专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，四川专用）高二英语上学期

专题02 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·四川巴中南江县实验中学·期中) How would you survive without your smartphone? For many of us, it’s the device we’re most attracted to — looking at it hundreds of times a day. We depend on it to perform different tasks and to connect with our friends and family. But have we become addicted to our phones? Certainly, the inventor of the first mobile phone, American engineer Martin Cooper, thinks we might be. In a BBC interview, he suggested people should stop scrolling (刷屏) and “get a life”. But of course, once we start scrolling or watching videos, we just can’t kick the habit. Psychologist and author Jean Twenge says, “we’re all guilty of habitually checking our phones if waiting for a text or getting really into social media then kind of, looking up and realizing that an hour has passed.” There’s even a word — a phubber — to describe a person who ignores the real people around them because they are concentrating on their phones. But does it matter if we make the most of this technology? Possibly, because like a drug, the problem arises when it is taken away. A study from King’s College London found young people they studied couldn’t control the amount of time they spent on their phone. Such addictive behavior means that people become anxious or upset if they are refused constant access, which can cause anxiety and mental health issues. Interestingly, another study by the London School of Economics and Political Science suggests we don’t just look at our phones because we are encouraged by a text or e-mail. The people they studied felt natural to interact with their phones, just as a smoker would light a cigarette. Prof. Saadi Lahlou, co-author of the study, told the BBC, “We must learn tricks to avoid the temptation (诱惑) when we want to concentrate or have good social relations.” One solution could be an app that rewards students for time spent away from their phones. Another choice is changing your smartphone to an ordinary phone that has none of the distractions (分心事) on it. But mainly, perhaps, we just need to look up more and reconnect with the real world! 1．What did Martin Cooper suggest people do? A．Learn tricks to avoid the temptation. B．Enjoy life by stopping the habit of scrolling. C．Change their smartphones to ordinary phones. D．Use an app that rewards them for less phone use. 2．Why do people feel ashamed after checking their phones? A．For not being productive enough. B．For missing important texts or calls. C．For using their phones for a long time. D．For not being able to connect with others. 3．What does the study from King’s College London imply? A．The young shouldn’t use their phones. B．Using phones leads the young to be anxious. C．Curing phone addiction is not an easy job. D．Young people can’t survive without phones. 4．What is the main message of the text? A．Smartphones are essential for modern life. B．Smartphones have a certain impact on mental health. C．The inventor of the mobile phone should be punished. D．People should avoid their addiction to smart phones. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了现代人对智能手机的依赖及其潜在的负面影响，旨在提醒读者注意智能手机成瘾的危害，并倡导合理使用手机，保持健康的生活方式。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In a BBC interview, he suggested people should stop scrolling (刷屏) and “get a life”.(在BBC采访中，他建议人们应该停止刷屏，去“享受生活”)”可知，Martin Cooper建议人们通过停止刷屏的习惯来享受生活。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中Jean Twenge的话“we’re all guilty of habitually checking our phones if waiting for a text or getting really into social media then kind of, looking up and realizing that an hour has passed.(我们都会习惯性地查看手机，比如等短信，或者进入社交媒体，然后抬头发现一个小时已经过去了，我们都对此感到内疚)”可推知，人们在长时间使用手机后会感到羞愧，因为他们意识到自己浪费了大量时间。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“A study from King’s College London found young people they studied couldn’t control the amount of time they spent on their phone. Such addictive behavior means that people become anxious or upset if they are refused constant access, which can cause anxiety and mental health issues.(伦敦国王学院的一项研究发现，他们研究的年轻人无法控制花在手机上的时间。这种成瘾行为意味着，如果被拒绝持续使用手机，人们会变得焦虑或不安，这可能导致焦虑和心理健康问题)”可推知，这项研究暗示年轻人很难控制自己使用手机的时间，戒除手机成瘾并不容易。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“How would you survive  without your smartphone? For many of us, it’s the device we’re most  attracted to — looking at it hundreds of times a day. We depend on it to  perform different tasks and to connect with our friends and family. But  have we become addicted to our phones?(如果没有智能手机，你会怎么生活？对我们中的许多人来说，它是最吸引我们的设备——每天看它几百次。我们依靠它来完成不同的任务，并与我们的朋友和家人联系。但是我们已经对手机上瘾了吗？)”及最后一段中的“But mainly, perhaps, we just need to look up more and reconnect with the real world!(但主要是，也许我们只需要多抬头，与现实世界重新连接！)”可知，文章主要传达的信息是人们应该避免对智能手机的上瘾。故选D项。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·四川巴中南江县实验中学·期中) Seeing terror films is typically a harmless activity. But the fear it generates can cause the body’s fight-or-flight system-releasing chemicals into the body and causing a number of physiological responses. Our body’s fear response is actually a fantastic tool for survival in dangerous situations because it kicks in fast, makes us full of energy, heightens our focus, strengthens our muscles, and gets us ready to handle whatever is coming at us. It’s a built-in survival mechanism, which has been with us since our ancient ancestors. But even as it helped our ancient ancestors escape from tigers and kept us out of harm today, activating the body’s fear response isn’t always a good thing. If it’s initiated too often with constant stress or frequent jump scares, it can wear our bodies down. The body’s fear response, or fight-or-flight response, always begins in the amygdala — a part of the brain’s system that’s critical for recognizing threats and processing emotions. After it detects a threat, the amygdala sends a distress signal to a command center in the brain, which tells the nervous system to release hormones and neurotransmitters (荷尔蒙和神经递质). Research shows that these hormones and neurotransmitters work together to quicken your breathing and to make your heart send oxygen-rich blood faster to your muscles and vital organs. This prepares the muscles and brain to rapidly set up a threat response. Indeed, when stress hormones are released too often or for long periods of time, it can wear your body down. In some people, it can lead to health issues like high blood pressure, heart problems and digestive issues, because your body is constantly in “high alarm mode”. Another consideration is that our immediate biological response to fear is the same whether we’re facing true danger — or something that only appears that way. Overexposure to jump scares can make you less sensitive to fear. So people who enjoy terror films regularly might not react as strongly to real danger because their brain gets used to these situations. 1．Why are ancient ancestors mentioned? A．To admire their quick response to fear. B．To show body’s fear response is inborn. C．To introduce tough living conditions in ancient days. D．To demonstrate how they survived the scary situations. 2．How is paragraph 3 developed? A．By listing data. B．By giving examples. C．By defining and comparing. D．By explaining and analyzing. 3．Which may be the result of watching terror films frequently? A．Getting tired of them. B．Doing good to health. C．Losing interest in other films. D．Being less sensitive to real danger. 4．Which might be the best title for the text? A．Effects of Fear on Brain and Body. B．Fight or Flight? C．An Extreme Entertainment. D．Are Terror Films Harmless? 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了看恐怖电影会产生应激反应，并分析了其产生的原因和危害。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段第二句“It’s a built-in survival mechanism, which has been with us since our ancient ancestors.(这是一个内置的生存机制，自我们的古代祖先以来就一直伴随着我们。)可知，提及先人的目的是说明身体对恐惧的反应是天生的，是古人遗传下来的。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The body’s fear response, or fight-or-flight response, always begins in the amygdala — a part of the brain’s system that’s critical for recognizing threats and processing emotions. After it detects a threat, the amygdala sends a distress signal to a command center in the brain, which tells the nervous system to release hormones and neurotransmitters (荷尔蒙和神经递质). Research shows that these hormones and neurotransmitters work together to quicken your breathing and to make your heart send oxygen-rich blood faster to your muscles and vital organs. This prepares the muscles and brain to rapidly set up a threat response.(人体的恐惧反应，或称“战斗或逃跑”反应，总是始于杏仁核——大脑系统中一个对识别威胁和处理情绪至关重要的部分。在检测到威胁后，杏仁核会向大脑中的一个指挥中心发送求救信号，该指挥中心指示神经系统释放荷尔蒙和神经递质。研究表明，这些荷尔蒙和神经递质协同作用，加快呼吸，使心脏更快地将富含氧气的血液输送到肌肉和重要器官。这为肌肉和大脑迅速建立威胁反应做好了准备。)”可推知，该段从生物学和心理学的角度解释和分析了身体对恐惧的反应是如何产生的。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Overexposure to jump scares can make you less sensitive to fear. So people who enjoy terror films regularly might not re-act as strongly to real danger because their brain gets used to these situations.(过度接触突如其来的惊吓会使你对恐惧变得不那么敏感。因此，经常看恐怖片的人可能对真实的危险反应不那么强烈，因为他们的大脑已经习惯了这种情境。)”可知，过度看恐怖电影会使人对真正的危险失去敏感度。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了恐惧会对人脑和身体造成的影响及其原因。由此可推知，A项：Effects of Fear on Brain and Body.(恐惧对大脑和身体的影响。)最适合作文章标题。故选 A。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·四川江油中学·期中) In science fiction movies such as 2001: A Space Odyssey, Alien, or Passengers, crew members are put into a state of sleep to take year-long journeys to space. Now a new study from Washington University has shown that human hibernation (冬眠) may soon become a reality. The research team carried out tests on rats—animals that do not naturally hibernate. They first identified a group of neurons (神经元) in a deep brain region, which were found to be involved in controlling body temperature during hibernation. They showed that, in mice, these neurons could be stimulated using ultrasound (超声波), which was delivered through a helmet without causing an injury. When receiving the ultrasound, the mice showed a drop in body temperature of about 3℃, and their heart rates fell by about 47％. When the ultrasound system was switched off, they woke up again. The result was “surprising and fascinating”, said Hong Chen, a professor who led the work. Researchers are also trying to determine how to employ the power of hibernation to help humans. They believe that it could be key to addressing health conditions like heart disease, and Alzheimer’s. Furthermore, hibernation’s ability to slow aging, which was observed in bats, could benefit space exploration, enabling longer missions with less food requirements. Research in animals also suggests that bodies of hibernating astronauts might lose less bone and muscle, making them fit and ready to start challenging exploration soon after they wake up. The scientists now plan to look at how lowered body temperature might affect the cognitive (认知的) abilities of humans. “Our next experiments will test working memory in monkeys. This is important because while astronauts physically hibernate as they fly into deep space, their brain still needs to be working,” said Chen. 1．Why are the movies mentioned in the first paragraph? A．To highlight the creativity of filmmakers. B．To introduce the topic of human habitation. C．To show the popularity of science fiction movies. D．To explain the impact of movies on scientific research. 2．How did researchers make the mice hibernate? A．By pausing their heartbeats. B．By simulating their brain neurons. C．By making them sleep with helmets. D．By exposing them to low temperature. 3．How might hibernation benefit humans according to the text? A．People might no longer suffer from diseases. B．People might stay young as long as they wish. C．Average people might be able to travel to space. D．Astronauts might remain in space for a longer period. 4．What does the author mainly intend to tell us in the last paragraph? A．It is extremely challenging to be an astronaut. B．There is always a gap between fiction and reality. C．The hibernation experiment is far from complete. D．The hibernation experiment remains to be tested on astronauts. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要讲述了华盛顿大学的一项新研究，该研究通过在老鼠身上进行实验，发现人类冬眠可能很快成为现实，这对于解决心脏病、阿尔茨海默症等健康问题，以及实现长期的太空探索任务可能具有重要意义。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“In science fiction movies such as 2001: A Space Odyssey, Alien, or Passengers, crew members are put into a state of sleep to take year-long journeys to space. Now a new study from Washington University has shown that human hibernation (冬眠) may soon become a reality.”（在《2001年：太空奥德赛》、《异形》或《乘客》等科幻电影中，船员被置于睡眠状态以进行长达一年的太空旅行。现在，华盛顿大学的一项新研究表明，人类冬眠可能很快成为现实。）可知，电影的提及是为了引入人类冬眠的话题，故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They showed that, in mice, these neurons could be stimulated using ultrasound (超声波), which was delivered through a helmet without causing an injury.”（他们证明，在老鼠身上，这些神经元可以通过使用超声波来刺激，超声波通过头盔传递，不会造成伤害。）可知，研究人员通过刺激老鼠的大脑神经元使其进入冬眠状态，故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Furthermore, hibernation’s ability to slow aging, which was observed in bats, could benefit space exploration, enabling longer missions with less food requirements.”（此外，冬眠能够减缓衰老的能力，这在蝙蝠身上得到了观察，可能有利于太空探索，使得可以进行更长时间的任务，而且需要的食物更少。）可知，冬眠可能使宇航员能够在太空中停留更长的时间，故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“The scientists now plan to look at how lowered body temperature might affect the cognitive abilities of humans.”（科学家们现在计划研究体温降低如何影响人类的认知能力）可知，科学家们现在计划研究体温降低会如何影响人类的认知能力，所以人类冬眠实验还未结束。故选C。 Passage 4 (24-25高二上·四川眉山仁寿县校际联考·期中) The documentary Space: The Longest Goodbye explores the important role of psychologists in preparing astronauts for missions to the moon and Mars. Even though NASA carefully plans and analyzes technical aspects of space travel, such as launch windows and flight orbits, the mental health of astronauts remains hard to measure. The necessity for psychological support became obvious as astronauts started spending more time away from Earth, particularly with the construction of the International Space Station in 1994. With future missions aiming for longer periods of time, such as the scheduled three-year journey to Mars, the emotional stress of separation from loved ones becomes a major concern. Directed by Ido Mizrahy, the documentary investigates the history of NASA’s psychological team while following the experience of astronauts like Cady Coleman, a key member of NASA’s Artemis program. Coleman’s story, especially the painfully-moving moments of her video chats with her son, uncovers the emotional sufferings experienced by astronauts and their families due to space travel. In addition, astronauts are also observed day and night while on board the space station, adding to their psychological stress. The film describes the strategies the team applied to deal with these challenges, such as developing companion robots to ease loneliness, conducting desert simulations to study interpersonal stress during long space missions and so on. There is a shocking large number of ideas being tested for the astronauts. Throughout the documentary, viewers are treated to breathtaking photos of space, presented together with the personal struggles of the astronauts. This creates a mixture of both fear and hope, reflecting the difficult reality of being an astronaut. In nature, Space: The Longest Goodbye offers an impressive exploration of the emotional and psychological journey of astronauts as they explore the vast space, wrestling with the challenges of loneliness and longing while fighting for the promise of discovery and exploration. 5．What influences the mental health of the astronauts most? A．Nonstop observations in the space station. B．Insufficient training before their missions. C．Physical sufferings from long space travel. D．Emotional stress of being apart from family. 6．How did NASA’s psychological team solve the difficulties? A．By increasing video chats. B．By developing robots for company. C．By doing research into deserts. D．By improving communication skills. 7．What does “this” in paragraph 5 refer to? A．The records of space scenery. B．The challenges of longer mission. C．The contrast of film contents. D．The struggle of personal emotions. 8．What is the author’s attitude towards the documentary? A．Negative. B．Unclear. C．Appreciative. D．Doubtful. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了纪录片Space: The Longest Goodbye对长期在太空执行探索任务的NASA宇航员的心理探究及为宇航员心理健康所采取的一些措施。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“With future missions aiming for longer periods of time, such as the scheduled three-year journey to Mars, the emotional stress of separation from loved ones becomes a major concern.”（由于未来的任务目标是更长的时间，比如计划中的三年火星之旅，与亲人分离的情绪压力成为一个主要问题。）可知，与亲人分离的情绪压力是影响宇航员心理健康最主要的因素。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“The film describes the strategies the team applied to deal with these challenges, such as developing companion robots to ease loneliness, conducting desert simulations to study interpersonal stress during long space missions and so on.”（影片描述了团队应对这些挑战的策略，比如开发伴侣机器人来缓解孤独感，进行沙漠模拟来研究长期太空任务中的人际压力等等。）可知， NASA通过开发伴侣机器人来缓解宇航员面临的情绪问题。故选B项。 3．词义猜测题。根据第五段“Throughout the documentary, viewers are treated to breathtaking photos of space, presented together with the personal struggles of the astronauts. This creates a mixture of both fear and hope, reflecting the difficult reality of being an astronaut.”（在整个纪录片中，观众可以看到令人惊叹的太空照片，以及宇航员的个人挣扎。这产生了恐惧和希望的混合，反映了作为一名宇航员的艰难现实。）可知，“this”指前文提到的电影将宇宙的浩瀚和宇航员的内心挣扎相结合，造成一种强烈的对比感，从而产生了恐惧和希望的混合。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In nature, Space: The Longest Goodbye offers an impressive exploration of the emotional and psychological journey of astronauts as they explore the vast space, wrestling with the challenges of loneliness and longing while fighting for the promise of discovery and exploration.”（本质上，《太空：最长的再见》提供了一场令人印象深刻的探索宇航员的情感和心理之旅，他们探索广阔的太空，在为发现和探索的承诺而战的同时，与孤独和渴望的挑战作斗争。）可知，作者高度评价了该纪录片的深远意义，故作者对这部纪录片是持肯定、欣赏的态度的，故选C项。 Passage 5 (24-25高二上·四川双流区立格实验·期中) You’ve heard an old Chinese saying before: Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime. You may even be nodding your head in agreement right now. However, we can have a different understanding about it. When a person is starving, that’s not the time to fill their head with knowledge but to first give the person a fish-eradicating their hunger-and only then teach them to fish. Far too often, people ignore this common sense first step. They see someone who is struggling, and they rush to offer wisdom. “Let me tell you what I’d do in your position,” a well-meaning individual might offer. But few of us understand the anxiety, confusion and uncertainty that come with overwhelming need. People meeting with personal disasters don’t have the ability to think straight. Their nerves may be shot. Their confidence may be non-existent. Can you imagine what it would be like to be in that person’s situation? Rushing to offer a struggling person long-term advice is a waste of time. Instead, it makes far more sense to help them regain their emotional balance. Once their ears, heart and mind open, you’ll have an opportunity to teach a new skill. But how do we know whether a person needs a fish before a fishing lesson? Two things: One is the ability to pay attention. We need to know whether the other person is open and receptive, or looking at the world through narrowed eyes? You can’t just take their words but have to look at how the person acts and what they don’t say. The other is empathy (共情).The more successful you are, the harder it is to imagine what it must be like to be the opposite. Try to create a safe environment for emotional acceptance before the fishing lesson. 1．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To illustrate a concept. B．To bring in a new viewpoint. C．To introduce the background. D．To put up an example. 2．What does the underlined word “eradicating” mean in paragraph 2? A．Getting rid of. B．Paying attention to. C．Making up for. D．Putting up with. 3．What should we do first for those in disasters? A．Get them to think straight. B．Enhance their confidence. C．Satisfy their primary needs. D．Teach them a new skill. 4．Which does the author probably agree with according to the last paragraph? A．Live and learn. B．Never teach a fish to swim. C．Put yourself in others’ shoes. D．Don’t teach old dogs new tricks. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了对“授之以鱼不如授之以渔”的不同理解，即在别人挨饿时，不是给他灌输知识，而是先给他一条鱼，让他消除饥饿。文章解释了这么做的原因以及建议。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“You’ve heard an old Chinese saying before: Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime. You may even be nodding your head in agreement right now. However, we can have a different understanding about it. (你以前听过一句中国古话：授之以鱼不如授之以渔。你现在甚至可能在点头表示同意。然而，我们可以有一个不同的理解。)”可推知，第一段是为了引入新的观点——对“授之以鱼不如授之以渔”的不同理解，故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“When a person is starving, that’s not the time to fill their head with knowledge but to first give the person a fish (当一个人在挨饿的时候，那不是给他灌输知识的时候，而是先给他一条鱼)”可知，当一个人挨饿时，先给他一条鱼，这样能消除他的饥饿，由此可知，划线单词“eradicating”意为“消除”，与A项“Getting rid of. (摆脱)”意思相近，故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据三段中“People meeting with personal disasters don’t have the ability to think straight. Their nerves may be shot. Their confidence may be non-existent. Can you imagine what it would be like to be in that person’s situation? (遇到个人灾难的人没有直接思考的能力。他们的神经可能会受到刺激。他们的信心可能根本不存在。你能想象处在那种情况下会是什么样子吗？)”和第四段中“Instead, it makes far more sense to help them regain their emotional balance. Once their ears, heart and mind open, you’ll have an opportunity to teach a new skill. (相反，帮助他们恢复情绪平衡更有意义。一旦他们的耳朵，心灵和头脑打开，你将有机会教一个新的技能。)”可知，那些处在灾难中的人们没有信心，所以为了帮助他们，我们首先要做的是帮助他们恢复情绪，即增强他们的信心，故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The other is empathy (共情).The more successful you are, the harder it is to imagine what it must be like to be the opposite. Try to create a safe environment for emotional acceptance before the fishing lesson. (另一个是共情。你越成功，就越难想象成为失败的人是什么样子。试着在授之以渔课之前为情感接受创造一个安全的环境。)”可推知，作者建议我们要产生共情，即要换位思考，站在别人的角度考虑。故选C。 Passage 6 (24-25高二上·四川丹棱中学校·期中) In August 2019, two citizen scientists, Sunniva Sorby and Hilde FalunStrom landed on Spitsbergen, in Norway’s Svalbard island group. They planned to work through the winter, then go home in May 2020. But their ship could not come because of COVID-19 shutdowns. For fourteen months, they lived in a small cabin on an icy island near the North Poles. Sometimes, hurricane-force winds forced freezing air through the cabin’s slats. Once, wind ripped the door open. Sunniva and Hilde couldn’t close it until the storm ended! Between storms, silence settled on the cabin. Then, they could hear the crunch-crunch-crunch of polar bears walking in the snow. Their days started at 7 am and ended after midnight. Each morning, they wore down-stuffed jackets and pants as they waited for the wood-burning stove to heat the cabin. They cut pieces of freshwater ice to melt for drinking, cooking and bathing. For the stove, they gathered driftwood. They cooked their meals, including pizza! These tasks used up large stretches of each day. They also kept in touch with schools and other groups. They wrote blog entries and answered e-mails. For fun, they danced to music, exercised, practiced yoga and read. “We are efficient here,” Sunniva wrote. “We have a routine, habits, and systems. We have time for what matters most living safely while making a contribution to our understanding of a changing world.” They conducted lots of experiments. They gathered data on climate change, using a drone (无人机) to measure sea-ice temperatures. They observed wildlife and tested new technologies, including an electric snowmobile. To stay four extra months, they had to eat smaller amounts of food so they wouldn’t run out. “It was difficult being here, so far away from everything,” Sunniva wrote. “Food, shelter, and warmth are often taken for granted until you are on your own.” But, they wrote, “We have packed our patience, our smiles, and good spirits.” And they enjoyed the adventure, finding ordinary miracles every day. 1．What can we learn about the two scientists on Spitsbergen? A．They lived a boring life there. B．They could always keep the door closed. C．They brought drinking water with them. D．They stayed in contact with other groups. 2．What did Sunniva and Hilde do according to Paragraph 3? A．They watched the wildlife carefully. B．They invented an electric snowmobile. C．They conducted experiments on drones. D．They collected data of new technologies. 3．Which of the following best describes these two scientists? A．Generous. B．Optimistic. C．Sensitive. D．Honest. 4．What does the author want to convey through the two scientists’ story? A．Well begun, half done. B．It’s easier said than done. C．Every cloud has a silver lining. D．A friend in need is a friend indeed. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。2019年8月，两位公民科学家Sunniva Sorby和Hilde FalunStrom登上了挪威斯瓦尔巴群岛的斯匹次卑尔根岛。他们计划整个冬天都在工作，然后在2020年5月回家。但由于COVID-19的关闭，他们的船不能来。文章描述了两位科学家在岛上的生活以及他们面对困难的良好心态。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“They also kept in touch with schools and other groups.(他们还与学校和其他团体保持联系)”可知，斯匹次卑尔根岛上的两位科学家与其他团体保持联系。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“They observed wildlife and tested new technologies, including an electric snowmobile.(他们观察野生动物，测试新技术，包括电动雪地车)”可知，Sunniva和Hilde仔细观察野生动物。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But, they wrote, “We have packed our patience, our smiles, and good spirits.” And they enjoyed the adventure, finding ordinary miracles every day.(但是，他们写道：“我们已经带上了耐心、微笑和良好的精神。”他们喜欢冒险，每天都能发现平凡的奇迹)”可推知，两位科学家非常乐观。故选B。 4．推理判断题。最后一段“But, they wrote, “We have packed our patience, our smiles, and good spirits.” And they enjoyed the adventure, finding ordinary miracles every day.(但是，他们写道：“我们已经带上了耐心、微笑和良好的精神。”他们喜欢冒险，每天都能发现平凡的奇迹)”结合全文讲述了两位科学家在北极科考的时候经历了重重困难，但他们始终保持了良好的心态最终守得云开见月明。故作者想通过这两位科学家的故事传达黑暗中总有光明。故选C。 Passage 7 (24-25高二上·四川成都龙泉驿区东竞高中·期中) In the past, music recording was primitive. A recording engineer placed microphones in front of instruments. The producer pressed record and signaled the band to play. There was a human touch to recordings, and this way of recording gave rock music its raw edge. But here we are today. Complex and advanced audio software sits in every recording studio. The higher cost and greater practicality make creating digital music common. However, the modern recordings aren’t beneficial to a rock record. Let’s not forget, being in a band is laborious. You need like-minded musicians to rehearse for hours on end. Nowadays, this isn’t a necessity. Programming drums on a computer is as simple as filling cells on a spreadsheet, and there you have it, a drumbeat. Only a few professionals are aware that they aren’t listening to true live drums. Such tech is even accessible on your smartphone. Whether on a train or in a bedroom, you can create a full band track without a live band. What happened to rock music? With pop and hip hop dominating the charts, it feels like the time for bands is over. Is rock music really dying out? Is it really on its last legs, or are we just not trying hard enough? Artists, inspired by the great rock bands, seek to put their own spin on this classic genre. The spirit of rock music still remains. One singer mixed soul and rock while one band combined indie rock with elements of techno, both with underlying rock characteristics. The truth is that fresh rock bands are out there and you just need to dig deeper. A search through online music blogs shows a growing number of new rock bands. While rock bands are now not as popular as before and not receiving mainstream exposure, the flame still burns brightly. 1．Which words can best describe the past music recording? A．Underdeveloped and low-cost. B．Easy and time-saving. C．Demanding and complex. D．Digital and creative. 2．What makes programming drums easy in modern recording process? A．Low demands for music. B．Advanced audio software. C．Deep understanding of music. D．Help from professional musicians. 3．Why are one singer and one band mentioned in paragraph 5? A．To tell rock music has lost its original attraction. B．To show rock music may be presented in new styles. C．To stress rock music is no longer mainstream music. D．To compare rock music with some other kinds of music. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Is Rock Music Going Dead? B．Why Is Rock Music Disappearing? C．A New Kind of Music Is Emerging D．A Way of Recording Music Is Getting Accepted 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。尽管摇滚乐队在主流音乐中不再像以前那样受欢迎，但是摇滚音乐通过引进其他的音乐风格或融入一些科技元素，从而以新的风格呈现，有许多新摇滚乐队正在涌现。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段的“In the past, music recording was primitive. A recording engineer placed microphones in front of instruments. The producer pressed record and signaled the band to play. (在过去，音乐录制是原始的。录音工程师把麦克风放在乐器前面。制作人按下录音键，示意乐队开始演奏。)”可知，过去音乐录制技术落后且成本低廉。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Programming drums on a computer is as simple as filling cells on a spreadsheet, and there you have it, a drumbeat. Only a few professionals are aware that they aren’t listening to true live drums. Such tech is even accessible on your smartphone. Whether on a train or in a bedroom, you can create a full band track without a live band.(在电脑上编排鼓点就像在电子表格上填满单元格一样简单，这样你就有了一个鼓点。只有少数专业人士意识到他们听的不是真正的现场鼓。这种技术甚至可以在你的智能手机上使用。无论是在火车上还是在卧室里，你都可以在没有现场乐队的情况下创建一个完整的乐轨。) ”可知，在现代录音过程中，编排鼓点之所以变得简单是因为有先进的音频软件，在手机上都可以操作。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段的“What happened to rock music? With pop and hip hop dominating the charts, it feels like the time for bands is over. Is rock music really dying out? Is it really on its last legs, or are we just not trying hard enough?(摇滚乐怎么了？随着流行音乐和嘻哈音乐在排行榜上占据主导地位，乐队的时代似乎结束了。摇滚乐真的在消亡吗？是它真的快不行了，还是我们还不够努力？)”和第五段的“Artists, inspired by the great rock bands, seek to put their own spin on this classic genre. The spirit of rock music still remains. One singer mixed soul and rock while one band combined indie rock with elements of techno, both with underlying rock characteristics.(艺术家们受到伟大的摇滚乐队的启发，试图在这一经典流派中融入自己的风格。摇滚乐的精神依然存在。一位歌手将灵魂乐和摇滚混合在一起，而一支乐队将独立摇滚与科技元素结合在一起，两者都具有潜在的摇滚特征。)”可知，本段提到一个歌手和一个乐队是为了展示摇滚音乐可以引进其他的音乐风格或融入一些科技元素，从而以新的风格呈现。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第四段的“What happened to rock music? With pop and hip hop dominating the charts, it feels like the time for bands is over. Is rock music really dying out? Is it really on its last legs, or are we just not trying hard enough?(摇滚乐怎么了？随着流行音乐和嘻哈音乐在排行榜上占据主导地位，乐队的时代似乎结束了。摇滚乐真的在消亡吗？是它真的快不行了，还是我们还不够努力？)”和第五段的“Artists, inspired by the great rock bands, seek to put their own spin on this classic genre. The spirit of rock music still remains. One singer mixed soul and rock while one band combined indie rock with elements of techno, both with underlying rock characteristics.(艺术家们受到伟大的摇滚乐队的启发，试图在这一经典流派中融入自己的风格。摇滚乐的精神依然存在。一位歌手将灵魂乐和摇滚混合在一起，而一支乐队将独立摇滚与科技元素结合在一起，两者都具有潜在的摇滚特征。)”以及最后一段的“The truth is that fresh rock bands are out there and you just need to dig deeper. A search through online music blogs shows a growing number of new rock bands. While rock bands are now not as popular as before and not receiving mainstream exposure, the flame still burns brightly.(事实是，新鲜的摇滚乐队就在那里，你只需要深入挖掘。通过在线音乐博客搜索，可以发现越来越多的新摇滚乐队。虽然摇滚乐队现在不像以前那么受欢迎，也没有得到主流媒体的关注，但火焰仍然燃烧得很亮。)”可知，尽管摇滚乐队在主流音乐中不再像以前那样受欢迎，但是摇滚音乐通过引进其他的音乐风格或融入一些科技元素，从而以新的风格呈现，有许多新摇滚乐队正在涌现。因此，标题“A New Kind of Music Is Emerging”突出了新兴摇滚音乐的产生。故选C。 主题02 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·四川自贡荣县中学·期中) It may come as a shock to owners, but dogs hate being hugged, a study has shown. Animal psychologists say dogs feel stressed and unhappy when they are hugged by their owners, because it stops them being able to run away. In a study which analyzed 25 pictures of dogs as they were being hugged, eight out of ten animals looked clearly uncomfortable. Experts at The Kennel Club, and Battersea Dogs & Cats Home, also agreed that owners should not treat their dogs like children, because most pets did not like to be hugged. The new study was carried out by Dr Stanley Coren, a professor of psychology at the University of British Columbia. He analysed images of dogs being hugged by adults and children he found on the Internet, looking for signs of stress. At an extreme end, when a dog is especially anxious it shows its teeth or may bite, but Dr Coren said there are other signs that it may be uncomfortable but they are small and not obvious. Signs of stress include the dog folding its ears down, half- moon eyes or turning its head away to avoid eye contact. If the dog has its eyes closed, it could also be a sign of anxiety. Open its mouth or raising one paw is another warning sign. “The clear suggestion to come out of this research is to save your hugs for your two- footed family members and lovers.” It is clearly better from the dog’s point of view if you express your fondness for your pet with a pat, a kind word, rand maybe a treat. Some people think that giving their dog a hug is a nice thing to do, but the reality is that a family pet will often tolerate a hug but doesn’t like it. “On the whole dogs are sociable animals and love communicating with people, but any action that restricts a dog’s movement could make them uncomfortable and it is important for an owner to recognize the signs of stress or anxiety.” 5．According to the study, what might a dog not feel when it is being hugged? A．Stressed. B．Uncomfortable. C．Shocked. D．Unhappy. 6．Which of the following is not the sign of stress for dogs? A．Showing its teeth. B．Folding its ears down. C．Raising one paw. D．Keeping eye contact. 7．According to the passage, what are dog owners suggested to do? A．Hug their family members more. B．Stop touching their dogs. C．Stop treating their dogs as friends. D．Leave their dogs alone. 8．What’s the main idea of this passage? A．A study shows that dogs hate being treated like children. B．A study tells owners that dogs dislike being hugged. C．A study teaches owners how to treat a stressed dog. D．A study teaches owners how to recognize an uncomfortable dog. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章向读者介绍了一项关于狗在被拥抱时的心理反应的研究，解释了狗不喜欢被拥抱的原因，并提供了识别狗压力迹象的方法。 1．细节理解题。由文章第二段“Animal psychologists say dogs feel stressed and unhappy when they are hugged by their owners, because it stops them being able to run away. (动物心理学家说，当狗被主人拥抱时，它们会感到压力和不开心，因为这让它们无法逃跑。)”可知，狗在被拥抱时会感到压力和不开心，即不舒服。没有谈及狗感到“震惊”。故选C。 2．细节理解题。由文章第七段“Signs of stress include the dog folding its ears down, half- moon eyes or turning its head away to avoid eye contact. If the dog has its eyes closed, it could also be a sign of anxiety. Open its mouth or raising one paw is another warning sign. (压力的迹象包括狗垂下耳朵，眯起半月形的眼睛，或者扭过头来避免眼神接触。如果狗狗闭着眼睛，这也可能是焦虑的迹象。张开嘴或抬起一只爪子是另一个警告信号。)”可知，狗表现出压力的迹象包括耳朵下垂、半圆形的眼睛、避开眼神接触、闭眼、张嘴或抬起一只爪子。没有提及“保持眼神接触”。故选D。 3．细节理解题。倒数第四段“The clear suggestion to come out of this research is to save your hugs for your two- footed family members and lovers. (这项研究得出的明确建议是，把拥抱留给双脚走路的家人和爱人。)”可知，作者建议狗主人把拥抱留给家人和爱人，即多拥抱家人。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“It may come as a shock to owners, but dogs hate being hugged, a study has shown. (一项研究表明，狗狗讨厌被拥抱，这可能会让主人感到震惊。)”可知，这篇文章主要讲述了一项研究，研究表明狗不喜欢被拥抱。故选B。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·四川自贡荣县中学·期中) Climate change, global warming, the greenhouse effect… these days nobody denies that there is something strange and worrying happening to the atmosphere. Scientists are puzzled by the rise in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. They are also afraid that the world may be a short way from what they consider as uncontrolled global warming. At Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, meteorologists (气象专家) have been carefully monitoring (监测) the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere for the past 50 years. Until recently, there has been a gradual increase of around 1. 5 parts per million(ppm). In 2013 the figure rose to 2. 08 ppm and in the following year they recorded an increase of 2. 54 ppm. Climate analysts feel that it is too soon to draw conclusions about the phenomenon although the public are concerned that the carbon dioxide emissions are getting out of control. Jason Samenow, the chief meteorologist in the American National Weather Service, thinks that people might have only a few years to find a solution to the problem instead of having decades. He believes that the Earth’s natural systems for absorbing the gas are breaking down, resulting in the uncontrolled greenhouse effect. He insists that something could happen if the Earth’s temperatures rose to such a degree that it was unable to contain the heat. However, one interesting aspect of this climate change is that it is not happening in a uniform way around the world. Carbon dioxide levels in the South Pole are obviously lower. This suggests that something has happened in the northern hemisphere (半球) that set off the rise. Forest fires in North America might hold the answer to the puzzle, along with very hot summers in Europe. The 2014 heat wave was certainly out of the ordinary. Statistics claim that more than 30, 000 people lost their lives as a direct result of the high temperatures. Scientists are being cautious in their interpretations. Most feel that it is too soon to say that a new trend has been set. All agree that the phenomenon needs to be closely observed. 5．According to Paragraph 1, what confuses scientists? A．Uncontrolled global warming. B．Something strange and worrying in life. C．The effects of climate change on everybody. D．The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 6．From the changing amount of the carbon dioxide in the recent 50 years, we can learn that ________. A．Every year the changes of the carbon dioxide is the same. B．It is too soon to conclude global warming is now out of control. C．Our world may be soon faced with uncontrolled global warming. D．The amount of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing sharply. 7．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．Hot summers in Europe. B．Forest fires in North America. C．Low temperatures in the South Pole. D．North and South differences in climate change. 8．How will scientists deal with the high temperatures? A．By setting a new trend soon. B．By giving a solution directly. C．By observing the phenomenon closely. D．By experiencing high temperatures personally. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家们对气候变暖问题以及空气中二氧化碳的上升问题的担忧。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Scientists are puzzled by the rise in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.(科学家们对大气中二氧化碳的增加感到困惑。)”可知，大气中二氧化碳的增加让科学家感到困惑。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Climate analysts feel that it is too soon to draw conclusions about the phenomenon although the public are concerned that the carbon dioxide emissions are getting out of control.(气候分析人士认为，尽管公众担心二氧化碳排放正在失控，但对这一现象下结论还为时过早。)”可知，从近50年来二氧化碳含量的变化，我们可以得知现在下结论说全球变暖已经失控还为时过早。故选B项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“However, one interesting aspect of this climate change is that it is not happening in a uniform way around the world. Carbon dioxide levels in the South Pole are obviously lower. This suggests that something has happened in the northern hemisphere(半球) that set off the rise. Forest fires in North America might hold the answer to the puzzle, along with very hot summers in Europe.(然而，这种气候变化的一个有趣的方面是，它并不是以一种统一的方式在世界各地发生的。南极的二氧化碳含量明显较低。这表明，北半球发生了一些事情，引发了海平面上升。北美的森林大火，以及欧洲非常炎热的夏季，可能是这个谜团的答案。)”可知，第四段主要讲了气候变化的南北差异。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Most feel that it is too soon to say that a new trend has been set.   All agree that the phenomenon needs to be closely observed.(大多数人认为，现在说一种新趋势已经形成还为时过早。所有人都认为这一现象需要密切观察。)”可知，科学家们将通过仔细观察应对高温现象。故选C项。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·四川自贡荣县中学·期中) Experts believe that earthquakes may become more closer and stronger together as a result of climate change. The melting of glaciers is speeding up due to global warming. The land that was beneath the melted glacier water rises when it runs off land and into the sea. One of the most mysterious (神秘的) and terrible natural disasters is the earthquake. While experts can prepare when the major ones will strike, smaller ones can strike seemingly at any time, affecting entire cities and causing smaller disasters like fires, landslides and tsunamis. An upcoming rise in sea level along with glacier melting may make future earthquakes more frequent, according to John Cassidy, a seismologist. The risk of earthquakes caused by glacial retreat (后退) is less than that of which may be related to rising sea levels. Increase in sea level results in an increase in underwater pressure on the seabed and therefore on the fault (断层) lines near the shore. According to researchers, many earthquakes that are expected to occur soon near San Francisco and Los Angeles still have late earthquake cycles. The pause in sea level rise could take up to a thousand years, even in the event that we immediately ceased using greenhouse gases. There is no quick fix, however. Because we have been worsening the environment for many decades, it will take many years of efforts to solve it. Cassidy stressed that the effects of climate change will increase their risk when earthquakes occur. As sea levels rise, earthquake-caused tsunamis will spread farther inland. Increased rainfall brought on by warmer waters will enhance the possibility of landslides caused by earthquakes. “It’s an important topic, and one that I’m sure we’ll see a lot of information coming out on in the coming months and years if we continue our climate warming,” he said. 1．What is the result of glacier melting according to paragraph 1? A．New glaciers will appear. B．Climate change comes to an end. C．The land beneath is going up. D．There will be fewer fires occurring. 2．What factor might contribute more to earthquake frequency according to John Cassidy? A．Glaciers’ retreat. B．Underground water movement. C．Increased rainfall. D．Rising sea levels. 3．What does the underlined phrase “quick fix” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Good result. B．Easy solution. C．Big decision. D．Perfect reason. 4．What is John Cassidy’s attitude to the earthquakes in the future? A．Unclear. B．Uninterested. C．Concerned. D．Doubtful. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是气候变化对地震活动可能产生的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The melting of glaciers is speeding up due to global warming. The land that was beneath the melted glacier water rises when it runs off land and into the sea.(由于全球变暖，冰川的融化正在加速。融化的冰川水从陆地流入海洋时，下面的土地会上升。)”可知，冰川融化会导致原本在冰川下的土地上升，故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“An upcoming rise in sea level along with glacier melting may make future earthquakes more frequent, according to John Cassidy, a seismologist. The risk of earthquakes caused by glacial retreat (后退) is less than that of which may be related to rising sea levels.(地震学家John Cassidy表示，即将到来的海平面上升和冰川融化可能会使未来的地震更加频繁。冰川退缩引起的地震风险小于海平面上升引起的地震风险。)”可知，根据John Cassidy的说法，海平面上升对地震频率的影响更大。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Because we have been worsening the environment for many decades, it will take many years of efforts to solve it.(因为几十年来我们一直在恶化环境，要解决这个问题需要很多年的努力。)”可知，要解决这个问题需要很多年的努力，所以是没有快速或简单的解决办法，划线短语quick fix的意思是“快速解决的办法”，和easy solution意思相近。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Cassidy stressed that the effects of climate change will increase their risk when earthquakes occur. As sea levels rise, earthquake-caused tsunamis will spread farther inland. Increased rainfall brought on by warmer waters will enhance the possibility of landslides caused by earthquakes.(Cassidy强调，当地震发生时，气候变化的影响将增加它们的风险。随着海平面上升，地震引发的海啸将向内陆蔓延。温暖的海水带来的降雨增加将增加地震引起的山体滑坡的可能性。)”可知，John Cassidy对未来地震的态度是担忧的，故选C。 Passage 4 (24-25高二上·四川巴中第三中学·期中) The time for action is now, at least when it comes to climate change. If we don’t take measures that limit global warming, it may be impossible to stop its progress, according to a study published in 2018. The study claims that in 2035, we will cross a point of no return — after which it will be extremely unlikely that we can stop Earth’s temperature from rising by 2 degrees Celsius (2℃) and kicking off dangerous global disasters. The 2℃ mark is very important for Earth’s well-being. Once the planet warms an additional 2℃, scientists predict a range of disastrous effects, from widespread flooding in coastal areas to burning heat waves and extreme storms. One important area that could slow the movement toward a point of no return in 2035 is the changing from fossil fuels (矿物燃料) to renewable energy sources. But even this will require significant progress. Scientists have figured that the share of renewables worldwide must grow by at least 2 percent each year in order to slow the process toward climate change. Two percent a year may not sound like much, but in the 20 years leading up to 2017, the percentage of energy from renewables grew by a poor total of 3.6 percent. There is hope, though. If the use of renewable energy were to go beyond the scientists’ model, say by 5 percent per each year, the climate change deadline (最后期限) could move back by at least a decade, the researchers note. Also, developing technology to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere could help slow climate change. These gases change Earth’s atmosphere and allow it to capture more heat from the sun and cause temperatures to rise. “We hope that ‘having a deadline’ may stimulate the sense of urgency to act for policy makers,” Henk Dijkstra, one of the study authors, said. “Very little time is left.” 5．What might happen once the Earth warms an additional 2℃? A．The climate system will be rebuilt. B．Global warming is uncontrollable. C．Natural disasters become unavoidable. D．Timely action will no longer be necessary. 6．What does the underlined “this” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．The advances of scientific research. B．The shift from fossil fuels to renewables. C．The process of slowing down climate change. D．The increase of public environmental awareness. 7．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．The limitation of scientists’ model. B．Possible solutions to slowing climate change. C．The value of the ‘point of no return’ concept. D．Serious effects of greenhouse gases on Earth. 8．Why do the researchers set a deadline? A．To stress the need of global cooperation. B．To call on people to use renewable energy. C．To urge policy makers to take immediate action. D．To show their determination to stop global warming. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要描述了全球变暖的发展趋势和即将产生的危害，并敦促决策者要立即采取行动加以应对。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Once the planet warms an additional 2℃, scientists predict a range of disastrous effects, from widespread flooding in coastal areas to burning heat waves and extreme storms.”(科学家们预测，一旦地球温度再升高2摄氏度，就会产生一系列灾难性的影响，从沿海地区的大范围洪水到燃烧的热浪和极端风暴。)可知，一旦地球温度再升高2℃，就很可能无法避免地发生自然灾害。故选C。 2．词义猜测题。根据第四段“One important area that could slow the movement toward a point of no return in 2035 is the changing from fossil fuels(矿物燃料) to renewable energy sources.”(一个可能会减缓2035年走向不可逆转的临界点的重要领域，是从化石燃料到可再生能源的转变。)和划线词所在句“But even this will require significant progress.”(但甚至这样也需要取得重大进展。)可知，“this”指的是上句所提到的“the changing from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources(从化石燃料到可再生能源的转变)”，即the shift from fossil fuels to renewables(从化石燃料到可再生能源的转变)。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。根据第五段“If the use of renewable energy were to go beyond the scientists’ model, say by 5 percent per each year, the climate change deadline (最后期限) could move back by at least a decade, the researchers note. Also, developing technology to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere could help slow climate change.”(研究人员指出，如果可再生能源的使用超过科学家的范例，比如每年增加5%，那么气候变化的最后期限可能会推迟至少十年。此外，开发从大气中去除温室气体的技术也有助于减缓气候变化。)可知，该段主要讲述了可能减缓气候变化的解决方案。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段研究者Henk Dijkstra的话“We hope that ‘having a deadline’ may stimulate the sense of urgency to act for policy makers,”(我们希望“设定最后期限”可能会激发决策者采取行动的紧迫感)可知，研究者们设定最后期限是为了敦促决策者立即采取行动。故选C。 Passage 5 (24-25高二上·四川眉山东坡区眉山中学校·期中) Earthquakes are among the most powerful and destructive natural phenomena on our planet. They result from plate movements, where the Earth’s crustal plates grind against each other, causing stress to build up over time. When this stress exceeds the strength of the rock, it ruptures (断裂), releasing energy in the form of seismic waves (地震波) that travel through the Earth’s interior and shake the surface. The force of an earthquake depends on the extent of rock movement, and powerful events can shake firm ground violently for great distances. Earthquakes can have catastrophic consequences, though they rarely kill people directly. Instead, deaths and injuries are often caused by falling objects, building collapses, and subsequent fires or hazardous chemical spills. So no matter where we are, knowing how to protect ourselves and our family during an earthquake is necessary. For example, when we feel the ground is shaking, find a nice piece of furniture, a chair, a sofa, or a closet, and lie down, or curl up next to it. A falling roof may compact (压实) the furniture, but will still leave a space for us to survive next to it. After earthquakes, immediate response is crucial to save lives and minimize damage. Governments, international organizations, and local communities should work together to provide emergency relief, including medical aid, food, water, shelter, and search and rescue operations. Earthquakes are unpredictable and devastating natural disasters that can have profound impacts on communities worldwide. While we cannot prevent earthquakes from happening, we can take steps to mitigate their effects through better building codes, early warning systems, and effective response and recovery efforts. By working together, we can reduce the human toll (伤亡人数) of these powerful events and build more resilient communities. 1．What is Paragraph 1 mainly about? A．What earthquakes are. B．What earthquakes cause. C．Where earthquakes occur. D．How earthquakes happen. 2．What should we do during an earthquake according to the text? A．Stay in the bedroom. B．Hide in a closet. C．Lie down next to a sofa. D．Curl up under a chair. 3．What is the key to reducing death and damage after an earthquake? A．Immediate response to others’ help. B．Quick action and cooperation at home and abroad. C．Getting connected with family and friends immediately. D．Waiting for aid from governments, communities and international organizations. 4．What does the underlined word “mitigate” in the last paragraph probably mean? A．Reduce. B．Prevent. C．Research. D．Promote. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地震发生的原因，造成的严重后果，人们应该怎么做才能减少伤亡以及震后可以采取哪些措施减少损失。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“They result from plate movements, where the Earth’s crustal plates grind against each other, causing stress to build up over time. (它们是板块运动的结果，地球的地壳板块相互摩擦，造成压力随着时间的推移而增加)”及本段内容可知，第一段是介绍地震发生的原因，即地震如何发生的。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段的“For example, when we feel the ground is shaking, find a nice piece of furniture, a chair, a sofa, or a closet, and lie down, or curl up next to it. A falling roof may compact (压实) the furniture, but will still leave a space for us to survive next to it. (例如，当我们感到地面在晃动时，找一件漂亮的家具，椅子，沙发或壁橱，躺下，或蜷缩在它旁边。倒塌的屋顶可能会压紧家具，但仍会为我们留下生存的空间)”可知，地震时我们应该躺在沙发旁边。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“After earthquakes, immediate response is crucial to save lives and minimize damage. Governments, international organizations, and local communities should work together to provide emergency relief, including medical aid, food, water, shelter, and search and rescue operations. (地震发生后，快速反应对于挽救生命和减少损失至关重要。各国政府、国际组织和当地社区应共同努力，提供紧急救援，包括医疗援助、食品、水、住所以及搜救行动)”可知，地震后减少死亡和损失的关键是快速行动，国内外合作。故选B。 4．词句猜测题。根据划线词前半句“While we cannot prevent earthquakes from happening, (虽然我们无法预防地震的发生)”和后半句“through better building codes, early warning systems, and effective response and recovery efforts. (通过更好的建筑规范、早期预警系统以及有效的响应和恢复工作)”可知，地震无法预测，也无法避免，但是我们可以采取措施来减少地震的影响。所以划线词mitigate为“减少”之意。故选A。 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·四川自贡荣县中学·期中) In addition to applying for a traditional guide dog, the visually impaired (有视觉障碍的) people will soon have another option to help with their daily life — a robot guide dog. About the size of an English Bulldog but a bit wider, the six-legged robot guide dog from Shanghai Jiao Tong University’s School of Mechanical Engineering can navigate (导航) users to destinations without running into barriers. It also has voice interaction functions and can recognize traffic light signals. With cameras, sensors, and AI technology, the robot dog can see, listen, and speak with users on daily journeys outside and be a companion at home. Professor Gao Feng, the head of the research team at SJTU, points out that with six legs, the robot guide dog can walk smoothly with high stability. “Even if three legs are raised, the structure still has three points of contact with the ground, creating a very stable base.” Gao said. He adds that operators can use a cane (手杖) to control the walking and running speed of the robot. In China, there are currently about 17.31 million visually impaired people, yet only around 400 guide dogs are available due to high training costs. People have to wait for a long time after applying for one. Unlike traditional dogs, the production of robot guide dogs could be scaled, especially in a major manufacturing center like China. “It’s a bit like cars. We can mass-produce them in the same way as cars so that it will become more affordable,” Gao said. “This could be a huge market because tens of millions of people might need guide dogs.” Li Fei, among the visually impaired people participating in the field test, believes such high technology will likely change their lives soon. “The research teams are thoughtful and are continuously making improvements,” Li said. “The robot dog is electronic, making it easier to get into public places than traditional guide dogs, I will probably try the robot guide dog when it becomes available. They can be precise and reliable as they seldom make subjective mistakes.” 1．What do we know about the robot guide dog? A．It is smaller than an English Bulldog. B．It can identify traffic light signals. C．It relies on Al technologies to move. D．It can interact with other robot guide dogs. 2．Why does the robot guide dog have six legs? A．To walk more stably. B．To support heavier loads. C．To better control its speed. D．To quickly deal with urgency. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The potential market for robot guide dogs. B．The high cost of training traditional guide dogs. C．The difficulty of applying for a robot guide dog. D．The standard of mass-producing robot guide dogs. 4．What can we infer about the robot guide dog according to Li Fei? A．It has been widely available to the public. B．It needs further improvement in accuracy. C．It will benefit visually impaired people a lot. D．It will replace traditional guide dogs in the future. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了机器狗——机器人导盲犬可能很快就会改变视障人士的生活。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“It also has voice interaction functions and can recognize traffic light signals. (它还具有语音交互功能，可以识别交通灯信号。)”可知，机器人导盲犬能识别交通信号灯，B项正确；它约英国斗牛犬大小但稍宽，A项错误；它是通过相机、传感器和AI技术综合来移动等，不是仅依靠AI技术移动，C项错误；未提及能与其他机器人导盲犬互动，D项错误。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Professor Gao Feng, the head of the research team at SJTU, points out that with six legs , the robot guide dog can walk smoothly with high stability. ‘Even if three legs are raised, the structure still has three points of contact with the ground, creating a very stable base.’ (上海交通大学研究团队负责人Gao Feng教授指出，机器人导盲犬有六条腿，行走平稳，稳定性高。Gao说：‘即使三条腿被举起来，这个结构仍然有三个与地面接触的点，创造了一个非常稳定的基础。’)”可知，机器人导盲犬有六条腿是为了更稳定地行走，A项正确，不是为了支撑更重负载、更好控制速度或快速处理紧急情况，B、C、D项错误。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段内容，尤其是“This could be a huge market because tens of millions of people might need guide dogs. (这可能是一个巨大的市场，因为数以千万计的人可能需要导盲犬。)”可知，本段主要讲在中国有大量视障人士可能需要机器人导盲犬，它可像汽车一样量产降低成本，有市场前景，所以是关于机器人导盲犬的潜在市场，A项正确；不是讲传统导盲犬训练成本高（第二段已提及）、申请机器人导盲犬困难或机器人导盲犬量产标准，B、C、D项错误。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段Li Fei的话“‘The research teams are thoughtful and are continuously making improvements,’ Li said. ‘The robot dog is electronic, making it easier to get into public places than traditional guide dogs, I will probably try the robot guide dog when it becomes available. They can be precise and reliable as they seldom make subjective mistakes.’ (‘研究团队考虑周到，并在不断改进。’Li说。‘机器狗是电子的，比传统的导盲犬更容易进入公共场所。当机器狗上市时，我可能会尝试一下。因为他们很少犯主观错误，所以他们可以精确可靠。’)”可知，机器人导盲犬可能很快改变视障人士生活，会使他们受益很多，C项正确；它还未广泛可用，A项错误；未提及需要进一步提高准确性，B项错误；只是说可能会使用它，未说会取代传统导盲犬，D项错误。故选C。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·四川眉山东坡区眉山中学校·期中) A famous springboard driver was defeated by his competitor in the finals of a world championship, offering congratulations to the winner and waving a tearful goodbye to the audience. It is common in the athletic world. Sportsmen spend the best part of their lives on hard training and competitions. When it becomes evident that they are on the decline they still make great efforts to give their best so as to bring a satisfactory end to their career. Chances to compete for the championship are few and far between. Life is short. Still shorter is the time for an athlete trying to win games. An athletic contestant really feels that there are so few opportunities and time flies. He treasures every minute, makes full use of it and tries to grasp any chance coming his way. He gets as much as he gives, winning honors not only for himself but also for his country. To participate and to win——that is the Olympic spirit. It finds expression in the weak daring to challenge the strong, and the strong searching forever better performance. Ever better—the ideal always makes a sportsman forward. He will do everything he can for it, never relax, never give up. It is said that none of the competitors can avoid being defeated—even the best is bound to be defeated by someone still stronger. This is the rule of sports—thousands of losers set off one winner who in turn will eventually be replaced by someone on the honor list. However, he is always trying to do the best he can. When the time comes and he knows he can’t, he will step down happily to give place to the younger winner, aware contentedly of the fact that he has done his best for the “ever better” records of the Olympic Games. He will say proudly that he has not lived his youth in vain. 1．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To explain a phenomenon. B．To describe a competition. C．To lead in the topic of this passage. D．To express worries about sportsmen. 2．According to the passage, what kind of ideal pushes an athlete forward? A．He wants to win people’s respect. B．He wants to win honor for his nation. C．He wants to make greater achievements than ever. D．He wants to earn more and more money and fame. 3．What can be learnt from the rule of sports? A．Whatever difficulties you have met, never give up. B．Even the strongest athlete will be defeated one day. C．You can’t live in the sports field without any effort or progress. D．You are the winner if you are brave enough to challenge the strong. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Sportsmen’s spirit. B．Sportsmen’s life. C．Sportsmen’s honor. D．Sportsmen’s pride. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是运动员在职业生涯中不懈追求的精神。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段的“A famous springboard driver was defeated by his competitor in the finals of a world championship, offering congratulations to the winner and waving a tearful goodbye to the audience.(一位著名的跳板选手在世界锦标赛的决赛中被对手击败，他向获胜者表示祝贺，并含泪向观众挥手告别。)”和第二段的“It is common in the athletic world. Sportsmen spend the best part of their lives on hard training and competitions.(这在体育界很常见。运动员把生命中最美好的时光花在艰苦的训练和比赛上。)”可知，第一段的作用是引出这篇文章的主题。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Ever better—the ideal always makes a sportsman forward.(做到更好——这个理想总是使运动员前进。)”可知，推动运动员前进的理想是他想取得比以往更大的成就。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“It is said that none of the competitors can avoid being defeated—even the best is bound to be defeated by someone still stronger. This is the rule of sports—thousands of losers set off one winner who in turn will eventually be replaced by someone on the honor list.(据说，没有一个竞争者能够避免被打败，即使是最好的也一定会被更强的人打败。这就是体育运动的规律——成千上万的失败者造就了一个胜利者，而这个胜利者最终会被荣誉名单上的某个人所取代。)”可知，我们可以从体育运动的规律中了解到即使是最强的运动员也有被打败的一天。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段的“To participate and to win——that is the Olympic spirit. It finds expression in the weak daring to challenge the strong, and the strong searching forever better performance.(参与并取胜——这就是奥林匹克精神。它表现在弱者敢于挑战强者，而强者永远寻找更好的表现。)”可知，本文主要讲的是运动员精神，故选A。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·四川眉山东坡区眉山中学校·期中) 3D printing is taking home construction(建筑)to new heights. A giant printer is building what designers say is the first 3D-printed two-story house in the US. “While construction 3D printing has been around for over ten years, the technology has only started to break ground in the US homebuilding market over the last couple of years,” said Lok, the architectural designer for the project. Several 3D-printed homes have already been built or are currently in the works across a handful of states. Lok, who co-founded X, a design company, said, “My team aims to eventually scale up(扩大)the designs to be able to efficiently 3D print multifamily homes.” With the Houston home, the team is pushing the industrial printer to its limits to understand how it can stream-line(使效率更高)the technology, in the search of quickly building cost-effective and well-designed homes. “In the future, it has to be fast, simple design in order to compete with other building technologies,” said Zerle, the head of structural engineering. “We are not trying to beat the clock.” “It’s a case study. We’re learning the abilities of the machine, learning the reaction of the material under different weather conditions. We’re learning how to optimize(优化)the speed of printing. When this project is completed, we should have a very good idea of how to proceed in the future,” he added. On the design side, Lok sees opportunity to one day offer customized features at a mass scale, without excessive labor costs. “The printer doesn’t care if you print the same chair 100 times or you print 100 different chairs,” she said. “This opens up the possibility of how we can actually offer customized design for the users, whether it’s a single-family house or whether it’s a multifamily building or apartment.” 1．What can we learn about 3D printing? A．It is applied to two fields in the US. B．It is widely used in homebuilding market. C．It has been applied to building in a few states. D．It has been used in construction for less than ten years. 2．What is the purpose of Lok and her team? A．To satisfy any customer’s need. B．To increase the size of their designs. C．To use the technology in other fields. D．To understand what the technology can do 3．Why does the author quote Zerbe’s words? A．To show his advantages. B．To state the purpose of the study. C．To describe the process of the study. D．To tell others how the technology works. 4．Which can be the best title for the text? A．3D-Printed Homes Hopefully Come True B．3D-Printed Houses Are Perfect For Living C．3D Printing Levels Up Home Construction D．3D Printing is Speeding Up High-rise Buildings 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是3D打印将家庭建筑带到了一个新高度。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Several 3D-printed homes have already been built or are currently in the works across a handful of states.(在少数几个州，一些3D打印房屋已经建成或正在建造中。)”可知，在美国的几个州，一些3D打印房屋已经建成或正在建造中。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段Lok说的话“Lok, who co-founded X, a design company, said, “My team aims to eventually scale up(扩大)the designs to be able to efficiently 3D print multifamily homes.”(Lok是X设计公司的联合创始人，他说:“我的团队的目标是最终扩大设计，以便能够高效地3D打印多户住宅。”。)”可知，她的团队的目的是最终扩大他们的设计规模，能够有效地3D打印多户住宅。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段Zerbe说的话““It’s a case study. We’re learning the abilities of the machine, learning the reaction of the material under different weather conditions. We’re learning how to optimize(优化)the speed of printing. When this project is completed, we should have a very good idea of how to proceed in the future,” he added.(“这是一个案例研究。我们正在学习机器的能力，学习材料在不同天气条件下的反应。我们正在学习如何优化打印速度。当这个项目完成时，我们应该对未来如何进行有一个很好的想法，”他补充说。)”可知，Zerle说这是一个案例研究，在了解3D打印机器的能力，不同条件下的材料反应以及优化打印速度等，由此可推出，他的话阐述了这个研究的目的。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据首段“3D printing is taking home construction(建筑)to new heights. A giant printer is building what designers say is the first 3D-printed two-story house in the US.(3D打印将家庭建筑带到了新的高度。一个巨大的打印机正在建造设计师所说的美国第一个3d打印的两层楼的房子。)”并结合下文中对3D打印技术在建筑方面的利用和影响可知，3D打印将家庭建筑带到了一个新高度，所以“3D打印提升了家庭建筑水平”作为题目概括了全文的内容，体现了全文的主题。故选C项。 Passage 4 (24-25高二上·四川乐山第一中学·期中) Recently, I accidentally found a set of Hanfu l only wore once from the bottom of the cupboard. I remember buying them simply to match the ancient-style hair accessories (配饰) a friend gave me. It occurred to me that 1 had been trapped in the “birdcage effect”. “Birdcage effect” means that when you get an item one day, you will prepare more things to match it. Weeks ago, I was in the company of friends engaged in shopping. One said that she wanted to buy a good writing pen to match the delicate notebook that her sister gave her, so that she would fall in love with taking notes on reading, and thus love reading, not just reading. I joked that she must have fallen for the “birdcage effect”. But the friend said with a smile: “Why not use the ‘birdcage effect’ instead?” For the first time, I heard that the “birdcage effect” can be used in reverse (逆向). However, this can’t help but remind me of middle school, and I seem to have used the “birdcage effect”. Passing by a bookstore one day, I purchased a magazine and saw the call for contributions published in the magazine, so I started writing with eager hands, and then I fell in love with writing. After shopping with my friends that time, I began to proceed to use the “birdcage effect”. I bought a small fresh tablecloth to decorate my desk, and a beautiful notebook to record my inspiration. When everything was ready, I started writing again. But how can we get rid of the “birdcage effect” in many things, and even use the “birdcage effect” in the opposite way? Various “birdcages” unavoidably appear in life, but we can distinguish them. If it is not in line with the actual situation, it is a “negative birdcage”, then we must learn to stop losses in time and maintain a heart of abandonment and separation. If it is a “positive birdcage” that motivates us to develop upward, we can clarify our goals, shop or decorate appropriately, and motivate ourselves to move towards our goals. At this time, you will find that the “birdcage effect” is actually not so terrible! 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The application of the “birdcage effect” in life. B．The necessity of using the “birdcage effect” in life. C．The turning point of the author’s idea on the “birdcage effect”. D．The author’s conflict with her friend over the “birdcage effect”. 2．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning her middle school experience? A．To recall her delightful days at school. B．To explain the reason for her love with writing. C．To confirm the positive of the “birdcage effect”. D．To prove her knowledge of the “birdcage effect”. 3．How can we make use of the “birdcage effect” positively? A．By realizing this effect has two sides. B．By promoting our personal consumption. C．By recognizing this effect is not so terrible. D．By guiding our acts to go with reasonable goals. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Getting Rid of the Birdcage Effect Confidently B．Motivating Ourselves to Move Towards Our Goals C．The Birdcage Effect: Influence on Consumer Behavior D．The Birdcage Effect: How to Use It to Your Advantage 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了“鸟笼效应”以及我们该如何在生活中恰当地利用它。 1．主旨大意题。第二段首句““Birdcage effect” means that when you get an item one day, you will prepare more things to match it. Weeks ago, I was in the company of friends engaged in shopping. One said that she wanted to buy a good writing pen to match the delicate notebook that her sister gave her, so that she would fall in love with taking notes on reading, and thus love reading, not just reading. I joked that she must have fallen for the “birdcage effect”. But the friend said with a smile: “Why not use the ‘birdcage effect’ instead?”(“鸟笼效应”是指当你有一天得到一件物品时，你会准备更多的东西来搭配它。几周前，我和朋友一起去购物。有的说，她想买一支好的写字笔，搭配姐姐送给她的精致笔记本，让她爱上记读书笔记，从而爱上读书，而不仅仅是读书。我开玩笑说她一定是受了“鸟笼效应”的影响。但朋友笑道：“为什么不用‘鸟笼效应’来代替呢？”)”可知，朋友告诉作者可以反向使用“鸟笼效应”，作者第一次听说“鸟笼效应”可以反向使用，由此可知，第二段主要讲述了作者对“鸟笼效应”的看法有了改变，第三段第一句话“For the first time, I heard that the “birdcage effect” can be used in reverse (逆向). (第一次听说“鸟笼效应”可以反向使用)”也是提示，说明作者对“鸟笼效应”的看法发生了改变，故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“However, this can’t help but remind me of middle school, and I seem to have used the “birdcage effect”. Passing by a bookstore one day, I purchased a magazine and saw the call for contributions published in the magazine, so I started writing with eager hands, and then I fell in love with writing.(不过，这不禁让我想起了中学时代，我似乎运用了“鸟笼效应”。有一天路过一家书店，我买了一本杂志，看到杂志上刊登的征稿启事，我就开始急切地开始写作，从此我就爱上了写作)”可知，作者运用了“鸟笼效应”的结果是自己爱上了写作，这是“鸟笼效应”给作者带来的积极影响，由此可推知，作者提到她的中学经历的是为了证实“鸟笼效应”的积极作用。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“If it is a “positive birdcage” that motivates us to develop upward, we can clarify our goals, shop or decorate appropriately, and motivate ourselves to move towards our goals. (如果是一个激励我们向上发展的“积极的鸟笼”，我们可以明确自己的目标，适当的购物或装饰，激励自己朝着目标前进。)”可知，我们可以通过指导我们的行为去实现合理的目标以此来积极利用“鸟笼效应”，故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中““Birdcage effect” means that when you get an item one day, you will prepare more things to match it. (“鸟笼效应”是指当你有一天得到一件物品时，你会准备更多的东西来搭配它。)”，第三段中“For the first time, I heard that the “birdcage effect” can be used in reverse (逆向). (第一次听说“鸟笼效应”可以反向使用)”和最后一段“But how can we get rid of the “birdcage effect” in many things, and even use the “birdcage effect” in the opposite way? Various “birdcages” unavoidably appear in life, but we can distinguish them. If it is not in line with the actual situation, it is a “negative birdcage”, then we must learn to stop losses in time and maintain a heart of abandonment and separation. If it is a “positive birdcage” that motivates us to develop upward, we can clarify our goals, shop or decorate appropriately, and motivate ourselves to move towards our goals. At this time, you will find that the “birdcage effect” is actually not so terrible!(但如何才能在很多事情上摆脱“鸟笼效应”，甚至反过来利用“鸟笼效应”呢？生活中难免会出现各种各样的“鸟笼”，但我们可以区分它们。如果不符合实际情况，就是“负面鸟笼”，那么我们就要学会及时止损，保持一颗抛弃、分离的心。如果是一个激励我们向上发展的“积极的鸟笼”，我们可以明确自己的目标，适当的购物或装饰，激励自己朝着目标前进。这时候你就会发现“鸟笼效应”其实并没有那么可怕！)”可知，文章主要介绍了“鸟笼效应”以及我们该如何在生活中恰当地利用它，D项“鸟笼效应：如何利用它来对你有利”适合作文章标题，故选D。 主题02 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·四川内江翔龙中学·期中) Breathing dirty air can cost someone’s lifespan (寿命) months—even years, a new study finds. Worldwide, air pollution lowers average lifespans by a year. Scientists shared their new findings in Environmental Science & Technology Letters. Air pollution (污染) has been linked to many health problems. Most earlier studies have looked at how tiny air pollutants affected rates of illness or death. But now an environmental scientist, Joshua Apte, is going even further. He works at the University of Texas, Austin. He together with his team is looking at life expectancy, hoping to make the threat easier to understand. PM 2.5 is what scientists call tiny particles of pollution in the air. Higher levels of PM2.5 can cause health problems and cut months, if not years, from the average lifespan. This analysis shows pollution affects life expectancy in different parts of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends limiting PM 2.5 to 10 micrograms (微克) per cubic (立方) meter of air. Apte’s group used data to try to find how this low level would help people. But meeting the WHO standard won’t get rid of health damage from dirty air. That’s because even below 10 micrograms per cubic meter pollution still causes huge risks. Reducing air pollution could increase life expectancy. The scientists also compared how other threats shorten life spans across the globe. These risk factors included smoking and cancer. These results show that in poor countries, cleaning up dirty air could greatly increase lifespans. It could have as big an effect as cleaning up drinking water, or curing lung cancer. However, in wealthier countries air pollution shortens life expectancy by less than half a year. All forms of cancer, in fact, shorten the average life expectancy by more than 3.5 years. “Knowing this can really help people. or policymakers, decide where to spend their money.” says Kirk Smith. 5．Why is Joshua Apte’s team carrying out the study? A．Know how small air pollutants are. B．Study many different healthy problems. C．Let people understand air pollution better. D．Study the life expectancy of different people. 6．What will happen if one country limits PM 2.5 to 10 micrograms per cube meter? A．Its air is very clean. B．It still has pollution risks. C．It will get a prize from WHO. D．Its people will live a healthy life. 7．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．It’s very hard to clean up dirty air in a short time. B．Lung cancer is the leading killer in all kinds of cancers. C．Reducing air pollution can increase all people’s lifespans much. D．The study will help different countries or people take different policies. 8．What can be the best title for the text? A．Air Pollution is Shortening Lives Worldwide B．Many Factors are Affecting People’s Health C．Governments are Trying to Make Lifespan Long D．The Effect of Cancer is Worse than Dirty Air 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述了空气污染会缩短人类寿命的科学理论。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Air pollution (污染) has been linked to many health problems. Most earlier studies have looked at how tiny air pollutants affected rates of illness or death. But now an environmental scientist, Joshua Apte, is going even further. He works at the University of Texas, Austin. He together with his team is looking at life expectancy, hoping to make the threat easier to understand.(他和他的团队正在研究预期寿命，希望使这种威胁更容易理解。)”（空气污染与许多健康问题有关。早期的大多数研究都着眼于微小的空气污染物如何影响患病或死亡的几率。但现在，环境科学家约书亚·阿普特(Joshua Apte)更进一步。他就职于德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校。他和他的团队正在研究预期寿命，希望使这种威胁更容易理解。）可知，约书亚·阿普特的团队进行这项研究，是让人们更好地了解空气污染。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“But meeting the WHO standard won’t get rid of health damage from dirty air. That’s because even below 10 micrograms per cubic meter pollution still causes huge risks.(但是，达到世界卫生组织的标准并不能消除污浊空气对健康的损害。这是因为即使每立方米污染低于10微克，仍然会造成巨大的风险。)”可知，如果一个国家将pm2.5限制在每立方米10微克，它仍然有污染风险。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Knowing this can really help people. or policymakers, decide where to spend their money.(知道这一点真的可以帮助人们。或者决策者，决定把钱花在哪里。)”可推断，这项研究将帮助不同的国家或人民采取不同的政策。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文, 特别是第一段中的“Breathing dirty air can cost someone’s lifespan (寿命) months—even years, a new study finds.(一项新的研究发现，呼吸污浊的空气会使人的寿命缩短数月甚至数年。)”可知，文章阐述了空气污染会缩短人类寿命的科学理论。所以“Air Pollution is Shortening Lives Worldwide(空气污染正在缩短世界范围内的寿命)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选A。 Passage 2 (24-25高二上·四川仁寿第一中学校（北校区）·期中) There’s so much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air that just planting trees and protecting forests won’t solve the problem. When plants and trees die, the carbon they’ve stored gets released again. Moreover, the CO2 in the atmosphere is much more dilute than in, for example, waste gas from a power station or a steel plant. Capturing CO2 from the air is the most expensive application of carbon capture. Direct Air Capture (DAC) is one type of technological carbon removal, which obtains CO2 directly from the atmosphere at any location, unlike carbon capture which is generally carried out at the point of emissions. The CO2 can be permanently stored in deep geological formations or used for a variety of applications. Graphyte is a US company working on DAC． The company claims its carbon capture method is cheap, mainly because it lets plants do the work. The company collects unwanted wood products from farmers and furniture companies. It dries this “biomass” completely so that it can’t break down. Graphyte then smashes (打碎) the dried plants into small bricks which it seals in a special wrapper and buries deep underground. Graphyte says its process doesn’t use much energy and can work anywhere. The plant and tree material the process uses would release carbon if it wasn’t treated. And the cost is less than$100 to capture a ton of CO2. The company is building a factory, but it’s not running yet. Not everyone is excited about this carbon removal. Some people worry that it will take too long for DAC technology to become powerful enough to make a difference. Others worry that focusing on removing carbon could take attention away from more important climate actions, like switching from fossil fuels to renewable energy. But experts say the decision isn’t to do one or the other. The world needs to end fossil fuel use and pull carbon out of the air. 1．What does the author intend to tell us in the first paragraph? A．Trees can purify the air in the sky. B．Plants release more carbon dioxide. C．Removing carbon from air is challenging. D．CO2 emission reduction is urgently needed. 2．What does the underlined word “dilute” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Beneficial. B．Thin. C．Harmful. D．Concentrated. 3．What can we know about Graphyte’s DAC project? A．Its cost is relatively low. B．It is in good operation now. C．Its working condition is demanding. D．It turns carbon into building materials. 4．What is the experts’ opinion about DAC technology? A．It will make a difference soon. B．It can replace renewable energy in time. C．It will result in more environmental concerns. D．It can work together with other climate measures. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了使用DAC技术捕捉碳的研究、进展及思考。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Capturing CO2 from the air is the most expensive application of carbon capture. (从空气中捕获二氧化碳是碳捕获最昂贵的应用。)”及后文主要介绍了碳捕捉可知，第一段想要告诉我们从空气中捕捉二氧化碳很有挑战性。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“Moreover, the CO2 in the atmosphere is much more dilute than in, for example, waste gas from a power station or a steel plant. (此外，大气中的二氧化碳比发电站或钢铁厂的废气中的二氧化碳要稀得多。)”可知，这里是将大气中的二氧化碳和发电厂或钢铁厂废气中的二氧化碳进行对比，发电厂或钢铁厂废气中的二氧化碳浓度高，那么大气中的二氧化碳相对就是稀薄的，所以dilute意思是“稀薄的”，故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The company claims its carbon capture method is cheap, mainly because it lets plants do the work. (该公司声称其碳捕获方法很便宜，主要是因为它让植物完成这项工作。)”及第四段中的“And the cost is less than$100 to capture a ton of CO2. (捕获一吨二氧化碳的成本不到100美元。)”可知，Graphyte的DAC项目其成本相对较低，故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“But experts say the decision isn’t to do one or the other. The world needs to end fossil fuel use and pull carbon out of the air. (但专家表示，这个决定不是做一个或那个。世界需要结束化石燃料的使用并从空气中去除碳。)”可知，专家们普遍认为DAC技术可以与其他环保举措并行不悖。故选D项。 Passage 3 (24-25高二上·四川仁寿第一中学校（北校区）·期中) Plants cannot run or hide, so they need other strategies to avoid being eaten. Some curl up their leaves, others produce chemicals to make themselves taste bad if they sense animals drooling on them, chewing them up or laying eggs on them — all signals of an attack. New research now shows some flora can feel a plant-eating animal well before it launches an attack, letting a plant prepare a preemptive (先发制人的) defense that even works against other pest species. When ecologist John Orrock of the University of Wisconsin-Madison sprayed snail slime — a liquid the animals release as they slide along — onto soil, nearby tomato plants appeared to notice. They increased their levels of an enzyme (酶), which is known to prevent plant-eating animals. “None of the plants were ever actually attacked,” Orrock says. “We just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming, and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry.” Initially Orrock found this defense worked against snails; in the latest study, his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat. The investigators found that hungry caterpillars (毛虫), which usually eat tomato leaves greedily, had no appetite for them after the plants were exposed to snail slime and activated their chemical resistance. This nonspecific defense may be a strategy that benefits the plants by further improving their overall possibilities of survival, says Orrock, who reported the results with his colleagues in March in Oecologia. The finding that a snail’s approach can cause a plant response that affects a different animal made Richard Karban curious, a plant communications expert, who was not involved in the study. “It is significant that the plants are responding before being damaged and that these cues are having such far-ranging effects,” Karban says. The research was comprehensive, he adds, but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them. “That’s the million-dollar question,” Orrock says. He hopes future research will make out the mechanisms that enable plants to sense these relatively distant cues. 1．Why did John Orrock spray a liquid onto soil near tomato plants? A．Because it gives them a warning. B．Because it makes them grow better. C．Because it keeps plant-eating animals away. D．Because it informs plant-eating animals of danger. 2．Why is the example of “caterpillars” mentioned in Paragraph 3? A．To introduce another animal. B．To confirm the result of the study. C．To appeal to people to protect animals. D．To analyze different resistance chemicals. 3．What does Richard Karban really want to know? A．What the finding of the research is. B．What the chemicals in the snail slime are. C．Whether the research is of practical value. D．How tomato plants become aware of danger. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Watchful Plants B．Greedy Animals C．A Snail’s Approach D．A Defense Attack 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究发现：一些植物可以在食草动物发动攻击前很好地感觉到它们，这让植物准备了先发制人的防御，甚至可以对抗其他有害物种。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“We just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming, and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry(我们只是给它们一些暗示攻击即将来临的线索，这就足以使它们的化学反应发生巨大变化)”可推知，John Orrock在西红柿植株附近的泥土上喷洒液体的目的是给予植物一种警告，让它们能够产生自我保护性反应。故选 A。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Initially Orrock found this defense worked against snails; in the latest study, his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat(最初，Orrock发现这种防御方法对蜗牛有效；在最新的研究中，他的团队测量了这种黏糊糊的警告对另一个潜在威胁的影响)”可推知，文中提到毛虫的例子是为了验证这一点，即确认研究的结果。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句并结合对最后一段“The research was comprehensive, he adds, but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them.(他补充说，这项研究是全面的，但他想知道西红柿植物是如何感受到蜗牛粘液中的化学物质的，而这些化学物质实际上从未接触过它们)”可推知，Richard Karban实际上想了解的是西红柿植株是如何意识到危险的。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中文章的中心句“New research now shows some flora can feel a plant-eating animal well before it launches an attack, letting a plant prepare a preemptive (先发制人的) defense that even works against other pest species.(现在新的研究表明，一些植物可以在食草动物发动攻击前很好地感觉到它们，这让植物准备了先发制人的防御，甚至可以对抗其他有害物种)”可知，本文主要讲述的是有关植物的科学研究，研究发现植物有对外在威胁或攻击的自我保护性反应。由此可知，A选项：Watchful Plants(警觉的植物)适合作标题。故选A。 Passage 4 (24-25高二上·四川攀枝花第三中学·期中) Dog owners often believe that their pets understand commands such as “sit” and “stay”, and even associate words with their favorite objects. “Bring me your ball” will often result in exactly that. But science has had trouble determining whether dogs and other animals truly create a mental image in their minds upon hearing the name of an object, a relationship with language called referential understanding, which would suggest a deeper understanding of language, like the kind that humans have. A recent study conducted in Hungary, appearing in Current Biology, explores this issue. It involved 18 dogs and employed a non-invasive EEG procedure to measure their brain activity. Researchers played audio clips of their owners saying the names of objects, such as “ball” or “frisbee”, and then showed the dogs either the corresponding object or a different one to see if dogs would show a distinct brain response when the object matched the word compared to when it did not. Boros, a co-lead writer of the study, said “A different brain pattern appeared when the dogs were shown an object that matched the word compared to when it did not, indicating that they might create a mental image of the object upon hearing its name. That was previously unproven.” Lilla Magyari, another co-lead writer, noted that while other animals have shown some level of referential understanding, they often require extensive training. In contrast, the study suggests that in dogs, such abilities appear to be inborn and require no special training or talent. This finding supports that referential understanding is not necessarily unique to humans. Despite the study’s promising results, some experts are skeptical. Clive Wynne from Arizona State University argued on Facebook that the study only demonstrates dogs’ responses to stimuli (刺激物), rather than an understanding of specific words. He doubts whether dogs grasp the exact meaning of words. Scientists believe the first dogs began to be kept by humans up to 30,000 years ago. The animals have lived closely alongside us ever since. However, whether this long history of cohabitation contributed to their ability to understand referential language remains an open question. 5．What does “referential understanding” refer to? A．Associating words with emotions. B．Responding actively to commands. C．Forming mental images of objects. D．Learning objects through training. 6．How did researchers test dogs’ brain responses? A．By using different audio tones. B．By adjusting shapes of objects. C．By matching objects with words. D．By comparing different objects. 7．Which does Clive Wynne agree with about the study? A．It overestimates dogs’ cognitive abilities. B．It is widely accepted by the scientific field. C．It proves dogs know specific words very well. D．It provides a new insight about dogs’ evolution. 8．What’s the text mainly about? A．What dog owners’ belief about their pets is. B．What dogs’ response to the different objects is. C．Whether we can train dogs to follow commands. D．Whether referential understanding exists in Dogs. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于狗是否具有指称理解能力，即是否能在听到物体名称时在脑海中形成该物体的心理图像的科学研究。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“But science has had trouble determining whether dogs and other animals truly create a mental image in their minds upon hearing the name of an object, a relationship with language called referential understanding, which would suggest a deeper understanding of language, like the kind that humans have.(但科学一直难以确定，狗和其他动物在听到物体的名字时，是否真的会在脑海中形成该物体的心理图像，这种与语言的关系被称为referential understanding，这表明它们对人类语言有着更深的理解)”可知，referential understanding指的前文中“狗和其他动物在听到物体的名字时，在脑海中形成该物体的心理图像”这一现象，所以，referential understanding指的是“在脑海中形成该物体的心理图像”。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Researchers played audio clips of their owners saying the names of objects, such as ‘ball’ or ‘frisbee,’ and then showed the dogs either the corresponding object or a different one to see if dogs would show a distinct brain response when the object matched the word compared to when it did not.(研究人员播放了狗主人说出物体名称（如‘球’或‘飞盘’）的音频片段，然后向狗展示相应的物体或不同的物体，以观察当物体与单词匹配时，与不匹配时相比，狗是否会表现出明显的大脑反应)”可知，研究人员是通过将物体与单词匹配来测试狗的大脑反应的。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Clive Wynne from Arizona State University argued on Facebook that the study only demonstrates dogs’ responses to stimuli (刺激物), rather than an understanding of specific words. He doubts whether dogs grasp the exact meaning of words.(亚利桑那州立大学的克莱夫·温恩在脸书上争论说，这项研究只证明了狗对刺激物的反应，而不是对特定单词的理解。他怀疑狗是否真正理解单词的确切含义)”可知，克莱夫·温恩认为这项研究高估了狗的认知能力，只是证明了狗对刺激物的反应，而不是对特定单词的理解。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段中“But science has had trouble determining whether dogs and other animals truly create a mental image in their minds upon hearing the name of an object, a relationship with language called referential understanding(但科学一直难以确定，狗和其他动物在听到物体的名字时，是否真的会在脑海中形成该物体的心理图像，这种与语言的关系被称为指称理解)”和最后一段中“However, whether this long history of cohabitation contributed to their ability to understand referential language remains an open question.(然而，这种长期的共同居住历史是否有助于它们理解指称语言的能力仍然是一个悬而未决的问题)”可知，文章主要介绍了关于狗是否具有指称理解能力的科学研究，即探讨狗是否能在听到物体名称时在脑海中形成该物体的心理图像。故选D项。 1/3 1/3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解 说明文 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·四川巴中南江县实验中学·期中) How would you survive without your smartphone? For many of us, it’s the device we’re most attracted to — looking at it hundreds of times a day. We depend on it to perform different tasks and to connect with our friends and family. But have we become addicted to our phones? Certainly, the inventor of the first mobile phone, American engineer Martin Cooper, thinks we might be. In a BBC interview, he suggested people should stop scrolling (刷屏) and “get a life”. But of course, once we start scrolling or watching videos, we just can’t kick the habit. Psychologist and author Jean Twenge says, “we’re all guilty of habitually checking our phones if waiting for a text or getting really into social media then kind of, looking up and realizing that an hour has passed.” There’s even a word — a phubber — to describe a person who ignores the real people around them because they are concentrating on their phones. But does it matter if we make the most of this technology? Possibly, because like a drug, the problem arises when it is taken away. A study from King’s College London found young people they studied couldn’t control the amount of time they spent on their phone. Such addictive behavior means that people become anxious or upset if they are refused constant access, which can cause anxiety and mental health issues. Interestingly, another study by the London School of Economics and Political Science suggests we don’t just look at our phones because we are encouraged by a text or e-mail. The people they studied felt natural to interact with their phones, just as a smoker would light a cigarette. Prof. Saadi Lahlou, co-author of the study, told the BBC, “We must learn tricks to avoid the temptation (诱惑) when we want to concentrate or have good social relations.” One solution could be an app that rewards students for time spent away from their phones. Another choice is changing your smartphone to an ordinary phone that has none of the distractions (分心事) on it. But mainly, perhaps, we just need to look up more and reconnect with the real world! 1．What did Martin Cooper suggest people do? A．Learn tricks to avoid the temptation. B．Enjoy life by stopping the habit of scrolling. C．Change their smartphones to ordinary phones. D．Use an app that rewards them for less phone use. 2．Why do people feel ashamed after checking their phones? A．For not being productive enough. B．For missing important texts or calls. C．For using their phones for a long time. D．For not being able to connect with others. 3．What does the study from King’s College London imply? A．The young shouldn’t use their phones. B．Using phones leads the young to be anxious. C．Curing phone addiction is not an easy job. D．Young people can’t survive without phones. 4．What is the main message of the text? A．Smartphones are essential for modern life. B．Smartphones have a certain impact on mental health. C．The inventor of the mobile phone should be punished. D．People should avoid their addiction to smart phones. Passage 2 (24-25高二上·四川巴中南江县实验中学·期中) Seeing terror films is typically a harmless activity. But the fear it generates can cause the body’s fight-or-flight system-releasing chemicals into the body and causing a number of physiological responses. Our body’s fear response is actually a fantastic tool for survival in dangerous situations because it kicks in fast, makes us full of energy, heightens our focus, strengthens our muscles, and gets us ready to handle whatever is coming at us. It’s a built-in survival mechanism, which has been with us since our ancient ancestors. But even as it helped our ancient ancestors escape from tigers and kept us out of harm today, activating the body’s fear response isn’t always a good thing. If it’s initiated too often with constant stress or frequent jump scares, it can wear our bodies down. The body’s fear response, or fight-or-flight response, always begins in the amygdala — a part of the brain’s system that’s critical for recognizing threats and processing emotions. After it detects a threat, the amygdala sends a distress signal to a command center in the brain, which tells the nervous system to release hormones and neurotransmitters (荷尔蒙和神经递质). Research shows that these hormones and neurotransmitters work together to quicken your breathing and to make your heart send oxygen-rich blood faster to your muscles and vital organs. This prepares the muscles and brain to rapidly set up a threat response. Indeed, when stress hormones are released too often or for long periods of time, it can wear your body down. In some people, it can lead to health issues like high blood pressure, heart problems and digestive issues, because your body is constantly in “high alarm mode”. Another consideration is that our immediate biological response to fear is the same whether we’re facing true danger — or something that only appears that way. Overexposure to jump scares can make you less sensitive to fear. So people who enjoy terror films regularly might not react as strongly to real danger because their brain gets used to these situations. 1．Why are ancient ancestors mentioned? A．To admire their quick response to fear. B．To show body’s fear response is inborn. C．To introduce tough living conditions in ancient days. D．To demonstrate how they survived the scary situations. 2．How is paragraph 3 developed? A．By listing data. B．By giving examples. C．By defining and comparing. D．By explaining and analyzing. 3．Which may be the result of watching terror films frequently? A．Getting tired of them. B．Doing good to health. C．Losing interest in other films. D．Being less sensitive to real danger. 4．Which might be the best title for the text? A．Effects of Fear on Brain and Body. B．Fight or Flight? C．An Extreme Entertainment. D．Are Terror Films Harmless? Passage 3 (24-25高二上·四川江油中学·期中) In science fiction movies such as 2001: A Space Odyssey, Alien, or Passengers, crew members are put into a state of sleep to take year-long journeys to space. Now a new study from Washington University has shown that human hibernation (冬眠) may soon become a reality. The research team carried out tests on rats—animals that do not naturally hibernate. They first identified a group of neurons (神经元) in a deep brain region, which were found to be involved in controlling body temperature during hibernation. They showed that, in mice, these neurons could be stimulated using ultrasound (超声波), which was delivered through a helmet without causing an injury. When receiving the ultrasound, the mice showed a drop in body temperature of about 3℃, and their heart rates fell by about 47％. When the ultrasound system was switched off, they woke up again. The result was “surprising and fascinating”, said Hong Chen, a professor who led the work. Researchers are also trying to determine how to employ the power of hibernation to help humans. They believe that it could be key to addressing health conditions like heart disease, and Alzheimer’s. Furthermore, hibernation’s ability to slow aging, which was observed in bats, could benefit space exploration, enabling longer missions with less food requirements. Research in animals also suggests that bodies of hibernating astronauts might lose less bone and muscle, making them fit and ready to start challenging exploration soon after they wake up. The scientists now plan to look at how lowered body temperature might affect the cognitive (认知的) abilities of humans. “Our next experiments will test working memory in monkeys. This is important because while astronauts physically hibernate as they fly into deep space, their brain still needs to be working,” said Chen. 1．Why are the movies mentioned in the first paragraph? A．To highlight the creativity of filmmakers. B．To introduce the topic of human habitation. C．To show the popularity of science fiction movies. D．To explain the impact of movies on scientific research. 2．How did researchers make the mice hibernate? A．By pausing their heartbeats. B．By simulating their brain neurons. C．By making them sleep with helmets. D．By exposing them to low temperature. 3．How might hibernation benefit humans according to the text? A．People might no longer suffer from diseases. B．People might stay young as long as they wish. C．Average people might be able to travel to space. D．Astronauts might remain in space for a longer period. 4．What does the author mainly intend to tell us in the last paragraph? A．It is extremely challenging to be an astronaut. B．There is always a gap between fiction and reality. C．The hibernation experiment is far from complete. D．The hibernation experiment remains to be tested on astronauts. Passage 4 (24-25高二上·四川眉山仁寿县校际联考·期中) The documentary Space: The Longest Goodbye explores the important role of psychologists in preparing astronauts for missions to the moon and Mars. Even though NASA carefully plans and analyzes technical aspects of space travel, such as launch windows and flight orbits, the mental health of astronauts remains hard to measure. The necessity for psychological support became obvious as astronauts started spending more time away from Earth, particularly with the construction of the International Space Station in 1994. With future missions aiming for longer periods of time, such as the scheduled three-year journey to Mars, the emotional stress of separation from loved ones becomes a major concern. Directed by Ido Mizrahy, the documentary investigates the history of NASA’s psychological team while following the experience of astronauts like Cady Coleman, a key member of NASA’s Artemis program. Coleman’s story, especially the painfully-moving moments of her video chats with her son, uncovers the emotional sufferings experienced by astronauts and their families due to space travel. In addition, astronauts are also observed day and night while on board the space station, adding to their psychological stress. The film describes the strategies the team applied to deal with these challenges, such as developing companion robots to ease loneliness, conducting desert simulations to study interpersonal stress during long space missions and so on. There is a shocking large number of ideas being tested for the astronauts. Throughout the documentary, viewers are treated to breathtaking photos of space, presented together with the personal struggles of the astronauts. This creates a mixture of both fear and hope, reflecting the difficult reality of being an astronaut. In nature, Space: The Longest Goodbye offers an impressive exploration of the emotional and psychological journey of astronauts as they explore the vast space, wrestling with the challenges of loneliness and longing while fighting for the promise of discovery and exploration. 5．What influences the mental health of the astronauts most? A．Nonstop observations in the space station. B．Insufficient training before their missions. C．Physical sufferings from long space travel. D．Emotional stress of being apart from family. 6．How did NASA’s psychological team solve the difficulties? A．By increasing video chats. B．By developing robots for company. C．By doing research into deserts. D．By improving communication skills. 7．What does “this” in paragraph 5 refer to? A．The records of space scenery. B．The challenges of longer mission. C．The contrast of film contents. D．The struggle of personal emotions. 8．What is the author’s attitude towards the documentary? A．Negative. B．Unclear. C．Appreciative. D．Doubtful. Passage 5 (24-25高二上·四川双流区立格实验·期中) You’ve heard an old Chinese saying before: Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime. You may even be nodding your head in agreement right now. However, we can have a different understanding about it. When a person is starving, that’s not the time to fill their head with knowledge but to first give the person a fish-eradicating their hunger-and only then teach them to fish. Far too often, people ignore this common sense first step. They see someone who is struggling, and they rush to offer wisdom. “Let me tell you what I’d do in your position,” a well-meaning individual might offer. But few of us understand the anxiety, confusion and uncertainty that come with overwhelming need. People meeting with personal disasters don’t have the ability to think straight. Their nerves may be shot. Their confidence may be non-existent. Can you imagine what it would be like to be in that person’s situation? Rushing to offer a struggling person long-term advice is a waste of time. Instead, it makes far more sense to help them regain their emotional balance. Once their ears, heart and mind open, you’ll have an opportunity to teach a new skill. But how do we know whether a person needs a fish before a fishing lesson? Two things: One is the ability to pay attention. We need to know whether the other person is open and receptive, or looking at the world through narrowed eyes? You can’t just take their words but have to look at how the person acts and what they don’t say. The other is empathy (共情).The more successful you are, the harder it is to imagine what it must be like to be the opposite. Try to create a safe environment for emotional acceptance before the fishing lesson. 1．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To illustrate a concept. B．To bring in a new viewpoint. C．To introduce the background. D．To put up an example. 2．What does the underlined word “eradicating” mean in paragraph 2? A．Getting rid of. B．Paying attention to. C．Making up for. D．Putting up with. 3．What should we do first for those in disasters? A．Get them to think straight. B．Enhance their confidence. C．Satisfy their primary needs. D．Teach them a new skill. 4．Which does the author probably agree with according to the last paragraph? A．Live and learn. B．Never teach a fish to swim. C．Put yourself in others’ shoes. D．Don’t teach old dogs new tricks. Passage 6 (24-25高二上·四川丹棱中学校·期中) In August 2019, two citizen scientists, Sunniva Sorby and Hilde FalunStrom landed on Spitsbergen, in Norway’s Svalbard island group. They planned to work through the winter, then go home in May 2020. But their ship could not come because of COVID-19 shutdowns. For fourteen months, they lived in a small cabin on an icy island near the North Poles. Sometimes, hurricane-force winds forced freezing air through the cabin’s slats. Once, wind ripped the door open. Sunniva and Hilde couldn’t close it until the storm ended! Between storms, silence settled on the cabin. Then, they could hear the crunch-crunch-crunch of polar bears walking in the snow. Their days started at 7 am and ended after midnight. Each morning, they wore down-stuffed jackets and pants as they waited for the wood-burning stove to heat the cabin. They cut pieces of freshwater ice to melt for drinking, cooking and bathing. For the stove, they gathered driftwood. They cooked their meals, including pizza! These tasks used up large stretches of each day. They also kept in touch with schools and other groups. They wrote blog entries and answered e-mails. For fun, they danced to music, exercised, practiced yoga and read. “We are efficient here,” Sunniva wrote. “We have a routine, habits, and systems. We have time for what matters most living safely while making a contribution to our understanding of a changing world.” They conducted lots of experiments. They gathered data on climate change, using a drone (无人机) to measure sea-ice temperatures. They observed wildlife and tested new technologies, including an electric snowmobile. To stay four extra months, they had to eat smaller amounts of food so they wouldn’t run out. “It was difficult being here, so far away from everything,” Sunniva wrote. “Food, shelter, and warmth are often taken for granted until you are on your own.” But, they wrote, “We have packed our patience, our smiles, and good spirits.” And they enjoyed the adventure, finding ordinary miracles every day. 1．What can we learn about the two scientists on Spitsbergen? A．They lived a boring life there. B．They could always keep the door closed. C．They brought drinking water with them. D．They stayed in contact with other groups. 2．What did Sunniva and Hilde do according to Paragraph 3? A．They watched the wildlife carefully. B．They invented an electric snowmobile. C．They conducted experiments on drones. D．They collected data of new technologies. 3．Which of the following best describes these two scientists? A．Generous. B．Optimistic. C．Sensitive. D．Honest. 4．What does the author want to convey through the two scientists’ story? A．Well begun, half done. B．It’s easier said than done. C．Every cloud has a silver lining. D．A friend in need is a friend indeed. Passage 7 (24-25高二上·四川成都龙泉驿区东竞高中·期中) In the past, music recording was primitive. A recording engineer placed microphones in front of instruments. The producer pressed record and signaled the band to play. There was a human touch to recordings, and this way of recording gave rock music its raw edge. But here we are today. Complex and advanced audio software sits in every recording studio. The higher cost and greater practicality make creating digital music common. However, the modern recordings aren’t beneficial to a rock record. Let’s not forget, being in a band is laborious. You need like-minded musicians to rehearse for hours on end. Nowadays, this isn’t a necessity. Programming drums on a computer is as simple as filling cells on a spreadsheet, and there you have it, a drumbeat. Only a few professionals are aware that they aren’t listening to true live drums. Such tech is even accessible on your smartphone. Whether on a train or in a bedroom, you can create a full band track without a live band. What happened to rock music? With pop and hip hop dominating the charts, it feels like the time for bands is over. Is rock music really dying out? Is it really on its last legs, or are we just not trying hard enough? Artists, inspired by the great rock bands, seek to put their own spin on this classic genre. The spirit of rock music still remains. One singer mixed soul and rock while one band combined indie rock with elements of techno, both with underlying rock characteristics. The truth is that fresh rock bands are out there and you just need to dig deeper. A search through online music blogs shows a growing number of new rock bands. While rock bands are now not as popular as before and not receiving mainstream exposure, the flame still burns brightly. 1．Which words can best describe the past music recording? A．Underdeveloped and low-cost. B．Easy and time-saving. C．Demanding and complex. D．Digital and creative. 2．What makes programming drums easy in modern recording process? A．Low demands for music. B．Advanced audio software. C．Deep understanding of music. D．Help from professional musicians. 3．Why are one singer and one band mentioned in paragraph 5? A．To tell rock music has lost its original attraction. B．To show rock music may be presented in new styles. C．To stress rock music is no longer mainstream music. D．To compare rock music with some other kinds of music. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Is Rock Music Going Dead? B．Why Is Rock Music Disappearing? C．A New Kind of Music Is Emerging D．A Way of Recording Music Is Getting Accepted 主题02 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·四川自贡荣县中学·期中) It may come as a shock to owners, but dogs hate being hugged, a study has shown. Animal psychologists say dogs feel stressed and unhappy when they are hugged by their owners, because it stops them being able to run away. In a study which analyzed 25 pictures of dogs as they were being hugged, eight out of ten animals looked clearly uncomfortable. Experts at The Kennel Club, and Battersea Dogs & Cats Home, also agreed that owners should not treat their dogs like children, because most pets did not like to be hugged. The new study was carried out by Dr Stanley Coren, a professor of psychology at the University of British Columbia. He analysed images of dogs being hugged by adults and children he found on the Internet, looking for signs of stress. At an extreme end, when a dog is especially anxious it shows its teeth or may bite, but Dr Coren said there are other signs that it may be uncomfortable but they are small and not obvious. Signs of stress include the dog folding its ears down, half- moon eyes or turning its head away to avoid eye contact. If the dog has its eyes closed, it could also be a sign of anxiety. Open its mouth or raising one paw is another warning sign. “The clear suggestion to come out of this research is to save your hugs for your two- footed family members and lovers.” It is clearly better from the dog’s point of view if you express your fondness for your pet with a pat, a kind word, rand maybe a treat. Some people think that giving their dog a hug is a nice thing to do, but the reality is that a family pet will often tolerate a hug but doesn’t like it. “On the whole dogs are sociable animals and love communicating with people, but any action that restricts a dog’s movement could make them uncomfortable and it is important for an owner to recognize the signs of stress or anxiety.” 5．According to the study, what might a dog not feel when it is being hugged? A．Stressed. B．Uncomfortable. C．Shocked. D．Unhappy. 6．Which of the following is not the sign of stress for dogs? A．Showing its teeth. B．Folding its ears down. C．Raising one paw. D．Keeping eye contact. 7．According to the passage, what are dog owners suggested to do? A．Hug their family members more. B．Stop touching their dogs. C．Stop treating their dogs as friends. D．Leave their dogs alone. 8．What’s the main idea of this passage? A．A study shows that dogs hate being treated like children. B．A study tells owners that dogs dislike being hugged. C．A study teaches owners how to treat a stressed dog. D．A study teaches owners how to recognize an uncomfortable dog. Passage 2 (24-25高二上·四川自贡荣县中学·期中) Climate change, global warming, the greenhouse effect… these days nobody denies that there is something strange and worrying happening to the atmosphere. Scientists are puzzled by the rise in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. They are also afraid that the world may be a short way from what they consider as uncontrolled global warming. At Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, meteorologists (气象专家) have been carefully monitoring (监测) the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere for the past 50 years. Until recently, there has been a gradual increase of around 1. 5 parts per million(ppm). In 2013 the figure rose to 2. 08 ppm and in the following year they recorded an increase of 2. 54 ppm. Climate analysts feel that it is too soon to draw conclusions about the phenomenon although the public are concerned that the carbon dioxide emissions are getting out of control. Jason Samenow, the chief meteorologist in the American National Weather Service, thinks that people might have only a few years to find a solution to the problem instead of having decades. He believes that the Earth’s natural systems for absorbing the gas are breaking down, resulting in the uncontrolled greenhouse effect. He insists that something could happen if the Earth’s temperatures rose to such a degree that it was unable to contain the heat. However, one interesting aspect of this climate change is that it is not happening in a uniform way around the world. Carbon dioxide levels in the South Pole are obviously lower. This suggests that something has happened in the northern hemisphere (半球) that set off the rise. Forest fires in North America might hold the answer to the puzzle, along with very hot summers in Europe. The 2014 heat wave was certainly out of the ordinary. Statistics claim that more than 30, 000 people lost their lives as a direct result of the high temperatures. Scientists are being cautious in their interpretations. Most feel that it is too soon to say that a new trend has been set. All agree that the phenomenon needs to be closely observed. 5．According to Paragraph 1, what confuses scientists? A．Uncontrolled global warming. B．Something strange and worrying in life. C．The effects of climate change on everybody. D．The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 6．From the changing amount of the carbon dioxide in the recent 50 years, we can learn that ________. A．Every year the changes of the carbon dioxide is the same. B．It is too soon to conclude global warming is now out of control. C．Our world may be soon faced with uncontrolled global warming. D．The amount of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing sharply. 7．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．Hot summers in Europe. B．Forest fires in North America. C．Low temperatures in the South Pole. D．North and South differences in climate change. 8．How will scientists deal with the high temperatures? A．By setting a new trend soon. B．By giving a solution directly. C．By observing the phenomenon closely. D．By experiencing high temperatures personally. Passage 3 (24-25高二上·四川自贡荣县中学·期中) Experts believe that earthquakes may become more closer and stronger together as a result of climate change. The melting of glaciers is speeding up due to global warming. The land that was beneath the melted glacier water rises when it runs off land and into the sea. One of the most mysterious (神秘的) and terrible natural disasters is the earthquake. While experts can prepare when the major ones will strike, smaller ones can strike seemingly at any time, affecting entire cities and causing smaller disasters like fires, landslides and tsunamis. An upcoming rise in sea level along with glacier melting may make future earthquakes more frequent, according to John Cassidy, a seismologist. The risk of earthquakes caused by glacial retreat (后退) is less than that of which may be related to rising sea levels. Increase in sea level results in an increase in underwater pressure on the seabed and therefore on the fault (断层) lines near the shore. According to researchers, many earthquakes that are expected to occur soon near San Francisco and Los Angeles still have late earthquake cycles. The pause in sea level rise could take up to a thousand years, even in the event that we immediately ceased using greenhouse gases. There is no quick fix, however. Because we have been worsening the environment for many decades, it will take many years of efforts to solve it. Cassidy stressed that the effects of climate change will increase their risk when earthquakes occur. As sea levels rise, earthquake-caused tsunamis will spread farther inland. Increased rainfall brought on by warmer waters will enhance the possibility of landslides caused by earthquakes. “It’s an important topic, and one that I’m sure we’ll see a lot of information coming out on in the coming months and years if we continue our climate warming,” he said. 1．What is the result of glacier melting according to paragraph 1? A．New glaciers will appear. B．Climate change comes to an end. C．The land beneath is going up. D．There will be fewer fires occurring. 2．What factor might contribute more to earthquake frequency according to John Cassidy? A．Glaciers’ retreat. B．Underground water movement. C．Increased rainfall. D．Rising sea levels. 3．What does the underlined phrase “quick fix” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Good result. B．Easy solution. C．Big decision. D．Perfect reason. 4．What is John Cassidy’s attitude to the earthquakes in the future? A．Unclear. B．Uninterested. C．Concerned. D．Doubtful. 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Cassidy stressed that the effects of climate change will increase their risk when earthquakes occur. As sea levels rise, earthquake-caused tsunamis will spread farther inland. Increased rainfall brought on by warmer waters will enhance the possibility of landslides caused by earthquakes.(Cassidy强调，当地震发生时，气候变化的影响将增加它们的风险。随着海平面上升，地震引发的海啸将向内陆蔓延。温暖的海水带来的降雨增加将增加地震引起的山体滑坡的可能性。)”可知，John Cassidy对未来地震的态度是担忧的，故选C。 Passage 4 (24-25高二上·四川巴中第三中学·期中) The time for action is now, at least when it comes to climate change. If we don’t take measures that limit global warming, it may be impossible to stop its progress, according to a study published in 2018. The study claims that in 2035, we will cross a point of no return — after which it will be extremely unlikely that we can stop Earth’s temperature from rising by 2 degrees Celsius (2℃) and kicking off dangerous global disasters. The 2℃ mark is very important for Earth’s well-being. Once the planet warms an additional 2℃, scientists predict a range of disastrous effects, from widespread flooding in coastal areas to burning heat waves and extreme storms. One important area that could slow the movement toward a point of no return in 2035 is the changing from fossil fuels (矿物燃料) to renewable energy sources. But even this will require significant progress. Scientists have figured that the share of renewables worldwide must grow by at least 2 percent each year in order to slow the process toward climate change. Two percent a year may not sound like much, but in the 20 years leading up to 2017, the percentage of energy from renewables grew by a poor total of 3.6 percent. There is hope, though. If the use of renewable energy were to go beyond the scientists’ model, say by 5 percent per each year, the climate change deadline (最后期限) could move back by at least a decade, the researchers note. Also, developing technology to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere could help slow climate change. These gases change Earth’s atmosphere and allow it to capture more heat from the sun and cause temperatures to rise. “We hope that ‘having a deadline’ may stimulate the sense of urgency to act for policy makers,” Henk Dijkstra, one of the study authors, said. “Very little time is left.” 5．What might happen once the Earth warms an additional 2℃? A．The climate system will be rebuilt. B．Global warming is uncontrollable. C．Natural disasters become unavoidable. D．Timely action will no longer be necessary. 6．What does the underlined “this” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．The advances of scientific research. B．The shift from fossil fuels to renewables. C．The process of slowing down climate change. D．The increase of public environmental awareness. 7．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．The limitation of scientists’ model. B．Possible solutions to slowing climate change. C．The value of the ‘point of no return’ concept. D．Serious effects of greenhouse gases on Earth. 8．Why do the researchers set a deadline? A．To stress the need of global cooperation. B．To call on people to use renewable energy. C．To urge policy makers to take immediate action. D．To show their determination to stop global warming. Passage 5 (24-25高二上·四川眉山东坡区眉山中学校·期中) Earthquakes are among the most powerful and destructive natural phenomena on our planet. They result from plate movements, where the Earth’s crustal plates grind against each other, causing stress to build up over time. When this stress exceeds the strength of the rock, it ruptures (断裂), releasing energy in the form of seismic waves (地震波) that travel through the Earth’s interior and shake the surface. The force of an earthquake depends on the extent of rock movement, and powerful events can shake firm ground violently for great distances. Earthquakes can have catastrophic consequences, though they rarely kill people directly. Instead, deaths and injuries are often caused by falling objects, building collapses, and subsequent fires or hazardous chemical spills. So no matter where we are, knowing how to protect ourselves and our family during an earthquake is necessary. For example, when we feel the ground is shaking, find a nice piece of furniture, a chair, a sofa, or a closet, and lie down, or curl up next to it. A falling roof may compact (压实) the furniture, but will still leave a space for us to survive next to it. After earthquakes, immediate response is crucial to save lives and minimize damage. Governments, international organizations, and local communities should work together to provide emergency relief, including medical aid, food, water, shelter, and search and rescue operations. Earthquakes are unpredictable and devastating natural disasters that can have profound impacts on communities worldwide. While we cannot prevent earthquakes from happening, we can take steps to mitigate their effects through better building codes, early warning systems, and effective response and recovery efforts. By working together, we can reduce the human toll (伤亡人数) of these powerful events and build more resilient communities. 1．What is Paragraph 1 mainly about? A．What earthquakes are. B．What earthquakes cause. C．Where earthquakes occur. D．How earthquakes happen. 2．What should we do during an earthquake according to the text? A．Stay in the bedroom. B．Hide in a closet. C．Lie down next to a sofa. D．Curl up under a chair. 3．What is the key to reducing death and damage after an earthquake? A．Immediate response to others’ help. B．Quick action and cooperation at home and abroad. C．Getting connected with family and friends immediately. D．Waiting for aid from governments, communities and international organizations. 4．What does the underlined word “mitigate” in the last paragraph probably mean? A．Reduce. B．Prevent. C．Research. D．Promote. 主题01 人与社会 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·四川自贡荣县中学·期中) In addition to applying for a traditional guide dog, the visually impaired (有视觉障碍的) people will soon have another option to help with their daily life — a robot guide dog. About the size of an English Bulldog but a bit wider, the six-legged robot guide dog from Shanghai Jiao Tong University’s School of Mechanical Engineering can navigate (导航) users to destinations without running into barriers. It also has voice interaction functions and can recognize traffic light signals. With cameras, sensors, and AI technology, the robot dog can see, listen, and speak with users on daily journeys outside and be a companion at home. Professor Gao Feng, the head of the research team at SJTU, points out that with six legs, the robot guide dog can walk smoothly with high stability. “Even if three legs are raised, the structure still has three points of contact with the ground, creating a very stable base.” Gao said. He adds that operators can use a cane (手杖) to control the walking and running speed of the robot. In China, there are currently about 17.31 million visually impaired people, yet only around 400 guide dogs are available due to high training costs. People have to wait for a long time after applying for one. Unlike traditional dogs, the production of robot guide dogs could be scaled, especially in a major manufacturing center like China. “It’s a bit like cars. We can mass-produce them in the same way as cars so that it will become more affordable,” Gao said. “This could be a huge market because tens of millions of people might need guide dogs.” Li Fei, among the visually impaired people participating in the field test, believes such high technology will likely change their lives soon. “The research teams are thoughtful and are continuously making improvements,” Li said. “The robot dog is electronic, making it easier to get into public places than traditional guide dogs, I will probably try the robot guide dog when it becomes available. They can be precise and reliable as they seldom make subjective mistakes.” 1．What do we know about the robot guide dog? A．It is smaller than an English Bulldog. B．It can identify traffic light signals. C．It relies on Al technologies to move. D．It can interact with other robot guide dogs. 2．Why does the robot guide dog have six legs? A．To walk more stably. B．To support heavier loads. C．To better control its speed. D．To quickly deal with urgency. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The potential market for robot guide dogs. B．The high cost of training traditional guide dogs. C．The difficulty of applying for a robot guide dog. D．The standard of mass-producing robot guide dogs. 4．What can we infer about the robot guide dog according to Li Fei? A．It has been widely available to the public. B．It needs further improvement in accuracy. C．It will benefit visually impaired people a lot. D．It will replace traditional guide dogs in the future. Passage 2 (24-25高二上·四川眉山东坡区眉山中学校·期中) A famous springboard driver was defeated by his competitor in the finals of a world championship, offering congratulations to the winner and waving a tearful goodbye to the audience. It is common in the athletic world. Sportsmen spend the best part of their lives on hard training and competitions. When it becomes evident that they are on the decline they still make great efforts to give their best so as to bring a satisfactory end to their career. Chances to compete for the championship are few and far between. Life is short. Still shorter is the time for an athlete trying to win games. An athletic contestant really feels that there are so few opportunities and time flies. He treasures every minute, makes full use of it and tries to grasp any chance coming his way. He gets as much as he gives, winning honors not only for himself but also for his country. To participate and to win——that is the Olympic spirit. It finds expression in the weak daring to challenge the strong, and the strong searching forever better performance. Ever better—the ideal always makes a sportsman forward. He will do everything he can for it, never relax, never give up. It is said that none of the competitors can avoid being defeated—even the best is bound to be defeated by someone still stronger. This is the rule of sports—thousands of losers set off one winner who in turn will eventually be replaced by someone on the honor list. However, he is always trying to do the best he can. When the time comes and he knows he can’t, he will step down happily to give place to the younger winner, aware contentedly of the fact that he has done his best for the “ever better” records of the Olympic Games. He will say proudly that he has not lived his youth in vain. 1．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To explain a phenomenon. B．To describe a competition. C．To lead in the topic of this passage. D．To express worries about sportsmen. 2．According to the passage, what kind of ideal pushes an athlete forward? A．He wants to win people’s respect. B．He wants to win honor for his nation. C．He wants to make greater achievements than ever. D．He wants to earn more and more money and fame. 3．What can be learnt from the rule of sports? A．Whatever difficulties you have met, never give up. B．Even the strongest athlete will be defeated one day. C．You can’t live in the sports field without any effort or progress. D．You are the winner if you are brave enough to challenge the strong. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Sportsmen’s spirit. B．Sportsmen’s life. C．Sportsmen’s honor. D．Sportsmen’s pride. Passage 3 (24-25高二上·四川眉山东坡区眉山中学校·期中) 3D printing is taking home construction(建筑)to new heights. A giant printer is building what designers say is the first 3D-printed two-story house in the US. “While construction 3D printing has been around for over ten years, the technology has only started to break ground in the US homebuilding market over the last couple of years,” said Lok, the architectural designer for the project. Several 3D-printed homes have already been built or are currently in the works across a handful of states. Lok, who co-founded X, a design company, said, “My team aims to eventually scale up(扩大)the designs to be able to efficiently 3D print multifamily homes.” With the Houston home, the team is pushing the industrial printer to its limits to understand how it can stream-line(使效率更高)the technology, in the search of quickly building cost-effective and well-designed homes. “In the future, it has to be fast, simple design in order to compete with other building technologies,” said Zerle, the head of structural engineering. “We are not trying to beat the clock.” “It’s a case study. We’re learning the abilities of the machine, learning the reaction of the material under different weather conditions. We’re learning how to optimize(优化)the speed of printing. When this project is completed, we should have a very good idea of how to proceed in the future,” he added. On the design side, Lok sees opportunity to one day offer customized features at a mass scale, without excessive labor costs. “The printer doesn’t care if you print the same chair 100 times or you print 100 different chairs,” she said. “This opens up the possibility of how we can actually offer customized design for the users, whether it’s a single-family house or whether it’s a multifamily building or apartment.” 1．What can we learn about 3D printing? A．It is applied to two fields in the US. B．It is widely used in homebuilding market. C．It has been applied to building in a few states. D．It has been used in construction for less than ten years. 2．What is the purpose of Lok and her team? A．To satisfy any customer’s need. B．To increase the size of their designs. C．To use the technology in other fields. D．To understand what the technology can do 3．Why does the author quote Zerbe’s words? A．To show his advantages. B．To state the purpose of the study. C．To describe the process of the study. D．To tell others how the technology works. 4．Which can be the best title for the text? A．3D-Printed Homes Hopefully Come True B．3D-Printed Houses Are Perfect For Living C．3D Printing Levels Up Home Construction D．3D Printing is Speeding Up High-rise Buildings Passage 4 (24-25高二上·四川乐山第一中学·期中) Recently, I accidentally found a set of Hanfu l only wore once from the bottom of the cupboard. I remember buying them simply to match the ancient-style hair accessories (配饰) a friend gave me. It occurred to me that 1 had been trapped in the “birdcage effect”. “Birdcage effect” means that when you get an item one day, you will prepare more things to match it. Weeks ago, I was in the company of friends engaged in shopping. One said that she wanted to buy a good writing pen to match the delicate notebook that her sister gave her, so that she would fall in love with taking notes on reading, and thus love reading, not just reading. I joked that she must have fallen for the “birdcage effect”. But the friend said with a smile: “Why not use the ‘birdcage effect’ instead?” For the first time, I heard that the “birdcage effect” can be used in reverse (逆向). However, this can’t help but remind me of middle school, and I seem to have used the “birdcage effect”. Passing by a bookstore one day, I purchased a magazine and saw the call for contributions published in the magazine, so I started writing with eager hands, and then I fell in love with writing. After shopping with my friends that time, I began to proceed to use the “birdcage effect”. I bought a small fresh tablecloth to decorate my desk, and a beautiful notebook to record my inspiration. When everything was ready, I started writing again. But how can we get rid of the “birdcage effect” in many things, and even use the “birdcage effect” in the opposite way? Various “birdcages” unavoidably appear in life, but we can distinguish them. If it is not in line with the actual situation, it is a “negative birdcage”, then we must learn to stop losses in time and maintain a heart of abandonment and separation. If it is a “positive birdcage” that motivates us to develop upward, we can clarify our goals, shop or decorate appropriately, and motivate ourselves to move towards our goals. At this time, you will find that the “birdcage effect” is actually not so terrible! 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The application of the “birdcage effect” in life. B．The necessity of using the “birdcage effect” in life. C．The turning point of the author’s idea on the “birdcage effect”. D．The author’s conflict with her friend over the “birdcage effect”. 2．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning her middle school experience? A．To recall her delightful days at school. B．To explain the reason for her love with writing. C．To confirm the positive of the “birdcage effect”. D．To prove her knowledge of the “birdcage effect”. 3．How can we make use of the “birdcage effect” positively? A．By realizing this effect has two sides. B．By promoting our personal consumption. C．By recognizing this effect is not so terrible. D．By guiding our acts to go with reasonable goals. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Getting Rid of the Birdcage Effect Confidently B．Motivating Ourselves to Move Towards Our Goals C．The Birdcage Effect: Influence on Consumer Behavior D．The Birdcage Effect: How to Use It to Your Advantage 主题02 人与自然 Passage 1 (24-25高二上·四川内江翔龙中学·期中) Breathing dirty air can cost someone’s lifespan (寿命) months—even years, a new study finds. Worldwide, air pollution lowers average lifespans by a year. Scientists shared their new findings in Environmental Science & Technology Letters. Air pollution (污染) has been linked to many health problems. Most earlier studies have looked at how tiny air pollutants affected rates of illness or death. But now an environmental scientist, Joshua Apte, is going even further. He works at the University of Texas, Austin. He together with his team is looking at life expectancy, hoping to make the threat easier to understand. PM 2.5 is what scientists call tiny particles of pollution in the air. Higher levels of PM2.5 can cause health problems and cut months, if not years, from the average lifespan. This analysis shows pollution affects life expectancy in different parts of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends limiting PM 2.5 to 10 micrograms (微克) per cubic (立方) meter of air. Apte’s group used data to try to find how this low level would help people. But meeting the WHO standard won’t get rid of health damage from dirty air. That’s because even below 10 micrograms per cubic meter pollution still causes huge risks. Reducing air pollution could increase life expectancy. The scientists also compared how other threats shorten life spans across the globe. These risk factors included smoking and cancer. These results show that in poor countries, cleaning up dirty air could greatly increase lifespans. It could have as big an effect as cleaning up drinking water, or curing lung cancer. However, in wealthier countries air pollution shortens life expectancy by less than half a year. All forms of cancer, in fact, shorten the average life expectancy by more than 3.5 years. “Knowing this can really help people. or policymakers, decide where to spend their money.” says Kirk Smith. 5．Why is Joshua Apte’s team carrying out the study? A．Know how small air pollutants are. B．Study many different healthy problems. C．Let people understand air pollution better. D．Study the life expectancy of different people. 6．What will happen if one country limits PM 2.5 to 10 micrograms per cube meter? A．Its air is very clean. B．It still has pollution risks. C．It will get a prize from WHO. D．Its people will live a healthy life. 7．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．It’s very hard to clean up dirty air in a short time. B．Lung cancer is the leading killer in all kinds of cancers. C．Reducing air pollution can increase all people’s lifespans much. D．The study will help different countries or people take different policies. 8．What can be the best title for the text? A．Air Pollution is Shortening Lives Worldwide B．Many Factors are Affecting People’s Health C．Governments are Trying to Make Lifespan Long D．The Effect of Cancer is Worse than Dirty Air Passage 2 (24-25高二上·四川仁寿第一中学校（北校区）·期中) There’s so much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air that just planting trees and protecting forests won’t solve the problem. When plants and trees die, the carbon they’ve stored gets released again. Moreover, the CO2 in the atmosphere is much more dilute than in, for example, waste gas from a power station or a steel plant. Capturing CO2 from the air is the most expensive application of carbon capture. Direct Air Capture (DAC) is one type of technological carbon removal, which obtains CO2 directly from the atmosphere at any location, unlike carbon capture which is generally carried out at the point of emissions. The CO2 can be permanently stored in deep geological formations or used for a variety of applications. Graphyte is a US company working on DAC． The company claims its carbon capture method is cheap, mainly because it lets plants do the work. The company collects unwanted wood products from farmers and furniture companies. It dries this “biomass” completely so that it can’t break down. Graphyte then smashes (打碎) the dried plants into small bricks which it seals in a special wrapper and buries deep underground. Graphyte says its process doesn’t use much energy and can work anywhere. The plant and tree material the process uses would release carbon if it wasn’t treated. And the cost is less than$100 to capture a ton of CO2. The company is building a factory, but it’s not running yet. Not everyone is excited about this carbon removal. Some people worry that it will take too long for DAC technology to become powerful enough to make a difference. Others worry that focusing on removing carbon could take attention away from more important climate actions, like switching from fossil fuels to renewable energy. But experts say the decision isn’t to do one or the other. The world needs to end fossil fuel use and pull carbon out of the air. 1．What does the author intend to tell us in the first paragraph? A．Trees can purify the air in the sky. B．Plants release more carbon dioxide. C．Removing carbon from air is challenging. D．CO2 emission reduction is urgently needed. 2．What does the underlined word “dilute” in Paragraph 1 mean? A．Beneficial. B．Thin. C．Harmful. D．Concentrated. 3．What can we know about Graphyte’s DAC project? A．Its cost is relatively low. B．It is in good operation now. C．Its working condition is demanding. D．It turns carbon into building materials. 4．What is the experts’ opinion about DAC technology? A．It will make a difference soon. B．It can replace renewable energy in time. C．It will result in more environmental concerns. D．It can work together with other climate measures. Passage 3 (24-25高二上·四川仁寿第一中学校（北校区）·期中) Plants cannot run or hide, so they need other strategies to avoid being eaten. Some curl up their leaves, others produce chemicals to make themselves taste bad if they sense animals drooling on them, chewing them up or laying eggs on them — all signals of an attack. New research now shows some flora can feel a plant-eating animal well before it launches an attack, letting a plant prepare a preemptive (先发制人的) defense that even works against other pest species. When ecologist John Orrock of the University of Wisconsin-Madison sprayed snail slime — a liquid the animals release as they slide along — onto soil, nearby tomato plants appeared to notice. They increased their levels of an enzyme (酶), which is known to prevent plant-eating animals. “None of the plants were ever actually attacked,” Orrock says. “We just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming, and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry.” Initially Orrock found this defense worked against snails; in the latest study, his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat. The investigators found that hungry caterpillars (毛虫), which usually eat tomato leaves greedily, had no appetite for them after the plants were exposed to snail slime and activated their chemical resistance. This nonspecific defense may be a strategy that benefits the plants by further improving their overall possibilities of survival, says Orrock, who reported the results with his colleagues in March in Oecologia. The finding that a snail’s approach can cause a plant response that affects a different animal made Richard Karban curious, a plant communications expert, who was not involved in the study. “It is significant that the plants are responding before being damaged and that these cues are having such far-ranging effects,” Karban says. The research was comprehensive, he adds, but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them. “That’s the million-dollar question,” Orrock says. He hopes future research will make out the mechanisms that enable plants to sense these relatively distant cues. 1．Why did John Orrock spray a liquid onto soil near tomato plants? A．Because it gives them a warning. B．Because it makes them grow better. C．Because it keeps plant-eating animals away. D．Because it informs plant-eating animals of danger. 2．Why is the example of “caterpillars” mentioned in Paragraph 3? A．To introduce another animal. B．To confirm the result of the study. C．To appeal to people to protect animals. D．To analyze different resistance chemicals. 3．What does Richard Karban really want to know? A．What the finding of the research is. B．What the chemicals in the snail slime are. C．Whether the research is of practical value. D．How tomato plants become aware of danger. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Watchful Plants B．Greedy Animals C．A Snail’s Approach D．A Defense Attack Passage 4 (24-25高二上·四川攀枝花第三中学·期中) Dog owners often believe that their pets understand commands such as “sit” and “stay”, and even associate words with their favorite objects. “Bring me your ball” will often result in exactly that. But science has had trouble determining whether dogs and other animals truly create a mental image in their minds upon hearing the name of an object, a relationship with language called referential understanding, which would suggest a deeper understanding of language, like the kind that humans have. A recent study conducted in Hungary, appearing in Current Biology, explores this issue. It involved 18 dogs and employed a non-invasive EEG procedure to measure their brain activity. Researchers played audio clips of their owners saying the names of objects, such as “ball” or “frisbee”, and then showed the dogs either the corresponding object or a different one to see if dogs would show a distinct brain response when the object matched the word compared to when it did not. Boros, a co-lead writer of the study, said “A different brain pattern appeared when the dogs were shown an object that matched the word compared to when it did not, indicating that they might create a mental image of the object upon hearing its name. That was previously unproven.” Lilla Magyari, another co-lead writer, noted that while other animals have shown some level of referential understanding, they often require extensive training. In contrast, the study suggests that in dogs, such abilities appear to be inborn and require no special training or talent. This finding supports that referential understanding is not necessarily unique to humans. Despite the study’s promising results, some experts are skeptical. Clive Wynne from Arizona State University argued on Facebook that the study only demonstrates dogs’ responses to stimuli (刺激物), rather than an understanding of specific words. He doubts whether dogs grasp the exact meaning of words. Scientists believe the first dogs began to be kept by humans up to 30,000 years ago. The animals have lived closely alongside us ever since. However, whether this long history of cohabitation contributed to their ability to understand referential language remains an open question. 5．What does “referential understanding” refer to? A．Associating words with emotions. B．Responding actively to commands. C．Forming mental images of objects. D．Learning objects through training. 6．How did researchers test dogs’ brain responses? A．By using different audio tones. B．By adjusting shapes of objects. C．By matching objects with words. D．By comparing different objects. 7．Which does Clive Wynne agree with about the study? A．It overestimates dogs’ cognitive abilities. B．It is widely accepted by the scientific field. C．It proves dogs know specific words very well. D．It provides a new insight about dogs’ evolution. 8．What’s the text mainly about? A．What dog owners’ belief about their pets is. B．What dogs’ response to the different objects is. C．Whether we can train dogs to follow commands. D．Whether referential understanding exists in Dogs. 1/3 1/3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $