热点话题15 生活中的环保措施等（话题阅读精练）英语高二通用版

热点话题15 生活中的环保措施等 教材相关主题 教材 单元 主题 人教版选择性必修三 Unit 3 Environmental Protection 外研版选择性必修一 Unit 6 Nurturing nature 话题阅读精练 语篇 题型 内容简介 Passage 1 阅读理解 讲述了家庭清洁能源的未来，包括家庭排放来源、清洁能源技术及投资需求。 Passage 2 阅读理解 介绍了LED照明作为环保、节能的照明方式，相比传统卤素灯具有能耗低、寿命长等优势，呼吁人们为环保和节能改用LED照明，并以“地球一小时”活动为例，指出其虽能提高环保意识，但LED照明才是长期节能的解决方案。 Passage 3 阅读理解 介绍了城市发展以牺牲城市绿地为代价，虽然提高了便利性，但给环境和人们的健康生活带来了巨大威胁。 Passage 4 阅读理解 介绍城市热岛效应的成因、影响及应对措施中的权衡问题。 Passage 5 阅读理解 围绕“环保主义者”概念在21世纪的演变展开，指出当前学界就“是否完全依赖可再生能源”产生分裂：一方坚持100%可再生，另一方认为在风光不足时必须辅以核能。 Passage 6 阅读理解 介绍了科学家与学生团队在珊瑚海开展珊瑚礁修复项目的实践过程，结合学生参与体验与科学家观点，阐述了项目对生态恢复的意义及面临的挑战，同时传递了通过科学行动保护海洋生态的积极信息。 主题简析素材积累 本专题的主题语境为 “生活中的环保措施等”，该主题在英语课程标准中是关于 “人与自然” 主题语境下 “环境保护” 这一主题群里的子话题。其重点聚焦于日常生活中人们能够践行的环保行动，通过对这一主题的学习，旨在培养学生的环保意识，提升学生用英语表达环保理念及相关措施的能力，让学生深刻认识到个人在环境保护中的责任与作用，并且鼓励学生将所学的环保知识运用到实际生活中，从自身做起，为环境保护贡献力量。同时，这一主题也有助于学生了解全球环保形势，增强全球视野和人类命运共同体意识，理解环境保护是全球性问题，需要全世界共同努力。 句子积累 提出环保建议： We should + 动词原形 + 其他. （我们应该……） 例如：We should recycle paper to save trees.（我们应该回收纸张以保护树木。） It's important /necessary + to do sth. （做某事是重要的 / 必要的。）例如：It's important to turn off the lights when you leave the room.（离开房间时关灯很重要。） Why not + 动词原形？（为什么不…… 呢？）例如：Why not ride a bike to school instead of taking a car?（为什么不骑自行车去上学，而不是开车呢？） 描述环境问题及后果： 环境问题名称 + is /are becoming more and more serious. （…… 问题正变得越来越严重。）例如：Air pollution is becoming more and more serious.（空气污染正变得越来越严重。） 环境问题名称 + makes it + 形容词 + to do sth. （…… 问题使得做某事……）例如：Water pollution makes it hard for fish to survive.（水污染使得鱼类难以生存。） Because of + 环境问题名称，…… （由于…… 问题，……）例如：Because of global warming, the sea level is rising.（由于全球变暖，海平面正在上升。） 表达环保行动的意义： By doing sth., we can + 动词原形 + 其他. （通过做某事，我们能够……）例如：By reducing waste, we can protect natural resources.（通过减少浪费，我们能够保护自然资源。） 环保行动 + not only benefits the environment, but also... （…… 不仅有利于环境，而且……）例如：Using public transport not only benefits the environment, but also saves money.（使用公共交通不仅有利于环境，而且省钱。） It is everyone's responsibility to + 动词原形 + 其他. （做…… 是每个人的责任。）例如：It is everyone's responsibility to protect the environment.（保护环境是每个人的责任。） 必备词块 垃圾分类相关： sort waste properly（正确分类垃圾） set up recycling bins（设立回收箱） reduce household waste（减少生活垃圾） learn classification rules（学习分类规则） promote zero - waste lifestyle（推广零废生活方式） 低碳生活相关： reduce carbon emissions（减少碳排放） ride shared bicycles（骑共享单车） use energy - saving products（使用节能产品） eat more vegetables（多吃蔬菜） support green transportation（支持绿色出行） 节水节电相关： turn off lights when leaving（离开时关灯） fix leaking taps（修理漏水水龙头） take shorter showers（缩短淋浴时间） use electricity wisely（明智用电） reuse water for cleaning（二次利用清洁用水） 保护野生动物相关： protect endangered species（保护濒危物种） say no to ivory and fur（拒绝象牙和皮草） respect natural habitats（尊重自然栖息地） support wildlife organizations（支持野生动物保护组织） avoid disturbing animals（避免打扰动物） 节约资源相关： use paper on both sides（纸张双面使用） say no to disposable items（拒绝一次性用品） recycle useful materials（回收可用材料） choose eco - friendly products（选择环保产品） live a sustainable life（过可持续生活） 绿色消费相关： carry reusable shopping bags（携带可重复使用购物袋） buy less plastic packaging（减少塑料包装购买） avoid food waste（避免食物浪费） support eco - friendly brands（支持环保品牌） 实战演练 Passage 1 The Future of Clean Energy in Homes Heating, cooling, and powering homes contribute significantly to global CO₂ emissions. As nations strive to reduce their carbon footprints, residential energy use — responsible for nearly 20% of energy-related emissions — poses unique challenges. Below is the 2022 breakdown of household emissions by source. ELECTRICITY  52% HEATING  28% COOLING  12% APPLIANCES  6% LIGHTING  2% Clean energy solutions for homes must be affordable, efficient, and adaptable to diverse climates. While technologies vary, here are key innovations driving the shift toward sustainability. HEAT PUMPS — Efficient Heating/Cooling Replacing gas boilers, electric heat pumps transfer warmth from air or ground, cutting heating emissions by 50%. Hybrid models, hopefully, might be able to work in sub-zero temperatures in the near future. SMART GRIDS (电网) — Dynamic Electricity Management AI-powered grids optimize energy use, storing surplus solar power during peak hours and reducing reliance on fossil-fuel backups. SOLAR PANELS — Rooftop Revolution Solar energy is the most accessible renewable source for households. Advances in photovoltaic cells have cut costs by 80% since 2010, making them viable in numerous regions. WIND TURBINES — Community Microgrids Small-scale turbines (涡轮机) in windy areas can power neighborhoods, though land use debates persist. “The scale of this transition is staggering,” says Dr. Elena Torres, a climate scientist at MIT. Residential renewables like solar and heat pumps could meet 90% of global household demand by 2050 — but only if investments triple within this decade. Recent studies show that every $1 invested in green homes today saves $5 in future climate adaptation costs. This isn’t just an environmental imperative; it’s economically inevitable. 1．Which two categories combined account for over three-quarters of total household emissions? A．Electricity and Heating. B．Heating and Cooling. C．Appliances and Lighting. D．Cooling and Appliances. 2．Which technology is highlighted as cost-effective for diverse climates? A．Heat pumps. B．Smart grids. C．Solar panels. D．Wind turbines. 3．What does Dr. Torres emphasize about the energy transition? A．The dominance of gas boilers. B．The increase in solar efficiency. C．The need for higher investment. D．The breakthrough in heat pump technology. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要讲述了家庭清洁能源的未来，包括家庭排放来源、清洁能源技术及投资需求。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Below is the 2022 breakdown of household emissions by source. ELECTRICITY 52%，HEATING 28%(以下是2022年家庭排放来源的细分。电力占52%，供暖占28%)”可知，电力和供暖两个类别加起来占家庭总排放量的四分之三以上。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据SOLAR PANELS — Rooftop Revolution部分中“Solar energy is the most accessible renewable source for households. Advances in photovoltaic cells have cut costs by 80% since 2010, making them viable in numerous regions.(太阳能是家庭最容易获得的可再生能源。自2010年以来，光伏电池的进步使成本降低了80%，使其在许多地区都可行)”可知，太阳能电池板被强调为适用于不同气候的成本效益高的技术。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据WIND TURBINES — Community Microgrids部分中“Residential renewables like solar and heat pumps could meet 90% of global household demand by 2050 — but only if investments triple within this decade.(到2050年，太阳能和热泵等住宅可再生能源可以满足全球90%的家庭需求，但前提是未来十年的投资要增加两倍)”可知，Torres博士强调了能源转型需要更高的投资。故选C。 Passage 2 If you haven’t already, you too should switch to the latest eco­friendly, energy­efficient, energy­saving LED lighting. As the world becomes more focused on green  issues, everyone should do their part in practicing energy efficiency, recycling, cutting down their CO2 emissions and much, much more. One of the most successful campaigns that started in Australia is the now world ­famous “Earth Hour”. 2.2 million of Sydney’s residents turned off their lights for an hour in a mass attempt to save energy. The following year, the same idea was adopted by a whole host of different cities. This is a great example of a campaign to promote eco­friendly options and energy efficiency. But while it clearly raises awareness, it is not a long­term solution to energy saving across the developed world. A long­term solution can be found in the form of switching to LED lighting rather than the traditional halogen lights found in a typical home. Put simply, LED lighting is the future of lighting. LED lamps use up only a fraction of the energy compared to that of regular lamps. They also produce a quality flicker­free light, and will last longer than a regular light with 50,000 hours being realistic. Not only are they longer lasting and more energy­efficient with no sacrifice in light quality, but they also have quickly become a possible substitute for lamps that have been previously installed by homes and businesses. An ordinary 50 watt low­voltage halogen light on for 4 hours a day would cost $25 per year to run. With a life span of around 3,000 hours it will typically stop working at the two­year mark. Compared with the regular one, an LED light of 50 watts operating for the same period will cost roughly $ 6 per year to run and last 50,000 hours. That means it won’t have to be replaced for 24 years! It really is a no­brainer to switch to energy­saving LED lighting. Plus, you will be doing your bit for the environment by being more eco­friendly. 1．“Earth Hour ” is held in the world every year in order to _________. A．advise people to have a good rest after working hard. B．call people to use less energy as much as possible. C．ask people to generate more energy for daily use. D．remind people to remember the days without lights. 2．How should we save energy according to the author? A．Turn off the lights. B．Hold Earth Hour. C．Raise public awareness. D．Use LED lights. 3．Compared with a regular lamp, how much can an LED light of 50 watts save us altogether for 24 years? A．$456. B．$50. C．$600. D．$144. 4．The author develops the main idea of this passage by ________. A．experimenting B．comparing C．classifying D．summarizing 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了LED照明作为环保、节能的照明方式，相比传统卤素灯具有能耗低、寿命长等优势，呼吁人们为环保和节能改用LED照明，并以“地球一小时”活动为例，指出其虽能提高环保意识，但LED照明才是长期节能的解决方案。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“2.2 million of Sydney’s residents turned off their lights for an hour in a mass attempt to save energy. The following year, the same idea was adopted by a whole host of different cities. (悉尼220万居民集体关灯一小时，试图节约能源。第二年，许多其他城市也采用了同样的做法。)”可知，“地球一小时”活动的目的是号召人们尽可能减少能源使用。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“A long­term solution can be found in the form of switching to LED lighting rather than the traditional halogen lights found in a typical home. (一个长期的解决方案是改用LED照明，而不是普通家庭中使用的传统卤素灯。)”可知，作者认为节约能源的长期方法是使用LED灯。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“An ordinary 50 watt low-voltage halogen light on for 4 hours a day would cost $25 per year to run. With a life span of around 3,000 hours it will typically stop working at the two-year mark. Comparing with an LED light of 50 watts operating for the same period will cost roughly $ 3 per year to run and last 50,000 hours. That means it won’t have to be replaced for 24 years! (一个普通的50瓦低压卤素灯，每天开4小时，每年的运行成本为25美元。其使用寿命约为3,000小时，通常在两年左右就会停止工作。相比之下，一个50瓦的LED灯在相同使用时间下，每年的运行成本约为3美元，且使用寿命可达50,000小时。这意味着24年内都无需更换！)”可知，50瓦的LED灯每年比传统卤素灯节省25-3=19美元，24年共节省19×24=453美元。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段中“LED lamps use up only a fraction of the energy compared to that of regular lamps. They also produce a quality flicker-free light, and will last longer than a regular light with 50,000 hours being realistic. (与普通灯具相比，LED灯只消耗一小部分能源。它们还能产生无闪烁的优质光线，并且使用寿命比普通灯具更长，实际可达5万小时。)”以及“An ordinary 50 watt low-voltage halogen light on for 4 hours a day would cost $25 per year to run. With a life span of around 3,000 hours it will typically stop working at the two-year mark. Comparing with an LED light of 50 watts operating for the same period will cost roughly $ 6 per year to run and last 50,000 hours. (一个普通的50瓦低压卤素灯，每天开4小时，每年的运行成本为25美元。其使用寿命约为3,000小时，通常在两年左右就会停止工作。相比之下，一个50瓦的LED灯在相同使用时间下，每年的运行成本约为6美元，且使用寿命可达50,000小时。)”可知，作者是通过比较LED灯和传统灯具的能耗、使用寿命和运行成本等方面来阐述文章主旨的。故选B项。 Passage 3 While technological advancements have enhanced the convenience of urban commuting in recent years, environmental studies reveal a worrying decline in urban green spaces, especially in densely populated districts. Many residents complain that there’s insufficient access to nature-filled areas for relaxation and exercise, so they end up spending more time indoors, relying on virtual entertainment. Urban planners Lila Chen and Ryan Moore are deeply troubled by such issues. In their newly released book Green Living: Reclaim Our Cities’ Natural Spaces, they call for a fundamental rethinking of urban design and the role greenery should play in our daily lives. The landscape of urban living began to shift decades ago. Vast areas of natural vegetation were cleared to make room for sprawling concrete structures and commercial centers, forcing residents to seek nature in distant suburbs. Some grassroots groups fought back. Most notably, a community organizer from Seattle, who relocated to the city in the early 2000s, launched a movement to save a local wetlands area from being converted into a shopping mall. Expressing her outrage at the planned destruction, Emily Clark appealed to the city council to “Preserve Seattle as a city where nature and urban life coexist harmoniously, not just a place of concrete and commerce.” Similar initiatives took place in other major cities across the country in the 2010s. Although these initiatives gained public attention, the harsh reality is that the majority of modern cities remain overwhelmingly dominated by urban development at the expense of green spaces. The coverage of natural areas in cities has been shrinking steadily. In California, for instance, the ratio of urban green spaces to total city area has dropped to a record low, even as the state promotes environmental protection campaigns. We invest substantial resources in building urban infrastructure that prioritizes speed and efficiency, yet we neglect to consider the true value of green spaces. Do we fully comprehend the social and psychological costs when citizens lack easy access to natural environments for mental rejuvenation? The authors of Green Living are spot-on: it’s high time we re-evaluate the urban landscapes right outside our homes. 1．What phenomenon does the author highlight in paragraph 1? A．Urban commuting has become overly dependent on technology. B．The reduction of urban green spaces leads to lifestyle changes. C．Virtual entertainment is replacing outdoor activities completely. D．Residents in densely populated areas have limited access to jobs. 2．What were the Seattle community organizer and other activists attempting to achieve? A．Expand commercial development in urban areas. B．Relocate residents to distant suburbs with more greenery. C．Safeguard urban natural spaces for a balanced lifestyle. D．Promote the construction of more shopping malls in wetlands. 3．What can be inferred about the initiatives in California in the 2010s? A．They successfully increased the ratio of urban green spaces. B．They failed to reverse the trend of shrinking green areas. C．They led to a surge in environmental protection donations. D．They resulted in the closure of all commercial construction projects. 4．Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text? A．Urban Rush: Sacrificing Nature? B．Tech Advance: A Double-edged Sword? C．Green Spaces: A Luxury or Necessity? D．Community Activism: A Lost Cause? 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了城市发展以牺牲城市绿地为代价，虽然提高了便利性，但给环境和人们的健康生活带来了巨大威胁。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“While technological advancements have enhanced the convenience of urban commuting in recent years, environmental studies reveal a worrying decline in urban green spaces, especially in densely populated districts. Many residents complain that there’s insufficient access to nature-filled areas for relaxation and exercise, so they end up spending more time indoors, relying on virtual entertainment.(近年来，尽管科技进步提升了城市通勤的便利性，但环境研究显示，城市绿地正以令人担忧的速度减少，在人口密集区域尤为明显。许多居民抱怨，能够供他们放松和锻炼的自然区域不足，因此他们不得不更多地待在室内，依赖虚拟娱乐打发时间)”可知，作者在第一段主要强调了城市绿地减少导致居民生活方式的改变。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Most notably, a community organizer from Seattle, who relocated to the city in the early 2000s, launched a movement to save a local wetlands area from being converted into a shopping mall. Expressing her outrage at the planned destruction, Emily Clark appealed to the city council to “Preserve Seattle as a city where nature and urban life coexist harmoniously, not just a place of concrete and commerce.” Similar initiatives took place in other major cities across the country in the 2010s.(最值得关注的是，一位21世纪初移居西雅图的社区组织者发起了一场运动，旨在阻止当地一片湿地被改建成购物中心。埃米莉・克拉克对这一计划中的破坏行为表示愤怒，她向市议会呼吁：“要将西雅图打造成自然与城市生活和谐共存的城市，而不只是一座充斥着混凝土建筑和商业活动的地方。”)”可知，西雅图社区组织者和其他活动者试图守护城市自然空间，追求平衡生活方式。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The coverage of natural areas in cities has been shrinking steadily. In California, for instance, the ratio of urban green spaces to total city area has dropped to a record low, even as the state promotes environmental protection campaigns.(城市自然区域的覆盖面积一直在稳步缩小。例如，在加州，城市绿地占城市总面积的比例已降至历史最低水平，尽管该州正在推动环保运动)”推知，21世纪初加州的环保活动未能扭转绿地面积不断萎缩的趋势。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合最后一段“We invest substantial resources in building urban infrastructure that prioritizes speed and efficiency, yet we neglect to consider the true value of green spaces. Do we fully comprehend the social and psychological costs when citizens lack easy access to natural environments for mental rejuvenation? The authors of Green Living are spot-on: it’s high time we re-evaluate the urban landscapes right outside our homes.(我们投入大量资源建设以速度和效率为优先的城市基础设施，却忽视了绿地的真正价值。当市民难以就近接触自然环境以滋养心灵时，我们是否充分意识到其中的社会成本与心理代价？《绿色生活》的作者们说得很对：是时候重新审视我们家门口的城市风貌了)”可知，文章主要介绍了城市发展以牺牲城市绿地为代价，虽然提高了便利性，但给环境和人们的健康生活带来了巨大威胁，因此A项“Urban Rush: Sacrificing Nature?(都市快速发展：牺牲自然？)”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选A。 Passage 4 Metropolitan expansion, often hailed as a sign of progress, harbors a meteorological anomaly (异常现象) known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect — wherein cities register temperatures 2–8°C higher than adjacent  rural areas. A 2023 study spanning 50 global megacities (特大城市) revealed that this disparity intensifies (加剧) nocturnally, with urban nighttime temperatures averaging 5.2°C warmer, a phenomenon researchers attribute to the thermal inertia of impermeable (不能渗透的) surfaces like asphalt and concrete. The mechanisms driving UHIs are multifaceted yet interconnected. Solar radiation absorption by dark-colored infrastructure exceeds that of vegetated landscapes by 30–40%, a difference compounded by anthropogenic (人为的) heat sources: air conditioning units, industrial processes, and vehicular emissions collectively contribute 15–20% of urban heat gain. What complicates mitigation is the albedo (反照率) paradox — while light-colored “cool roofs” reflect 60% more sunlight than traditional dark roofs, their widespread adoption might inadvertently reduce snowmelt in nearby regions by altering atmospheric radiation patterns, a 2022 climate model suggests. Ecological ramifications extend beyond temperature. Urban heat stress disrupts phenological cycles: in Tokyo, cherry blossoms now bloom 7–10 days earlier than in the 1980s, mismatching pollinator (传粉者) activity. Aquatic systems suffer too; warm urban runoff (径流) raises stream temperatures by 3–6°C, reducing dissolved (溶解的) oxygen levels — a critical factor for 72% of freshwater fish species studied in the Thames River basin. Human health bears the brunt as well. Heat-related hospitalizations in U.S. cities surge (激增) by 2.3% for each 1°C temperature rise above 32°C, with elderly populations at 4.1 times greater risk. Paradoxically (矛盾地) , increased air conditioning use to counteract (抵消) heat elevates energy consumption by 10–15%, creating a feedback loop (循环) where carbon emissions intensifies global warming, further intensifying UHIs. Proposed solutions reveal unexpected trade-offs. Urban reforestation, while reducing ambient temperatures by 2–3°C through evapotranspiration , can increase pollen (花粉) counts by 25–30%, worsening respiratory conditions. Green infrastructure like rain gardens mitigates (缓解) runoff but may harbor mosquito larvae in stagnant water, potentially elevating vector-borne disease risks in tropical cities. As climatologist Dr. Amir Patel notes, “Addressing UHIs demands not silver bullets but adaptive mosaic (mosaic) strategies — interventions that balance local cooling with broader ecological stability.” The challenge lies in recognizing that each urban microclimate responds uniquely to interventions, defying one-size-fits-all approaches. 1．Why is the urban-rural temperature difference greater at night? A．City infrastructure holds heat longer than natural areas B．Cities absorb more sunlight during the day C．More heat is produced by devices at night D．There is less cloud cover over cities at night 2．What complicates the potential benefits of cool roofs according to the albedo paradox? A．Their reflective properties might have unintended effects on nearby environmental processes B．They require more frequent maintenance than traditional roofs, increasing costs C．They fail to reduce temperatures as effectively in urban centers as in suburbs D．Their light color makes them more prone to damage from extreme weather 3．The feedback loop created by increased air conditioning use arises because of which chain of events? A．Lower indoor temperatures lead to less outdoor activity, reducing urban cooling B．Higher energy demand from AC units results in factors that worsen the heat island effect C．Uneven cooling in buildings causes air pressure differences that trap heat D．Overuse of AC systems leads to mechanical failures that release excess heat 4．Why do experts caution against universal approaches to mitigating urban heat islands? A．Rural communities often resist measures that might alter regional temperature patterns B．The success of any strategy depends on unique interactions within each city’s environment C．Most proposed solutions have been proven ineffective in long-term studies D．Funding for large-scale projects is unavailable in most urban areas 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．B 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍城市热岛效应的成因、影响及应对措施中的权衡问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A 2023 study spanning 50 global megacities revealed that this disparity intensifies nocturnally, with urban nighttime temperatures averaging 5.2°C warmer, a phenomenon researchers attribute to the thermal inertia of impermeable surfaces like asphalt and concrete.(2023年一项涵盖全球50个特大城市的研究显示，这种差异在夜间加剧，城市夜间温度平均高出5.2°C，研究人员将这一现象归因于沥青和混凝土等不透水表面的热惯性。)”可知，城市与农村的温差在夜间更大是因为城市基础设施比自然区域保留热量的时间更长。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“What complicates mitigation is the albedo paradox — while light-colored “cool roofs” reflect 60% more sunlight than traditional dark roofs, their widespread adoption might inadvertently reduce snowmelt in nearby regions by altering atmospheric radiation patterns, a 2022 climate model suggests.(2022年的一个气候模型显示，使缓解工作复杂化的是反照率悖论——虽然浅色的“凉爽屋顶”比传统的深色屋顶多反射60%的阳光，但它们的广泛采用可能会通过改变大气辐射模式，无意中减少附近地区的融雪量。)”可知，根据反照率悖论，凉爽屋顶的潜在好处变得复杂是因为它们的反射特性可能对附近的环境过程产生意想不到的影响。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Paradoxically, increased air conditioning use to counteract heat elevates energy consumption by 10–15%, creating a feedback loop where carbon emissions intensify global warming, further intensifying UHIs.(矛盾的是，为了抵消热量而增加空调使用量使能源消耗增加了10–15%，形成了一个反馈循环：碳排放加剧全球变暖，进一步加剧城市热岛效应。)”可知，空调使用增加所产生的反馈循环是由于空调机组的高能源需求导致了加剧热岛效应的因素。故选B项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“As climatologist Dr. Amir Patel notes, “Addressing UHIs demands not silver bullets but adaptive mosaic strategies — interventions that balance local cooling with broader ecological stability.” The challenge lies in recognizing that each urban microclimate responds uniquely to interventions, defying one-size-fits-all approaches.(正如气候学家阿米尔·帕特尔博士所指出的：“解决城市热岛效应不需要万能药，而需要适应性的 mosaic 策略——平衡局部冷却与更广泛生态稳定的干预措施。”挑战在于认识到每个城市的微气候对干预措施的反应都是独特的，不适合一刀切的方法。)”可知，专家告诫不要采用通用方法缓解城市热岛效应是因为任何策略的成功都取决于每个城市环境内的独特相互作用。故选B项。 Passage 5 The term “environmentalist” can mean different things. It used to refer to people trying to protect wildlife and natural ecosystems. In the 21st century, the term has evolved to capture the need to combat human-made climate change. The distinction between these two strands of environmentalism is the cause of a split within the scientific community about nuclear energy. On one side are purists who believe nuclear power isn’t worth the risk and the exclusive solution to the climate crisis is renewable energy. The opposing side agrees that renewable energy is crucial, but says society needs an amount of power available to meet consumers’ basic demands when the sun isn’t shining and the wind isn’t blowing. Nuclear energy, being far cleaner than oil, gas and coal, is a natural option, especially where hydroelectric capacity is limited. Leon Clarke, who helped author reports for the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, isn’t an uncritical supporter of nuclear energy, but says it’s a valuable option to have if we’re serious about reaching carbon neutrality. “Core to all of this is the degree to which you think we can actually meet climate goals with 100% renewable energy,” he said. “If you don’t believe we can do it, and you care about the climate, you are forced to think about something like nuclear.” The prospect of universal 100% renewability is similarly contentious. Cities such as Burlington, Vermont, have been “100% renewable” for years. But these cities often have small populations, occasionally still rely on fossil fuel energy and have significant renewable resources at their immediate disposal. Meanwhile, countries that manage to run off renewable energy typically do so thanks to extraordinary hydroelectric capabilities. Germany stands as the best case study for a large, industrialized country pushing into green energy. Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2011 announced Energiewende, an energy transition that would phase out nuclear and coal while phasing in renewable energy. Wind and solar power generation has increased over 400% since 2010, and renewable energy provided 46% of the country’s electricity in 2019. But progress has stopped in recent years. The instability of renewable energy doesn’t just mean energy is often not produced at night, but also that solar and wind can overwhelm the grid during the day, forcing utilities to pay customers to use their electricity. Lagging grid infrastructure struggles to transport this overabundance of green energy from Germany’s north to its industrial south, meaning many factories still run on coal and gas. The political limit has also been reached in some places, with citizens meeting the construction of new wind turbines with loud protests. The result is that Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions have fallen by around 11.5% since 2010 — slower than the EU average of 13.5%. 1．What is the solution to energy shortage proposed by purists’ opponents? A．Relying on renewable energy firmly and exclusively B．Using fossil fuel and green energy alternatively C．Choosing nuclear energy when necessary D．Limiting people’s non-basic consumption 2．What point does the author want to make with cities like Burlington as an example? A．It is controversial whether the goal of the whole world’s exclusive dependence on renewable energy is attainable. B．It is contentious whether cities with large populations have renewable resources at their immediate disposal. C．It is arguable whether cities that manage to run off renewable energy have sustainable hydroelectric capabilities. D．It is debatable whether traditional fossil fuel energy can be done away with entirely throughout the world. 3．What do we learn about Germany regarding renewable energy? A．It has increased its wind and solar power generation four times over the last two decades. B．It represents a good example of a major industrialized country promoting green energy. C．It relies on renewable energy to generate more than half of its electricity. D．It has succeeded in reaching the goal of energy transition set by Merkel. 4．What may be one of the reasons for Germany’s progress having stopped in recent years? A．Its grid infrastructure’s capacity has fallen behind its development of green energy. B．Its overabundance of green energy has forced power plants to suspend operation during daytime. C．Its industrial south is used to running factories on conventional energy supplies. D．Its renewable energy supplies are unstable both at night and during the day. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕“环保主义者”概念在21世纪的演变展开，指出当前学界就“是否完全依赖可再生能源”产生分裂：一方坚持100%可再生，另一方认为在风光不足时必须辅以核能。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段purists反对者的观点“The opposing side agrees that renewable energy is crucial, but says society needs an amount of power available to meet consumers’ basic demands when the sun isn’t shining and the wind isn’t blowing. Nuclear energy, being far cleaner than oil, gas and coal, is a natural option, especially where hydroelectric capacity is limited.(反对方虽承认可再生能源至关重要，但仍坚持社会必须有充足电力保障——尤其在无风无光的时段，必须满足消费者的基本用电需求。在缺乏水力发电资源的地区，核能作为比石油、天然气和煤炭清洁得多的能源，自然成为理想选择)” 可知，他们认为在必要时可选择核能。 故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第六段的内容“The prospect of universal 100% renewability is similarly contentious. Cities such as Burlington, Vermont, have been “100% renewable” for years. But these cities often have small populations, occasionally still rely on fossil fuel energy and have significant renewable resources at their immediate disposal. Meanwhile, countries that manage to run off renewable energy typically do so thanks to extraordinary hydroelectric capabilities.(普遍100%可再生能源的前景同样存在争议。佛蒙特州的伯灵顿等城市多年来一直是“100%可再生能源”。但这些城市往往人口较少，偶尔仍依赖化石燃料能源，并有大量可再生资源可供直接使用。与此同时，那些成功利用可再生能源的国家通常要归功于非凡的水力发电能力)”可知，作者列举人口小、可再生资源丰富的伯灵顿等城市，旨在说明“全球完全依赖可再生能源”这一目标是否可行存在争议。 故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第七段的内容“Germany stands as the best case study for a large, industrialized country pushing into green energy. Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2011 announced Energiewende, an energy transition that would phase out nuclear and coal while phasing in renewable energy. Wind and solar power generation has increased over 400% since 2010, and renewable energy provided 46% of the country’s electricity in 2019.(德国是一个推动绿色能源发展的工业化大国的最佳研究案例。德国总理安格拉•默克尔在2011年宣布了能源转型计划，这是一项能源转型计划，将逐步淘汰核能和煤炭，同时逐步使用可再生能源。自2010年以来，风能和太阳能发电量增长了400%以上，2019年可再生能源提供了该国46%的电力)”可知，德国是一个工业化国家推广绿色能源的好典范。故选B项。 4．细节理解题。根据第八段的句子“Lagging grid infrastructure struggles to transport this overabundance of green energy from Germany’s north to its industrial south, meaning many factories still run on coal and gas. The political limit has also been reached in some places, with citizens meeting the construction of new wind turbines with loud protests.(滞后的电网基础设施难以将德国北部过剩的绿色电力输送到工业重镇南部，导致许多工厂仍依靠煤电和气电。部分地区更触及了政策天花板——民众以强烈抗议抵制新风力发电机的修建)”可知，电网容量落后是德国进展受阻的重要原因。 故选A项。 Passage 6 Beneath the waves of the Coral Sea, a team of scientists and students is working on a unique project: growing coral reefs to restore damaged ecosystems. Coral reefs are home to 25% of marine species, but many are dying due to climate change and pollution.​ The project starts in a lab, where scientists grow coral fragments in tanks. Students help monitor water temperature and pH levels, ensuring the conditions are perfect. Once the corals are strong enough, they’re transported to the ocean and attached to metal frames on the seabed.​ “It’s painstaking work,” says marine biologist Dr. Rivera. “Each coral takes months to grow, and we have to protect them from predators like crown-of-thorns starfish.” But the effort is worth it. Last year, a section of reef they planted showed 30% growth, and fish have started returning to the area.​ Students involved in the project gain hands-on experience in marine biology. “I never thought I’d be scuba diving to plant coral,” says 17-year-old Maya. “It’s one thing to learn about ecosystems in class, but another to actually help restore them.”​ Dr. Rivera is optimistic about the future. “We’re not just restoring coral reefs; we’re restoring hope,” she says. “Every new coral fragment we plant is a step towards a healthier ocean, and that’s something worth fighting for.” With continued dedication, collaboration, and innovation, the team is proving that it’s possible to reverse the damage done to these vital ecosystems, one coral at a time.​ 1．Why are coral reefs important?​ A．They are a source of food for humans.​ B．They are home to 25% of marine species.​ C．They protect coastlines from storms.​ D．They are used to make medicine.​ 2．Where do scientists grow coral fragments first?​ A．On metal frames in the ocean.​ B．In tanks in a lab.​ C．In shallow pools near the beach.​ D．In special greenhouses on land.​ 3．What do students help with in the lab?​ A．Designing metal frames for coral.​ B．Scuba diving to plant coral.​ C．Monitoring water temperature and pH levels.​ D．Protecting coral from predators.​ 4．What can we learn from Maya’s words? A．She dislikes learning about ecosystems in class B．She never wants to scuba dive again C．Practical experience is different from classroom learning D．She thinks restoring ecosystems is impossible 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了科学家与学生团队在珊瑚海开展珊瑚礁修复项目的实践过程，结合学生参与体验与科学家观点，阐述了项目对生态恢复的意义及面临的挑战，同时传递了通过科学行动保护海洋生态的积极信息。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Coral reefs are home to 25% of marine species, but many are dying due to climate change and pollution.​ (珊瑚礁是25%的海洋物种的家园，但由于气候变化和污染，许多珊瑚礁正逐渐消亡。)”可知，珊瑚礁的重要性在于它们是25%的海洋物种的栖息地。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The project starts in a lab, where scientists grow coral fragments in tanks.(这个项目始于实验室，科学家们在水箱中培育珊瑚碎片。)”可知，科学家首先在实验室的水箱中培育珊瑚碎片。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Students help monitor water temperature and pH levels, ensuring the conditions are perfect.(学生们帮忙监测水温与pH值，确保环境条件适宜。)”可知，学生在实验室里帮忙监测水温与pH值。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第四段““I never thought I’d be scuba diving to plant coral,” says 17-year-old Maya. “It’s one thing to learn about ecosystems in class, but another to actually help restore them.”​(“我从没想过自己会戴着水肺潜水去种植珊瑚，”17岁的Maya说，“在课堂上学习生态系统是一回事，而真正参与修复它们又是另一回事。”)”可知，Maya认为在课堂上学习生态系统和实际参与修复它们是不同的，即实践经验与课堂学习有所不同。故选C。 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 6 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 热点话题15 生活中的环保措施等 教材相关主题 教材 单元 主题 人教版选择性必修三 Unit 3 Environmental Protection 外研版选择性必修一 Unit 6 Nurturing nature 话题阅读精练 语篇 题型 内容简介 Passage 1 阅读理解 讲述了家庭清洁能源的未来，包括家庭排放来源、清洁能源技术及投资需求。 Passage 2 阅读理解 介绍了LED照明作为环保、节能的照明方式，相比传统卤素灯具有能耗低、寿命长等优势，呼吁人们为环保和节能改用LED照明，并以“地球一小时”活动为例，指出其虽能提高环保意识，但LED照明才是长期节能的解决方案。 Passage 3 阅读理解 介绍了城市发展以牺牲城市绿地为代价，虽然提高了便利性，但给环境和人们的健康生活带来了巨大威胁。 Passage 4 阅读理解 介绍城市热岛效应的成因、影响及应对措施中的权衡问题。 Passage 5 阅读理解 围绕“环保主义者”概念在21世纪的演变展开，指出当前学界就“是否完全依赖可再生能源”产生分裂：一方坚持100%可再生，另一方认为在风光不足时必须辅以核能。 Passage 6 阅读理解 介绍了科学家与学生团队在珊瑚海开展珊瑚礁修复项目的实践过程，结合学生参与体验与科学家观点，阐述了项目对生态恢复的意义及面临的挑战，同时传递了通过科学行动保护海洋生态的积极信息。 主题简析素材积累 本专题的主题语境为 “生活中的环保措施等”，该主题在英语课程标准中是关于 “人与自然” 主题语境下 “环境保护” 这一主题群里的子话题。其重点聚焦于日常生活中人们能够践行的环保行动，通过对这一主题的学习，旨在培养学生的环保意识，提升学生用英语表达环保理念及相关措施的能力，让学生深刻认识到个人在环境保护中的责任与作用，并且鼓励学生将所学的环保知识运用到实际生活中，从自身做起，为环境保护贡献力量。同时，这一主题也有助于学生了解全球环保形势，增强全球视野和人类命运共同体意识，理解环境保护是全球性问题，需要全世界共同努力。 句子积累 提出环保建议： We should + 动词原形 + 其他. （我们应该……） 例如：We should recycle paper to save trees.（我们应该回收纸张以保护树木。） It's important /necessary + to do sth. （做某事是重要的 / 必要的。）例如：It's important to turn off the lights when you leave the room.（离开房间时关灯很重要。） Why not + 动词原形？（为什么不…… 呢？）例如：Why not ride a bike to school instead of taking a car?（为什么不骑自行车去上学，而不是开车呢？） 描述环境问题及后果： 环境问题名称 + is /are becoming more and more serious. （…… 问题正变得越来越严重。）例如：Air pollution is becoming more and more serious.（空气污染正变得越来越严重。） 环境问题名称 + makes it + 形容词 + to do sth. （…… 问题使得做某事……）例如：Water pollution makes it hard for fish to survive.（水污染使得鱼类难以生存。） Because of + 环境问题名称，…… （由于…… 问题，……）例如：Because of global warming, the sea level is rising.（由于全球变暖，海平面正在上升。） 表达环保行动的意义： By doing sth., we can + 动词原形 + 其他. （通过做某事，我们能够……）例如：By reducing waste, we can protect natural resources.（通过减少浪费，我们能够保护自然资源。） 环保行动 + not only benefits the environment, but also... （…… 不仅有利于环境，而且……）例如：Using public transport not only benefits the environment, but also saves money.（使用公共交通不仅有利于环境，而且省钱。） It is everyone's responsibility to + 动词原形 + 其他. （做…… 是每个人的责任。）例如：It is everyone's responsibility to protect the environment.（保护环境是每个人的责任。） 必备词块 垃圾分类相关： sort waste properly（正确分类垃圾） set up recycling bins（设立回收箱） reduce household waste（减少生活垃圾） learn classification rules（学习分类规则） promote zero - waste lifestyle（推广零废生活方式） 低碳生活相关： reduce carbon emissions（减少碳排放） ride shared bicycles（骑共享单车） use energy - saving products（使用节能产品） eat more vegetables（多吃蔬菜） support green transportation（支持绿色出行） 节水节电相关： turn off lights when leaving（离开时关灯） fix leaking taps（修理漏水水龙头） take shorter showers（缩短淋浴时间） use electricity wisely（明智用电） reuse water for cleaning（二次利用清洁用水） 保护野生动物相关： protect endangered species（保护濒危物种） say no to ivory and fur（拒绝象牙和皮草） respect natural habitats（尊重自然栖息地） support wildlife organizations（支持野生动物保护组织） avoid disturbing animals（避免打扰动物） 节约资源相关： use paper on both sides（纸张双面使用） say no to disposable items（拒绝一次性用品） recycle useful materials（回收可用材料） choose eco - friendly products（选择环保产品） live a sustainable life（过可持续生活） 绿色消费相关： carry reusable shopping bags（携带可重复使用购物袋） buy less plastic packaging（减少塑料包装购买） avoid food waste（避免食物浪费） support eco - friendly brands（支持环保品牌） 实战演练 Passage 1 The Future of Clean Energy in Homes Heating, cooling, and powering homes contribute significantly to global CO₂ emissions. As nations strive to reduce their carbon footprints, residential energy use — responsible for nearly 20% of energy-related emissions — poses unique challenges. Below is the 2022 breakdown of household emissions by source. ELECTRICITY  52% HEATING  28% COOLING  12% APPLIANCES  6% LIGHTING  2% Clean energy solutions for homes must be affordable, efficient, and adaptable to diverse climates. While technologies vary, here are key innovations driving the shift toward sustainability. HEAT PUMPS — Efficient Heating/Cooling Replacing gas boilers, electric heat pumps transfer warmth from air or ground, cutting heating emissions by 50%. Hybrid models, hopefully, might be able to work in sub-zero temperatures in the near future. SMART GRIDS (电网) — Dynamic Electricity Management AI-powered grids optimize energy use, storing surplus solar power during peak hours and reducing reliance on fossil-fuel backups. SOLAR PANELS — Rooftop Revolution Solar energy is the most accessible renewable source for households. Advances in photovoltaic cells have cut costs by 80% since 2010, making them viable in numerous regions. WIND TURBINES — Community Microgrids Small-scale turbines (涡轮机) in windy areas can power neighborhoods, though land use debates persist. “The scale of this transition is staggering,” says Dr. Elena Torres, a climate scientist at MIT. Residential renewables like solar and heat pumps could meet 90% of global household demand by 2050 — but only if investments triple within this decade. Recent studies show that every $1 invested in green homes today saves $5 in future climate adaptation costs. This isn’t just an environmental imperative; it’s economically inevitable. 1．Which two categories combined account for over three-quarters of total household emissions? A．Electricity and Heating. B．Heating and Cooling. C．Appliances and Lighting. D．Cooling and Appliances. 2．Which technology is highlighted as cost-effective for diverse climates? A．Heat pumps. B．Smart grids. C．Solar panels. D．Wind turbines. 3．What does Dr. Torres emphasize about the energy transition? A．The dominance of gas boilers. B．The increase in solar efficiency. C．The need for higher investment. D．The breakthrough in heat pump technology. Passage 2 If you haven’t already, you too should switch to the latest eco­friendly, energy­efficient, energy­saving LED lighting. As the world becomes more focused on green  issues, everyone should do their part in practicing energy efficiency, recycling, cutting down their CO2 emissions and much, much more. One of the most successful campaigns that started in Australia is the now world ­famous “Earth Hour”. 2.2 million of Sydney’s residents turned off their lights for an hour in a mass attempt to save energy. The following year, the same idea was adopted by a whole host of different cities. This is a great example of a campaign to promote eco­friendly options and energy efficiency. But while it clearly raises awareness, it is not a long­term solution to energy saving across the developed world. A long­term solution can be found in the form of switching to LED lighting rather than the traditional halogen lights found in a typical home. Put simply, LED lighting is the future of lighting. LED lamps use up only a fraction of the energy compared to that of regular lamps. They also produce a quality flicker­free light, and will last longer than a regular light with 50,000 hours being realistic. Not only are they longer lasting and more energy­efficient with no sacrifice in light quality, but they also have quickly become a possible substitute for lamps that have been previously installed by homes and businesses. An ordinary 50 watt low­voltage halogen light on for 4 hours a day would cost $25 per year to run. With a life span of around 3,000 hours it will typically stop working at the two­year mark. Compared with the regular one, an LED light of 50 watts operating for the same period will cost roughly $ 6 per year to run and last 50,000 hours. That means it won’t have to be replaced for 24 years! It really is a no­brainer to switch to energy­saving LED lighting. Plus, you will be doing your bit for the environment by being more eco­friendly. 1．“Earth Hour ” is held in the world every year in order to _________. A．advise people to have a good rest after working hard. B．call people to use less energy as much as possible. C．ask people to generate more energy for daily use. D．remind people to remember the days without lights. 2．How should we save energy according to the author? A．Turn off the lights. B．Hold Earth Hour. C．Raise public awareness. D．Use LED lights. 3．Compared with a regular lamp, how much can an LED light of 50 watts save us altogether for 24 years? A．$456. B．$50. C．$600. D．$144. 4．The author develops the main idea of this passage by ________. A．experimenting B．comparing C．classifying D．summarizing Passage 3 While technological advancements have enhanced the convenience of urban commuting in recent years, environmental studies reveal a worrying decline in urban green spaces, especially in densely populated districts. Many residents complain that there’s insufficient access to nature-filled areas for relaxation and exercise, so they end up spending more time indoors, relying on virtual entertainment. Urban planners Lila Chen and Ryan Moore are deeply troubled by such issues. In their newly released book Green Living: Reclaim Our Cities’ Natural Spaces, they call for a fundamental rethinking of urban design and the role greenery should play in our daily lives. The landscape of urban living began to shift decades ago. Vast areas of natural vegetation were cleared to make room for sprawling concrete structures and commercial centers, forcing residents to seek nature in distant suburbs. Some grassroots groups fought back. Most notably, a community organizer from Seattle, who relocated to the city in the early 2000s, launched a movement to save a local wetlands area from being converted into a shopping mall. Expressing her outrage at the planned destruction, Emily Clark appealed to the city council to “Preserve Seattle as a city where nature and urban life coexist harmoniously, not just a place of concrete and commerce.” Similar initiatives took place in other major cities across the country in the 2010s. Although these initiatives gained public attention, the harsh reality is that the majority of modern cities remain overwhelmingly dominated by urban development at the expense of green spaces. The coverage of natural areas in cities has been shrinking steadily. In California, for instance, the ratio of urban green spaces to total city area has dropped to a record low, even as the state promotes environmental protection campaigns. We invest substantial resources in building urban infrastructure that prioritizes speed and efficiency, yet we neglect to consider the true value of green spaces. Do we fully comprehend the social and psychological costs when citizens lack easy access to natural environments for mental rejuvenation? The authors of Green Living are spot-on: it’s high time we re-evaluate the urban landscapes right outside our homes. 1．What phenomenon does the author highlight in paragraph 1? A．Urban commuting has become overly dependent on technology. B．The reduction of urban green spaces leads to lifestyle changes. C．Virtual entertainment is replacing outdoor activities completely. D．Residents in densely populated areas have limited access to jobs. 2．What were the Seattle community organizer and other activists attempting to achieve? A．Expand commercial development in urban areas. B．Relocate residents to distant suburbs with more greenery. C．Safeguard urban natural spaces for a balanced lifestyle. D．Promote the construction of more shopping malls in wetlands. 3．What can be inferred about the initiatives in California in the 2010s? A．They successfully increased the ratio of urban green spaces. B．They failed to reverse the trend of shrinking green areas. C．They led to a surge in environmental protection donations. D．They resulted in the closure of all commercial construction projects. 4．Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text? A．Urban Rush: Sacrificing Nature? B．Tech Advance: A Double-edged Sword? C．Green Spaces: A Luxury or Necessity? D．Community Activism: A Lost Cause? Passage 4 Metropolitan expansion, often hailed as a sign of progress, harbors a meteorological anomaly (异常现象) known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect — wherein cities register temperatures 2–8°C higher than adjacent  rural areas. A 2023 study spanning 50 global megacities (特大城市) revealed that this disparity intensifies (加剧) nocturnally, with urban nighttime temperatures averaging 5.2°C warmer, a phenomenon researchers attribute to the thermal inertia of impermeable (不能渗透的) surfaces like asphalt and concrete. The mechanisms driving UHIs are multifaceted yet interconnected. Solar radiation absorption by dark-colored infrastructure exceeds that of vegetated landscapes by 30–40%, a difference compounded by anthropogenic (人为的) heat sources: air conditioning units, industrial processes, and vehicular emissions collectively contribute 15–20% of urban heat gain. What complicates mitigation is the albedo (反照率) paradox — while light-colored “cool roofs” reflect 60% more sunlight than traditional dark roofs, their widespread adoption might inadvertently reduce snowmelt in nearby regions by altering atmospheric radiation patterns, a 2022 climate model suggests. Ecological ramifications extend beyond temperature. Urban heat stress disrupts phenological cycles: in Tokyo, cherry blossoms now bloom 7–10 days earlier than in the 1980s, mismatching pollinator (传粉者) activity. Aquatic systems suffer too; warm urban runoff (径流) raises stream temperatures by 3–6°C, reducing dissolved (溶解的) oxygen levels — a critical factor for 72% of freshwater fish species studied in the Thames River basin. Human health bears the brunt as well. Heat-related hospitalizations in U.S. cities surge (激增) by 2.3% for each 1°C temperature rise above 32°C, with elderly populations at 4.1 times greater risk. Paradoxically (矛盾地) , increased air conditioning use to counteract (抵消) heat elevates energy consumption by 10–15%, creating a feedback loop (循环) where carbon emissions intensifies global warming, further intensifying UHIs. Proposed solutions reveal unexpected trade-offs. Urban reforestation, while reducing ambient temperatures by 2–3°C through evapotranspiration , can increase pollen (花粉) counts by 25–30%, worsening respiratory conditions. Green infrastructure like rain gardens mitigates (缓解) runoff but may harbor mosquito larvae in stagnant water, potentially elevating vector-borne disease risks in tropical cities. As climatologist Dr. Amir Patel notes, “Addressing UHIs demands not silver bullets but adaptive mosaic (mosaic) strategies — interventions that balance local cooling with broader ecological stability.” The challenge lies in recognizing that each urban microclimate responds uniquely to interventions, defying one-size-fits-all approaches. 1．Why is the urban-rural temperature difference greater at night? A．City infrastructure holds heat longer than natural areas B．Cities absorb more sunlight during the day C．More heat is produced by devices at night D．There is less cloud cover over cities at night 2．What complicates the potential benefits of cool roofs according to the albedo paradox? A．Their reflective properties might have unintended effects on nearby environmental processes B．They require more frequent maintenance than traditional roofs, increasing costs C．They fail to reduce temperatures as effectively in urban centers as in suburbs D．Their light color makes them more prone to damage from extreme weather 3．The feedback loop created by increased air conditioning use arises because of which chain of events? A．Lower indoor temperatures lead to less outdoor activity, reducing urban cooling B．Higher energy demand from AC units results in factors that worsen the heat island effect C．Uneven cooling in buildings causes air pressure differences that trap heat D．Overuse of AC systems leads to mechanical failures that release excess heat 4．Why do experts caution against universal approaches to mitigating urban heat islands? A．Rural communities often resist measures that might alter regional temperature patterns B．The success of any strategy depends on unique interactions within each city’s environment C．Most proposed solutions have been proven ineffective in long-term studies D．Funding for large-scale projects is unavailable in most urban areas Passage 5 The term “environmentalist” can mean different things. It used to refer to people trying to protect wildlife and natural ecosystems. In the 21st century, the term has evolved to capture the need to combat human-made climate change. The distinction between these two strands of environmentalism is the cause of a split within the scientific community about nuclear energy. On one side are purists who believe nuclear power isn’t worth the risk and the exclusive solution to the climate crisis is renewable energy. The opposing side agrees that renewable energy is crucial, but says society needs an amount of power available to meet consumers’ basic demands when the sun isn’t shining and the wind isn’t blowing. Nuclear energy, being far cleaner than oil, gas and coal, is a natural option, especially where hydroelectric capacity is limited. Leon Clarke, who helped author reports for the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, isn’t an uncritical supporter of nuclear energy, but says it’s a valuable option to have if we’re serious about reaching carbon neutrality. “Core to all of this is the degree to which you think we can actually meet climate goals with 100% renewable energy,” he said. “If you don’t believe we can do it, and you care about the climate, you are forced to think about something like nuclear.” The prospect of universal 100% renewability is similarly contentious. Cities such as Burlington, Vermont, have been “100% renewable” for years. But these cities often have small populations, occasionally still rely on fossil fuel energy and have significant renewable resources at their immediate disposal. Meanwhile, countries that manage to run off renewable energy typically do so thanks to extraordinary hydroelectric capabilities. Germany stands as the best case study for a large, industrialized country pushing into green energy. Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2011 announced Energiewende, an energy transition that would phase out nuclear and coal while phasing in renewable energy. Wind and solar power generation has increased over 400% since 2010, and renewable energy provided 46% of the country’s electricity in 2019. But progress has stopped in recent years. The instability of renewable energy doesn’t just mean energy is often not produced at night, but also that solar and wind can overwhelm the grid during the day, forcing utilities to pay customers to use their electricity. Lagging grid infrastructure struggles to transport this overabundance of green energy from Germany’s north to its industrial south, meaning many factories still run on coal and gas. The political limit has also been reached in some places, with citizens meeting the construction of new wind turbines with loud protests. The result is that Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions have fallen by around 11.5% since 2010 — slower than the EU average of 13.5%. 1．What is the solution to energy shortage proposed by purists’ opponents? A．Relying on renewable energy firmly and exclusively B．Using fossil fuel and green energy alternatively C．Choosing nuclear energy when necessary D．Limiting people’s non-basic consumption 2．What point does the author want to make with cities like Burlington as an example? A．It is controversial whether the goal of the whole world’s exclusive dependence on renewable energy is attainable. B．It is contentious whether cities with large populations have renewable resources at their immediate disposal. C．It is arguable whether cities that manage to run off renewable energy have sustainable hydroelectric capabilities. D．It is debatable whether traditional fossil fuel energy can be done away with entirely throughout the world. 3．What do we learn about Germany regarding renewable energy? A．It has increased its wind and solar power generation four times over the last two decades. B．It represents a good example of a major industrialized country promoting green energy. C．It relies on renewable energy to generate more than half of its electricity. D．It has succeeded in reaching the goal of energy transition set by Merkel. 4．What may be one of the reasons for Germany’s progress having stopped in recent years? A．Its grid infrastructure’s capacity has fallen behind its development of green energy. B．Its overabundance of green energy has forced power plants to suspend operation during daytime. C．Its industrial south is used to running factories on conventional energy supplies. D．Its renewable energy supplies are unstable both at night and during the day. Passage 6 Beneath the waves of the Coral Sea, a team of scientists and students is working on a unique project: growing coral reefs to restore damaged ecosystems. Coral reefs are home to 25% of marine species, but many are dying due to climate change and pollution.​ The project starts in a lab, where scientists grow coral fragments in tanks. Students help monitor water temperature and pH levels, ensuring the conditions are perfect. Once the corals are strong enough, they’re transported to the ocean and attached to metal frames on the seabed.​ “It’s painstaking work,” says marine biologist Dr. Rivera. “Each coral takes months to grow, and we have to protect them from predators like crown-of-thorns starfish.” But the effort is worth it. Last year, a section of reef they planted showed 30% growth, and fish have started returning to the area.​ Students involved in the project gain hands-on experience in marine biology. “I never thought I’d be scuba diving to plant coral,” says 17-year-old Maya. “It’s one thing to learn about ecosystems in class, but another to actually help restore them.”​ Dr. Rivera is optimistic about the future. “We’re not just restoring coral reefs; we’re restoring hope,” she says. “Every new coral fragment we plant is a step towards a healthier ocean, and that’s something worth fighting for.” With continued dedication, collaboration, and innovation, the team is proving that it’s possible to reverse the damage done to these vital ecosystems, one coral at a time.​ 1．Why are coral reefs important?​ A．They are a source of food for humans.​ B．They are home to 25% of marine species.​ C．They protect coastlines from storms.​ D．They are used to make medicine.​ 2．Where do scientists grow coral fragments first?​ A．On metal frames in the ocean.​ B．In tanks in a lab.​ C．In shallow pools near the beach.​ D．In special greenhouses on land.​ 3．What do students help with in the lab?​ A．Designing metal frames for coral.​ B．Scuba diving to plant coral.​ C．Monitoring water temperature and pH levels.​ D．Protecting coral from predators.​ 4．What can we learn from Maya’s words? A．She dislikes learning about ecosystems in class B．She never wants to scuba dive again C．Practical experience is different from classroom learning D．She thinks restoring ecosystems is impossible 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 6 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$