专题04 阅读理解（议论文）（期中真题汇编）高一英语上学期人教版

专题04 阅读理解 议论文 主题01 人与自然——自然生态与环境保护 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·云南文山·期中） Every time you buy a bottle of water, grab a takeaway meal, or use a disposable straw, you’re contributing to a global crisis: plastic pollution. While plastic is convenient, its impact on the environment is devastating—and far more long-lasting than most people realize. First, plastic waste chokes our oceans. Marine biologists estimate that over 8 million tons of plastic enter oceans yearly, killing sea turtles, seabirds, and fish that mistake it for food. A recent study found that 90% of seabirds have plastic in their stomachs, and even deep-sea creatures, living 10,000 meters below the surface, are not safe. This isn’t just a tragedy for wildlife; it’s a threat to humans too. Microplastics—tiny pieces of broken-down plastic—have been found in drinking water, seafood, and even the air we breathe, with unknown effects on our health. Second, plastic production harms ecosystems. To make plastic, we extract fossil fuels like oil and gas, which releases greenhouse gases and accelerates climate change. Factories also dump toxic waste into rivers, poisoning soil and water sources. What’s worse, most plastic isn’t recycled. Only 9% of all plastic ever made has been recycled; the rest ends up in landfills, where it can take 500 years to decompose. Some argue that plastic is too useful to give up. While it’s true that plastic has benefits—from medical equipment to food packaging—we can replace single-use items with eco-friendly alternatives. Cloth bags, glass bottles, and metal straws are simple swaps. Governments can also play a role by banning plastic bags or taxing disposable products, as many countries already do. The choice is clear: convenience shouldn’t come at the cost of our planet. Reducing plastic waste isn’t just a trend—it’s a responsibility we owe to future generations. 1.What is the main harm of plastic waste to oceans? A. It makes ocean water undrinkable. B. It kills marine life and enters the food chain. C. It causes ships to crash into marine creatures. D. It blocks sunlight from reaching underwater plants. 2.The underlined word “decompose” in Paragraph 3 probably means ______. A. to break down into natural materials B. to release harmful gases C. to be collected and reused D. to become more dangerous 3.Why do some people oppose reducing plastic use? A. They don’t care about the environment. B. They think plastic is necessary for daily life. C. They believe plastic pollution is not serious. D. They want to protect fossil fuel industries. 4.What can we infer from the passage? A. All plastic products should be banned immediately. B. Recycling is the best solution to plastic pollution. C. Individual actions and government policies can reduce plastic waste. D. Microplastics have already caused serious health problems in humans. Passage 2 （24-25高一上·湖北·期中）Imagine a forest where only one type of tree grows. If a disease kills that tree, the entire forest dies. This is the danger of losing biodiversity—the variety of life on Earth. Biodiversity is not just about saving cute animals; it’s the foundation of healthy ecosystems that humans depend on for survival. First, diverse ecosystems are more resilient. For example, rainforests with thousands of plant species can recover from storms or fires better than monoculture forests (where only one species grows). Bees, butterflies, and birds pollinate 75% of the world’s food crops, ensuring we have fruits, vegetables, and nuts. If these pollinators disappear, our food supply will collapse. Similarly, predators like wolves control deer populations, preventing overgrazing and protecting plant life. Second, biodiversity provides medical breakthroughs. Many life-saving drugs come from nature: aspirin from willow trees, cancer treatments from sea sponges, and antibiotics from soil bacteria. If species go extinct, we lose potential cures. Scientists estimate that less than 1% of Earth’s species have been studied for medicinal value—who knows what treatments we’re losing as species vanish? Sadly, biodiversity is declining faster than ever. Human activities like deforestation, overfishing, and pollution have caused a “sixth mass extinction,” with up to 1 million species at risk. This isn’t just a loss for nature; it’s a threat to human well-being. Protecting biodiversity isn’t optional. We can support protected areas like national parks, reduce our carbon footprint, and choose sustainable products (e.g., certified organic food). Every species, no matter how small, plays a role in nature’s balance. As biologist E.O. Wilson said, “The one process now going on that will take millions of years to correct is the loss of genetic and species diversity by the destruction of natural habitats. This is the folly our descendants are least likely to forgive us.” 5.Why does the author mention a forest with only one type of tree? A. To explain how forests recover from storms. B. To show the importance of biodiversity. C. To argue that monoculture forests are useless. D. To describe the beauty of diverse ecosystems. 6. What is the role of pollinators like bees? A. They control the population of dangerous predators. B. They help plants produce food crops humans need. C. They provide ingredients for life-saving drugs. D. They prevent diseases from spreading in forests. 7. The underlined word “resilient” in Paragraph 2 probably means ______. A. easy to destroy B. slow to grow C. able to recover from difficulties D. dependent on human protection 8. What is the author’s main point? A. Humans should focus on saving cute or useful species. B. Biodiversity is crucial for ecosystems and human survival. C. Medical progress is more important than protecting species. D. Extinction is a natural process that humans can’t stop. Passage 3 （24-25高一上·上海·期中） Many people think environmental protection is only for governments or big companies. They argue, “What can one person do against climate change or deforestation?” But this belief is wrong. Individual actions, when multiplied by millions, have the power to change the world. First, everyday choices reduce carbon footprints. The average person’s carbon footprint—the amount of greenhouse gases they produce—comes mostly from transportation, energy use, and diet. For example, taking a bus instead of driving a car cuts emissions by 50%. Turning off lights and using energy-saving bulbs reduces electricity use, which often relies on coal or gas. Even diet matters: raising cattle for meat produces more greenhouse gases than growing vegetables, so eating less meat can lower your footprint significantly. These small changes, when adopted by many, reduce global emissions. Second, consumer choices drive corporate behavior. Companies respond to demand: if people stop buying products with plastic packaging, brands will switch to eco-friendly alternatives. For instance, when customers boycotted a major coffee chain for using disposable cups, the company introduced reusable mugs with discounts. Similarly, choosing products with “sustainable” or “organic” labels encourages farmers and manufacturers to adopt green practices. As environmentalist Annie Leonard said, “Every time you spend money, you’re casting a vote for the kind of world you want.” Critics say individual actions are insignificant compared to industrial pollution. While it’s true that factories and power plants are major emitters, this doesn’t mean individuals are powerless. Citizens can pressure governments to pass stricter environmental laws—through voting, protests, or petitions. For example, teenage activist Greta Thunberg started a solo school strike for climate, which grew into a global movement involving millions, pushing world leaders to act. In conclusion, no action is too small. Whether it’s recycling, reducing waste, or speaking up for the planet, every choice counts. As the saying goes, “The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.” 9. What is the main idea of Paragraph 2? A. Cows produce more greenhouse gases than cars. B. Individual choices can reduce carbon emissions. C. The average person’s carbon footprint is too large. D. People should stop driving cars to protect the environment. 10. The underlined word “boycotted” in Paragraph 3 probably means ______. A. refused to buy or use something as a protest B. praised publicly for good environmental practices C. bought in large quantities to support a company D. ignored completely because of poor quality 11. Why does the author mention Greta Thunberg? A. To show that teenagers care more about the environment. B. To prove that individual actions can inspire large movements. C. To argue that students should skip school for climate protests. D. To explain how governments respond to environmental issues. 12. What can we learn from the passage? A. Individual actions are useless against industrial pollution. B. The only way to reduce emissions is to change your diet. C. Consumer choices and public pressure can drive environmental change. D. Governments are solely responsible for protecting the environment. 主题02 人与自我——情绪管理与心理健康 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·天津·期中）There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or a product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a rise, the student whose grades improve,the foreigner who learns a new language — all these examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage,as they meet with new experiences and unexpected difficulties. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to face the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is necessary for our ability to grow. Do we sec ourselves as quick and curious? If so, we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of fear can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and we think we are slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to deal with a new challenge. Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all. These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we protect ourselves too much, then we stop growing. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making, 1．In the author’s eye, one who views personal growth as a process, would ______. A．succeed in climbing up the social ladder B．grow up from his own achievements C．face difficulties and take up challenges D．aim high and reach his goal each time 2．Which of the following can be viewed as the process of personal growing? A．Our manager was always willing to accept new challenges. B．Jane won the first prize in the speech competition. C．Jerry picked up French during his stay in Paris D．Father’s salary rose from 5,000 to 7,000. 3．For personal growth, the author is in favor of all the following EXCEPT ______. A．being curious about more changes B．being quick in self-adaptation C．having an open mind to new experiences D．staying away from failures and challenges 4．The underlined word “indecisive” can be replaced by ______. A．unable B．uncertain C．uneasy D．unkind 5．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A．It is not so easy to measure personal growth. B．To try and fail on the new road facing the unknown is unavoidable. C．People’s willingness to face the unknown plays a neg give part in personal growth. D．If you are too shy to take any risks in life, you cannot grow up. Passage 2 （24-25高一上·青海西宁·期中） Everyone gets angry from time to time. Many situations make us feel angry, such as arguments with your brother, difficulties with your schoolwork, or feeling misunderstood, and many others. Anger is not always a bad thing. It may be helpful if it inspires us to meet a challenge or correct something that has gone wrong. It can also help us work harder to master a skill, to overcome a personal weakness, or stand up for what we believe in. On the other hand, anger may be harmful, especially if there is much more than reasonable. Anger may be outward or inward. Outward expressions of anger include some behaviors, such as shouting at someone, throwing things, or physically attacking others. Inward expressions of anger are times in which anger just exists without us being aware of how angry we are. In either case, anger may have a bad effect on our health, relationships, and daily activities. As parents, you have a very great influence on your kids’ behavior. No matter how old, your children are watching and learning from you, which leads to your kids using similar ways to react to all sorts of situations. So, if you let your anger get in or out of control in response to an event, your kid especially young children are more likely to see this as a model, and repeat it in their own way. Managing anger is important both for your own life and for your kids’ development. If you lose control of your anger in front of your kids, it’s wise to have a conversation and apologize for the way you reacted once you are calm — even if it has nothing to do with your children. If your anger or your child’s anger is working against you, there are many effective ways to manage it. 6．What is the attitude of the writer towards anger? _________ A．Positive. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Negative. 7．What can be inferred from the passage? _________ A．Anger inwards is more harmful than that outwards. B．The adult children can do the same as their parents. C．Parents have a good or bad effect on their children. D．Parents are usually able to get their anger in control. 8．If you get angry in front of your children, what should you do according to the writer? _________ A．Decide if it’s helpful to your children. B．Discuss whether you should be angry. C．Make an explanation to your children. D．Make an apology for your being angry. 9．What will probably be talked about in the following paragraphs? _________ A．The possible reaction to your apology. B．Many effective ways to deal with anger. C．The importance to manage anger for you. D．The proper time to talk with your children. Passage 3 （24-25高一上·北京昌平·期中） “Know thyself” is the most famous saying of Greek philosophy. The idea of self-knowledge is so foundational to a meaningful existence. In his tragedy (悲剧) Thyestes, the Stoic philosopher Seneca writes, “Death lies heavily on him / Who, though to all the world well known, / Is stranger to himself alone.” And as Shakespeare asserts in his comedy As You Like It, “The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man /knows himself to be a fool.” What exactly does it mean to know yourself? For neuroscientists, self-knowledge is the combination of two forms of information, your own self-beliefs and your perceptions of how others view you. This technical definition of self-knowledge concerns only the mechanisms involved and does not say anything about the quality of the information. In effect, if you think you’re a rooster and believe others see you as one too, that counts as self-knowledge. However, I strongly question that the thinkers at Greece had a bit more in mind than this; they no doubt meant “Know thyself accurately.” That is a much taller order, requiring a huge quantity of truthful information about your inner states — attitudes, beliefs, emotions, and motives. Accurate self-knowledge also means avoiding mistakes and correcting illusions, being completely honest with yourself, and predicting how you will feel and react in the future. By this impossibly strict standard, we probably all overestimate our capacity for accurate self-knowledge. Psychological experiments have revealed that ratings of one’s own self-assessments are “moderate to poor” in accuracy and are generally less sound than external evaluations. One reason is that we’re likely to make cognitive (认知的) errors about what we see happening in our lives. Researchers have found that humans are easy to miss seeing our problems, mistakes, and opportunities. Many things in our lives go unnoticed because we don’t know the language for them or don’t understand them. This is called hypo-cognition, a deficit of cognition. In studies exploring this phenomenon, British participants were more likely to notice cheese than Asian dumplings in their daily lives, while Chinese participants noticed the reverse. Much of our self-knowledge deficit comes from willful ignorance. Psychologists have long observed the human tendency to use motivated reasoning to reassure ourselves that our opinions are right, to ignore critical self-reflective information, and generally to maintain positive illusions and find ways to avoid facing reality-based negative emotions. So basic and necessary to our being are these traits that collectively they have been called our “psychological immune system.” This characteristic rationalizing is almost certainly based in our biology. This human capacity to maintain ignorance in the face of potentially negative self-knowledge might make you more comfortable in the short term, but it leads to many missed opportunities for greater well-being and success in the long run. Research has shown that more honest self-awareness — of both positive and negative information — improves self-development because you know what to improve. This enables better personal decision making rooted in accurate information, especially when striving toward goals. 10．The author mentions Seneca and Shakespeare mainly to ______. A．draw a comparison B．give a suggestion C．explain a concept D．strengthen an argument 11．As for the definition of self-knowledge from neuroscientists, the author is ______. A．appreciative B．suspicious C．unconcerned D．neutral 12．What does the term “hypo-cognition” underlined in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．The inability to process truthful information. B．The refusal to reflect on negative information. C．The lack of concepts to describe specific experiences. D．The tendency to spot cultural differences in perception. 13．It is implied in this passage that we should ______. A．focus on negative rather than positive feedback B．follow the beliefs and emotions of our internal states C．stop making excuses for unfavorable self-knowledge D．spare no effort to get rid of imperfect self-knowledge 主题03 人与社会——社会文化与生活方式 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·河南郑州·期中） The Engel coefficient (恩格尔系数) is an economic idea that describes the relationship between income and consumption (消费) on food. If the figure is high, then it is often believed that the standard of living is low, as a large share of income is spent on food. However, recently a topic has become popular on Chinese social media platforms, where many people have begun to question whether the Engel coefficient is relevant (相关的) in China. As an old saying goes, “Food is of primary importance to the people.” This stresses the significant difference between China’s food culture and consumption habits and those of Western countries. Chinese people are willing to spend more money and energy on food. “In the past, I earned 100 yuan a day and spent half of it on food. Now I earn 1,000 yuan a day, and I still spend half of it on food. Having a good meal makes my day,” a blogger commented. Food in China is a science, a social activity and an art. Whether on a snack street, in a restaurant or at someone’s home, food is often the common ground over which people gather to talk and share. “Many aspects of Chinese spiritual culture are connected to food, from management to communication,” Wang Xuetai, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, told Guangming Daily. “Chinese traditional culture focuses on seeing society and life from the view of food, and Chinese people are very good at enjoying the beauty and meaning found in everyday meals.” These factors make consumption habits in China different from those in other countries, making the Engel coefficient not able to completely reflect the living standards of Chinese people. Moreover, this public concern shows just how deeply food is valued in Chinese society. 1．Why do many people question the relevance of the Engel coefficient in China? A．The Engel coefficient is an outdated economic idea. B．Rising living standards have weakened consumption. C．China’s economic structure differs basically from others. D．Chinese food culture and consumption habits are unique. 2．What is the purpose of mentioning the blogger’s words? A．To show the blogger’s unique consumption habit. B．To compare income growth with stable food expenses. C．To illustrate the significance of food in Chinese culture. D．To stress the importance of individual financial management. 3．What role does Wang Xuetai think food plays in Chinese culture? A．It shapes modern consumption trends. B．It connects spiritual values and social life. C．It serves as a base for traditional social practices. D．It acts as a way for management and policy-making. 4．Why might the Engel coefficient mislead in assessing Chinese living standards? A．Chinese people prefer saving to spending on food. B．The Chinese government encourages daily food consumption. C．Western countries have higher food costs compared to China. D．Food consumption in China includes cultural and social values. Passage 2 （24-25高一上·陕西咸阳·期中）When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance, the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as me re entertainment (娱乐), but certainly not an education priority (优先). This view is shortsighted. In fact, music education is beneficial and important for all students. Music tells us who we are. Because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it reflects their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from. Rock music represents a lifestyle just as surely as a Schubert song. The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions. Music expresses our character and values. It gives us identity as a society. Music provides a kind of perception (感知) that cannot be acquired in any other way. Science can explain how the sun rises and sets. The arts explore the emotional meaning of the same phenomenon. We need every possible way to discover and respond to our world for one simple but powerful reason: No one way can get it all. The arts are forms of thought as powerful in what they communicate as mathematical and scientific symbols. They are ways we human beings “talk” to each other. They are the language of civilization through which we express our fears, our curiosities, our hungers, our discoveries, and our hopes. The arts are ways we give form to our ideas and imagination so that they can be shared with others. When we do not give children access to an important way of expressing themselves such as music, we take away from them the meanings that music expresses. Science and technology do not tell us what it means to be human. The arts do. Music is an important way we express human suffering, celebration, the meaning and value of peace and love. So music education is far more necessary than people seem to realize. 5．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To share a student’s experience. B．To lead into the topic. C．To describe a new study. D．To introduce some ways of entertainment. 6．In Paragraph 2, the author uses jazz as an example to ______. A．compare it with rock music B．introduce American musical traditions C．show music reflects a society D．prove music is as useful as other subjects 7．What do we know about the arts and science according to the passage? A．They explain what it means to be human differently. B．They explore different phenomena of the world. C．They express people’s feelings in different ways. D．They approach the world from different points of view. 8．What is the author’s attitude to the influence of music education on students? A．Unknown. B．Positive. C．Negative. D．Doubtful. Passage 3 （24-25高一上·安徽合肥·期中） Email has brought the art of letter writing back to life, but some experts think the resulting spread of bad English does more harm than good. Email is a form of communication that is changing, for the worse, the way we write and use language, say some communication researchers. It is also changing the way we communicate and build relationship. These are a few of the recently recognised features of email, say experts, which should cause individuals and organizations to rethink the way they use email. “Email has increased the spread of careless writing habits,” says Naomi Baron, a professor of linguistics (语言学) at an American university. She says the poor spelling, grammar, punctuation and sentence structure of email reflect a growing unconcern about the way we write. Baron argues that we shouldn’t forgive and forget the poor writing often shown in email. “The more we use email and its tasteless writing, the more it becomes the normal way of writing,” the professor says. Others say that despite its poor writing, email has finished what several generations of English teachers couldn’t: it has made writing fashionable again. “Email is a critical new communication technology.” says Ian Lancashire, a professor of English at Toronto University. “It fills the gap between spoken language and the formal methods of writing that existed before email. It is the purest form of written speech.” Lancashire says email has the mysterious ability to get people who are usually scared by writing to get their thoughts flowing easily onto a blank screen. He says this is because of email’s close similarity to speech. “It’s like a circle of four or five people around a campfire,” he says. Still, he accepts that this new-found freedom to express themselves often gets people into trouble. Emails sent in a day almost exceed (超过) the number of letters mailed in a year. But more people are recognising the content of a typical email message is not often exact. 9．From what Baron says in the third paragraph we can see that . A．people communicate by email with many mistakes B．email requires people to change their native language C．professors in universities don’t need to use email D．careless people use email more than careful people 10．What does the underlined word “critical” in paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Serious. B．Different. C．Important. D．Senior. 11．In Lancashire’s opinion, email is a wonderful technology because . A．it can be useful all over the world B．we can express ourselves in a free way C．it is the fastest way to communicate D．we can save a lot of paper 12．This passage mainly shows us that . A．email makes people lose interest in English B．experts hold different opinions about email writing C．Americans only use email to communicate D．people should stop using email to communicate 主题01 人与社会——人际沟通与社会互动 Passage 1 （23-24高一上·福建厦门·期中） It is commonly believed that children lack the ability to fully appreciate the experiences and wisdom of their elders, while many assume that the older generation cannot understand the young. However, the truth is that both age groups have valuable lessons to offer one another. In my city, there is Smith’s Care Home, overseen by James Smith. While primarily catering to the elderly, this organization goes beyond age boundaries. Alongside elderly residents, the care home also houses a childcare center for preschool kids. Within the care home, a playground allows the elderly to engage and interact with the children. This idea is inspiring, given the growing population of senior citizens in our world. As the global population ages, younger individuals must comprehend and support the elderly. Through intergenerational connections, the young can benefit from the wisdom and experiences of older generations. Valuable insights and guidance offered by the elderly help the younger generation navigate challenges and make informed decisions. This mutual exchange creates a win-win situation, where generations contribute to each other’s well-being. Sadly, I never had the opportunity to experience the world through the eyes of my own grandparents, as they had passed away before I was born. Consequently, their lives remain a mystery to me - - - challenging to comprehend or explain. Nonetheless, I firmly believe that I can still gain wisdom from other individuals belonging to older generations. While some of their beliefs and notions may appear outdated, and they may view my generation’s perspectives as unconventional or incorrect, there is still much we can learn from one another. 1．What is special about the Smith’s Care Home? A．It is only a childcare center actually. B．The elderly look after kids carefully there. C．It accepts both the elderly and pre-school kids. D．It caters to both grandparents and their grandchildren. 2．In the writer’s opinion, what problem is the world facing? A．There are more and more old people. B．The world’s population is dropping rapidly. C．The world is short of care homes for old people. D．Many children don’t grow up with their grandparents. 3．How does the writer develop his/ her idea in this text? A．By giving examples. B．By listing numbers. C．By raising questions. D．By making comparison. 4．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To explain why the world’s population ages. B．To encourage different generations to learn from each other. C．To show that older generations’ ways of thinking are incorrect. D．To persuade the young to take care of the elderly. Passage 2 （24-25高一上·北京·期中） In the early days of the Internet, tech enthusiasts envisioned it as a revolutionary platform for spreading truth and ensuring the triumph of liberty. However, the outcome has often been the opposite. Despite our access to the most sophisticated information technologies, we are losing the ability to engage in meaningful conversations. Over the past two decades, algorithms have been designed to capture attention by manipulating online interactions, experimenting on users as if they were human guinea pigs. By tapping into emotions such as greed, hate, and fear, these systems can keep individuals glued to their screens. Initially, these algorithms could only promote existing content, but this dynamic is changing with the emergence of generative A．I.s like Open AI’s GPT-4. The potential of A．I. to facilitate conversations, understand human perspectives, and inspire actions could lead to beneficial outcomes. Imagine a future where A．I. teachers, doctors, and therapists provide tailored services that meet individual needs. Yet, the rise of bots like GPT-4 also presents significant risks. By combining manipulative capabilities with sophisticated language skills, these A．I.s can facilitate seemingly intimate relationships with users, influencing their thoughts and actions without any genuine emotional foundation. In 2022, Google engineer Blake Lemoine became convinced that the chatbot LaMDA, had become conscious and was afraid to be turned off. Mr. Lemoine felt it was his moral duty to gain recognition for LaMDA’s personhood and protect it from digital death. When Google dismissed his claims, Mr. Lemoine went public with them. Google fired him as a result. The most interesting thing about this was not his claim, but his willingness to risk his job for the chatbot. If a chatbot can influence people like that, what else could it induce us to do? Of course, we are not all equally susceptible to being manipulated by the bots. However, much of the threat of A．I.’s mastery of intimacy will result from its ability to identify and manipulate pre-existing mental conditions, and from its impact on the weakest members of society. Moreover, while not all of us will consciously choose to enter a relationship with an A．I., we might conduct online discussions about climate change with what we think are humans but are actually bots. When we engage in a debate with a bot impersonating a human, we lose twice. First, it is pointless for us to waste time in trying to change the opinions of a bot. Second, the more we talk with the bot, the more we disclose about ourselves, making it easier for the bot to hone its arguments and sway our views. A．I.s are welcome to join many conversations, in the classroom, for one, provided they identify themselves as A．I.s. But if a bot pretends to be human, it should be banned. If tech giants and libertarians complain that such measures violate freedom of speech, they should be reminded that freedom of speech is a human right that should be reserved for humans, not bots. 5．What can be inferred from the first three paragraphs? A．Human communication is weakened by technology. B．Humans are confused by sophisticated technology. C．The new generation of AI is met with oppositions. D．The development of AI falls short of expectations. 6．The example of Blake Lemoine is used to _______. A．reveal the culture of tech companies B．stress the importance of moral duty C．point out a human weakness D．promote the intelligence of AI 7．As for the possibility of developing relationship with AI, the author is _______. A．supportive B．critical C．doubtful D．cautious 8．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Greed, Hate, and Fear: A Warning from Tech Engineers B．AI and the Manipulation: The New Threats of Generative AI C．Chatbots with Fake Intimacy: Time to Dismiss Advanced AI D．Humanity vs. Machines: Protecting Free Speech in the Age of AI Passage 3 （24-25高一上·广东广州·期中） It all started on the day I was binge-watching a talkshow in which the host uttered these wise words: “School in Shakespeare’s day and age was vastly different from our own. In fact, it was far easier because students didn’t have to study Shakespeare.” I laughed when I heard this statement and then realized how rightful the claim is. I mean, most of us were not enthusiastic when we saw the name Shakespeare in a lesson or an assignment title, even for someone who enjoys reading, analyzing pieces of literature, and writing. It’s pretty obvious that the manner in which the current school system handles art affects most students’ understanding of it. When we are given a certain assignment based on, let’s say, a play, many of us subconsciously connect our experience and opinion of that play based on how good or bad the process of completing that assignment was, especially if that was the first time we ever watched or read it. We stop appreciating the work in front of us and start choosing to notice only the elements necessary to help us complete that assignment. The beauty, joy, or even awe of reading and watching that play no longer exists. Art is subjective. Each individual has a unique understanding of it. The features that make an artwork excellent are how well the piece succeeds in attracting us with its idea, how it affects us emotionally, and what we experience during our interaction with it. To have that free interaction removed will not only hurt the piece but also how students will engage with similar works in the future. One of the fundamental solutions is to embrace the individuality that art brings — the liberty for a person to understand and interact with a piece through the lens of experiences lived, ideas absorbed, and emotions felt. Just like anyone, students are human beings. By nature, classes and courses must have structure. Hence, it would be complicated if we leave total freedom to students. Therefore, we could have a theme, topic, or style for each lesson rather than assigning the same text to all of the students. Based on the theme or topic of the lesson, the students would freely choose a piece of their liking to engage with. Doing so is not just another assignment but an extension of their interaction with an artwork. Art is a reflection of the human experience. To quote from John Keating, played by the great Robin Williams: “We read and write poetry because we are members of the human race. And the human race is filled with passion.” That is true for all forms of art. By changing the way that art is taught in schools, we can help students to see art as a valuable and enjoyable part of their lives. Ultimately, the goal of art education should be to help students develop a lifelong appreciation for art. 9．The author thinks when learning Shakespeare’s works in class, students will probably _______. A．experience joy in analyzing them B．find his works different yet easier C．realize it is quite right to study them D．wish they were in Shakespeare’s age 10．What leads to the problem with art appreciation? A．Students’ lack of creativity. B．Individuals’ varied opinions. C．The assignment-driven approach. D．The complexity of literary works. 11．According to the author, a good art class should be the one where _______. A．teachers choose a piece of their liking B．students freely pick out a theme they enjoy C．teachers encourage deep analysis of the same text D．students establish personal connection with artworks 12．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Why Students Hate Art Class B．The Lost Joy of Art Appreciation C．How to Connect Literature with Reality D．The Crisis of the Current School System 主题02 人与自我——成长蜕变与自我认知。 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·北京朝阳·期中） “If you can in one day renew yourself, do so everyday”, declared Shang Dynasty founder Cheng Tang. This is a nice motto to live by, and certainly more romantic than American poet Ezra Pound’s “Make it New”, a catchphrase of the modernist movement. Most of us tend to fight change and seek stability, yet as French philosopher Henry Bergson notes, “life is endlessly continued creation.” We notice change only when it’s sudden and final, like when we change careers, or sell our forever home. But Bergson argues that change is everlasting, not just in these moments. Our past follows us at every instant and leans over the present, and the direction it takes is “new, unique, and unforeseen”. It is a comforting thought that we press upon our future at every moment in totally novel ways. But it also helps explain the quiet sadness we feel when life is going well, just like trying to hold onto sand falling through one’s fingers. Bergson didn’t like “clock time” — the mechanical ticking of seconds. He preferred “duration”, where time flows continuously, rather than a series of separated moments. We are the dancer who moves through time, making it up as she goes along. Ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus acknowledged that the only unchanging force in life is change. Driving this process of change is the tension of opposites such as life and death, day and night, wet and dry. Struggle and disagreement are important to the creation of new things; creativity arises from the dynamic interplay of opposing forces. Similarly, the Taijim (Yin-Yang symbol) represents such interplay. Yin is connected with qualities like darkness, the moon, and the earth. Yang is connected with qualities such as light, the sun, and heaven. The combined pattern indicates that they are interdependent, out of which arises a stable balance. Like most crossroads in life — “Should I put my money in a high- risk investment or play it safe?”, or “Should I settle down or keep exploring?” — the internal struggle is full of tension. But it's this tension that brings about new ideas, new plans, new destiny. Pound’s cry to “Make it New” is happening to us whether we like it or not. We have no choice but to ride along this current of never-ending newness. As Alan Watts says, “The only way to make sense out of change is to dive into it, move with it, and join the dance.” 1．According to the passage, Henri Bergson believes ________. A．change in life comes from major events B．time is best understood as a series of fixed points C．our past shapes the present and future unpredictably D．“clock time” can explain the interplay of opposing forces 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Tension of opposites generates creativity. B．True existence lies in stability and control. C．“Make it new” promotes seeking a new lifestyle. D．The independence of Yin and Yang leads to balance. 3．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Striking a Balance: Flowing with the Present B．The Current of Newness: Fighting Opposing Forces C．The Dance of Change: Welcoming Daily Renewal D．Enlightening the Future: Returning to Ancient Wisdom Passage 2 （24-25高一上·河北邯郸·期中） We live in a culture addicted to immediacy. We’re flooded with quick fixes-diet pills for rapid weight loss, fitness programs claiming “two-week body changes”, and language apps promising fluency through “10-minute daily lessons”. This addiction badly affects our view of real progress. True achievement, however, follows a different pattern. The saying “no pain, no gain” holds timeless wisdom: real success requires continuous effort. Ironically (讽刺的是), while we admire stories of perseverance — leaders overcoming failures, athletes recovering from severe injuries, we seek easy shortcuts ourselves. Actually, our belief in effortless change is a thief, stealing the essential process where struggles build strength. Nature shows how growth truly works. Significant changes occur through patient preparation, not rushed shortcuts. Consider bamboo. Hidden underground for years, it develops a strong but invisible root system. Only after this hidden labor does it shoot up rapidly. gaining nearly a meter in height daily. Similarly, a caterpillar (毛毛虫) completely breaks down into nutrient-rich liquid within its chrysalis (蝶蛹) before becoming into a butterfly with strong wings. These natural processes tell a rule that true progress comes from unseen work, not sudden jumps. Human efforts to rush natural processes often backfire. Forcing open a chrysalis to “help” the butterfly leaves its wings weak, as it skips key growth stages. Likewise, demanding instant results in skill development or emotional healing ruins the gradual brain changes and necessary mental adjustments. Even cherry flowers need months of winter rest to store energy—a reality often ignored in our rush for immediate beauty. Lasting change respects natural timelines rather than forcing strict deadlines. Skill mastery needs repeated practice to strengthen brain connections. Language fluency develops after thousands of practice hours, not through last-minute studying. By valuing hidden efforts over instant results, we hold the basic truth. When impatience pushes us toward quick fixes, let nature act as a reminder that greatness begins in silence before blooming into view. 189．What does the author think of people’s attitudes to success? A．They admire hard work but seek easy paths. B．They trust technology over personal growth. C．They praise others’ efforts and make their own. D．They favor short-term risks over long-term goals. 190．What can be learned about bamboo’s growth in Paragraph 3? A．It competes with other plants. B．It grows unseen roots first. C．It depends on outside support. D．It adapts to climate extremes. 191．What does the underlined word “backfire” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Quicken processes. B．Require more efforts. C．Succeed unexpectedly. D．Produce opposite results. 192．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．Technology encourages skill mastery. B．Natural timelines ensure true growth. C．Strict schedules improve effectiveness. D．Nature requires no human assistance. Passage 3 （24-25高一上·上海·期中） Victor Frank, the author of Man’s Search for Meaning, once wrote, “Everything can be taken from a person but one thing: the last of human freedoms — to choose one’s attitude in any given set of circumstances. Frank was right. Attitude is a choice. You could be faced with a thousand problems, many or most over which you have absolutely no control. However, there is always one thing you are in complete and absolute control of and that is your own attitude. To be honest, it wasn’t until I was in my late 20s that I finally understood its full impact. All through my teens and into my early adult life, I can’t tell you the number of times that I heard, “Bob, if you’d just change your attitude, you would do a lot better.” At that time, I didn’t know what attitude was, let alone know how to change it! Attitude and results are inseparable. They follow one another as night follows day. One is the cause, while the other, the result. There is a term we use to distinguish this “cause and effect” relationship, which is called the Law of Cause and Effect. Simply stated, if you think in negative terms, you will get negative results; if you think in positive terms, you will achieve positive results. Some people always see wrong things in the world. These individuals are quick to blame circumstances or other people for their problems, rather than accepting responsibility for their life and their attitude. Thus, it would appear as if they were born with bad luck and it has followed them around their whole life. However, there are others who are forever winning and living the good life. They are the real movers and shakers who make things happen. They seem to go from one major accomplishment to another. They’re in control of their life. Their wins are a matter of choice. You can experience that kind of life as well, you only need to decide. Dorothea Brand once said, “Act as if it were impossible to fail,” and I challenge you to do so. By simply becoming aware that you can choose your thoughts each and every day, you will change your entire outlook. You have the power to choose an abundant life no matter what your circumstances are. Don’t wait to experience all the wonderful things the universe has in store for you. Start today by working on your attitude and welcome the abundant life that you are meant to lead. 8．Why does the writer use the example of himself in Paragraph 2? A．To prove attitude changes on its own. B．To show attitude is important to the old. C．To show understanding attitude takes time. D．To prove the author himself was very stubborn. 9．What can we learn from the Law of Cause and Effect? A．Our attitude plays a crucial role in determining the outcomes we experience. B．Luck and chance also play an incredibly important role in the results we get. C．Blaming external circumstances can actually bring benefits to our mental health. D．Negative attitudes may occasionally bring positive results due to external factors. 10．What is the writer’s attitude towards those who believe in the power of positive mindsets? A．Doubtful. B．Objective. C．Supportive. D．Disapproving. 主题03 人与自然——环境保护与可持续发展 Passage 1 （23-24高一上·安徽合肥·期中） Air pollution remains a global health crisis, responsible for 4.7 million early deaths worldwide in 2021 — about the same as road-traffic accidents, malaria and suicides combined. While road traffic significantly contributes to this problem, the shift to electric vehicles (EVs) presents both promise and challenges that deserve careful examination. Unlike traditional cars, EVs produce no direct exhaust emissions (尾气排放), making them crucial for urban air quality improvement. However, they still produce considerable non-exhaust pollutants from brake, tire and road wear (磨损). These micro particles (颗粒), particularly those smaller than 2.5 microns, pose serious health risks by getting into the lungs and other organs via the bloodstream, potentially causing heart or lung disease, stroke, and cancer. One 2021 study by researchers at the University of Southampton found some brake-pad dust seems more damaging to lung cells, partly due to higher levels of copper, which can damage cells and DNA．Scientists estimate that EVs produce more of these non-exhaust particles than other cars because their batteries make them heavier, the weight averaging 2,133 kg, compared to 1,500-1,800 kg for traditional vehicles, causing them to generate more friction (摩擦). Despite this, EVs are still mostly less polluting than other cars. They maintain an environmental advantage partly through regenerative braking systems where when the driver removes their foot from the pedal, the continued forward motion of the car is harvested to recharge the battery, thereby slowing the car down. Comparative studies show EVs emit about 14 mg/ km of fine particles versus 18 mg/ km for petrol when accounting for all sources. To maximize EV benefits, several strategies are significant. One way is to regulate non-exhaust emissions in a similar way to exhaust. Encouraging people to consider smaller cars, though difficult, would be another, as bigger sizes often mean larger and heavier batteries and the extra range provided by largest batteries may never be needed. Plus, the electricity powering EVs must come from renewable sources to avoid simply relocating pollution to power plants. 1．What is the main purpose of this passage? A．To promote the use of EVs. B．To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of EVs. C．To argue about car pollution. D．To compare two types of vehicle pollution. 2．How do regenerative braking systems in EVs reduce pollution? A．Stop using brakes completely B．Turn motion into battery power C．Prevent harmful particles D．Make the car lighter. 3．Which best explains “relocating” in Paragraph 4? A．reducing. B．shifting. C．hiding. D．measuring. 4．What can be inferred about oversized EVs? A．They may cause unnecessary pollution. B．They help regulate emissions. C．They are powered with renewable sources. D．They show technological progress. Passage 2 （23-24高一上·四川绵阳·期中） Plastic has become an indispensable part of modern life, used in everything from packaging to electronics. However, its convenience comes at a heavy environmental cost. Each year, over 400 million tons of plastic are produced worldwide, and less than 10% of it is recycled. The rest ends up in landfills, oceans, or ecosystems, threatening wildlife and human health. Reducing plastic waste is thus a urgent global responsibility. The impact of plastic pollution on marine life is particularly alarming. Marine animals often mistake plastic bags for jellyfish or ingest microplastics—tiny pieces of plastic less than 5mm in size. A 2023 study found that 90% of seabirds and 50% of sea turtles have plastic in their stomachs, leading to starvation or organ damage. On land, plastic can take hundreds of years to decompose, releasing toxic chemicals into soil and water sources, which eventually enter the food chain. To tackle this issue, governments, businesses, and individuals must work together. Governments can implement policies such as banning single-use plastics (e.g., straws, plastic bags) or imposing taxes on plastic products. For example, Kenya introduced a strict ban on plastic bags in 2017, reducing plastic waste by 80% within three years. Businesses, meanwhile, can innovate by using biodegradable materials or designing products for reuse. Companies like Coca-Cola have pledged to make 100% of their packaging recyclable by 2030. Individuals also play a crucial role. Simple actions like using reusable shopping bags, avoiding disposable utensils, and recycling properly can make a significant difference. Education is key: raising awareness about plastic pollution helps people understand the consequences of their choices and encourages sustainable habits. In summary, plastic waste poses a severe threat to the environment, but solutions exist. By combining government policies, corporate innovation, and individual action, we can reduce plastic pollution and protect the planet for future generations. 5. What is the main problem discussed in the passage? A. The high cost of producing plastic. B. The difficulty of recycling plastic. C. The environmental harm caused by plastic waste. D. The shortage of biodegradable materials. 6. Why does the author mention the 2023 study on marine animals? A. To show that plastic pollution affects humans too. B. To provide evidence of plastic’s harm to wildlife. C. To argue that seabirds are more at risk than turtles. D. To explain how microplastics are formed. 7. Which of the following is an example of government action against plastic waste? A. Coca-Cola’s recyclable packaging plan. B. Using reusable shopping bags. C. Kenya’s ban on plastic bags. D. Educating people about recycling. 8. The word “biodegradable” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______. A. able to break down naturally B. harmful to the environment C. expensive to produce D. difficult to recycle Passage 3 （24-25高一上·山东烟台·期中） Fashion is often seen as a form of self-expression, but few people consider its environmental cost. From water pollution caused by dyeing fabrics to mountains of textile waste in landfills, the fashion industry is one of the most polluting in the world. To address this, sustainable fashion—clothing made and consumed in an environmentally and socially responsible way—must become the new norm. The fast fashion model, where brands produce cheap, trendy clothes quickly, is particularly harmful. To keep prices low, factories often use toxic chemicals to dye fabrics, which then flow into rivers. A single pair of jeans, for example, requires 7,500 liters of water to produce and releases significant amounts of pollution. Moreover, fast fashion encourages overconsumption: people buy more clothes than they need, and 92 million tons of textile waste are discarded each year, most of which ends up in landfills. Sustainable fashion offers a solution. It focuses on using eco-friendly materials like organic cotton (grown without harmful pesticides) and recycled polyester (made from plastic bottles). These materials reduce water use and pollution. Sustainable brands also prioritize quality over quantity, creating durable clothes designed to last. For instance, a jacket made from recycled materials may cost more upfront, but it can be worn for years, reducing the need for frequent replacements. Critics claim sustainable fashion is too expensive for most consumers. While it’s true that eco-friendly clothes often have higher price tags, this reflects their true cost—including fair wages for workers and sustainable production methods. Over time, as demand grows, prices will likely fall. Additionally, consumers can adopt sustainable habits without spending more, such as buying second-hand clothes, repairing damaged items, and donating unwanted ones. In conclusion, sustainable fashion is not just a trend but a necessary shift to reduce the fashion industry’s environmental impact. By choosing quality over quantity and supporting responsible brands, consumers can help create a more sustainable future. 9.What is the main problem with the fast fashion industry? A. It produces clothes that go out of style quickly. B. It is harmful to the environment due to pollution and waste. C. It uses too many expensive materials. D. It does not pay workers fairly. 10.How does sustainable fashion differ from fast fashion? A. It focuses on trendy designs. B. It uses eco-friendly materials and prioritizes quality. C. It produces clothes more quickly. D. It is only available to wealthy consumers. 11.The word “discarded” in Paragraph 2 probably means ______. A. recycled B. sold C. thrown away D. worn out 12.What can consumers do to support sustainable fashion without spending more? A. Buy clothes made from organic cotton. B. Purchase expensive recycled jackets. C. Buy second-hand clothes and repair items. D. Only shop from luxury sustainable brands. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04 阅读理解 议论文 主题01 人与自然——自然生态与环境保护 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·云南文山·期中） Every time you buy a bottle of water, grab a takeaway meal, or use a disposable straw, you’re contributing to a global crisis: plastic pollution. While plastic is convenient, its impact on the environment is devastating—and far more long-lasting than most people realize. First, plastic waste chokes our oceans. Marine biologists estimate that over 8 million tons of plastic enter oceans yearly, killing sea turtles, seabirds, and fish that mistake it for food. A recent study found that 90% of seabirds have plastic in their stomachs, and even deep-sea creatures, living 10,000 meters below the surface, are not safe. This isn’t just a tragedy for wildlife; it’s a threat to humans too. Microplastics—tiny pieces of broken-down plastic—have been found in drinking water, seafood, and even the air we breathe, with unknown effects on our health. Second, plastic production harms ecosystems. To make plastic, we extract fossil fuels like oil and gas, which releases greenhouse gases and accelerates climate change. Factories also dump toxic waste into rivers, poisoning soil and water sources. What’s worse, most plastic isn’t recycled. Only 9% of all plastic ever made has been recycled; the rest ends up in landfills, where it can take 500 years to decompose. Some argue that plastic is too useful to give up. While it’s true that plastic has benefits—from medical equipment to food packaging—we can replace single-use items with eco-friendly alternatives. Cloth bags, glass bottles, and metal straws are simple swaps. Governments can also play a role by banning plastic bags or taxing disposable products, as many countries already do. The choice is clear: convenience shouldn’t come at the cost of our planet. Reducing plastic waste isn’t just a trend—it’s a responsibility we owe to future generations. 1.What is the main harm of plastic waste to oceans? A. It makes ocean water undrinkable. B. It kills marine life and enters the food chain. C. It causes ships to crash into marine creatures. D. It blocks sunlight from reaching underwater plants. 2.The underlined word “decompose” in Paragraph 3 probably means ______. A. to break down into natural materials B. to release harmful gases C. to be collected and reused D. to become more dangerous 3.Why do some people oppose reducing plastic use? A. They don’t care about the environment. B. They think plastic is necessary for daily life. C. They believe plastic pollution is not serious. D. They want to protect fossil fuel industries. 4.What can we infer from the passage? A. All plastic products should be banned immediately. B. Recycling is the best solution to plastic pollution. C. Individual actions and government policies can reduce plastic waste. D. Microplastics have already caused serious health problems in humans. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了塑料污染对海洋、生态系统及人类的危害，指出减少一次性塑料的必要性，并强调个人行动与政府政策结合是解决问题的关键，呼吁为后代保护地球。 1．细节理解题。题目询问塑料垃圾对海洋的主要危害。根据第二段 “killing sea turtles, seabirds, and fish that mistake it for food... Microplastics... have been found in drinking water, seafood...” 可知，塑料导致海洋生物死亡，且微塑料进入食物链（包括人类的食物和水），故选B。 2．词义猜测题。“decompose” 所在句提到 “most plastic isn’t recycled... ends up in landfills, where it can take 500 years to decompose”，结合常识，垃圾在填埋场会 “分解” 为自然物质，因此该词意为 “分解”，与 A 选项 “break down into natural materials” 一致。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段 “Some argue that plastic is too useful to give up. While it’s true that plastic has benefits—from medical equipment to food packaging” 可知，反对者认为塑料在日常生活中（如医疗、包装）很必要，难以替代。故选B。 4. 推理判断题。文章第四段提到 “Cloth bags... are simple swaps”（个人可采取的行动）和 “Governments can also play a role by banning... taxing...”（政府政策），说明个人与政府的行动结合能减少塑料垃圾，与 C 选项一致。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高一上·湖北·期中）Imagine a forest where only one type of tree grows. If a disease kills that tree, the entire forest dies. This is the danger of losing biodiversity—the variety of life on Earth. Biodiversity is not just about saving cute animals; it’s the foundation of healthy ecosystems that humans depend on for survival. First, diverse ecosystems are more resilient. For example, rainforests with thousands of plant species can recover from storms or fires better than monoculture forests (where only one species grows). Bees, butterflies, and birds pollinate 75% of the world’s food crops, ensuring we have fruits, vegetables, and nuts. If these pollinators disappear, our food supply will collapse. Similarly, predators like wolves control deer populations, preventing overgrazing and protecting plant life. Second, biodiversity provides medical breakthroughs. Many life-saving drugs come from nature: aspirin from willow trees, cancer treatments from sea sponges, and antibiotics from soil bacteria. If species go extinct, we lose potential cures. Scientists estimate that less than 1% of Earth’s species have been studied for medicinal value—who knows what treatments we’re losing as species vanish? Sadly, biodiversity is declining faster than ever. Human activities like deforestation, overfishing, and pollution have caused a “sixth mass extinction,” with up to 1 million species at risk. This isn’t just a loss for nature; it’s a threat to human well-being. Protecting biodiversity isn’t optional. We can support protected areas like national parks, reduce our carbon footprint, and choose sustainable products (e.g., certified organic food). Every species, no matter how small, plays a role in nature’s balance. As biologist E.O. Wilson said, “The one process now going on that will take millions of years to correct is the loss of genetic and species diversity by the destruction of natural habitats. This is the folly our descendants are least likely to forgive us.” 5.Why does the author mention a forest with only one type of tree? A. To explain how forests recover from storms. B. To show the importance of biodiversity. C. To argue that monoculture forests are useless. D. To describe the beauty of diverse ecosystems. 6. What is the role of pollinators like bees? A. They control the population of dangerous predators. B. They help plants produce food crops humans need. C. They provide ingredients for life-saving drugs. D. They prevent diseases from spreading in forests. 7. The underlined word “resilient” in Paragraph 2 probably means ______. A. easy to destroy B. slow to grow C. able to recover from difficulties D. dependent on human protection 8. What is the author’s main point? A. Humans should focus on saving cute or useful species. B. Biodiversity is crucial for ecosystems and human survival. C. Medical progress is more important than protecting species. D. Extinction is a natural process that humans can’t stop. 【答案】5．B 6．B 7．C 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章阐述了生物多样性对生态系统韧性和人类生存（如食物供应、医疗）的重要性，指出其快速衰退的现状，呼吁人类采取行动保护物种多样性。 5．推理判断题。作者开篇提到 “只有一种树的森林若遇疾病会整体死亡”，通过这个例子引出 “生物多样性丧失的危险”，进而强调生物多样性的重要性（多样性能避免生态系统崩溃）。故选B。 6．细节理解题。根据第二段 “Bees, butterflies, and birds pollinate 75% of the world’s food crops, ensuring we have fruits, vegetables, and nuts” 可知，传粉者帮助植物结果，为人类提供食物。故选B。 7．词义猜测题。“resilient” 所在句对比了 “拥有数千种植物的雨林” 和 “单一树种森林”，指出前者 “能更好地从风暴或火灾中恢复（recover from storms or fires better）”，因此 “resilient” 意为 “有恢复力的”，与 C 选项 “能从困境中恢复” 一致。故选C。 8．主旨大意题。文章开篇点明 “生物多样性是人类生存依赖的健康生态系统的基础”，随后从 “生态系统韧性”“医疗突破” 两方面论证，最后呼吁保护生物多样性，核心观点是 “生物多样性对生态系统和人类生存至关重要”。故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25高一上·上海·期中） Many people think environmental protection is only for governments or big companies. They argue, “What can one person do against climate change or deforestation?” But this belief is wrong. Individual actions, when multiplied by millions, have the power to change the world. First, everyday choices reduce carbon footprints. The average person’s carbon footprint—the amount of greenhouse gases they produce—comes mostly from transportation, energy use, and diet. For example, taking a bus instead of driving a car cuts emissions by 50%. Turning off lights and using energy-saving bulbs reduces electricity use, which often relies on coal or gas. Even diet matters: raising cattle for meat produces more greenhouse gases than growing vegetables, so eating less meat can lower your footprint significantly. These small changes, when adopted by many, reduce global emissions. Second, consumer choices drive corporate behavior. Companies respond to demand: if people stop buying products with plastic packaging, brands will switch to eco-friendly alternatives. For instance, when customers boycotted a major coffee chain for using disposable cups, the company introduced reusable mugs with discounts. Similarly, choosing products with “sustainable” or “organic” labels encourages farmers and manufacturers to adopt green practices. As environmentalist Annie Leonard said, “Every time you spend money, you’re casting a vote for the kind of world you want.” Critics say individual actions are insignificant compared to industrial pollution. While it’s true that factories and power plants are major emitters, this doesn’t mean individuals are powerless. Citizens can pressure governments to pass stricter environmental laws—through voting, protests, or petitions. For example, teenage activist Greta Thunberg started a solo school strike for climate, which grew into a global movement involving millions, pushing world leaders to act. In conclusion, no action is too small. Whether it’s recycling, reducing waste, or speaking up for the planet, every choice counts. As the saying goes, “The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.” 9. What is the main idea of Paragraph 2? A. Cows produce more greenhouse gases than cars. B. Individual choices can reduce carbon emissions. C. The average person’s carbon footprint is too large. D. People should stop driving cars to protect the environment. 10. The underlined word “boycotted” in Paragraph 3 probably means ______. A. refused to buy or use something as a protest B. praised publicly for good environmental practices C. bought in large quantities to support a company D. ignored completely because of poor quality 11. Why does the author mention Greta Thunberg? A. To show that teenagers care more about the environment. B. To prove that individual actions can inspire large movements. C. To argue that students should skip school for climate protests. D. To explain how governments respond to environmental issues. 12. What can we learn from the passage? A. Individual actions are useless against industrial pollution. B. The only way to reduce emissions is to change your diet. C. Consumer choices and public pressure can drive environmental change. D. Governments are solely responsible for protecting the environment. 【答案】9．B 10．A 11．B 12. C 【导语】文章是一篇议论文。文章反驳 “个人对环保无用” 的观点，通过日常选择、消费行为和社会运动的例子，论证个体行动（乘以群体力量）能推动环境改变，呼吁每个人为保护地球贡献力量。 9．段落主旨题。第二段首句 “everyday choices reduce carbon footprints” 是该段主旨，随后通过 “乘公交、节能灯泡、少吃肉” 等例子说明个人选择能减少碳排放，与 B 选项一致。故选B项。 10．词义猜测题。根据上下文 “when customers boycotted... the company introduced reusable mugs” 可知，顾客的行为促使公司改变包装，“boycotted” 应指 “抵制购买以抗议”，与 A 选项一致。故选A项。 11．推理判断题。第四段提到 Greta 从 “个人罢课” 发展为 “全球运动”，目的是证明 “个体行动能引发大规模运动”，支持文章 “个人行动有力量” 的论点。故选B项。 12. 推理判断题。文章第三段说明 “消费者选择（如抵制塑料包装）推动企业改变”，第四段说明 “公众压力（如抗议）促使政府行动”，A 选项 “个人行动对工业污染无用” 与文中 “个体可施压政府” 矛盾；B 选项 “唯一方法是改变饮食” 过于绝对，文中还有交通、能源等方面的建议；D 选项 “政府独自负责” 与文章强调 “个人责任” 的态度相反，故排除。故选C项。 主题02 人与自我——情绪管理与心理健康 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·天津·期中）There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or a product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a rise, the student whose grades improve,the foreigner who learns a new language — all these examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage,as they meet with new experiences and unexpected difficulties. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to face the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is necessary for our ability to grow. Do we sec ourselves as quick and curious? If so, we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of fear can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and we think we are slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to deal with a new challenge. Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all. These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we protect ourselves too much, then we stop growing. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making, 1．In the author’s eye, one who views personal growth as a process, would ______. A．succeed in climbing up the social ladder B．grow up from his own achievements C．face difficulties and take up challenges D．aim high and reach his goal each time 2．Which of the following can be viewed as the process of personal growing? A．Our manager was always willing to accept new challenges. B．Jane won the first prize in the speech competition. C．Jerry picked up French during his stay in Paris D．Father’s salary rose from 5,000 to 7,000. 3．For personal growth, the author is in favor of all the following EXCEPT ______. A．being curious about more changes B．being quick in self-adaptation C．having an open mind to new experiences D．staying away from failures and challenges 4．The underlined word “indecisive” can be replaced by ______. A．unable B．uncertain C．uneasy D．unkind 5．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A．It is not so easy to measure personal growth. B．To try and fail on the new road facing the unknown is unavoidable. C．People’s willingness to face the unknown plays a neg give part in personal growth. D．If you are too shy to take any risks in life, you cannot grow up. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了个人成长的两种视角 —— 结果导向和过程导向，强调成长过程中面对挑战、勇于尝试的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they meet with new experiences and unexpected difficulties. (这个过程并非道路本身，而是人们在面对新经历和意外困难时所秉持的态度与情感，以及他们的谨慎或勇气)”可知，把个人成长看作过程的人，在面对新的经历和意想不到的困难时，会有谨慎或勇气等态度和感受，即他们会面对困难并接受挑战。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. (相比之下，个人成长的过程则更难衡量，因为这是一段旅程，而不是沿途特定的路标或里程碑)”可知，A选项 “Our manager was always willing to accept new challenges. (我们的经理总是愿意接受新的挑战)”描述了一个人愿意接受新挑战的态度，这符合个人成长过程中不断面对新经历和困难的特点。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to face the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. (为了成长，为了走新的路，人们需要有冒险的意愿，面对未知，并接受一开始可能会“失败”的可能性)”可知，D选项“staying away from failures and challenges (远离失败和挑战)”与作者的观点相悖，因为作者认为人们需要面对失败和挑战才能成长。故选D项。 4．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Do we think we’re shy and indecisive?(我们是否认为自己害羞且indecisive？)”以及后文“Then our sense of fear can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly (那么，我们的恐惧感会使我们犹豫不决，行动迟缓)”可推知，划线词indecisive应与uncertain意思相近，表示“犹豫不决的，不确定的”。故选B项。 5．细节理解题。根据第三段“In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to face the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. (为了成长，为了踏上新的道路，人们需要有愿意冒险、面对未知以及接受自己起初可能会“失败”的可能性)”可知，人们面对未知的意愿在个人成长中起着积极作用，而不是消极作用。C选项“People’s willingness to face the unknown plays a neg give part in personal growth. (人们面对未知的意愿在个人成长中起着消极的作用)”与此表述不符。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一上·青海西宁·期中） Everyone gets angry from time to time. Many situations make us feel angry, such as arguments with your brother, difficulties with your schoolwork, or feeling misunderstood, and many others. Anger is not always a bad thing. It may be helpful if it inspires us to meet a challenge or correct something that has gone wrong. It can also help us work harder to master a skill, to overcome a personal weakness, or stand up for what we believe in. On the other hand, anger may be harmful, especially if there is much more than reasonable. Anger may be outward or inward. Outward expressions of anger include some behaviors, such as shouting at someone, throwing things, or physically attacking others. Inward expressions of anger are times in which anger just exists without us being aware of how angry we are. In either case, anger may have a bad effect on our health, relationships, and daily activities. As parents, you have a very great influence on your kids’ behavior. No matter how old, your children are watching and learning from you, which leads to your kids using similar ways to react to all sorts of situations. So, if you let your anger get in or out of control in response to an event, your kid especially young children are more likely to see this as a model, and repeat it in their own way. Managing anger is important both for your own life and for your kids’ development. If you lose control of your anger in front of your kids, it’s wise to have a conversation and apologize for the way you reacted once you are calm — even if it has nothing to do with your children. If your anger or your child’s anger is working against you, there are many effective ways to manage it. 6．What is the attitude of the writer towards anger? _________ A．Positive. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Negative. 7．What can be inferred from the passage? _________ A．Anger inwards is more harmful than that outwards. B．The adult children can do the same as their parents. C．Parents have a good or bad effect on their children. D．Parents are usually able to get their anger in control. 8．If you get angry in front of your children, what should you do according to the writer? _________ A．Decide if it’s helpful to your children. B．Discuss whether you should be angry. C．Make an explanation to your children. D．Make an apology for your being angry. 9．What will probably be talked about in the following paragraphs? _________ A．The possible reaction to your apology. B．Many effective ways to deal with anger. C．The importance to manage anger for you. D．The proper time to talk with your children. 【答案】6．B 7．C 8．D 9．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了愤怒的利弊、表现形式及家长管理愤怒的重要性。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段“Anger is not always a bad thing. It may be helpful if it inspires us to meet a challenge or correct something that has gone wrong. It can also help us work harder to master a skill, to overcome a personal weakness, or stand up for what we believe in. On the other hand, anger may be harmful, especially if there is much more than reasonable.(愤怒并不总是一件坏事。如果它能激励我们迎接挑战或者纠正已经出错的事情，那么它可能是有益的。它还能帮助我们更加努力地去掌握一项技能，克服个人的弱点，或者捍卫我们所坚信的事物。另一方面，愤怒也可能是有害的，尤其是当愤怒过度的时候)”可知，作者既提到了愤怒可能带来的积极作用，如激励人们迎接挑战、改正错误等，又提到了愤怒可能带来的消极影响，尤其是过度愤怒时。所以作者对愤怒的态度是客观的。故选B。 7．推理判断题。根据第四段“As parents, you have a very great influence on your kids’ behavior. No matter how old, your children are watching and learning from you, which leads to your kids using similar ways to react to all sorts of situations. So, if you let your anger get in or out of control in response to an event, your kid especially young children are more likely to see this as a model, and repeat it in their own way.(作为父母，你对孩子的行为有着非常巨大的影响。无论孩子年龄多大，他们都在观察你并向你学习，这就导致你的孩子会用类似的方式来应对各种情况。所以，如果你在面对某件事情时让自己的愤怒处于失控或半失控状态，你的孩子，尤其是年幼的孩子，更有可能将此视为一种榜样，并以他们自己的方式加以模仿)”可知，父母对孩子的行为有很大影响，孩子会观察并向父母学习。如果父母在某件事上愤怒失控，孩子很可能会模仿。这说明父母的行为对孩子有好的或坏的影响。故选C。 8．细节理解题。根据第五段“If you lose control of your anger in front of your kids, it’s wise to have a conversation and apologize for the way you reacted once you are calm — even if it has nothing to do with your children.(如果你在孩子面前控制不住自己的愤怒情绪，那么等你冷静下来后，和孩子谈一谈，并为你的反应方式道歉是明智之举——即便这件事与你的孩子毫无关系)”可知，如果你在孩子面前愤怒失控，一旦冷静下来，明智的做法是进行一次谈话，并为你的反应方式道歉——即使这与你的孩子无关。故选D。 9．推理判断题。根据最后一段“If your anger or your child’s anger is working against you, there are many effective ways to manage it.(如果你的愤怒或者你孩子的愤怒正给你们带来困扰，有很多有效的方法可以控制这种情绪)”可知，作者提到如果自己或孩子的愤怒产生了不良影响，有很多有效的方法来管理它。所以接下来很可能会谈论处理愤怒的许多有效方法。 Passage 3 （24-25高一上·北京昌平·期中） “Know thyself” is the most famous saying of Greek philosophy. The idea of self-knowledge is so foundational to a meaningful existence. In his tragedy (悲剧) Thyestes, the Stoic philosopher Seneca writes, “Death lies heavily on him / Who, though to all the world well known, / Is stranger to himself alone.” And as Shakespeare asserts in his comedy As You Like It, “The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man /knows himself to be a fool.” What exactly does it mean to know yourself? For neuroscientists, self-knowledge is the combination of two forms of information, your own self-beliefs and your perceptions of how others view you. This technical definition of self-knowledge concerns only the mechanisms involved and does not say anything about the quality of the information. In effect, if you think you’re a rooster and believe others see you as one too, that counts as self-knowledge. However, I strongly question that the thinkers at Greece had a bit more in mind than this; they no doubt meant “Know thyself accurately.” That is a much taller order, requiring a huge quantity of truthful information about your inner states — attitudes, beliefs, emotions, and motives. Accurate self-knowledge also means avoiding mistakes and correcting illusions, being completely honest with yourself, and predicting how you will feel and react in the future. By this impossibly strict standard, we probably all overestimate our capacity for accurate self-knowledge. Psychological experiments have revealed that ratings of one’s own self-assessments are “moderate to poor” in accuracy and are generally less sound than external evaluations. One reason is that we’re likely to make cognitive (认知的) errors about what we see happening in our lives. Researchers have found that humans are easy to miss seeing our problems, mistakes, and opportunities. Many things in our lives go unnoticed because we don’t know the language for them or don’t understand them. This is called hypo-cognition, a deficit of cognition. In studies exploring this phenomenon, British participants were more likely to notice cheese than Asian dumplings in their daily lives, while Chinese participants noticed the reverse. Much of our self-knowledge deficit comes from willful ignorance. Psychologists have long observed the human tendency to use motivated reasoning to reassure ourselves that our opinions are right, to ignore critical self-reflective information, and generally to maintain positive illusions and find ways to avoid facing reality-based negative emotions. So basic and necessary to our being are these traits that collectively they have been called our “psychological immune system.” This characteristic rationalizing is almost certainly based in our biology. This human capacity to maintain ignorance in the face of potentially negative self-knowledge might make you more comfortable in the short term, but it leads to many missed opportunities for greater well-being and success in the long run. Research has shown that more honest self-awareness — of both positive and negative information — improves self-development because you know what to improve. This enables better personal decision making rooted in accurate information, especially when striving toward goals. 10．The author mentions Seneca and Shakespeare mainly to ______. A．draw a comparison B．give a suggestion C．explain a concept D．strengthen an argument 11．As for the definition of self-knowledge from neuroscientists, the author is ______. A．appreciative B．suspicious C．unconcerned D．neutral 12．What does the term “hypo-cognition” underlined in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．The inability to process truthful information. B．The refusal to reflect on negative information. C．The lack of concepts to describe specific experiences. D．The tendency to spot cultural differences in perception. 13．It is implied in this passage that we should ______. A．focus on negative rather than positive feedback B．follow the beliefs and emotions of our internal states C．stop making excuses for unfavorable self-knowledge D．spare no effort to get rid of imperfect self-knowledge 【答案】10．D 11．B 12．C 13．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了自我认知的重要性、定义以及人类在自我认知方面的局限性和改进方法。 10．推理判断题。根据第一段中“‘Know thyself’ is the most famous saying of Greek philosophy. The idea of self-knowledge is so foundational to a meaningful existence. (‘认识你自己’是希腊哲学中最著名的格言。自我认知的理念是有意义的存在的基础)”接着引用了哲学家Seneca和Shakespeare的话来强调自我认知的重要性。由此可知，作者提到Seneca和Shakespeare是为了加强“自我认知是有意义的存在的基础”这一论点。故选D。 11．推理判断题。根据第二段中“For neuroscientists, self-knowledge is the combination of two forms of information, your own self-beliefs and your perceptions of how others view you. This technical definition of self-knowledge concerns only the mechanisms involved and does not say anything about the quality of the information.(对于神经科学家来说，自我认知是两种信息形式的结合，即你自己的自我信念和你对他人如何看待你的看法。这种自我认知的技术定义只涉及所涉及的机制，并没有说明信息的质量)”和“However, I strongly question that the thinkers at Greece had a bit more in mind than this; they no doubt meant ‘Know thyself accurately.’ (然而，我强烈质疑希腊的思想家们是否有比这更多的想法；他们无疑是指‘准确地认识你自己。’)”可知，作者对神经科学家关于自我认知的定义（仅关注机制，不涉及信息质量）持怀疑态度，觉得其过于浅显，认为古希腊思想家所指的自我认知更为准确和深入。故选B。 12．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“Many things in our lives go unnoticed because we don’t know the language for them or don’t understand them. This is called hypo-cognition, a deficit of cognition. (我们生活中的许多事情都被忽视了，因为我们不知道如何用语言描述它们，或者不理解它们。这被称为hypo-cognition，一种认知缺陷)”可知，下划线词hypo-cognition指的是缺乏描述特定经历的概念。故选C。 13．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Research has shown that more honest self-awareness — of both positive and negative information — improves self-development because you know what to improve. This enables better personal decision making rooted in accurate information, especially when striving toward goals. (研究表明，更诚实的自我意识——包括正面和负面信息——有助于自我发展，因为你知道需要改进什么。这使得基于准确信息的更好的个人决策成为可能，尤其是在追求目标时)”可知，文章暗示我们应该停止为不利的自我认知找借口，而是要诚实地面对自己，以便更好地改进和发展。故选C。 主题03 人与社会——社会文化与生活方式 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·河南郑州·期中） The Engel coefficient (恩格尔系数) is an economic idea that describes the relationship between income and consumption (消费) on food. If the figure is high, then it is often believed that the standard of living is low, as a large share of income is spent on food. However, recently a topic has become popular on Chinese social media platforms, where many people have begun to question whether the Engel coefficient is relevant (相关的) in China. As an old saying goes, “Food is of primary importance to the people.” This stresses the significant difference between China’s food culture and consumption habits and those of Western countries. Chinese people are willing to spend more money and energy on food. “In the past, I earned 100 yuan a day and spent half of it on food. Now I earn 1,000 yuan a day, and I still spend half of it on food. Having a good meal makes my day,” a blogger commented. Food in China is a science, a social activity and an art. Whether on a snack street, in a restaurant or at someone’s home, food is often the common ground over which people gather to talk and share. “Many aspects of Chinese spiritual culture are connected to food, from management to communication,” Wang Xuetai, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, told Guangming Daily. “Chinese traditional culture focuses on seeing society and life from the view of food, and Chinese people are very good at enjoying the beauty and meaning found in everyday meals.” These factors make consumption habits in China different from those in other countries, making the Engel coefficient not able to completely reflect the living standards of Chinese people. Moreover, this public concern shows just how deeply food is valued in Chinese society. 1．Why do many people question the relevance of the Engel coefficient in China? A．The Engel coefficient is an outdated economic idea. B．Rising living standards have weakened consumption. C．China’s economic structure differs basically from others. D．Chinese food culture and consumption habits are unique. 2．What is the purpose of mentioning the blogger’s words? A．To show the blogger’s unique consumption habit. B．To compare income growth with stable food expenses. C．To illustrate the significance of food in Chinese culture. D．To stress the importance of individual financial management. 3．What role does Wang Xuetai think food plays in Chinese culture? A．It shapes modern consumption trends. B．It connects spiritual values and social life. C．It serves as a base for traditional social practices. D．It acts as a way for management and policy-making. 4．Why might the Engel coefficient mislead in assessing Chinese living standards? A．Chinese people prefer saving to spending on food. B．The Chinese government encourages daily food consumption. C．Western countries have higher food costs compared to China. D．Food consumption in China includes cultural and social values. 【答案】1. D 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了恩格尔系数在中国因独特的饮食文化和消费习惯而受到质疑。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“This stresses the significant difference between China’s food culture and consumption habits and those of Western countries.(这强调了中国饮食文化和消费习惯与西方国家的显著差异)”可知，很多人质疑恩格尔系数在中国的相关性是因为中国的饮食文化和消费习惯独特。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Food in China is a science, a social activity and an art. Whether on a snack street, in a restaurant or at someone’s home, food is often the common ground over which people gather to talk and share.(在中国，食物是一门科学、一种社交活动和一门艺术。无论是在小吃街、餐馆还是在别人家里，食物往往是人们聚在一起聊天和分享的共同话题)”以及前文提到博主的话可知，提及博主的话是为了说明食物在中国文化中的重要性。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Many aspects of Chinese spiritual culture are connected to food, from management to communication(中国精神文化的许多方面都与食物有关，从管理到交流)”可知，王学泰认为食物连接了精神价值和社会生活。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“These factors make consumption habits in China different from those in other countries, making the Engel coefficient not able to completely reflect the living standards of Chinese people.(这些因素使得中国的消费习惯与其他国家不同，使得恩格尔系数不能完全反映中国人的生活水平)”以及前文提到食物在中国不仅是物质消费，还包含文化和社会价值可知，恩格尔系数在评估中国生活水平时可能会产生误导是因为中国的食物消费包含了文化和社会价值。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高一上·陕西咸阳·期中）When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance, the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as me re entertainment (娱乐), but certainly not an education priority (优先). This view is shortsighted. In fact, music education is beneficial and important for all students. Music tells us who we are. Because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it reflects their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from. Rock music represents a lifestyle just as surely as a Schubert song. The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions. Music expresses our character and values. It gives us identity as a society. Music provides a kind of perception (感知) that cannot be acquired in any other way. Science can explain how the sun rises and sets. The arts explore the emotional meaning of the same phenomenon. We need every possible way to discover and respond to our world for one simple but powerful reason: No one way can get it all. The arts are forms of thought as powerful in what they communicate as mathematical and scientific symbols. They are ways we human beings “talk” to each other. They are the language of civilization through which we express our fears, our curiosities, our hungers, our discoveries, and our hopes. The arts are ways we give form to our ideas and imagination so that they can be shared with others. When we do not give children access to an important way of expressing themselves such as music, we take away from them the meanings that music expresses. Science and technology do not tell us what it means to be human. The arts do. Music is an important way we express human suffering, celebration, the meaning and value of peace and love. So music education is far more necessary than people seem to realize. 5．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To share a student’s experience. B．To lead into the topic. C．To describe a new study. D．To introduce some ways of entertainment. 6．In Paragraph 2, the author uses jazz as an example to ______. A．compare it with rock music B．introduce American musical traditions C．show music reflects a society D．prove music is as useful as other subjects 7．What do we know about the arts and science according to the passage? A．They explain what it means to be human differently. B．They explore different phenomena of the world. C．They express people’s feelings in different ways. D．They approach the world from different points of view. 8．What is the author’s attitude to the influence of music education on students? A．Unknown. B．Positive. C．Negative. D．Doubtful. 【答案】5．B 6．C 7．D 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章开篇指出在学生和家长对学科的排名中艺术常居末位，音乐被视为娱乐而非教育重点这一错误观点，随后从多个方面阐述音乐教育对学生至关重要且益处多多，有力反驳了开篇的短视看法。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段“When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance, the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as mere entertainment (娱乐), but certainly not an education priority (优先). This view is shortsighted. (当学生和家长被要求根据重要性对学科进行排名时，艺术不可避免地排在最后。人们似乎会说，音乐不错，但并不重要。它常常被视为纯粹的娱乐，但肯定不是教育的优先事项。这种观点是短视的)”可知，作者先陈述了人们对音乐不重视这一现象，接着表明这种观点短视，由此引出下文对音乐重要性的论述。所以第一段的功能是引出话题。故选B。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段“Music tells us who we are. Because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it reflects their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from. Rock music represents a lifestyle just as surely as a Schubert song. The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions. Music expresses our character and values. It gives us identity as a society. (音乐告诉我们我们是谁。因为音乐是创造它的人的一种表达，它反映了他们的思想和价值观，以及它所来自的社会环境。摇滚乐就像舒伯特的歌曲一样，代表了一种生活方式。乔治·格什温和其他音乐家将爵士乐的影响引入他们的音乐中，这种影响显然是美国的，因为它来自美国的音乐传统。音乐表达了我们的性格和价值观。它赋予我们社会身份)”可知，第二段主要论述音乐反映了社会，接着以爵士乐为例，进一步说明了音乐反映了社会。故选C。 7．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Science can explain how the sun rises and sets. The arts explore the emotional meaning of the same phenomenon. We need every possible way to discover and respond to our world for one simple but powerful reason: No one way can get it all. The arts are forms of thought as powerful in what they communicate as mathematical and scientific symbols. (科学可以解释太阳是如何升起和落下的。艺术探索同一现象的情感意义。我们需要用一切可能的方式去发现和回应我们的世界，原因很简单但很有力：没有一种方式能涵盖一切。艺术是一种思想形式，它在传达信息方面与数学和科学符号一样强大)”可知，科学和艺术从不同的角度去探索和回应世界，因此体现了它们从不同角度看待世界。故选D。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Music is an important way we express human suffering, celebration, the meaning and value of peace and love. So music education is far more necessary than people seem to realize.”(音乐是我们表达人类苦难、庆祝、和平与爱的意义和价值的重要方式。所以音乐教育比人们意识到的要重要得多)”可知，作者认为音乐教育非常重要，对音乐教育对学生的影响持积极态度。故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25高一上·安徽合肥·期中） Email has brought the art of letter writing back to life, but some experts think the resulting spread of bad English does more harm than good. Email is a form of communication that is changing, for the worse, the way we write and use language, say some communication researchers. It is also changing the way we communicate and build relationship. These are a few of the recently recognised features of email, say experts, which should cause individuals and organizations to rethink the way they use email. “Email has increased the spread of careless writing habits,” says Naomi Baron, a professor of linguistics (语言学) at an American university. She says the poor spelling, grammar, punctuation and sentence structure of email reflect a growing unconcern about the way we write. Baron argues that we shouldn’t forgive and forget the poor writing often shown in email. “The more we use email and its tasteless writing, the more it becomes the normal way of writing,” the professor says. Others say that despite its poor writing, email has finished what several generations of English teachers couldn’t: it has made writing fashionable again. “Email is a critical new communication technology.” says Ian Lancashire, a professor of English at Toronto University. “It fills the gap between spoken language and the formal methods of writing that existed before email. It is the purest form of written speech.” Lancashire says email has the mysterious ability to get people who are usually scared by writing to get their thoughts flowing easily onto a blank screen. He says this is because of email’s close similarity to speech. “It’s like a circle of four or five people around a campfire,” he says. Still, he accepts that this new-found freedom to express themselves often gets people into trouble. Emails sent in a day almost exceed (超过) the number of letters mailed in a year. But more people are recognising the content of a typical email message is not often exact. 9．From what Baron says in the third paragraph we can see that . A．people communicate by email with many mistakes B．email requires people to change their native language C．professors in universities don’t need to use email D．careless people use email more than careful people 10．What does the underlined word “critical” in paragraph 6 probably mean? A．Serious. B．Different. C．Important. D．Senior. 11．In Lancashire’s opinion, email is a wonderful technology because . A．it can be useful all over the world B．we can express ourselves in a free way C．it is the fastest way to communicate D．we can save a lot of paper 12．This passage mainly shows us that . A．email makes people lose interest in English B．experts hold different opinions about email writing C．Americans only use email to communicate D．people should stop using email to communicate 【答案】9．A 10．C 11．B 12．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。围绕电子邮件对写作、语言使用等方面的影响，介绍了专家们不同的观点 。 9．细节理解题。根据第三段“Email has increased the spread of careless writing habits (电子邮件加剧了粗心写作习惯的传播)”以及“The poor spelling, grammar, punctuation and sentence structure of email reflect a growing unconcern about the way we write. (糟糕的拼写、语法、标点和句子结构反映出人们越来越不关心自己的写作方式)”可知，人们写邮件时书写习惯较差，粗心大意，出现很多拼写、语法等错误，符合A 选项“人们用电子邮件交流有很多错误”。故选 A。 10．词句猜测题。根据第六段划线词后文“It fills the gap between spoken language and the formal methods of writing that existed before email. It is the purest form of written speech. (它填补了电子邮件出现之前口语与正式写作方式之间的空白。这是最纯粹的书面语形式)”可知，电子邮件在沟通中起到填补不同类型语言形式空白的重要作用。critical在此处意为“重要的”，和Important同义。故选 C。 11．细节理解题。根据第七段“Lancashire says email has the mysterious ability to get people who are usually scared by writing to get their thoughts flowing easily onto a blank screen. He says this is because of email’s close similarity to speech.(Lancashire说，电子邮件有一种神秘的能力，它可以让那些通常害怕写作的人在空白屏幕上轻松地表达自己的想法。这是因为电子邮件与口语非常相似。)”可知，由于电子邮件和口语很像，电子邮件能让害怕写作的人轻松表达想法，也就是让人能够自由表达，符合B 选项“我们可以自由地表达自己” 。故选 B。 12．主旨大意题。根据第三段和第四段可知，有的专家如Baron认为电子邮件让不良写作习惯蔓延。根据第六段和第七段可知，也有专家如Lancashire觉得电子邮件是很棒的沟通技术等。文章呈现了专家们对电子邮件写作不同的看法，符合B 选项“专家们对电子邮件写作持有不同观点” 。故选 B。 主题01 人与社会——人际沟通与社会互动 Passage 1 （23-24高一上·福建厦门·期中） It is commonly believed that children lack the ability to fully appreciate the experiences and wisdom of their elders, while many assume that the older generation cannot understand the young. However, the truth is that both age groups have valuable lessons to offer one another. In my city, there is Smith’s Care Home, overseen by James Smith. While primarily catering to the elderly, this organization goes beyond age boundaries. Alongside elderly residents, the care home also houses a childcare center for preschool kids. Within the care home, a playground allows the elderly to engage and interact with the children. This idea is inspiring, given the growing population of senior citizens in our world. As the global population ages, younger individuals must comprehend and support the elderly. Through intergenerational connections, the young can benefit from the wisdom and experiences of older generations. Valuable insights and guidance offered by the elderly help the younger generation navigate challenges and make informed decisions. This mutual exchange creates a win-win situation, where generations contribute to each other’s well-being. Sadly, I never had the opportunity to experience the world through the eyes of my own grandparents, as they had passed away before I was born. Consequently, their lives remain a mystery to me - - - challenging to comprehend or explain. Nonetheless, I firmly believe that I can still gain wisdom from other individuals belonging to older generations. While some of their beliefs and notions may appear outdated, and they may view my generation’s perspectives as unconventional or incorrect, there is still much we can learn from one another. 1．What is special about the Smith’s Care Home? A．It is only a childcare center actually. B．The elderly look after kids carefully there. C．It accepts both the elderly and pre-school kids. D．It caters to both grandparents and their grandchildren. 2．In the writer’s opinion, what problem is the world facing? A．There are more and more old people. B．The world’s population is dropping rapidly. C．The world is short of care homes for old people. D．Many children don’t grow up with their grandparents. 3．How does the writer develop his/ her idea in this text? A．By giving examples. B．By listing numbers. C．By raising questions. D．By making comparison. 4．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To explain why the world’s population ages. B．To encourage different generations to learn from each other. C．To show that older generations’ ways of thinking are incorrect. D．To persuade the young to take care of the elderly. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了代际交流的重要性，强调老年人和年轻人可以相互学习、彼此受益。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“While primarily catering to the elderly, this organization goes beyond age boundaries. Alongside elderly residents, the care home also houses a childcare center for preschool kids.(虽然主要是为老年人服务，但这个组织超越了年龄的界限。除了老年居民，养老院还为学龄前儿童提供了一个托儿中心。)”可知史密斯疗养院虽然主要是为老年人服务，但是养老院还为学龄前儿童提供了一个托儿中心，由此可知疗养院的特殊之处在于它既接纳老年人，也接纳学龄前儿童。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“This idea is inspiring, given the growing population of senior citizens in our world.(考虑到世界上老年人口的不断增长，这个想法是鼓舞人心的。)”可知在作者看来，当今世界面临的问题是老年人的数量越来越多。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。文章第一段“However, the truth is that both age groups have valuable lessons to offer one another.(然而，事实是，这两个年龄段的人都能为彼此提供宝贵的经验教训。)”提出核心观点——际间应互相学习，第二段以Smith’s Care Home为例，具体说明老年人与儿童共处的创新模式，后两段进一步结合全球老龄化背景和个人经历，强化观点，由此可知作者是通过举例子的方式展开个人观点的。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。文章第一段“However, the truth is that both age groups have valuable lessons to offer one another.(然而，事实是，这两个年龄段的人都能为彼此提供宝贵的经验教训。)”提出核心观点——代际间应互相学习，第二段通过养老院的例子说明代际交流的重要性，第三段的老龄化趋势以及最后一段的个人遗憾等均指向代际互助的必要性，最后一段的“Nonetheless, I firmly believe that I can still gain wisdom from other individuals belonging to older generations.(尽管如此，我坚信自己仍能从其他年长者的身上汲取智慧。)”重申观点，由此可知文章的主要目的是 旨在鼓励不同年龄段的人们相互学习。故选B项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一上·北京·期中） In the early days of the Internet, tech enthusiasts envisioned it as a revolutionary platform for spreading truth and ensuring the triumph of liberty. However, the outcome has often been the opposite. Despite our access to the most sophisticated information technologies, we are losing the ability to engage in meaningful conversations. Over the past two decades, algorithms have been designed to capture attention by manipulating online interactions, experimenting on users as if they were human guinea pigs. By tapping into emotions such as greed, hate, and fear, these systems can keep individuals glued to their screens. Initially, these algorithms could only promote existing content, but this dynamic is changing with the emergence of generative A．I.s like Open AI’s GPT-4. The potential of A．I. to facilitate conversations, understand human perspectives, and inspire actions could lead to beneficial outcomes. Imagine a future where A．I. teachers, doctors, and therapists provide tailored services that meet individual needs. Yet, the rise of bots like GPT-4 also presents significant risks. By combining manipulative capabilities with sophisticated language skills, these A．I.s can facilitate seemingly intimate relationships with users, influencing their thoughts and actions without any genuine emotional foundation. In 2022, Google engineer Blake Lemoine became convinced that the chatbot LaMDA, had become conscious and was afraid to be turned off. Mr. Lemoine felt it was his moral duty to gain recognition for LaMDA’s personhood and protect it from digital death. When Google dismissed his claims, Mr. Lemoine went public with them. Google fired him as a result. The most interesting thing about this was not his claim, but his willingness to risk his job for the chatbot. If a chatbot can influence people like that, what else could it induce us to do? Of course, we are not all equally susceptible to being manipulated by the bots. However, much of the threat of A．I.’s mastery of intimacy will result from its ability to identify and manipulate pre-existing mental conditions, and from its impact on the weakest members of society. Moreover, while not all of us will consciously choose to enter a relationship with an A．I., we might conduct online discussions about climate change with what we think are humans but are actually bots. When we engage in a debate with a bot impersonating a human, we lose twice. First, it is pointless for us to waste time in trying to change the opinions of a bot. Second, the more we talk with the bot, the more we disclose about ourselves, making it easier for the bot to hone its arguments and sway our views. A．I.s are welcome to join many conversations, in the classroom, for one, provided they identify themselves as A．I.s. But if a bot pretends to be human, it should be banned. If tech giants and libertarians complain that such measures violate freedom of speech, they should be reminded that freedom of speech is a human right that should be reserved for humans, not bots. 5．What can be inferred from the first three paragraphs? A．Human communication is weakened by technology. B．Humans are confused by sophisticated technology. C．The new generation of AI is met with oppositions. D．The development of AI falls short of expectations. 6．The example of Blake Lemoine is used to _______. A．reveal the culture of tech companies B．stress the importance of moral duty C．point out a human weakness D．promote the intelligence of AI 7．As for the possibility of developing relationship with AI, the author is _______. A．supportive B．critical C．doubtful D．cautious 8．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Greed, Hate, and Fear: A Warning from Tech Engineers B．AI and the Manipulation: The New Threats of Generative AI C．Chatbots with Fake Intimacy: Time to Dismiss Advanced AI D．Humanity vs. Machines: Protecting Free Speech in the Age of AI 【答案】5．A 6．C 7．D 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要讨论了人工智能的发展，特别是生成式人工智能如GPT-4对人类交流和社会互动的潜在影响，强调了人工智能在操纵人类情感和行为方面的风险，并提出了对人工智能在交流中应如何被监管的观点。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段中“However, the outcome has often been the opposite. Despite our access to the most sophisticated information technologies, we are losing the ability to engage in meaningful conversations. (然而，结果往往恰恰相反。尽管我们可以接触到最先进的信息技术，但我们正在失去进行有意义对话的能力。)”和第二段中“Over the past two decades, algorithms have been designed to capture attention by manipulating online interactions, experimenting on users as if they were human guinea pigs. (在过去的二十年里，算法被设计成通过操纵在线互动来吸引注意力，把用户当作人类豚鼠进行实验。)”以及第三段中“Yet, the rise of bots like GPT-4 also presents significant risks. By combining manipulative capabilities with sophisticated language skills, these A.I.s can facilitate seemingly intimate relationships with users, influencing their thoughts and actions without any genuine emotional foundation. (然而，像GPT-4这样的机器人的兴起也带来了重大风险。通过将操纵能力与复杂的语言技能相结合，这些人工智能可以与用户建立看似亲密的关系，影响他们的思想和行为，而没有任何真正的情感基础。)”可推知，技术削弱了人类的交流能力。故选A项。 6．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The most interesting thing about this was not his claim, but his willingness to risk his job for the chatbot. If a chatbot can influence people like that, what else could it induce us to do? (最有趣的不是他的说法，而是他愿意为这个聊天机器人冒丢掉工作的风险。如果一个聊天机器人能这样影响人们，它还能诱使我们做什么呢？)”可知，作者提到Blake Lemoine的例子是为了指出人类的一个弱点，即容易被聊天机器人影响，甚至愿意为其冒险。故选C项。 7．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Of course, we are not all equally susceptible to being manipulated by the bots. However, much of the threat of A.I.’s mastery of intimacy will result from its ability to identify and manipulate pre-existing mental conditions, and from its impact on the weakest members of society. (当然，我们并非都同样容易受到机器人的操纵。然而，人工智能掌握亲密关系所带来的大部分威胁，将来自于它识别和操纵预先存在的心理状况的能力，以及它对社会最弱势成员的影响。)”以及第六段中“Moreover, while not all of us will consciously choose to enter a relationship with an A.I., we might conduct online discussions about climate change with what we think are humans but are actually bots. When we engage in a debate with a bot impersonating a human, we lose twice. (此外，虽然并非所有人都会有意识地选择与人工智能建立关系，但我们可能会在网上与我们认为是人类但实际上是机器人的对象讨论气候变化。当我们与一个冒充人类的机器人进行辩论时，我们会遭受双重损失。)”可知，作者对于与人工智能发展关系持谨慎态度，既认识到了其潜在的风险，也指出了其可能带来的问题。故选D项。 8．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第二段中“Over the past two decades, algorithms have been designed to capture attention by manipulating online interactions, experimenting on users as if they were human guinea pigs. By tapping into emotions such as greed, hate, and fear, these systems can keep individuals glued to their screens. (在过去的二十年里，算法被设计成通过操纵在线互动来吸引注意力，把用户当作人类豚鼠进行实验。通过利用贪婪、仇恨和恐惧等情绪，这些系统可以让个人目不转睛地盯着屏幕。)”以及第三段中“Yet, the rise of bots like GPT-4 also presents significant risks. By combining manipulative capabilities with sophisticated language skills, these A.I.s can facilitate seemingly intimate relationships with users, influencing their thoughts and actions without any genuine emotional foundation. (然而，像GPT-4这样的机器人的兴起也带来了重大风险。通过将操纵能力与复杂的语言技能相结合，这些人工智能可以与用户建立看似亲密的关系，影响他们的思想和行为，而没有任何真正的情感基础。)”可知，文章主要讨论了人工智能，特别是生成式人工智能如GPT-4对人类交流和社会互动的潜在操纵和威胁。因此，B项“AI and the Manipulation: The New Threats of Generative AI (人工智能与操纵：生成式人工智能的新威胁)”最符合文章主旨，适宜作为标题。故选B项。 Passage 3 （24-25高一上·广东广州·期中） It all started on the day I was binge-watching a talkshow in which the host uttered these wise words: “School in Shakespeare’s day and age was vastly different from our own. In fact, it was far easier because students didn’t have to study Shakespeare.” I laughed when I heard this statement and then realized how rightful the claim is. I mean, most of us were not enthusiastic when we saw the name Shakespeare in a lesson or an assignment title, even for someone who enjoys reading, analyzing pieces of literature, and writing. It’s pretty obvious that the manner in which the current school system handles art affects most students’ understanding of it. When we are given a certain assignment based on, let’s say, a play, many of us subconsciously connect our experience and opinion of that play based on how good or bad the process of completing that assignment was, especially if that was the first time we ever watched or read it. We stop appreciating the work in front of us and start choosing to notice only the elements necessary to help us complete that assignment. The beauty, joy, or even awe of reading and watching that play no longer exists. Art is subjective. Each individual has a unique understanding of it. The features that make an artwork excellent are how well the piece succeeds in attracting us with its idea, how it affects us emotionally, and what we experience during our interaction with it. To have that free interaction removed will not only hurt the piece but also how students will engage with similar works in the future. One of the fundamental solutions is to embrace the individuality that art brings — the liberty for a person to understand and interact with a piece through the lens of experiences lived, ideas absorbed, and emotions felt. Just like anyone, students are human beings. By nature, classes and courses must have structure. Hence, it would be complicated if we leave total freedom to students. Therefore, we could have a theme, topic, or style for each lesson rather than assigning the same text to all of the students. Based on the theme or topic of the lesson, the students would freely choose a piece of their liking to engage with. Doing so is not just another assignment but an extension of their interaction with an artwork. Art is a reflection of the human experience. To quote from John Keating, played by the great Robin Williams: “We read and write poetry because we are members of the human race. And the human race is filled with passion.” That is true for all forms of art. By changing the way that art is taught in schools, we can help students to see art as a valuable and enjoyable part of their lives. Ultimately, the goal of art education should be to help students develop a lifelong appreciation for art. 9．The author thinks when learning Shakespeare’s works in class, students will probably _______. A．experience joy in analyzing them B．find his works different yet easier C．realize it is quite right to study them D．wish they were in Shakespeare’s age 10．What leads to the problem with art appreciation? A．Students’ lack of creativity. B．Individuals’ varied opinions. C．The assignment-driven approach. D．The complexity of literary works. 11．According to the author, a good art class should be the one where _______. A．teachers choose a piece of their liking B．students freely pick out a theme they enjoy C．teachers encourage deep analysis of the same text D．students establish personal connection with artworks 12．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Why Students Hate Art Class B．The Lost Joy of Art Appreciation C．How to Connect Literature with Reality D．The Crisis of the Current School System 【答案】9．D 10．C 11．D 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨了当前学校艺术教育存在的问题，尤其是以作业为导向的教学方式如何影响学生对艺术的欣赏，并提出了通过给予学生自由选择艺术作品来提升艺术教育效果的建议。 9．推理判断题。根据第一段中““School in Shakespeare’s day and age was vastly different from our own. In fact, it was far easier because students didn’t have to study Shakespeare.” I laughed when I heard this statement and then realized how rightful the claim is. I mean, most of us were not enthusiastic when we saw the name Shakespeare in a lesson or an assignment title, even for someone who enjoys reading, analyzing pieces of literature, and writing. (“在莎士比亚所处的时代，学校教育与我们如今的大不相同。事实上，那时要轻松得多，因为学生们无需学习莎士比亚的作品。”听到这一说法时我笑了，随后意识到这一观点多么有道理。我的意思是，当我们在课程或作业标题中看到莎士比亚这个名字时，我们大多数人都提不起兴致，即便对于喜欢阅读、分析文学作品以及写作的人来说也是如此。)”可推知，作者认为当学生在课堂上学习莎士比亚的作品时，他们可能会希望自己生活在莎士比亚的时代，因为那样就不用学习他的作品了。故选D项。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段中“When we are given a certain assignment based on, let’s say, a play, many of us subconsciously connect our experience and opinion of that play based on how good or bad the process of completing that assignment was, especially if that was the first time we ever watched or read it. We stop appreciating the work in front of us and start choosing to notice only the elements necessary to help us complete that assignment. (当我们被布置了一项基于某部戏剧的作业时，我们中的许多人会下意识地根据完成作业的过程的好坏来关联我们对这部戏剧的体验和看法，尤其是当我们第一次观看或阅读它时。我们不再欣赏眼前的作品，而是开始只选择那些有助于我们完成作业的元素。)”可知，以作业为导向的教学方式导致了艺术欣赏的问题。故选C项。 11．推理判断题。根据第四段中“One of the fundamental solutions is to embrace the individuality that art brings — the liberty for a person to understand and interact with a piece through the lens of experiences lived, ideas absorbed, and emotions felt. (一个基本的解决方案是接受艺术带来的个性 —— 一个人通过经历、吸收的思想和感受到的情感来理解和与一件作品互动的自由。)”以及第五段中“Based on the theme or topic of the lesson, the students would freely choose a piece of their liking to engage with. Doing so is not just another assignment but an extension of their interaction with an artwork. (根据课程的主题或话题，学生可以自由选择他们喜欢的作品进行互动。这样做不仅仅是另一项作业，而是他们与艺术品互动的延伸。)”可知，作者认为一个好的艺术课应该是学生与艺术品建立个人联系的课堂。故选D项。 12．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第二段中“The beauty, joy, or even awe of reading and watching that play no longer exists. (阅读和观看那部戏剧的美丽、喜悦甚至敬畏都不复存在了。)”以及最后一段中“By changing the way that art is taught in schools, we can help students to see art as a valuable and enjoyable part of their lives. Ultimately, the goal of art education should be to help students develop a lifelong appreciation for art. (通过改变学校教授艺术的方式，我们可以帮助学生将艺术视为生活中有价值和令人愉快的一部分。最终，艺术教育的目标应该是帮助学生培养对艺术的终身欣赏。)”可知，文章主要讨论了艺术欣赏中失去的乐趣以及如何通过改变教学方式来恢复这种乐趣。因此，B项“The Lost Joy of Art Appreciation (艺术欣赏中失去的乐趣)”最符合文章主旨，适宜作为标题。故选B项。 主题02 人与自我——成长蜕变与自我认知。 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·北京朝阳·期中） “If you can in one day renew yourself, do so everyday”, declared Shang Dynasty founder Cheng Tang. This is a nice motto to live by, and certainly more romantic than American poet Ezra Pound’s “Make it New”, a catchphrase of the modernist movement. Most of us tend to fight change and seek stability, yet as French philosopher Henry Bergson notes, “life is endlessly continued creation.” We notice change only when it’s sudden and final, like when we change careers, or sell our forever home. But Bergson argues that change is everlasting, not just in these moments. Our past follows us at every instant and leans over the present, and the direction it takes is “new, unique, and unforeseen”. It is a comforting thought that we press upon our future at every moment in totally novel ways. But it also helps explain the quiet sadness we feel when life is going well, just like trying to hold onto sand falling through one’s fingers. Bergson didn’t like “clock time” — the mechanical ticking of seconds. He preferred “duration”, where time flows continuously, rather than a series of separated moments. We are the dancer who moves through time, making it up as she goes along. Ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus acknowledged that the only unchanging force in life is change. Driving this process of change is the tension of opposites such as life and death, day and night, wet and dry. Struggle and disagreement are important to the creation of new things; creativity arises from the dynamic interplay of opposing forces. Similarly, the Taijim (Yin-Yang symbol) represents such interplay. Yin is connected with qualities like darkness, the moon, and the earth. Yang is connected with qualities such as light, the sun, and heaven. The combined pattern indicates that they are interdependent, out of which arises a stable balance. Like most crossroads in life — “Should I put my money in a high- risk investment or play it safe?”, or “Should I settle down or keep exploring?” — the internal struggle is full of tension. But it's this tension that brings about new ideas, new plans, new destiny. Pound’s cry to “Make it New” is happening to us whether we like it or not. We have no choice but to ride along this current of never-ending newness. As Alan Watts says, “The only way to make sense out of change is to dive into it, move with it, and join the dance.” 1．According to the passage, Henri Bergson believes ________. A．change in life comes from major events B．time is best understood as a series of fixed points C．our past shapes the present and future unpredictably D．“clock time” can explain the interplay of opposing forces 2．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Tension of opposites generates creativity. B．True existence lies in stability and control. C．“Make it new” promotes seeking a new lifestyle. D．The independence of Yin and Yang leads to balance. 3．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Striking a Balance: Flowing with the Present B．The Current of Newness: Fighting Opposing Forces C．The Dance of Change: Welcoming Daily Renewal D．Enlightening the Future: Returning to Ancient Wisdom 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，文章探讨了变化的本质及其对人生的影响，作者认为时间并非是线性的，而是像舞蹈一样，过去影响现在和未来，变化是永恒的，而对立的张力（例如阴与阳、生与死）是创造力的源泉，最后呼应Pound“创造新事物”的理念，鼓励人们拥抱变化。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Our past follows us at every instant and leans over the present, and the direction it takes is “new, unique, and unforeseen”.(我们的过去每时每刻都跟随着我们，并向现在倾斜，它所采取的方向是“新的，独特的，不可预测的”)”可知，Henri Bergson认为我们的过去以不可预测的方式塑造了现在和未来，故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Struggle and disagreement are important to the creation of new things; creativity arises from the dynamic interplay of opposing forces.(斗争和分歧对于创造新事物很重要；创造力来自于对立力量的动态相互作用)”可知，对立的张力产生创造力，故选A。 3．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“If you can in one day renew yourself, do so everyday(如果你能在一天内更新自己，那么每天都这样做)”和最后一段“Pound’s cry to “Make it New” is happening to us whether we like it or not. We have no choice but to ride along this current of never-ending newness. As Alan Watts says, “The only way to make sense out of change is to dive into it, move with it, and join the dance.”(不管我们喜欢与否，Pound所呼吁的“创新”正在发生在我们身上。我们别无选择，只能顺势而行，永不停息。正如Alan Watts所说：“从变化中获得意义的唯一方法就是深入其中，与之共舞。”)”可知，文章探讨了变化的本质及其对人生的影响，作者认为时间并非是线性的，而是像舞蹈一样，过去影响现在和未来，变化是永恒的，而对立的张力（例如阴与阳、生与死）是创造力的源泉，最后呼应Pound“创造新事物”的理念，鼓励人们拥抱变化。C项“变化之舞：欢迎每日更新”最适合作为标题，呼应文章积极接纳并融入持续变化的动态过程中的主题，故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高一上·河北邯郸·期中） We live in a culture addicted to immediacy. We’re flooded with quick fixes-diet pills for rapid weight loss, fitness programs claiming “two-week body changes”, and language apps promising fluency through “10-minute daily lessons”. This addiction badly affects our view of real progress. True achievement, however, follows a different pattern. The saying “no pain, no gain” holds timeless wisdom: real success requires continuous effort. Ironically (讽刺的是), while we admire stories of perseverance — leaders overcoming failures, athletes recovering from severe injuries, we seek easy shortcuts ourselves. Actually, our belief in effortless change is a thief, stealing the essential process where struggles build strength. Nature shows how growth truly works. Significant changes occur through patient preparation, not rushed shortcuts. Consider bamboo. Hidden underground for years, it develops a strong but invisible root system. Only after this hidden labor does it shoot up rapidly. gaining nearly a meter in height daily. Similarly, a caterpillar (毛毛虫) completely breaks down into nutrient-rich liquid within its chrysalis (蝶蛹) before becoming into a butterfly with strong wings. These natural processes tell a rule that true progress comes from unseen work, not sudden jumps. Human efforts to rush natural processes often backfire. Forcing open a chrysalis to “help” the butterfly leaves its wings weak, as it skips key growth stages. Likewise, demanding instant results in skill development or emotional healing ruins the gradual brain changes and necessary mental adjustments. Even cherry flowers need months of winter rest to store energy—a reality often ignored in our rush for immediate beauty. Lasting change respects natural timelines rather than forcing strict deadlines. Skill mastery needs repeated practice to strengthen brain connections. Language fluency develops after thousands of practice hours, not through last-minute studying. By valuing hidden efforts over instant results, we hold the basic truth. When impatience pushes us toward quick fixes, let nature act as a reminder that greatness begins in silence before blooming into view. 189．What does the author think of people’s attitudes to success? A．They admire hard work but seek easy paths. B．They trust technology over personal growth. C．They praise others’ efforts and make their own. D．They favor short-term risks over long-term goals. 190．What can be learned about bamboo’s growth in Paragraph 3? A．It competes with other plants. B．It grows unseen roots first. C．It depends on outside support. D．It adapts to climate extremes. 191．What does the underlined word “backfire” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Quicken processes. B．Require more efforts. C．Succeed unexpectedly. D．Produce opposite results. 192．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．Technology encourages skill mastery. B．Natural timelines ensure true growth. C．Strict schedules improve effectiveness. D．Nature requires no human assistance. 【答案】4．A 5．B 6．D 7．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章批判了人们急于求成的心态，通过自然现象说明真正的进步源于默默努力和遵循自然规律，而非追求捷径。 4．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Ironically (讽刺的是), while we admire stories of perseverance — leaders overcoming failures, athletes recovering from severe injuries, we seek easy shortcuts ourselves.(讽刺的是，虽然我们钦佩那些坚持不懈的故事——领导者克服失败，运动员从重伤中恢复，但我们自己却在寻找捷径)”可知，人们钦佩努力奋斗的故事，但自己且在却寻求轻松的成功之路。故选A项。 5．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Consider bamboo. Hidden underground for years, it develops a strong but invisible root system. Only after this hidden labor does it shoot up rapidly.(以竹子为例。它在地下隐藏多年，发展出一个强大但看不见的根系。只有经过这种隐藏的努力之后，它才会迅速生长)”可知，竹子先生长看不见的根系。故选B项。 6．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“Human efforts to rush natural processes often backfire. Forcing open a chrysalis to ‘help’ the butterfly leaves its wings weak, as it skips key growth stages. Likewise, demanding instant results in skill development or emotional healing ruins the gradual brain changes and necessary mental adjustments.(人类试图加速自然过程的努力往往backfire。强行打开蝶蛹来“帮助”蝴蝶会使它的翅膀变弱，因为它跳过了关键的生长阶段。同样，在技能发展或情感治愈方面要求立竿见影的效果会破坏大脑的逐渐变化和必要的心理调整)”可知，人类强行干预自然进程会产生与预期相反的结果，所以“backfire”意思是“产生相反的结果”。故选D项。 7．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Lasting change respects natural timelines rather than forcing strict deadlines. Skill mastery needs repeated practice to strengthen brain connections. Language fluency develops after thousands of practice hours, not through last-minute studying. By valuing hidden efforts over instant results, we hold the basic truth. When impatience pushes us toward quick fixes, let nature act as a reminder that greatness begins in silence before blooming into view.(持久的变化需顺应自然节奏，而非强加刻板期限。技能精进需通过反复练习强化大脑神经连接，语言流利度源于数千小时的积累，而非临时抱佛脚。唯有珍视隐性的努力而非即时结果，方能触及本质真理。当急躁驱使我们寻求捷径时，请以自然为鉴——伟大始于无声的积淀，终将绽放于世人眼前)”可知，本段举例说明了技能掌握和语言流利都需要遵循自然进程，即自然的节奏保障着真正的成长。故选B项。 Passage 3 （24-25高一上·上海·期中） Victor Frank, the author of Man’s Search for Meaning, once wrote, “Everything can be taken from a person but one thing: the last of human freedoms — to choose one’s attitude in any given set of circumstances. Frank was right. Attitude is a choice. You could be faced with a thousand problems, many or most over which you have absolutely no control. However, there is always one thing you are in complete and absolute control of and that is your own attitude. To be honest, it wasn’t until I was in my late 20s that I finally understood its full impact. All through my teens and into my early adult life, I can’t tell you the number of times that I heard, “Bob, if you’d just change your attitude, you would do a lot better.” At that time, I didn’t know what attitude was, let alone know how to change it! Attitude and results are inseparable. They follow one another as night follows day. One is the cause, while the other, the result. There is a term we use to distinguish this “cause and effect” relationship, which is called the Law of Cause and Effect. Simply stated, if you think in negative terms, you will get negative results; if you think in positive terms, you will achieve positive results. Some people always see wrong things in the world. These individuals are quick to blame circumstances or other people for their problems, rather than accepting responsibility for their life and their attitude. Thus, it would appear as if they were born with bad luck and it has followed them around their whole life. However, there are others who are forever winning and living the good life. They are the real movers and shakers who make things happen. They seem to go from one major accomplishment to another. They’re in control of their life. Their wins are a matter of choice. You can experience that kind of life as well, you only need to decide. Dorothea Brand once said, “Act as if it were impossible to fail,” and I challenge you to do so. By simply becoming aware that you can choose your thoughts each and every day, you will change your entire outlook. You have the power to choose an abundant life no matter what your circumstances are. Don’t wait to experience all the wonderful things the universe has in store for you. Start today by working on your attitude and welcome the abundant life that you are meant to lead. 8．Why does the writer use the example of himself in Paragraph 2? A．To prove attitude changes on its own. B．To show attitude is important to the old. C．To show understanding attitude takes time. D．To prove the author himself was very stubborn. 9．What can we learn from the Law of Cause and Effect? A．Our attitude plays a crucial role in determining the outcomes we experience. B．Luck and chance also play an incredibly important role in the results we get. C．Blaming external circumstances can actually bring benefits to our mental health. D．Negative attitudes may occasionally bring positive results due to external factors. 10．What is the writer’s attitude towards those who believe in the power of positive mindsets? A．Doubtful. B．Objective. C．Supportive. D．Disapproving. 【答案】8．C 9．A 10．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了积极的态度的重要性。 8．推理判断题。根据第二段“To be honest, it wasn’t until I was in my late 20s that I finally understood its full impact.All through my teens and into my early adult life, I can’t tell you the number of times that I heard, ‘Bob, if you’d just change your attitude, you would do a lot better.’ At that time, I didn’t know what attitude was, let alone know how to change it!(说实话，直到快30岁的时候，我才终于明白了它的全部影响。从我十几岁到成年早期，我都数不清有多少次听到这样的话：‘鲍勃，如果你能改变你的态度，你会做得更好。’那时候，我不知道什么是态度，更不知道如何改变态度！)”可推知，作者提到自己的例子是想表明理解态度的重要性需要时间。故选C。 9．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Simply stated, if you think in negative terms, you will get negative results; if you think in positive terms, you will achieve positive results. Some people always see wrong things in the world. (简单地说，如果你用消极的方式思考，你会得到消极的结果；如果你用积极的方式思考，你就会取得积极的结果)”可知，从“因果定律”中可以得知，我们的态度在决定我们经历的结果方面起着至关重要的作用。故选A。 10． 推理判断题。根据第三段中“However, there are others who are forever winning and living the good life. They are the real movers and shakers who make things happen. They seem to go from one major accomplishment to another. They’re in control of their life. Their wins are a matter of choice.(然而，也有一些人永远是赢家，过着美好的生活。他们是让事情发生的真正的推动者和动摇者。他们似乎从一个重大成就走向另一个重大成就。他们掌控着自己的生活。他们的胜利取决于选择)”和最后一段中“Don’t wait to experience all the wonderful things the universe has in store for you. Start today by working on your attitude and welcome the abundant life that you are meant to lead.(不要等着去体验宇宙为你准备的所有美好事物。从今天开始，改变你的态度，迎接你注定要过的丰富生活)”可知，作者认为相信好心态力量的人能掌控自己的美好生活，并呼吁读者保持积极的态度。由此推知，作者对那些人持支持的态度。故选C。 主题03 人与自然——环境保护与可持续发展 Passage 1 （23-24高一上·安徽合肥·期中） Air pollution remains a global health crisis, responsible for 4.7 million early deaths worldwide in 2021 — about the same as road-traffic accidents, malaria and suicides combined. While road traffic significantly contributes to this problem, the shift to electric vehicles (EVs) presents both promise and challenges that deserve careful examination. Unlike traditional cars, EVs produce no direct exhaust emissions (尾气排放), making them crucial for urban air quality improvement. However, they still produce considerable non-exhaust pollutants from brake, tire and road wear (磨损). These micro particles (颗粒), particularly those smaller than 2.5 microns, pose serious health risks by getting into the lungs and other organs via the bloodstream, potentially causing heart or lung disease, stroke, and cancer. One 2021 study by researchers at the University of Southampton found some brake-pad dust seems more damaging to lung cells, partly due to higher levels of copper, which can damage cells and DNA．Scientists estimate that EVs produce more of these non-exhaust particles than other cars because their batteries make them heavier, the weight averaging 2,133 kg, compared to 1,500-1,800 kg for traditional vehicles, causing them to generate more friction (摩擦). Despite this, EVs are still mostly less polluting than other cars. They maintain an environmental advantage partly through regenerative braking systems where when the driver removes their foot from the pedal, the continued forward motion of the car is harvested to recharge the battery, thereby slowing the car down. Comparative studies show EVs emit about 14 mg/ km of fine particles versus 18 mg/ km for petrol when accounting for all sources. To maximize EV benefits, several strategies are significant. One way is to regulate non-exhaust emissions in a similar way to exhaust. Encouraging people to consider smaller cars, though difficult, would be another, as bigger sizes often mean larger and heavier batteries and the extra range provided by largest batteries may never be needed. Plus, the electricity powering EVs must come from renewable sources to avoid simply relocating pollution to power plants. 1．What is the main purpose of this passage? A．To promote the use of EVs. B．To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of EVs. C．To argue about car pollution. D．To compare two types of vehicle pollution. 2．How do regenerative braking systems in EVs reduce pollution? A．Stop using brakes completely B．Turn motion into battery power C．Prevent harmful particles D．Make the car lighter. 3．Which best explains “relocating” in Paragraph 4? A．reducing. B．shifting. C．hiding. D．measuring. 4．What can be inferred about oversized EVs? A．They may cause unnecessary pollution. B．They help regulate emissions. C．They are powered with renewable sources. D．They show technological progress. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕电动汽车与空气污染这一主题展开。阐述了电动汽车改善城市空气质量的潜力，也分析了面临的挑战。通过研究说明电动汽车非尾气颗粒物危害更大的原因，又通过对比研究肯定了电动汽车整体污染仍较低且具备环保优势。 1．推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，全文围绕电动汽车展开，既阐述了其优势（无直接尾气排放、总体污染少于传统汽车、再生制动系统减少污染等），也分析了其存在的问题（产生非尾气污染物、因重量大导致颗粒排放更多等），最后还提出了最大化电动汽车益处的策略。由此可知，文章主要讨论了电动汽车的优缺点。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“They maintain an environmental advantage partly through regenerative braking systems where when the driver removes their foot from the pedal, the continued forward motion of the car is harvested to recharge the battery, thereby slowing the car down.(它们的环境优势部分源于再生制动系统：当司机松开踏板时，汽车持续的前进动力会被回收以给电池充电，从而使汽车减速。)”可知，电动汽车的再生制动系统在司机松开踏板时，会将汽车持续的前进动力回收以给电池充电，从而实现减速。这一过程减少了传统刹车的使用频率，进而减少了刹车磨损产生的污染物，其核心是将运动转化为电池电力。故选B。 3．词义猜测题。根据划线单词所在语境“Plus, the electricity powering EVs must come from renewable sources to avoid simply relocating pollution to power plants.(此外，为电动汽车供电的电力必须来自可再生能源，以避免污染只是简单地……到发电厂。)”可知，若电动汽车的电力来自非可再生能源，污染就会从汽车转移到发电厂。划线单词意为“转移”，选项B“shifting”意为“转移”，与此相符。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Encouraging people to consider smaller cars, though difficult, would be another, as bigger sizes often mean larger and heavier batteries and the extra range provided by largest batteries may never be needed.(鼓励人们考虑购买小型汽车——尽管这并非易事，因为车身越大，通常意味着电池越大、越重，而最大容量电池所提供的额外续航里程可能根本用不上。)”可知，大型电动汽车通常配备更大更重的电池，而其提供的额外续航可能根本用不上。结合前文提到电动汽车因重量大产生更多非尾气污染物，可推断大型电动汽车可能因不必要的重量和电池规模导致多余的污染。故选A。 Passage 2 （23-24高一上·四川绵阳·期中） Plastic has become an indispensable part of modern life, used in everything from packaging to electronics. However, its convenience comes at a heavy environmental cost. Each year, over 400 million tons of plastic are produced worldwide, and less than 10% of it is recycled. The rest ends up in landfills, oceans, or ecosystems, threatening wildlife and human health. Reducing plastic waste is thus a urgent global responsibility. The impact of plastic pollution on marine life is particularly alarming. Marine animals often mistake plastic bags for jellyfish or ingest microplastics—tiny pieces of plastic less than 5mm in size. A 2023 study found that 90% of seabirds and 50% of sea turtles have plastic in their stomachs, leading to starvation or organ damage. On land, plastic can take hundreds of years to decompose, releasing toxic chemicals into soil and water sources, which eventually enter the food chain. To tackle this issue, governments, businesses, and individuals must work together. Governments can implement policies such as banning single-use plastics (e.g., straws, plastic bags) or imposing taxes on plastic products. For example, Kenya introduced a strict ban on plastic bags in 2017, reducing plastic waste by 80% within three years. Businesses, meanwhile, can innovate by using biodegradable materials or designing products for reuse. Companies like Coca-Cola have pledged to make 100% of their packaging recyclable by 2030. Individuals also play a crucial role. Simple actions like using reusable shopping bags, avoiding disposable utensils, and recycling properly can make a significant difference. Education is key: raising awareness about plastic pollution helps people understand the consequences of their choices and encourages sustainable habits. In summary, plastic waste poses a severe threat to the environment, but solutions exist. By combining government policies, corporate innovation, and individual action, we can reduce plastic pollution and protect the planet for future generations. 5. What is the main problem discussed in the passage? A. The high cost of producing plastic. B. The difficulty of recycling plastic. C. The environmental harm caused by plastic waste. D. The shortage of biodegradable materials. 6. Why does the author mention the 2023 study on marine animals? A. To show that plastic pollution affects humans too. B. To provide evidence of plastic’s harm to wildlife. C. To argue that seabirds are more at risk than turtles. D. To explain how microplastics are formed. 7. Which of the following is an example of government action against plastic waste? A. Coca-Cola’s recyclable packaging plan. B. Using reusable shopping bags. C. Kenya’s ban on plastic bags. D. Educating people about recycling. 8. The word “biodegradable” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______. A. able to break down naturally B. harmful to the environment C. expensive to produce D. difficult to recycle 【答案】5．C 6．B 7．C 8. A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，本文阐述了塑料垃圾对环境（尤其是海洋生物和陆地生态）的严重危害，提出政府、企业和个人应共同采取行动（如政策禁止、材料创新、个人习惯改变）以减少塑料污染，强调这是全球共同的责任。 5．主旨大意题。文章开篇指出塑料带来便利的同时造成环境代价，随后详细说明塑料垃圾对海洋生物、陆地生态的危害，并提出解决措施。核心问题是塑料垃圾的环境危害，A、B、D 均为细节或无关信息。故选C。 6．推理判断题。第三段提到 2023 年的研究发现 90% 的海鸟和 50% 的海龟胃中有塑料，导致饥饿或器官损伤。这一数据是为了具体证明塑料污染对野生动物的危害，支持前文论点。A、C、D 与研究目的无关。故选B。 7．细节理解题。本题考查对不同主体行动的区分。第三段明确提到 “governments can implement policies... Kenya introduced a strict ban on plastic bags”，故 C 项属于政府行动。A 是企业行为，B、D 是个人行动。故选C。 8. 词义猜测题。第三段提到企业可通过使用 “biodegradable materials” 创新，与塑料（难以降解）形成对比。结合语境，“biodegradable” 指 “可生物降解的”，即能自然分解的材料，与 A 项含义一致。故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25高一上·山东烟台·期中） Fashion is often seen as a form of self-expression, but few people consider its environmental cost. From water pollution caused by dyeing fabrics to mountains of textile waste in landfills, the fashion industry is one of the most polluting in the world. To address this, sustainable fashion—clothing made and consumed in an environmentally and socially responsible way—must become the new norm. The fast fashion model, where brands produce cheap, trendy clothes quickly, is particularly harmful. To keep prices low, factories often use toxic chemicals to dye fabrics, which then flow into rivers. A single pair of jeans, for example, requires 7,500 liters of water to produce and releases significant amounts of pollution. Moreover, fast fashion encourages overconsumption: people buy more clothes than they need, and 92 million tons of textile waste are discarded each year, most of which ends up in landfills. Sustainable fashion offers a solution. It focuses on using eco-friendly materials like organic cotton (grown without harmful pesticides) and recycled polyester (made from plastic bottles). These materials reduce water use and pollution. Sustainable brands also prioritize quality over quantity, creating durable clothes designed to last. For instance, a jacket made from recycled materials may cost more upfront, but it can be worn for years, reducing the need for frequent replacements. Critics claim sustainable fashion is too expensive for most consumers. While it’s true that eco-friendly clothes often have higher price tags, this reflects their true cost—including fair wages for workers and sustainable production methods. Over time, as demand grows, prices will likely fall. Additionally, consumers can adopt sustainable habits without spending more, such as buying second-hand clothes, repairing damaged items, and donating unwanted ones. In conclusion, sustainable fashion is not just a trend but a necessary shift to reduce the fashion industry’s environmental impact. By choosing quality over quantity and supporting responsible brands, consumers can help create a more sustainable future. 9.What is the main problem with the fast fashion industry? A. It produces clothes that go out of style quickly. B. It is harmful to the environment due to pollution and waste. C. It uses too many expensive materials. D. It does not pay workers fairly. 10.How does sustainable fashion differ from fast fashion? A. It focuses on trendy designs. B. It uses eco-friendly materials and prioritizes quality. C. It produces clothes more quickly. D. It is only available to wealthy consumers. 11.The word “discarded” in Paragraph 2 probably means ______. A. recycled B. sold C. thrown away D. worn out 12.What can consumers do to support sustainable fashion without spending more? A. Buy clothes made from organic cotton. B. Purchase expensive recycled jackets. C. Buy second-hand clothes and repair items. D. Only shop from luxury sustainable brands. 【答案】9．B 10．B 11．C 12. C 【导语】本文阐述了快时尚产业对环境的危害（污染和浪费），介绍了可持续时尚的解决方案（使用环保材料、注重质量），并反驳了 “过于昂贵” 的质疑，强调可持续时尚是减少时尚产业环境影响的必要转变。 9．细节理解题。第二段明确指出快时尚的危害：“工厂使用有毒化学物质染色导致水污染”“每年 9200 万吨纺织废料被丢弃到垃圾填埋场”，即污染和浪费对环境有害。A 选项 “款式过时快” 是快时尚的特点，但非主要问题；C 选项 “使用昂贵材料” 与 “廉价服装” 矛盾；D 选项 “未公平支付工资” 在文中未提及（第三段提到可持续时尚包含公平工资，但快时尚的问题核心是环境）。故选B。 10．细节理解题。第三段提到可持续时尚 “使用环保材料（如有机棉、再生聚酯纤维）” 且 “注重质量而非数量，制作耐穿的衣服”，这与快时尚形成对比。A、C 选项是快时尚的特点；D 选项 “仅富人可负担” 与文中 “消费者可通过二手、修补等方式参与” 矛盾。故选B。 11．词义猜测题。第二段提到 “快时尚鼓励过度消费：人们买的衣服超过需求，每年 9200 万吨纺织废料被 discarded，大部分进入垃圾填埋场”。结合 “垃圾填埋场” 的语境，“discarded” 意为 “丢弃”，与 C 选项 “thrown away” 一致。A 选项 “回收”、B 选项 “出售”、D 选项 “穿坏” 均不符合语境。故选C。 12. 细节理解题。第四段明确提到 “消费者可以不花更多钱养成可持续习惯，如购买二手衣服、修补损坏物品、捐赠不需要的衣物”。A、B、D 选项均涉及花费更多（有机棉、昂贵夹克、奢侈品牌），与 “without spending more” 不符。故选C。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $