexity results in multiple motivations. 30. It’s implied in the passage that we need to ________. A. follow the laws of nature B. interpret the world as it is C. balance accuracy and simplicity D. highlight the existence of entities 考点二 议论文中低频考点 知识点1 细节理解题（事实信息定位） 1. 细节理解题（事实信息定位） 出现频率：偶尔出现，通常为1题 常见问法： According to the passage, what can we learn about...? 解题关键：精准定位原文，避免主观推断。 知识点2 推理判断题（观点态度/结构功能/文章出处/人物性格/目标读者/后续走势） 01 观点态度题-利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断 推断作者或者文中人物的意图态度题就是指针对文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的观点或者态度进行设问。文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的情感、观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。 观点态度类的题目旨在考在考生对作者或者文中人物的观点或态度的理解能力，要求考生在理解文意的基础上进行推理判断。有时文中没有直接表明相关人物的观点态度的词句，需要考生结合文中描述该人物的相关词句及他人的评价等信息来推断其观点或态度。 常见的设问方式有: How does the author feel about...? What does the author think of...? What is the author’s attitude towards/to...? 题干设置关键词attitude, opinion, believe, consider, regard, feel about, think of 等。 作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：乐观、支持、赞同；中立、客观；悲观、怀疑、反对、批评。作者的 思想态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间，应特别注意文中表达感情色彩的形容词和副词。 【观点态度词】 一、表中立，客观 1.objective客观的 2.neutral中立的 3.factual事实的 4.disinterested无兴趣的 5.impartial公平的；不偏不倚的 6.impersonal无人情味的 7.unprejudiced无偏见的 8.unbiased无偏见的 9.unconcerned不关心的 10.detached独立的 二、表赞同、支持 1.enthusiastic热心的 2.supportive支持的 3.optimistic乐观的 4.positive积极的 5.favorable有利的；赞成的 6.approving赞成的 7.appreciative欣赏的 8.admiring钦佩的 9.impressive印象深刻的 三、表怀疑、否定 1.suspicious可疑的 2.doubtful怀疑的 3.skeptical/sceptical怀疑的 4.questioning质疑的 5.opposed反对的 6.contradictory自相矛盾的 7.negative消极的 8.disapproving不赞成的 9.critical批评的 10.disgusted反感的 11.ironic反话的；讽刺的 12.hostile敌对的 13.contemptuous蔑视的 14.dismissive轻蔑的 15.pessimistic悲观的 16.gloomy阴暗的；令人沮丧的 17.apprehensive忧虑的 四、其他 1.mixed混合的 2.tolerant容忍的 3.indifferent漠不关心的 4.concerned担心的 5.sensitive敏感的 6.reserved矜持的 7.conservative保守的；守旧的 8.radical激进的 9.moderate中等的；适度的 10.mild温和的；温顺的 11.subjective主观的 12.inconclusive无定论的 02目标读者推断题-利用语言表达方式或者文章的内容 推断文章作者或目标读者的设题方式： Who probably wrote the letter? Who is the passage written for? Who are the intended readers of the passage? The author probably writes this passage for __________. 阅读理解中通常会要求考生根据文章的内容来判断文章作者或目标读者。 1: 判断文章的作者 判断文章作者，可以从语言表达方式或者文章的内容两个方面去判断。 例如：如果材料是议论文，考生可以留意一下作者对于论点所持有的态度或观点，这些态度或观点是作者直接表述的，还是引用别人的。如果材料是说明文，那么作者很可能就是与材料相关的专业人士。 2: 推断文章的目标读者 文章的目标读者，也就是文章的指向性。此类题目与文字的内容是紧密相连的。不同的文章内容，其目标读者是不同的。 核心原则 内容决定读者：文章讨论的核心议题和论点，决定了谁会对它感兴趣。 语言反映读者：作者的措辞、语气和论据类型，是为目标读者“量身定制”的。 来源暗示读者：文章出处（如杂志、网站）是最直接的线索。 二、 具体分析步骤（“四看”法） 引导学生遇到此类题目时，依次从以下四个角度寻找证据： 一看：看议题与论点 (Look at the Topic & Argument) 问自己：这篇文章主要在讨论什么？作者想证明什么观点？ 二看：看语言与论据 (Look at the Language & Evidence) 专业术语多？→ 读者有专业知识背景（如科学家、学者）。 术语有解释，语言通俗？→ 读者是普通大众。 论据是数据、研究？→ 说服理性、重证据的读者。 论据是个人故事、情感呼吁？→ 说服更易共鸣的普通读者。 三看：看来源与体裁 (Look at the Source & Genre) 这是最快、最准的线索！务必提醒学生注意文章标注的出处。 A business magazine -> 读者：商人、投资者 An academic journal -> 读者：学者、学生 An education blog -> 读者：家长、老师 无明确来源，但体裁是Opinion piece（观点文章） -> 读者：关心社会议题的普通公众 四看：看作者口吻与呼告 (Look at the Tone & Direct Address) 作者在用什么样的身份对读者说话？ “We as a society...” -> 呼吁社会公众 “Parents should consider...” -> 直接呼告家长群体 “For researchers...” -> 明确指向研究人员 3. 解题流程与误区警告 答题步骤： 1）审题：明确题目问的是“intended audience”（目标读者）。 2）速览：重点读标题、出处、首段和尾段，形成初步假设。 3）验证：带着假设精读，用“四看”法寻找证据。 4）排除：排除那些与文章内容无关、语言风格不符或范围绝对化（如“all people”）的选项。 5）选择：选出与所有线索最匹配的选项。 常见误区： ❌ 过度推断：文章只讨论了教育的一个方面，不能推断读者是“all teachers”。 ❌ 主观臆断：不能因为“我觉得感兴趣”，就选“high school students”。 ✅ 正确做法：所有结论必须源于文本证据。 03 结构功能题（段落/句子作用） 常见问法： Why does the author mention...? What is the function of Paragraph X? 解题关键：分析段落与全文逻辑关系（举例、对比、引出话题等）。 04 推断文章出处-利用文体特征进行推断 推断文章出处或类别要从文章内容、语言特色和标志信息着手;确定读者对象要根据文章主题和文章措辞来判断。 常见设问方式： This passage would be most likely to be found in____ The passage is probably taken out of _____________ Where does this text probably come from? Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from? 判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强。 Newspaper特征：1.首段或首句为新闻归纳(时效性强)。2.有特殊的文体标示(如Reuters) Magazine 特征：1.内容更加丰富，专题性更强，话题更详细语言轻松活泼、语言表述更具作者的主体意识。 Research特征：1. 语言比较专业化，会有一些专业词汇(如Planetary orbit)2.内容上严肃且精华，经常出现专业的知识。 常见选项： A biology textbook(生物教科书)/A magazine /A research paper(研究论文) /A travel brochure(旅游手册)/A news report(新闻报告)/A booklet(小册子)/A website/a blog(博客；网络日志)/ A guide book/An advertisement 等. 05 判断人物性格特征题 推断人物特征类的题目主要考查考生对文章中出现的人物性格行为特征等进行综合分 析和推断的能力。考生要特别关注有关人物的语言、情感、行为等语句及文中涉及该人物的 具体的事实信息，充分利用表达感情色彩、态度观点的词汇推断人物特征。 01常见的设问方式 What can we say about sb. ?  What can we learn about sb. ?  What kind of person is sb. ? What can best describe ...？ 02描写人物特征的相关形容词: adaptable 有适应能力的 aggressive 有进取心的 ambitious 有雄心的 appreciative 感激的，感谢的 4cautious 小心的，谨慎的 concerned 关心的 considerate 体贴的 cooperative  合作的 courageous 勇敢的 demanding 要求极严的 devoted 全心全意的 reliable 可靠的faithful 忠诚的 far-sighted 有远见的 humorous 幽默的 independent 独立的 indifferent 冷漠的 diligent勤奋的 responsible负责任的 knowledgeable知识渊博的 sensible 明智的，理智的 straightforward 率直的，坦率的 talented 有才能的 tolerant 宽容的，容忍的 innovative 创新的 easy-going 随和的 open-minded 思想开明的 grateful 感激的，感谢的 intelligent 聪明的 determined 意志坚定地 committed 尽心尽力的 06 后续走势和篇章结构题 后续情节发展推断题要求考生对接下来的故事情节或文章内容进行推断。解答该题型时，考生要把握作者的写作思路，分析段落之间的联系，继而作出合理的推断。 常见的设问方式： 1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph? 2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph? 3．What would the author most probably discuss next? 4．Where does the article go next? 5.What would the following paragraph talk about? 考向1 考查细节理解题 例1 (2022·北京·高考) Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 【变式训练1】 （2025年·东城·一模片段） Years after my art history class, I am insufferable at museums. “That’s definitely a Matisse,” I say. “You can telI because of the brushwork and the use of colour.” Sometimes it is not a Matisse but oftentimes it is. It is unsettling to learn, then, that for all of my carefully won art appreciation, I am in danger of being surpassed by an insect. In a recent study, honeybees — whose brains are the size of grass seeds — were shown Picassos and Monets paired side by side. Below the prints were two small containers, one containing sugar water and the other nothing at all. Which to enter? Bees couldn’t see or smell whether a given container held the treat until they’d already flown inside it. But they could let the masterpieces guide them: for some bees, the reward was always under the Picasso, while for the rest it was under the Monet. Over the course of many trials, the bees learned to fly straight for the correct container. Indeed, they even performed slightly better than chance when faced with pairs of paintings they’d never seen before. The bees had learned to discriminate, however modestly, between the two artists’ styles. 31. Why does the author mention bees? A. To present an example. B. To put forward a theory. C. To draw out a comparison. D. To highlight a research finding. 【答案】31. C 【变式训练2】（2024高三上·北京石景山·期末片段）A Swiss radio station recently carried out a social experiment on air, testing robot-created voices and content. The 13-hour experiment took place at the French-language station Couleur 3. During the period, listeners heard the cloned voices of five human presenters. The station’s programming also included music created by artificial intelligence (AI) methods. The programming informed listeners about the experiment every 20 minutes. “AI is taking your favorite radio by storm,” a voice said. “Our voice clones and AI are here to unsettle, surprise and shake you. And for that matter, this text was also written by a robot.” 1．What did the social experiment test? A．Audiences’ feedback. B．Robot-created systems. C．Human presenters’ voices. D．AI-generated programmes. 考向2 考查推理判断题 例1(2024·北京·高考) The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation?” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 30. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 【变式训练1】 （2024高三上·北京石景山·期末）A person could be forgiven for believing 20 years ago that the Internet would soon revolutionise academic publishing, because it became possible for publishers to spread scholarly work at the click of a button — much cheaper than the traditional subscription-based (订阅) model. Recognising the opportunity, many scholars and librarians began to advocate a new, open access model, in which articles are made freely available online to anyone. The result would be a true online public library of science. However, more than two decades later, the movement has made only slight progress, and the traditional subscription-based model remains entrenched. Fortunately, things are changing. A big shoe dropped when the University of California (UC) Libraries, one of the biggest library systems, declined to renew its contract with Elsevier, a leading scientific publisher. Elsevier wanted the Libraries to pay two fees: One for its package of licensed journals and the other for the use of Elsevier’s open access model. UC Libraries wanted the licensed journals fee to cover the open access fee; they also wanted open access to all UC researches published in Elsevier journals. When the two sides couldn’t come to terms, the Libraries walked away. Actually, the open access revolution is more likely to be led by research funding agencies, who can use their purse power to promote open access. A team of funders, Coalition S, insisted that any research they fund should be published in a journal that makes all of its articles freely and immediately available to the public, which is called Plan-S. Now that some librarians and funders are flexing their muscles, what should academics do? The worst response would be to complain that Plan-S deprives(剥夺) them of academic freedom. Some thoughtful academics might worry that a shift to open access would affect their promotion. After all, subscription journals are more familiar and more prestigious (有威望的) in the current system. However, if enough academics support open access, the system could reach a tipping point beyond which subscriptions no longer signal prestige. Reaching that point would take considerable time and efforts, but it is possible. When the journal system began in 1665, it was kind of a form of open access. Journals allowed academics to learn openly from one another. It was only in the 1900s that the journal system became thoroughly commoditized(商品化). Now is the time to bring it back to its roots. 2．What is the core of failed negotiation between UC Libraries and Elsevier? A．The duration of the contract. B．The way of payment. C．The charge for open access model. D．The choice of licensed journals. 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Academics welcome open access model with full heart. B．Open access model will soon achieve a dominant position. C．Publishers are willing to abandon the subscription model gradually. D．Establishing a true online public library of science requires joint efforts. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the open access model? A．Critical. B．Supportive. C．Disapproving. D．Indifferent. 【变式训练2】 （2024高三上·北京丰台·期末）Over millions of years humans have responded to certain situations without thinking too hard. If our ancestors spotted movement in the nearby forest, they would run first and question later. At the same time, the ability to analyze and to plan is part of what separates us from other animals. The question of when to trust your instinct (直觉)and when to think slow matters in the office as much as in the savannah(草原). Slow thinking is the feature of a well-managed workplace. Yet instinct also has its place. Some decisions are more connected to emotional responses and less to analysis. In demanding customer-service or public-facing situations, instinct is often a better guide to how to behave. Instinct can also be improved. Plenty of research has shown that instinct becomes more unerring with experience. In one well-known experiment, volunteers were asked to assess whether a selection of designer handbags were real or not. Some were instructed to operate on instinct and others to deliberate(深思熟虑)over their decision. Instinct worked better for those who owned at least three designer handbags; indeed, it outperformed analysis. The more expert you become, the better your instinct tends to be. However, the real reason to embrace fast thinking is that it is, well, fast. It is often the only way to get through the day. To take one example, when your inbox floods with new emails at the start of a new day, there is absolutely no way to read them all carefully. Instinct is what helps you decide which ones to answer and which to delete or leave unopened. Fast thinking can also help the entire organization. The value of many managerial decisions lies in the simple fact that they have been made at all. Yet as data explodes, the temptation(诱惑)to ask for one more bit of analysis has become much harder to resist. Managers often suffer from overthinking, turning a simple problem into a complex one. When to use instinct in the workplace rests on its own form of pattern recognition. Does the decision maker have real expertise in this area? Is this a field in which emotion matters more than reasoning? Above all, is it worth delaying the decision? Slow thinking is needed to get the big calls right. But fast thinking is the way to stop deliberation turning to a waste of time. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Managers can afford the cost of slow thinking. B．Fast thinking can be a boost to work efficiency. C．Slow thinking will hold us back in the long run. D．Too much data is to blame for wrong decisions. 3．What is the author's purpose of writing the passage? A．To explain how instinct works. B．To compare instinct and slow thinking. C．To highlight the value of instinct in the workplace. D．To illustrate the development of different thinking patterns. 04真题溯源·考向感知 (2025·北京·高考) Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 28. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A. Excited. B. Inspired. C. Energized.D. Relieved. 29. What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. Major achievements. B. Complex feelings. C. Significant impacts. D. Fine differences. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C. Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D. Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science (2024·北京·高考) The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation?” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 30. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. (2022·北京·高考) Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? (2021·北京·高考) Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking． Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect． The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies． Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness． When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose． 31.What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？ A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature． B. Everyone can define time on their own terms． C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it． D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists． 32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 33. What can we learn from this passage？ A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life． B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems． C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower． D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame． 34. What can we infer from this passage？ A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time． B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless． C. We should live in harmony with nature． D. History is a mirror reflecting reality． （2020年北京卷） Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. A GI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.” Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.” Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from A GI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else. The promise and danger of true A GI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. 42. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean? A. Enormous in quantity. B. Changeable daily. C. Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere. 43. What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters? A. Help to tackle problems. B. Make brains more active. C. Benefit ambitious people. D. Set up powerful databases. 44. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines the author is ____________. A. supportive B. disapproving C. fearful D. uncertain 45. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage? A. It may be only a dream. B. It will come into being soon. C. It will be controlled by humans. D. It may be more dangerous than ever. 1 / 49 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $