非谓语动词综合复习（超详细）

非谓语动词 1.非谓语动词 ——综合讲练 近7年全国Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ卷中语法填空考点分布图 近7年全国Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ卷中短文改错考点分布图 动词是历年高考的必考点，对动词有关知识的掌握是考生在语法填空中得高分的关键。动词的变化形式比较多，有谓语形式的变化和非谓语形式的变化(如不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词) 考情分析 Part 1 结合考情和学情可知，非谓语动词要求考生掌握不定式、过去分词、动词-ing(动名词和现在分词)在句子中的用法，以及一些固定句型等。 什么是非谓语动词？ 何时使用非谓语动词？ 妃 Summary ★ 一个句子中已经存在一个____________, 又没有_________的情况下，另一个动词需要用____________的形式。 谓语动词 连词 非谓语动词 连词 并列连词 or、and、but、so、however... 从属连词 when、who、that、because... Exercise 1 判断下列句子应使用（A.谓语）还是 (B.非谓语动词)。 （1）The book was written by San Mao. （2）I like reading the novels written by San Mao. A B He likes playing football. They went to ride a bike. B A doing（表主动和进行） to do (表目的和将来) done（表被动和完成） 非谓语动词 总结： 一、一个句子中只有一个谓语，其他都是非谓语，除非有连词； 二、非谓语的常见三种形式：to do; doing; done 语法填空中的动词如何填？ （1）The girl_____________(dance) in the classroom now. →分析：该句中_________(有/没有)谓语动词，所以该空格应使用________(谓语/非谓语动词)，时态为______________。 （2）The girl__________(dance) in the classroom now and she looks very confident. →分析：该句中_____(有/没有)谓语动词，但是有并列连词_______连接了两个动词，所以空格应使用____________(谓语/非谓语动词)。 没有 谓语动词 现在进行时 is dancing 有 and 谓语动词 is dancing （3）The girl__________(dance) in the classroom now looks very confident. →分析：该句中______(有/没有)谓语动词，并且______(有/没有)连词，所以空格应使用_____________(谓语/非谓语动词)。 （4）The girl who____________(dance) in the classroom now looks very confident. →分析：该句中_____(有/没有)谓语动词，但是有从属连词_______，所以空格应使用__________(谓语/非谓语动词)，时态为____________。 有 没有 非谓语动词 有 who 谓语动词 现在进行时 is dancing dancing Task 2 选择恰当的非谓语动词形式 非谓语动词 不定式 现在分词 过去分词 基本形式 to do doing done 被动式 to be done being done / （1）He often works hard to earn more money. 为了赚更多的钱，他努力工作。 （2）The meeting is to be held next week. 会议将于下周召开。 → 动词不定式to do 在句中通常表:________和________。 目的 将来 （3）Hearing the news, he couldn’t help laughing. 听到消息时，他忍不住笑了。 （4）We see them dancing “Sea Grass” in the TV now. 我们看见他们正在电视上跳海草舞。 → 现在分词(doing) 通常在句中表:__________和___________。 主动 进行 （5）Pointed at by others, he was told “No zuo no die why you try.” 他被别人指着说：“不作死就不会死。” （6）You can drink boiled water. 你可以喝开水。 → 过去分词(done) 通常在句中表: _________和__________。 被动 完成 （1）____________(catch) the early bus, she got up at 6:00. 6:00 To catch practice （2）I saw four girls ____________(wear) different clothes. wearing （3）Two women ____________(interview) about the product said they liked it. interviewed （4）The stadium _________(build) by the company last year can hold 1 million people. built （5）I should do more exercise __________(improve) my English. English to improve （6）We can see Guan Xiaotong _________(give) a lecture on the stage. giving (1) _________(kiss) by Chen He, Li Chen was very sad. _________(kiss) Li Chen, Chen He was very excited. Task 3 如何判断主动 or 被动？ → 提示：找到非谓语动词的逻辑主语，并判断其和非谓语动词的主被动关系。 Kissed Kissing (2) _______(see) from the mountain, the sea looks beautiful. ________(see) from the mountain, you will find the sea beautiful. Seen Seeing 2.动词不定式 01.考情分析 考情透视·目标导航 题型 考情统计 语法填空、改错 年份 卷别 不定式 考点 2025 新高考1卷 to present 作宾语 2024 1月浙江卷 to benefit 作目的状语 2023 新高考Ⅰ卷 whether tobite 作宾语 新高考Ⅰ卷 tobelifted 作宾补 全国甲卷 to teachused to be（改错） 作目的状语作宾语 题型 考情统计 语法填空、改错 年份 卷别 不定式 考点 2022 新高考I卷 to increase 作状语 新高考II卷 to see 作目的状语 新高考II卷 how to thank 作宾语 全国甲卷 was unwilling (to)改错 作宾语 全国乙卷 To strengthen 作目的状语 浙江6月卷 tells you not to do 作宾补 浙江1月卷 to continue 作宾语 北京卷 to harm 作定语 上海7月卷 to achieve 作状语 上海1月卷 to see 作定语 考情透视·目标导航 分析近年高考真题可知，近3年高考对于不定式的考查一直是高频考点，主要考查： 复习目标：1. 掌握不定式的形式和用法； 2. 掌握不定式的固定搭配和特殊用法； 1. 不定式作状语； 5. 不定式的各种形式及其意义； 3. 不定式作补语； 2. 不定式作定语； 4. 不定式作主语和宾语； 考情透视·目标导航 知识建构 42 知识点1 不定式的概念及特点 to+动词原形 【基础详单】 非谓语动词指不能单独作谓语，但保留动词的某些特征的动词形式。包括动词不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）三类，它们没有人称和数的变化，但根据发生的时间、状态及主被动关系有形式上的变化，还可以有自己的宾语和状语。 动词不定式的基本构成形式： 种类 时态 主动形式及意义 被动形式及意义 不 定 式 一般式 to do 将要发生或与谓语动作同时发生 to be done 被动、将来 进行式 to be doing 谓语发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行或与谓语动词的动作同时发生： He seems to be saying something. 完成式 to have done发生在谓语动词的动作之前: He was disappointed not to have received any feedback. By this time tomorrow, I hope to have finished all my work. to have been done被动、发生在谓语动词的动作之前 知识点2 不定式的时态和语态 02.考点一 知识点1 作主语 对比：动名词作主语表泛指，是抽象行为。 考点突破·考法探究 1.不定式作主语表具体行为，表特指 2.不定式作主语三情况：直接作主语；It作形式主语；wh-to do短语作主语(谓语用单数)。 3.常考句型It is+ adj. +of / for sb to do sth 结构；It takes sb. time to do sth.等。 【名师提醒】1.不定式作主语时，相当于名词或代词，谓语动词用单数形式。 考点突破·考法探究 例1：To succeed calls for hard work. 成功需要付出艰辛的劳动。 例2：It’s not easy to find your way around the small town. 在这个小镇要找到路很不容易。 考点突破·考法探究 2. “赞扬，责备”的形容词通常用of sb作逻辑主语：wrong, right, kind, nice, brave, careful, careless, greedy, honest, lazy, modest, selfish, thoughtful, impolite, polite, clever, foolish, silly, stupid, cruel, rude, generous，considerable等。 3. 以下形容词通常用for sb作逻辑主语：easy, hard, difficult, important, necessary, impossible, possible, safe, dangerous, unusual, wonderful等用for sb作逻辑主语。 考点突破·考法探究 典例1.（2024·浙江卷1月七选五）I think a point that many people lose sight of is how easy it can be to fall behind schedule. 【解析】本句属于长难句，需分解其句子成分。动词think后省略了宾语从句的引导词that。句中的that引导定语从句，修饰先行词point,并在从句中充当of的介词宾语。how引导表语从句，it充当宾语从句中的形式主语，to do不定式短语是表语从句中的真正主语。句意：我认为很多人忽略的一点是，落后是多么容易。 【名师点睛】在分析句子结构时，遇到长难句中的非谓语动词，如果句子成分理解错误，就会曲解句意。 考点突破·考法探究 典例2.【2021·英语全国甲卷】 It is possible ______ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers. 【解析】考查动词不定式。句意：在观察了城墙上所有的防御设备后，我们决定是时候采取行动了，还有什么比骑在历史上更好的呢。分析句子可知，此处为句型“it +be+adj+to do sth.”，it为形式主语，动词walk的不定式短语作真正主语。 【答案】to walk 【思维建模】遇到设空处为动词的题时，若句中已有谓语动词且不存在并列谓语或从句的谓语，考虑设空词为非谓语动词。观察句子结构，it充当形式主语，则to walk作真正的主语。 考点突破·考法探究 【变式训练】Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier ________（make）eco-friendly lifestyle choices. 【解析】考查不定式。幸运的是，现在更容易选择环保的生活方式。此处it是形式主语，后面的不定式短语作真正的主语。故填to make。 【答案】to make 知识点2 作宾语 考点突破·考法探究 常见只能+to do作宾语的动词： hope, wish, yearn(渴望), long, desire, beg; promise, undertake(从事，承诺)，pledge(承诺), swear, vow; decide, determine, resolve; endeavor(尽力), strive, seek; demand, order, force; plan, arrange, schedule, intend, aim, prepare, tend; persuade, convince, agree, refuse, fear, enable, afford, fail, seem, appear, claim, hesitate, hurry, neglect, threaten, invite, remind, teach, urge, warn.... 知识点2 forget to do 忘记要去做某事（未做） forget doing 忘记已经做过某事（已做） remember to do 记得将要做某事（未做） remember doing 记得已经做过某事（已做） regret to do 遗憾去做某事（未做） regret doing 后悔做过某事（已做） 常见既可+to do，又可+doing作宾语的动词： go on to do 继续做另一件事 （对象变了） go on doing 继续做正在做的事 （对象不变） stop to do 停下来去做另一件事 （对象变了） stop doing 停止做某事 （对象不变） can’t help to do 不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing 情不自禁做某事 mean to do 打算做某事（未做） mean doing 意味着做某事 （解释作用） try to do 努力做某事（不一定成功） try doing 尝试做某事 （强调尝试和行动） 【易错提醒】1.动词want, need, require作“需要”讲时，其后要用v.-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。 2. 介词后一般要接v.-ing形式作宾语，但but/except表示除了时，若前面出现 “do 类动词” ，后面只接不带 to 的不定式（do）；若前面是非 “do 类动词”（如 want, like, stop, remember 等），则接 动名词（doing） 或 “to do”。(He did nothing except play cellphone./ He has no choice but to go with them.) 简单记：前有 do，后无 to；前无 do，后可 doing/to do 典例1.（2023·新高考I卷·语法填空）The dumplings arrive steaming and dangerously hot. To eat one, you have to decide whether __________ (bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill(溢出), or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue. 【解析】考查动词不定式。句意:吃小笼包的时候,你必须要决定是先咬一个小口,释放蒸汽,让里面的汤汁流出来还是把整个小笼包放进嘴里,让热汤在舌头上爆炸。空处与后面to put 并列,充当decide的宾语。 【答案】to bite　 典例2.While much attention is paid to the outside of a bag-its design, brand and, unavoidably, its price tag, most people tends______(ignore) the rich and complex internal life hidden in it. 【解析】考查不定式。根据短语tend to do sth.表示“倾向于，往往会”。故填to ignore。 【答案】to ignore 【变式训练1】The two girls are so alike that strangers find ________ difficult to tell one from the other. 【解析】考查形式宾语it。此处it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式短语to tell one from the other。句意：这两个女孩太相似了以至于陌生人都很难分辨她们。 【答案】it 知识点2·作宾语 【变式训练2】The ox was originally first, but he was so kind that he agreed ________(carry) the little rat across the river. 【解析】考查不定式。句意：牛本来是第一个过河的，但是他很善良，所以同意带着小老鼠过河。结合句意表示“同意做某事”可知短语为agree to do sth.。故填to carry。 【答案】to carry 知识点3·作宾语补足语 1. 一感二听三让四看(主动语态下只+v原，被动语态下还原to, 即+ to do): feel, hear, listen to, make, let, have, look at, see, watch, notice/observe He made his workers work 12 hours a day.（主动） →His workers were made to work 12 hours a day.(被动) 2.ask/beg/require/request/tell/advise/allow/permit/cause/encourage/expect/ wish/force/oblige/invite/need/order/persuade/remind/teach/urge/want/get/like/ hate/warn/help/prefer等动词后只接to do 作宾补 sb to do……: My mom asks me to give her a box. be said to do：据说 be reported to do：据报道 be believed to do：人们认为 be claimed to do：（某人）声称 be known to do：众所周知 be regarded to do：被视为 be acknowledged to do：被公认 be considered to do：被认为 9.be able to do：能够做 10.be unable to do：不能做 11.be planned to do：计划做 12.be scheduled to do：计划做 13.be arranged to do：被安排做 14.be required to do：被要求做 15.be ordered to do：被命令做 16.be asked to do：被请求 / 要求做 3.常见+to do的固定句型：It is/was+done+to do 典例1.（2023·新高考I卷·语法填空）Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them ________ (lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:除了南翔,最好的小笼包有精美的外皮,可以让它们从蒸笼篮中拿出来,而不会撕裂或溢出里面的馅。根据固定搭配allow sb to do sth“允许某人做某事”,空处需用动词不定式作宾语补足语,补足语与宾语是逻辑上的动宾关系,空处需填动词不定式的被动形式to be lifted。 【答案】to be lifted　 【易错提醒】考试容易只关注结构，忽略句意理解，句中对不定式被动形式的考查侧重逻辑意思的理解。 典例2.Two things I did may have caused people ________(think) that something is wrong with me. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我做的两件事可能让人们认为我有问题。固定搭配cause sb to do sth.“让某人做某事”。故填to think。 【答案】to think 知识点3·作宾语补足语 【变式训练1】On this day, the moon is said _________ (be) its biggest and brightest. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：在这一天，月亮据说是最大最亮的。根据句意及所给句子可知，表示“据说某事物可以做”，应用固定句型sth. is said to do，应用动词不定式，作主语补足语。故填to be。 【答案】to be 知识点3·作宾语补足语 【变式训练2】With so many problems _________ (deal) with, I need to work overtime tomorrow. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：有这么多问题要处理，我明天得加班了。动词短语deal with和problems之间是动宾关系，表示将来的动作，用动词不定式作宾补，故填to deal。 【答案】to deal 知识点4·作表语 不定式作表语起解释说明作用。主语通常是job, task, wish, hope, duty, work, thing, goal, aim, problem, question, happiness, what, advice, idea等可表示抽象含义的词。 My wish is to become a good teacher. The advice is to give up the plan. (注意)主语部分含义实义动词do的形式时，作表语的不定式可省to。 What I want to do is (to) go to an ideal university. 典例1.What you have to remember is (put) the glass down. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：你必须记住的是放下杯子。结合句意分析句子结构可知，表示具体的动作使用不定式作表语，故填to put。 【答案】to put 典例2. But the one thing that reading a book or talking to someone cannot do is ________ (provide) you with the experience of wandering Paris on foot. 【解析】考查不定式。句意：但是，读书或与某人交谈无法做到的一件事就是为您提供步行流浪巴黎的体验。从one thing...cannot do可知，空处为不定式做表语，主语部分有实义动词do，to可以省略。故填(to)provide。 【答案】 to provide/provide 【变式训练】Scientists around the world are looking for all kinds of ways to protect and maybe even revive corals. One option is ______ (create) more marine protected areas-essentially national parks in the ocean. 【解析】考查非谓语动词一种选择是创造更多的海洋保护区。此处非谓动词作表语，是对主语option的解释说明，用不定式或动名词均可。故填to create/creating。(to do强调具体动作，doing强调习惯性常规性动作) 【答案】to create/creating 知识点5·作定语 1.不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系。 There is an English contest to be held in our school next Monday. 2.序数词，形容词最高级，不定代词复合词，the last, the only, the very 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。 He is always the first to arrive and the last to leave the school. Today I have nothing/something to say at the conference. 3.常被不定式修饰的名词：①方式方法类：key, way, secret, method, means, approach, solution, strategy, technique, step, process, tool, recipe, trick；②抽象意义类：ability, capacity, opportunity, chance, goal, purpose, effort, choice, right, responsibility, success, ambition, challenge, commitment, eagerness, motivation, need,question, answer....；③+to do的动词的同源名词;decision, desire, determination,, failure, hope, intention, permission, plan, promise.... The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 4.不定式作定语时间关系与主被动关系的区别： 1. I will attend the meeting to be held next Tuesday. (表将来, 被动) 2. I attended the meeting held last Friday. （表过去, 完成, 被动） 3. I will attend the meeting being held at the hall now. （表进行，被动） 典例1.A visually­challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi'an, as a first step ________ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot. 【解析】此处journey为动词，表示“旅行”，step前有序数词修饰，应用不定式作后置定语。故填to journey。 【答案】to journey　 典例2.Afterwards, the USSR focused on sending people into space, and on 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world (go) into space. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：之后，苏联致力于将人送入太空，1961年4月12日，尤里·加加林成为世界上第一个进入太空的人。此处是非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰名词person，当所修饰词前有序数词时，应用不定式作后置定语，故填to go。 【答案】to go 【变式训练1】The first human case of monkeypox(猴痘) was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort ________ (get) rid of smallpox（天花）. 【解析】effort后面应用动词不定式作后置定语。故填to get。 【答案】to get　 知识点5·作定语 【变式训练2】Gaining inspiration from jade for a second time honors the Chinese capital’s unique position as the first city _________（host) the Summer and Winter Olympics. 【解析】考查不定式。句意：第二次从翡翠中汲取灵感，彰显了中国首都作为第一个举办夏季和冬季奥运会的城市的独特地位。序数词后动词不定式做后置定语，修饰city，故填to host。 【答案】to host 1.不定式作目的状语： 知识点6·作状语 1. To complete the project in time, the workers will have to work day and night. 2. To be a winner, you need to give all you have and try your best. 3. Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online to save their valuable time. 4. You must set out at once in order not (so as not ) to be late for school. 5. Many people have to wear glasses to/in order to/so as to see distant objects clearly. = To/in order to see distant objects clearly, many people have to wear glasses. 2.不定式作结果状语： 知识点6·作状语 常用于so/such…as to…(如此…以致…)；enough …to …(足够)；only to …(结果);never to…(结果再也没有) ； too… to…(太…而不能…)等结构中。 1.She was so late as to miss half of the lecture.她来得如此晚以至于错过了一半的演讲。 2.The house is large enough to hold two hundred people.这座房子足够大，可以容纳两百人。 3.The boy is too young to attend school. 这男孩年纪太小，不能上学。 only to do/be done: 表示一种预料之外的结果。常有 “ 惊讶，失望，放心 ”之意。 3.不定式作原因状语： 知识点6·作状语 情感类形容词后常接不定式的主动形式：hard, difficult, easy, light, heavy, nice, good, clear, dangerous, pleasant, interesting, fit, bitter, exciting, comfortable, convenient, amusing, impossible等。在该结构中构成不定式的动词和句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式通常用主动形式表示被动含义。不定式中的动词必须是及物动词，若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。 例1.She was sorry to have kept us waiting so long.她很抱歉让我们等了这么久。 例2.This book is difficult to understand.这本书很难懂。 典例1.He was excited ____________(experience) calligraphy and showed admiration for Chinese culture, despite not having visited China. 【解析】考查不定式。句意：尽管没有去过中国，但他对书法感到兴奋，并对中国文化表示钦佩。be excited to do是固定短语，意为“兴奋地做某事”，因此空格处是不定式to experience。故填to experience。 【答案】to experience 4.不定式作独立成分： 知识点6·作状语 to tell the truth说实话； to be honest诚实地说； to put it briefly前言之； to be frank坦白地说； to begin/start with首先； to make things/matters worse更糟糕的是； to put it in a nutshell 简而言之； 典例1.For thousands of years, people have told fables (寓言) 61._________(teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom. 【解析】考查不定式。句意:几千年来,人们讲寓言故事或为了教课或为了传递智慧。根据空后的or to pass on wisdom可知,此处和后文是并列关系,故填to teach。 【答案】to teach　 典例2.She called for action_______ (address) the struggles of people around the world facing “too little water or too dirty water”. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：她呼吁采取行动，解决世界各地面临“水太少或水太脏”的人们的斗争。分析句子结构可知address在句中作目的状语，故用不定式。故填to address。 【答案】to address 【变式训练1】Those of us who watched the lunar voyage of Apollo11 were amazed as we saw the first man walk on the moon. But ______ (get) there those astronauts literally had to break out of the huge gravity pull of the earth. 【解析】考查不定式。句意：但为了到达月球，毫不夸张地说，宇航员们必须挣脱地球对其巨大的引力。句中用不定式作目的状语。故填to get。 【答案】to get 【变式训练2】He used different shades of ink __________ (model) the shrimp’s torso (躯干) and head. These shrimps are not just passive subject matter; rather they are firmly stating their presence. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：他用不同色调的墨水来展示虾的躯干和头部。此处作目的状语，应用动词不定式。故填to model。 【答案】to model 03.考点二 不定式的特殊用法 知识点1 疑问词+不定式 动词不定式可以与疑问代词who, whom, what, which, whose及疑问副词when, where, how等连用，构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、同位语等。 【易错提醒】why不能用于“疑问词+不定式”结构。 例1. I didn’t know how I could get back to the village. =I didn’t know how to get back to the village. 我不知道怎样回到村子。 典例1.（2023·新高考I卷）To eat one, you have to decide whether ________(bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：吃小笼包的时候，你必须要决定是先咬一个小口流出汤汁，还是把整个小笼包放进嘴里，让热汤在舌头上爆炸。decide to do sth.“决定做某事”，用不定式作宾语，空处与后面to put并列作宾语，故填to bite。 【答案】 to bite。 典例2.（浙江省名校新高考研究联盟）One should be clear about what __________(love) or hate. Ren comes from learning and self-cultivation: it can be seen from a person’s appearance. 【解析】考查不定式。句意：一个人应该清楚地知道爱什么或恨什么。分析句子可知此处为“疑问词+不定式”作介词about的宾语，故填to love。 【答案】to love 知识点2 不定式的省略 1. 感官动词和使役动词接不定式作宾补时省略to(注意被动语态中to应加上); I watched the girl enter the hall.我看着那个小女孩走进了大厅。 2. 在介词but, except表示“除了......”之意的单词前，若有实义动词do， 作宾语的不定式则省略to;若无do, 则to不能省略。 3.多个不定式，如果是并列结构，省略to:He refuses to spend time with us or do as we tell him. 如果不是并列结构而是对比关系，不省略to:They came not to save us, but to conquer us. 3.下列句型常省略to： may as well do sth 最好还是做…… had better do 最好做某事 do nothing but do sth 别无选择只好做某事 can’t help but do sth. 禁不住做某事 Why not do sth? 何不做某事？ prefer to do…rather than do sth, 宁愿做……而不愿做…… would rather do…than do…宁愿做……而不愿做…… 一.不定式的主动形式 知识点3 不定式的主动形式表达被动含义 1. be +adj+to do That flying bird is impossible to catch. 那只会飞的鸟是不可能被抓住的。 2.have sth to do If you want to make even greater progress in your studies, you still have many difficulties to overcome. 如果你想在学业上取得更大的进步,那么你还需要克服许多困难。 3.不定式与疑问代词连用时。 I don't know which to choose because there isn’t any difference between the two. 4.某些动词不定式与be连用时, 如to blame(责备)，to seek(寻找), to let(出租)等。 He is to blame for this.他因这件事该受责备。 The answer is not hard to seek.答案不难寻找。 二.不定式的被动形式 知识点3 不定式的主动形式表被动含义 一. 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 一般要用被动语态。 A lot of graduates ask to be sent to work where they are most needed every year. 每年都有毕业生要求被派往最需要他们的地方工作。 二.不定式的被动语态一般式通常表示将来的动作。 The topic to be discussed tomorrow is about climate change 明天要讨论的主题是关于气候变化的。 知识点3 不定式的主动形式表被动含义 三. 不定式的被动语态完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。 The novel is said to have been translated into several languages. 这部小说据说被翻译成了种语言。 真题实战 1.（2024年浙江1月卷）The shelves in most supermarkets are full of family-size this and multi-buy that. However, if you’re shopping for one, buying extra ______ (benefit) from price reductions doesn’t make sense. 【答案】to benefit 2.（2022·全国甲卷）A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi’an, as a first step ______ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot. 【答案】 to journey 3.（2022全国乙卷）__________ (strengthen) the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, inviting twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts. 【答案】To strengthen 4.（2024九省联考卷）He knows that computers are here _______ (stay) and that they will not disappear. 【答案】 to stay 5.(2022浙江卷)Through touch, the one thing gallery signs tell you not ______ (do). 【答案】 to do 6.（2019新课标II卷）Picking up her "Lifetime Achievement" award，proud Irene declared she had no plans __________(retire) from her 36-year-old business. 【答案】to retire 命题演练 1.In 1941, she became the first Chinese woman ever__________(appoint) director of the OB-GYN department of the PUMC Hospital, but later, the department was closed because of the war. 【答案】to be appointed 2.________ (satisfy) the diverse tastes of today’s youth, sellers are putting fancy decorations on this ancient costume. 【答案】To satisfy 3.Hot liquid sugar is used__________(create) two-dimensional figures like small animals. 【答案】to create 4.Dr. Wang began to question the umbrella species narrative and carried out research, only______(find) that panda conservation had not helped large carnivores in China. 【答案】to find 5.Activities there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim ______ (have) a low impact on the natural environment. 【答案】to have 6.In recent years, Yucun has made the effort______ (improve) its environment and by now it has become a popular tourist destination. 【答案】to improve 7.“I feel quite honored to be involved in such significant work.” Duan said. “ _____ (create) a more beautiful world, humans and wild animals, I hope, can live in harmony.” 【答案】To create 8.Later, dressed in their treasured costumes, they showcased how to make traditional clothes, performed group weddings and gave other unique performances as a way _____ (attract) tourists. 【答案】to attract 9.Compared with Tai Chi, Baduanjin is more suitable for beginners with its simple and gentle movements. It can enhance immunity and enable people_______(relax). It is also a very low-cost social activity for the young people in China. 【答案】to relax 10.It is believed that the bird’s oversized tail was made ________(prevent) the sculpture from leaning forward when laid on a surface. 【答案】to prevent 动名词和现在分词 01考情分析 知识建构 106 题型 考情统计 语法填空、改错 年份 卷别 现在分词 动名词 考点 2024 新高考Ⅰ卷 engineering 作定语 2023 新高考Ⅰ卷 wanting 作宾补 新高考II卷 visiting 作定语 全国甲卷 borrowing warning 作状语、宾语 全国乙卷 Having visited recording 作状语、宾语 北京卷 facing 作定语 2022 新高考I卷 Covering 作状语 新高考II卷 falling 作定语 全国甲卷 planning staying（改错） 作状语 全国乙卷 inviting causing(改错) 作状语、时态 浙江6月卷 existing 作定语 浙江1月卷 changing 作时态 考情透视·目标导航 知识点1 动名词和现在分词的区别 doing 【基础详单】 形式：动名词和现在分词都是在动词原形后加-ing构成，但在句中充当的作用不同。 功能：动名词用法： 动名词主要起名词的作用，在句子中充当名词的角色，可以有复数形式和所有格。可以作为主语、宾语、表语和定语等。 现在分词的用法：主要描述动作的进行状态或性质，在句中不能单独作谓语，具有形容词的特性。在句中作定语、表语、状语和补语，有时态和语态的变化。 时态 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 【名师提醒】1. 现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动作同时发生；现在分词的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。 例1.Walking down the street, he hears someone calling him. 在街上走着，他听到有人叫他。（walk down与hear同时发生） 例2.Having spent nearly all our money, we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel. 我们几乎花光了所有的钱，没有钱住宾馆了。（spend发生在afford之前） 知识点2 -ing分词的时态和语态 【名师提醒】2. 现在分词的主动形式表示逻辑主语是现在分词动作的执行者；现在分词的被动形式表示逻辑主语是现在分词动作的承受者。 例1.Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. （we是know动作的执行者） 由于不知道她的地址，我们无法和她取得联系。 例2.The area being studied now is called an archeological site. 正在被研究的那个地方被称作考古地。（the area是study的承受者。） 例3.Having been asked to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. （现在分词的完成被动形式） 那天晚上我因为被要求加班而错过了一场好看的电影。 知识点2 -ing分词的时态和语态 02动名词的句法功能 知识点1 作宾语 下列动词后只接动名词作宾语 考点突破·考法探究 consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon ; 考虑建议盼原谅；admit, delay/put off, fancy; 承认推迟没得想； avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practise; 避免错过继续练； deny, finish, enjoy/ appreciate; 否认完成就欣赏； forbid, imagine, risk; 禁止想象才冒险； can’t help, mind, allow/permit, escape; 不禁介意准逃亡； 【名师提醒】 1.动名词除了可以作动词的宾语外，还可以作介词的宾语，下列动词词组后接动名词作宾语。 be used to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to(开始做), pay attention to, can’t stand, give up, feel like, insist on, put off, have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.; spend...(in) doing sth.; There is no point/sense/use/good (in) doing sth(做sth没意义 / 没用).; have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)(度过一段...的时光); be busy (in)等动词词组也要接动名词作宾语。 例1.I’m considering changing a job.我正考虑换份工作。 例2.I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon. 我盼望者很快收到你的来信。 考点突破·考法探究 典例.Unlike military-style travel, Citywalk is about walking around a city on foot, soaking up (感受) the atmosphere and ___________ (find) unusual things that even a resident of the city might not have noticed before. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：和特种兵旅行不同，Citywalk是指徒步在城市“漫游”，感受城市的氛围，发现连本地人可能都没有注意到的不寻常之处。分析句子结构可知，此空在句中作“about”的宾语，和前文的“walking”、“soaking”是并列关系，应填动名词形式。故填finding。 【答案】finding 考点突破·考法探究 考点突破·考法探究 变式训练 : It’s designed to be included into existing seating systems, without__________ (require) any major structural changes. The design team hopes to eventually see the convertible chairs installed on every plane. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：它被设计成包含在现有的座位系统中，而不需要任何重大的结构改变。作介词without的宾语，应用动名词形式。故填requiring。 【答案】requiring 【名师点睛】下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，意义有区别，要特别注意。 be used to do被用来做 be used to doing习惯于；适应于； forget to do sth 忘记去做某事； forget doing sth 忘记已经做过某事； remember to do sth记住去做某事； remember doing sth记得曾经做过某事； regret to do sth遗憾去做某事； regret doing sth后悔做过某事； stop to do sth停下来去做另一件事； stop doing sth停止做一件事； try to do sth努力/试图做某事； try doing sth尝试着做某事； mean to do sth已与/企图做某事； mean doing sth意味着做某事； go on to do sth（做完某事）接着做另一件事；go on doing sth继续做同一件事； can’t help to do sth不能帮助做某事； can’t help doing sth情不自禁地做某事； 考点突破·考法探究 考点突破·考法探究 例1.I forget posting (having post) the letter. 我忘了寄了信了。（信已寄） I forget to post the letter. 我忘了寄信了。（信没寄） 例2.When hearing the bad news, he couldn’t help crying. 当听到这个坏消息时，他忍不住哭起来。 Sorry, I am too busy now. I can’t help (to) clean the room. 很抱歉，我现在很忙，我不能帮忙打扫房间。 知识点2 作定语 动名词做定语往往表示被修饰名词的某种用途 a walking stick ＝a stick for walking =a stick which is used for walking a washing machine =a machine for washing a fishing net 渔网； a swimming pool 游泳池； a reading room 阅览室； a sleeping car 卧铺车厢 用法 句型 1.位于句首，动名词直接作主语。 Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。 2. It作形式主语，动名词作真正主语。 It is no use/good/ a waste of time doing…. 3.用于There is no doing…固定句型。 There is no denying... 例1. It’s no use regretting your past mistakes.后悔过去的错误是没有用的。 例2. Being injured in the foot made it impossible for me to walk fast. 脚受伤使我无法快速行走。 例3.Facing up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to working things out. 直面你的问题而不是逃避它们，是解决这些问题最好的方法。 知识点 3 作主语 典例1._______ (have) a good teacher makes a big difference when you’re learning to drive. 【解析】分析句子结构可知，句中缺少主语，应用动名词形式作主语。句首单词首字母要大写。故填Having。 【答案】Having 【易错提醒】 动名词或动名词短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数,,句中谓语makes为动词第三人称单数形式。 知识点 3 作主语 典例2. ___________(expose) to the sunlight for a long time does harm to one’s health. 【解析】谓语动词does 前面为动名词短语作主语。be exposed to是固定短语，且句子开头的第一个字母需要大写。句意：暴露在阳光下太长时间对健康有害。(be exposed to √ ; expose sth √ ; expose to sth × ) 【答案】Being exposed 知识点 3 作主语 场合 示例 want/need/require doing=to be done 需要做某事 My room requires cleaning every day. 我的房间每天需要打扫。 be worth doing=be worthy of being done 值得做 This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 deserve doing=deserve to be done值得做 He deserved to be punished. =He deserved punishing.他应受惩罚。 知识点 4 主动形式表被动含义 【题点练全】 单句语法填空 1.It is worth ____________ (introduce) new technology from abroad. 2.It’s a waste of time ________(spend) so much time chatting. 3.________ (have) a car of my own is what I have been dreaming of. 4.She didn’t mind me _______ (take) her book without her permission. 5.What made me angry is my not ______________(allow) to see my parents. 6.I was afraid of my ___________(make) fun of in front of my classmates. being allowed being made introducing spending Having taking 03动名词的句法功能 知识点1 作状语 1.现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。在句中表示结果、时间、原因、条件、伴随或方式等状语。 2.如果状语从句主语和谓语是it is或主从句主语一致且含有be动词时，省略主语和be动词。（即连接词+现在分词：表示与主语之间主动关系） 知识点1 作状语 例1：Do be careful when crossing the street. 过马路时一定要小心。 例2：When looking at their happy faces, he felt it was rewarding. 【易错提醒】有些分词短语没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，作为句子的独立成分修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。 如：generally speaking(一般来说), strictly speaking(严格来说), roughly speaking(大致来说), judging from/by(由......来判断)。 知识点1 作状语 典例1.（2023·全国甲卷） “There was once a town in the heart of America, where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins, _______ (borrow) some familiar words from many age-old fables. 【解析】考查现在分词。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中已有谓语动词，所以用非谓语动词形式。逻辑主语her fable与borrow之间为主动关系，现在分词作状语。 【答案】borrowing 知识点1 作状语 典例2.（2024·江苏泰州·模拟预测）We’ve offered green energy equipment and services to over 100 countries and regions, __________(project) a responsible image of China. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们为100多个国家和地区提供了绿色能源设备和服务，树立了负责任的中国形象。分析句子可知，空处为非谓语动词作状语，逗号前面的内容与project a responsible image of China构成主动关系，用现在分词作状语。(project 作动词，意为“展现，展示”。) 【答案】projecting 知识点1 作状语 【变式训练】1.When_______ (perform), in addition to singing, performers use well-established movements to express certain emotions and meanings. 【解析】考查状语从句的省略和非谓语动词。句意：在表演时，表演者除了唱歌之外，还会用既定的动作来表达某些情感和意义。根据句意和句子结构可知，句子为When引导的时间状语从句，从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句谓语中包含be动词，故将主语和be动词省略，还原之后为“when performers are performing”，perform意为“表演”，动词词性，句子主语“performers”与“perform”之间为主动关系，应用perform的现在分词performing。 【答案】performing 知识点1 作状语 【变式训练】2.The event is celebrated around the world in different forms of readings and ceremonies, _______ (honor) poets of high achievements. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：世界各地以不同形式的诵读和仪式来庆祝这一节日，以表彰成就卓越的诗人。honor与其逻辑主语The event之间是主谓关系，用现在分词作状语。 【答案】honoring 知识点2 作定语 现在分词作定语与被修饰词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示动作正在进行。动名词作定语表示所修饰名词的用途，不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 例1.There are lots of students wishing to join us. 有许多学生想加入我们。（现在分词作定语） =There are lots of students who wish to join us. 例2.There are two teaching buildings in our school. 我们学校有两座教学楼。（动名词作定语表用途） 例3.The lecture, starting at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. （现在分词作定语）讲座于昨晚7点开始，接下来是用望远镜观测月球。 知识点2 作定语 典例1.The mobile nature of the machine made it the perfect production machine to serve customers _____ (attend) outdoor sporting events, or circuses and fairs. 【解析】考查现在分词。句意：机器的移动特性使其成为完美的生产机器，为参加户外体育赛事或马戏团和博览会的客户服务。动词attend意为“参加”，和谓语之间没有连词，和逻辑主语customers构成主动关系，所以应用现在分词形式作后置定语。 【答案】attending 知识点2 作定语 典例2.Your life and career don’t rely on the ideas __________ (bounce) around in your heads but your down-to-earth actions. 【详解】考查现在分词。句意：你的生活和事业不依赖于你脑海中跳跃的想法，而是依赖于你脚踏实地的行动。分析句子结构可知，bounce在句子中不作为谓语动词使用，它和ideas 之间为主动关系，因此使用现在分词作后置定语，故填bouncing。 【答案】bouncing 知识点2 作定语 【变式训练】1.He wrote a book __________(document) his prison experiences. 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他写了一本书，记录了自己在狱中的经历。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词wrote，空处作非谓语动词，document与逻辑主语book之间是主动关系，空处应用现在分词形式作后置定语;或不定式做目的状语。 【答案】documenting / to document. 知识点2 作定语 【变式训练】The Prints-A Riot of Colors, an exhibition_________(feature) some 130 prints created by generations of Chinese artists, the oldest one of which dates back to the 1930s, opened on Monday at the Guardian Art Center in Beijing. 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：周一在北京嘉德艺术中心开幕的“版画—五彩缤纷”展览展出了由几代中国艺术家创作的约130幅版画，其中最古老的一幅可以追溯到20世纪30年代。分析句子结构可知，此处用作后置定语修饰名词exhibition，feature与逻辑主语exhibition是主动关系，此处应用其现在分词形式。 【答案】featuring 知识点3 作表语 动名词作表语表示抽象的一般性的行为；分词作表语说明主语的性质或状态。 He’s amusing and tells jokes when he thinks we’re getting bored. 他很风趣，而且当他认为我们感到厌烦时，就会给我们讲笑话。 例1.The news that our team had won was very inspiring. 我们队获胜的消息非常鼓舞人心。 例2.Your idea sounds very interesting. 你的想法听起来很有趣。 知识点4 作补语 1. 现在分词接在动词后作宾补，该分词与宾语之间有逻辑主谓关系，说明宾语的性质、特征或强调正在进行的主动动作。常跟现在分词作宾语补足语的动词：感官动词（see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel)，使役动词(have, get), find, leave, keep, catch等。） 例1.Jenny could hear them arguing outside. （宾语补足语） 例2.If you see soldiers wearing sky-blue helmets, they are United Nations peace keepers.（宾补） 当动词变成被动语态时，该分词由宾补变成主补（因为原宾语变成了句子的主语） 例3.An undeserved success is like a medal that is found lying in the street.（主补） 知识点4 作补语 2. with＋宾语＋doing表示主动，说明动作正在发生或经常发生； with＋宾语＋done表示被动或完成； with＋宾语＋to do表示将要发生的动作。 例1.The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them. 例2.With such a short time left before the deadline, it doesn't seem likely that John will finish the job. 例3.With a lot of work to do, she wasn't allowed to leave her office. 知识点4 作补语 典例1.With our eyes ________ (contact) together, I figured out the reason why he didn’t appear at the scene. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们的目光交汇在一起，我明白了他没有出现在现场的原因。此处是“with+宾语+宾补”结构，contact和宾语eyes之间是主谓关系，应用现在分词作宾补，故填contacting。 【答案】contacting 知识点4 作补语 典例2. No matter where I buy them, though, one steamer basket is rarely enough, yet two seems greedy, and so I am always left _________ (want) more next time. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：不过，无论我在哪里买，一屉都不够，两屉又显得太贪心了，所以我总是想下次再买。分析句子结构可知，此处考查leave ＋宾语＋宾语补足语结构，表示“使我想着下次多买点”，其被动语态的变式结构，在被动语态中，原宾补变成为主补。所给动词want在句子中作主语补足语，与主语I构成逻辑上的主动关系应用现在分词形式。故填wanting。 【答案】wanting 知识点4 作补语 【变式训练】1.Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, with all his attention ________ (fix) on it. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：吉姆聚精会神地听讲座，所有的注意力都集中在了上面。根据句意及所给句子可知，此处为with复合结构，fix和attention是逻辑动宾关系，应用过去分词，作宾语补足语。故填fixed。 （注意：be fixed on是固定结构，不可更改。） 【答案】fixed 知识点4 作补语 【变式训练】2.I saw some elderly people _________ (practice) Tai Chi slowly. I stopped and watched their movements closely. 【解析】考查非谓语。句意：我看见一些老人正在缓慢地打太极。我停下来仔细观察他们的动作。该句含有“see＋宾语＋宾补”结构，宾语some elderly people与practice是逻辑上的主谓关系，且根据语境表正在发生的动作，所以用现在分词做宾补。故填practicing。 【答案】practicing 知识点5 用于独立主格结构 动词-ing形式在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语是主句的主语。若其逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，应当在-ing形式前加上逻辑主语，构成动词-ing形式的独立主格结构，逻辑主语与动词之间为主谓关系，是分词动作的执行者，分词表示的动作是逻辑主语发出的动作，在句中作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语和方式状语。 例1.We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，每个人就像两个人一样干活。 例2.The governor considering the matter, more strikes gathered across his path. 州长思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。 例3.Such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him. 如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解雇他。 真题实战 1. (2022全国乙卷) To strengthen the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, ___________(invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts. 【答案】inviting。 【解析】句意：为了加强与年轻人的联系，活动包括在社交媒体上的一系列公共宣传活动，邀请了来自世界各地的49名茶叶专业人士进行56小时不间断的直播。此处为非谓语动词，逻辑主语the event与invite之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。故填inviting。 真题实战 2.(2022全国甲卷） He flew 4, 700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar,__________ (plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months. 【答案】planning 【解析】根据句子结构可知，此处为动词-ing形式作伴随状语，主语 He 和 plan 是逻辑上的主谓关系，因此该空应填planning。 真题实战 3.(2021新高考I卷) Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure that offers a place where you can sit down to rest your _______ (ache) legs. 【答案】aching 【解析】修饰legs用现在分词aching，表示主动和进行的动作。故填aching。 真题实战 4.(2021年1月浙江高考) This may be due to some disadvantages for people _____ (live) in the countryside, including lower levels of income and education, higher costs of healthy foods, and fewer sports facilities. 【答案】living 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句子中含有谓语动词may be，且该动词与所给动词live之间没有任何连词，根据谓语动词的“唯一性”原则可知，该处应填live的非谓语动词形式；又因live与其逻辑主语people之间构成主动关系，故填动词-ing形式。 命题演练 用括号内所给词的适当形式填空 1.The significance of harmony in Chinese culture cannot be overstated. It has shaped China’s approach to international relations, ____________ (highlight) harmonious coexistence and shared benefit. 【答案】highlighting 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：它塑造了中国的国际关系理念，强调和谐共处、共享共赢。句中谓语是has shaped，空格处用非谓语动词，It和highlight之间是主谓关系，因此空格处用现在分词表主动，故填highlighting。 命题演练 2._______ (face) the confluence (汇流处) of Minjiang, Dadu River and Qingyi River, the 71-meter-tall Giant Buddha of Leshan is one of the most important cultural treasures of China. 【答案】Facing 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：面对岷江、大渡河和青衣河的汇合处，71米高的乐山大佛是中国最重要的文化瑰宝之一。分析句子可知，此处为非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语the 71-meter-tall Giant Buddha of Leshan与face 是主动关系，故此处应该用现在分词Facing。故填Facing。 （face sth √ ; be faced with sth √；face with sth ×） 命题演练 3. A pedestrian lane runs more than 4,000 meters through the tropical forest, _______ (ensure) close contact with nature. 【答案】ensuring 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：一条4000多米的步行道穿过热带森林，确保与大自然亲密接触。此处ensure与上文构成主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。故填ensuring。 命题演练 4.Years later, Gui Haichao attended Beihang University, ________ (major) in spacecraft design and engineering. 【答案】majoring 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：多年后，桂海超进入北京航空航天大学，主修航天器设计与工程。分析句子可知，空处为非谓语动词作伴随状语，且主语Gui Haichao与major之间为主动关系，故用现在分词。故填majoring。 命题演练 5. Along the way, we met fellow travelers, all________ (pursue) the same goal: the sunrise. 【答案】pursuing 【解析】考查独立主格。句意：一路上，我们遇到了同路人，他们都追求着同一个目标:看日出。空处为独立主格结构，all与pursue为主动关系，用现在分词。故填pursuing。 命题演练 6.________ (cover) an area of more than 40 mu, the museum forms a unique cultural landscape of ancient Kingdom of Shu in Chinese history. 【答案】Covering 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：博物馆占地40多亩，形成了中国历史上独特的古蜀国文化景观。分析句子可知，空处作状语，逻辑主语museum与cover构成主动关系，用现在分词。故填Covering。 命题演练 7. Over 400 pieces of Dehua white porcelain (德化白瓷) are on display in the National Museum of China in Beijing, with the exhibition ________(run) from Aug 26 for three months. 【答案】running 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：400多件德化白瓷正在北京的中国国家博物馆展出，展览从8月26日开始，为期三个月。分析句子可知，此处为with的复合结构，其中的动词应为非谓语形式，the exhibition和run为主动关系，所以为现在分词形式。故填running。 命题演练 9. Ken has really got the job because he showed me the official letter_______ (offer) him it. 【答案】offering 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：Ken确实得到了那份工作，因为他给我看了提供给他那份工作的正式信函。分析句子结构可知，offer在句中应用非谓语动词形式，作后置定语修饰名词短语the official letter，the official letter与动词offer构成逻辑上的主谓关系，应用现在分词形式表主动。故填offering。 命题演练 8. Since May, an EL Nino system has heated the atmosphere in the tropical Pacific, _____ (lead) to a rise in global temperatures. 【答案】leading 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：自今年5月以来，厄尔尼诺现象使热带太平洋的大气升温，导致全球气温上升。分析句子结构可知，本句已有谓语动词has heated，所以lead用非谓语形式作状语，和前面的句子内容之间是主动关系，用现在分词形式。故填leading。 命题演练 10. Make sure the document _______ (download) now is safe enough. 【答案】being downloaded 【解析】考查动词。句意：确保现在下载的文档足够安全。分析句子结构可知download在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与document构成被动关系，根据后文now可知应用being done形式。故填being downloaded。 过去分词 01考情分析 题型 年份 卷别 过去分词 功能 语法 填空 2024 新高考I卷 closed 作表语 浙江1月 designed 作定语 2023 新高考Ⅰ卷 recognized 作定语 全国甲卷 intended 作定语 全国乙卷 built 作定语 天津卷第一次 posted 作定语 浙江1月 surrounded 作定语 2022 全国甲卷 held 作定语 全国乙卷 shared 作定语 北京卷卷 supported 作定语 浙江1月 studied 作定语 考情透视·目标导航 知识建构 161 知识点 过去分词的概念和特点 非谓语动词指不能单独作谓语，但保留动词的某些特征的动词形式。包括动词不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）三类，它们没有人称和数的变化，但根据发生的时间、状态及主被动关系有形式上的变化，还可以有自己的宾语和状语。 构成： 基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，表示有关被动的或者是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中不可作谓语，可以作定语、表语、补语或状语。 done 【基础详单】 02过去分词的句法功能 知识点1 作定语 例1.The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 例2.I spotted the girl dressed in white. 例3.The houses built last year are for the teachers. 1. 过去分词作定语表示一个被动的、已发生的动作； 2. 单个分词修饰名词作前置定语；分词短语修饰名词作后置定语。 典例1.（2024新高考II卷）A statue commemorating Shakespeare and Tang was put up at Shakespeare’s Birthplace Garden in 2017. Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, ______ (inspire) by The Peony Pavilion, was built at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：两年后，一座六米高的亭子在菲斯花园落成，该花园距离莎士比亚故居仅十分钟步行路程，其灵感来自《牡丹亭》。非谓语动词担当后置定语，被修饰词“a six-meter-tall pavilion”和动词“inspire”之间为被动关系，用过去分词形式。故填inspired。 【答案】inspired 典例2.（2023新高考I卷）Shanghai may be the ________ (recognize) home of the soup dumplings but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiao long hao’s birthplace. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：上海可能是公认的小笼包之乡，但美食历史学家会告诉你，邻近的运河小镇南翔才是小笼包的发源地。空格在名词home前面作定语，recognize与home是逻辑上动宾关系，需填过去分词recognized作定语，recognized“被公认的”也可以看作是形容词作定语。 【答案】recognized 【变式训练】1. “Together through Connectivity”, the competition centered on the global practices of China’s modernization drive and highlighted the universal understanding of the BRI’s spirit and China’s strong desire to build a community with a ________ (share) future for mankind. 【解析】考查分词形容词。句意同上。分析句子可知，空处修饰名词future，用形容词作定语，表示“共享的”用shared。故填shared。 【答案】shared 【变式训练】2.__________ (write) poetry is thought to have been recorded about 2000 BC with The Epic of Gilgamesh. 【解析】考查形容词。句意；书面诗歌被认为是在公元前2000年的《吉尔伽美什史诗》中被记录下来的。修饰poetry应用形容词written，意为“书面的”，句首单词首字母要大写。故填Written。 【答案】Written 知识点2 作补语 场合 用法 示例 观感类使役类动词后 1. 表感觉或心理状态的动词如notice, let, make, hear, listen to, see, observe, watch, have, feel。 2. 表示“致使”意义的动词如have, get, keep, leave, make等后。 I heard the song sung in English.我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。I’llhave my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发。He spoke in a loud voice in order to make himself heard.他大声讲话，以便让别人听到。 with结构 1.过去分词作宾语补足语表示一个被动的、已完成的动作； 2.对比：该结构中动词不定式表示将要发生的动作；现在分词表示一个主动动作； With his homework finished, he went to the park to play. 作业写完了，他便去公园玩了。 She had to walk home with her bike stolen. 自行车被偷，她只好步行回家。 典例1. By the end of last year, 97 percent of primary and secondary schools in Zibo had completed the digital transformation, with 295 schools establishing smart campuses _______ (equip) with multimedia classrooms. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：截至去年年底，淄博市97%的中小学完成了数字化转型，295所学校建立了配备多媒体教室的智能校园。此处为with的复合结构，短语be equipped with表示“配备”，设空处填过去分词作宾补。故填equipped。 【答案】equipped 典例2. With its fascinating history, cultures and customs ________ (bring) back to the island by overseas Chinese, the atmosphere of Haikou is more than worth experiencing. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：随着海外华人将其迷人的历史、文化和习俗带回岛上，海口的氛围非常值得体验。分析句子可知，此处为with的复合结构，其中的动词应为非谓语形式，its fascinating history, cultures and customs和bring为被动关系，所以为过去分词形式。故填brought。 【答案】brought 【变式训练】1.With all the books he was interested in ________ (buy), Tom left the bookshop with great satisfaction. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：汤姆买了所有他感兴趣的书，心满意足地离开了书店。“he was interested in”是定语从句，修饰books，此处是with复合结构，books和buy之间是逻辑动宾关系，因此空格处用过去分词表被动，故填bought。 【答案】bought 【变式训练】2.The app keeps you __________ (update) on all your favorite topics and current events. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：该应用程序更新所有你最喜欢的话题和时事。此处update与you构成被动关系，故用过去分词作宾补。故填updated。 【答案】updated 知识点3 作表语 1.过去分词作表语，表示“感到……”，常修饰人的状态或感受。表示主语是动作的承受者。但修饰人的表情也常用过去分词。 常见动词如：amazed（感到惊讶的）； bored（感到无聊的）；confused（困惑的）；delighted（开心的）；depressed（低落的）；determined（下定决心的）； disappointed（失望的）；excited（兴奋的）；embarrassed（尴尬的）；exhausted（筋疲力尽的）；frightened（令人惊骇的）；frustrated（消沉的）； interested（感兴趣的）；satisfied （满意度）；surprised（吃惊的）；moved（感动的） The pupils will get confused if they learn too much at a time. 如果学生一次学太多，他们会感到困惑。 2.be+不及物动词的过去分词，一般是系表结构。 如：gone消失了，不在了； fallen落下的； known著名的； mistaken无解的，弄错的等。 知识点3 作表语 【易错提醒】1.作表语的过去分词与被动语态中的过去分词容易混淆。但被动语态表示主语的动作，作表语的过去分词表示主语所处的状态。 2.现在分词作表语，说名主语的身份、性质或情况，主语大多是物。表示“令人......的”。 例1.The window is broken.（系表结构，表示主语the window所处的状态broken） 这扇窗户碎了。 例2.The window was broken by Tim.（被动语态，表示动作） 这扇窗户是Tim打碎的。 例3.The book is interesting and I’m interested in it. 这本书很有趣，我对它很感兴趣。 典例1. Because it is so _________ (hide) and the land on either side of the canyon is the same height, people sometimes come across it without warning. 【解析】考查形容词。句意：因为它非常隐蔽，而且峡谷两侧的土地高度相同，所以人们有时会毫无预兆地遇到它。空处应填形容词作表语。故填hidden。 【答案】hidden 典例2.（2024高三·全国· 模拟试题）It is recognised that people making friends online are afraid of getting _________ (cheat). 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：大家都知道，网上交友的人害怕被骗。cheat和people之间是被动关系，应用过去分词作表语，表被动意义，故填cheated。 【答案】cheated 【变式训练】Vehicles go faster than ever, but they remain _________ (trap) in traffic jams. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：车辆的速度比以往任何时候都快，但它们仍然困在交通堵塞中。分析句子可知，空处作remain的表语，they（Vehicles）和trap之间为被动关系，应用trap的过去分词形式trapped，构成remain trapped，表示“仍然被困”。故填trapped。 【答案】trapped 考点突破·考法探究 知识点4 作状语 过去分词作状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语,用作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随状语，强调该动作与句子主语之间的被动关系；为了强调，还可以与while, when, once, if, unless等连词连用。 例1.Warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.（=Though he was warned...） 虽然被警告危险，他仍旧到薄冰上滑冰。 例2.The professor came into the classroom, followed by some students. 教授走进教室，几个学生跟在后面。 例3.Given more time, I can finish the work.（=If I am given...） 例4.Seen from the hill, the city looks more beautiful. 从山顶看，这座城市显得格外美丽。 考点突破·考法探究 典例1.（2024高三·福建·期末）_______(see) from above, the shape of this building is like a figure“8”or the infinity sign “∞”. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：从上面看，这个建筑的形状像一个数字“8”或无穷符号“∞”。分析句子可知，is是句中系动词，此处为非谓语动词，且the shape of this building与see“看”为被动关系，应用过去分词，作状语。故填Seen。 【答案】Seen 考点突破·考法探究 典例2.（2024四川高三期中）_______ (strike) by the beauty of the moment, we sat there, feeling proud to have witnessed such a magical sight. 【解析】考查非谓语。句意：我们被这一瞬间的美景所打动，坐在那里，为目睹了这样一个神奇的景象而感到自豪。空处为非谓语动词，we与strike为被动关系，用过去分词作状语，单词位于句首，首字母大写。故填Struck。 【答案】Struck 考点突破·考法探究 【变式训练】1. __________ (make) from seeds, leaves and flowers, incense has been used as an enjoyable pursuit for scholars. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：香由种子、叶子和花朵制成，一直是学者们追求的一种享受。分析句子，句中has been used为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词，同时incense与make之间是被动关系，故使用过去分词作状语。同时该空置于句首，开头单词首字母大写。故填Made。 【答案】Made 考点突破·考法探究 【变式训练】2.First __________ (manufacture) in Shanghai in the 1940s, White Rabbit wasn’t only a household name in China, it also was used as gifts for foreign dignitaries (政要). 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：大白兔于20世纪40年代在上海首次生产，它不仅在中国家喻户晓，还被用作送给外国政要的礼物。这里为非谓语动词担当状语，manufacture和主句主语White Rabbit之间存在被动关系，用过去分词形式。故填manufactured。 【答案】manufactured 考点突破·考法探究 归纳 1.寻找到谓语，以便区分所填空是否为非谓语。 2.判断非谓语动词所作的成分。 3.找出非谓语动词的逻辑主语。 作主语或宾语，常用动名词表示习惯或一般情况，用不定式表示具体情况； 作目的状语或在形容词后作状语，一般用不定式； 作伴随状语、时间、方式等状语，常用分词，若与逻辑主语是主动关系，用现在分词，若是被动关系，用过去分词。 知识点5 非谓语动词解题步骤 考点突破·考法探究 过去分词用于省略句 03 过去分词作状语相当于一个状语从句。当从句中的主语和主句主语保持一致，且从句中含有be动词时，可以省略be动词，如果，从句中是被动结构时，即构成“连词+过去分词”结构作状语。 例1.When completed, the road will be open to public. 当这条铁路修好后，将会对公众开放。 =When it is completed, ... 例2.Though he was warned danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. =Though warned danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. 知识点1 连词+过去分词 考点突破·考法探究 典例1.（23-24高三·福建·期末）To any neighboring countries, border issues, unless _________ (handle) properly, will directly affect the relationship between them and even lead to conflicts. 【解析】考查状语从句的省略。句意：对于任何邻国来说，边界问题如果处理不好，都会直接影响到邻国之间的关系，甚至引发冲突。当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时或从句主语为it，且从句含有be动词时，可以省略状语从句的主语和be动词。本句从句完整句子为unless border issues are handled properly，省略border issues are，border issues和 handle“处理”之间是被动关系，保留过去分词。故填handled。 【答案】handled 考点突破·考法探究 典例2.（2024高三·河北石家庄·阶段练习）To guarantee security, children, when ______ ( accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. 【解析】考查省略句和过去分词。句意：为了保证安全，孩子们在父母的陪同下可以进入体育场。分析句子可知，此处是when引导的状语从句，从句的主语和主句的主语children一致，可用代词they代替，且由by their parents可知此处是被动语态，时态是一般现在时，此时可省略when从句的主语和be代词，即when (they are) accpmpanied by their parents。故填accompanied。 【答案】accompanied 考点突破·考法探究 【变式训练】1. The passengers on board were asked to fasten their seat belts as ___________(instruct) the moment they settled down. 【解析】考查省略。句意：飞机上的乘客一坐下来就被要求按指示系好安全带。分析可知，乘客是按照被指示的系好安全带，由were asked可知，句子时态是一般过去时，因此as后的句子是as they were instructed，为as引导的方式状语从句，方式状语从句中主语和主句的主语一致，且从句中有be动词时，可省略从句中的主语和be动词，也就是省略they were，因此空格处是instructed，故填instructed。 【答案】instructed 考点突破·考法探究 【变式训练】2.Though still ________ (practice) today, the tea ceremony may not be as popular as it used to be. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：虽然今天仍在实行，但茶道可能不像以前那样受欢迎。分析句子结构可知，此处应该填非谓语动词形式作状语，though引导让步状语从句时，主语与主句主语一致，且谓语动词含有be动词时，可以省略主语和be动词，所以判断practice与句子主语the tea ceremony为被动关系，应该使用过去分词。故填practiced。 【答案】practiced 考点突破·考法探究 “名词/代词+过去分词”中，名词或代词是过去分词的逻辑主语，与分词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，是分词动作的承受者，在句中作时间状语、原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。 例1.All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。 = Because all our savings had been gone... 例2.Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed upon it. 专心致志地听着讲座，所有注意力全用在上面了。 例3.Many things settled, the manager looks relaxed. 很多事情处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。 知识点2 过去分词构成独立主格结构 考点突破·考法探究 典例.（2024高三·重庆模拟）A large number of paintings are collected and displayed in the British Museum, the most famous one __________ (estimate) to be worth more than 80 million dollars. 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：大英博物馆收藏并展出了大量的画作，其中最著名的一幅估计价值超过8000万美元。分析句子可知，“the most famous one 　　　　(estimate) to be worth more than 80 million dollars”是独立主格结构作状语，estimate与逻辑主语the most famous one（one指代painting）是被动关系，用过去分词形式，故填estimated。 【答案】estimated 考点突破·考法探究 【变式训练】Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention________ (fix) on it. 【解析】考查独立主格结构。句意：吉姆聚精会神地听讲座，所有的注意力都集中在上面。分析句子结构可知，逗号后面的成分为独立主格结构，fix与逻辑主语attention之间是被动关系，应用过去分词形式fixed表示被动意义，构成独立主格结构。故填fixed。 【答案】fixed 考点突破·考法探究 真题实战 用括号内所给词的适当形式填空 1.（2024·浙江1月卷）Over the last two years, some supermarkets have started selling chicken or salad in packs __________ (design) with two halves containing separate portions (份). 【答案】designed 【解析】考查过去分词。句意：在过去的两年里，一些超市开始销售鸡肉或沙拉包装，设计成两半，拆分成两份。动词design意为“设计”，和谓语之间没有连词，和逻辑主语packs构成被动关系，且动作已完成，所以应用过去分词形式作后置定语。故填designed。 真题练习·命题洞现 【高考导航】 3.In the lab, keeping things clean and organized can help provide a safer environment. （2021天津卷知识运用）在实验室里，保持物品整洁有序，有助于提供一个更安全的环境。c. （2021浙江卷知识运用）林肯在伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德市中心的家不像乔治·华盛顿在波托马克河畔的种植园那样给人留下深刻印象，但自从向公众开放以来，就吸引了无数游客。 3.In the lab, keeping things clean11kl and organized can help provide a safer environment. （2021天津卷知识运用）在实验室里，保持物品整洁有序，有助于提供一个更安全的环境。1.For example, a coat on a fence or a pipe on the floor would frighten them away. (2021上海卷写作) 例如，篱笆上的一件外套或地板上的一根管子会把他们吓跑。 真题实战 2.（2023·全国乙卷）From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong to royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully _______ (build) system of ring roads. 【答案】built。 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：从佛教寺庙到博物馆，狭窄的胡同和皇家宫殿，它是3000多年辉煌历史的家园，即使是在它的布局上，这座城市也保持着精心建造的环城公路系统。这里为非谓语动词担当定语，表示“精心建造的……”，和被修饰词“system of ring roads”之间为被动关系，用过去分词。故填built。 3.（2022·北京卷）Why do humans prefer some smells over others? One theory, increasingly _______ (support) by experts, suggests that smell preferences are learned. 【答案】supported 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：被专家越来越多地支持的一个理论表明气味的偏好是习得的。分析句子结构可知，空格处的动词做非谓语，结合空格后的by experts可判断出该处意为“被专家们支持”，所以空格处应用过去分词表被动。故填supported。 真题实战 4.（2021·新高考II卷）I was so________ (excite) when he wrote back to me. 【答案】excited 【解析】考查形容词。句意：当他给我回信时，我很兴奋。该空作was之后的表语，用形容词，修饰人，用v+ed形式的形容词，所以填excited。 真题实战 5.（2020·浙江卷1月）The first is declining birthrates, which means old generations are large ____________ (compare) to younger generations, and so, on average, the population. 【答案】compared 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：首先是出生率的下降，这意味着老一代比年轻一代人口多，因此，平均而言，人口比以前老龄化。Compare与old generation之间表示被动关系，故填compared。 真题实战 6.（2020全国II卷）They make great gifts and you see them many times ___________ (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. 【答案】decorated 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：它们是很好的礼物，你会经常看到它们装饰着红包和好运的信息。句中them指代前句中的orange trees，与decorate之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填decorated。 真题实战 命题演练 1.（2024·河北高三模拟）As China has more than 297 million people _______ (age) 60 and over, according to the latest statistics, this day has grown in popularity over the years. 【答案】aged 【解析】考查分词形容词。句意：根据最新统计，随着中国60岁及以上的人口超过2.97亿，这一天（重阳节）多年来越来越受欢迎。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里需要形容词，意为“年龄是……岁的”，作后置定语。故填aged。 真题练习·命题洞现 2.（2024高三·河北秦皇岛·阶段练习）All the opinions and ideas ______ (collect) from others can give the decision maker a more comprehensive picture of the current situation and help him or her make a correct decision. 【答案】collected 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：所有从别人那里收集来的意见和想法可以让决策者对当前的形势有一个更全面的了解，帮助他或她做出正确的决定。名词the opinions and ideas与collect之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作后置定语。故填collected。 命题演练 3.（2024高三·广东·阶段练习）In 2004, a museum ________ (dedicate) to Qiaopi opened in Shantou City, Guangdong, where almost all families have saved such letters in their homes. 【答案】dedicated 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：2004年，广东省汕头市开设了一家专门纪念桥批的博物馆，在那里，几乎所有的家庭都把这些信件保存在家里。句中opened是谓语，此处为非谓语，动词dedicate和前文名词museum之间是被动关系，用其过去分词作后置定语，已转化为形容词，意为“专用的”。故填dedicated。 命题演练 4.（2024高三·湖北·模拟预测）High-end Dragon Well, tasting like spring’s first green vegetables accented by chestnuts___________ (roast) with sugar, can sell for 15 to over a hundred dollars an ounce. 【答案】roasted 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：高端龙井，尝起来像春天的第一批富有糖烤栗子风味的绿色蔬菜，每盎司售价15到100多美元。分析句子可知，空处作chestnuts的后置定语，是非谓语动词，roast“烘烤”和chestnuts逻辑上是被动关系，且此处侧重chestnuts的特性，应用roast的过去分词形式。故填roasted。 命题演练 5.（2024·江西九江·二模）Among the over 5,000 precious relics ________(excavate) from the ruins, the most eye-catching is the Golden Sun Bird. 【答案】excavated 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：在遗址中出土的5000多件珍贵文物中，最引人注目的是金太阳鸟。分析句子可知，excavate作定语，修饰relics，二者之间是被动关系，用过去分词作定语，故填excavated。 命题演练 6.（河北省石家庄市2023-2024学年高三试题）Abduk Basit Khan, a Pakistani exhibitor participating in the expo for the second time, attended the fair. He showed Pakistani jade(玉器) products, specially designed for the Chinese market, and expressed hope for a better year ______ (compare) to the previous one. He mentioned that the Chinese market is significant for jade products, and his businesshas been operating in China for 10 years. 【答案】compared 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：他展示了专为中国市场设计的巴基斯坦玉器产品，并表示希望今年比去年更好。分析句子结构可知短语be compared to，此处省略be动词，用过去分词作状语。故填compared。 命题演练 7.（2024·福建·高三模拟）_________ (select) from collections throughout the world, it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years. 【答案】Selected　 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：从世界各地的收藏品中挑选出来，这是他40多年来第一次大型作品展览。select与逻辑主语it之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作状语，单词位于句首，首字母大写。故填Selected。 命题演练 8.（2023·河南信阳·高三试题）_________ (found) in Moscow after the 1905 revolution, the company eventually settled in Tel Aviv in the late 1920s. 【答案】Founded 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：1905年革命后，该公司在莫斯科成立，最终于20世纪20年代末落户特拉维夫。分析句子可知，“(found) in Moscow after the 1905 revolution”作状语，found(成立)是非谓语动词，与其逻辑主语the company之间是被动关系，且“found”这一动作已经完成，应用过去分词表示被动和完成；句首单词首字母大写。故填Founded。 命题演练 THANK YOU THANK YOU $