内容正文:
语法专项突破—冠词
考点一 人称代词
1.人称代词的定义和分类
人称代词就是表示“我”“你”“他”“她”“它”“我们”“你们”“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化。详见下表:
人称
单数
复数
主格
宾格
主格
宾格
第一人称
I
me
we
us
第二人称
you
you
you
you
第三人称
he
him
they
them
she
her
it
it
2.人称代词的用法
人称代词的主格只能在句子中作主语。宾格常作及物动词或介词的宾语,有时也作 be 的表语。如:
He likes playing cards with us.他喜欢跟我们一起打牌。
—Who is knocking at the door?谁在敲门?—It's me,Mike.是我,迈克。
3.人称代词并列使用时的顺序
(1)人称代词并列使用时的顺序是这样的:
单数
顺序:第二、第三、第一人称例如:you and he/you and I/you,he and I
复数
顺序:第一、第二、第三人称例如:we and they/we and you/we, you and they
(2)如果做了错事,需要承担责任时,通常把第一人称放在最前面。如:
—Who broke the door? 谁损坏了门?—I and Tom.我和汤姆。
4.人称代词it的特殊用法
(1)表示时间、距离和天气等。如:It's ten o'clock now.现在十点了。It's far from the sea.离海很远。
(2)指代小孩和婴儿。如:Look at the baby,it's only one year old.看这个婴儿,它只有一岁。
(3)不知道对方性别或替代 this,that 时,用 it 指代。
如:There was a knock at the door.“Who is it?”asked the mother.有人敲门。“谁呀?”妈妈问道。
Hello,it is Susan.喂,我是苏珊。
(4)作形式主语或形式宾语。如:It’s important for us to learn English well.学好英语对我们来说很重要。
I found it hard to get to sleep.我发现很难人睡。
考点二 物主代词
1.物主代词的定义和分类
物主代词就是表示所有关系的代词。物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两大类。其人称及数的变化见下表:
人称
形容词性物主代词
名词性物主代词
单数
复数
单数
复数
第一人称
My
our
mine
ours
第二人称
your
your
yours
yours
第三人称
his
their
his
theirs
her
hers
its
its
2.物主代词的用法
(1)形容词性物主代词具有形容词的特性,在句中用作定语,后面必须接名词。
如:Our teacher is a young woman.我们的老师是一位年轻的女士。
(2)名词性物主代词具有名词的特性,后面不能再接名词。它相当于“形容词性物主代词十名词”,在句中可作主语、宾语或表语。如:Her English is better than mine. (mine = my English)
(3)“of+名词性物主代词”短语可以作名词的后置定语。如:The girls are two friends of his.那两个女孩是他的朋友。
考点三 反身代词
1.反身代词的定义和分类
反身代词就是表示“我自己”“你自己”“他/她/它自己”“我们自己”“你们自己”“他们/她们/它们自己”的词。其人称和数的变化如下:
单数
myself
yourself
himself,herself.itself
复数
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
2.反身代词的用法
(1)作及物动词或介词的宾语。常跟反身代词作宾语的动词有 enjoy,help,look after,take care of, hurt, teach, wash, dress 等。如:
They enjoyed themselves.他们玩得很高兴。
Help yourself to some fish.随便吃点鱼吧。
(2)作主语或宾语的同位语。如:
He himself was a doctor.他本人就是一名医生。
You'd better ask your teacher himself. 你最好去问问你老师本人。
She wants to meet the singer herself.她想见这位歌手本人
(3)常见带反身代词的固定短语:
by oneself单独地;独自地hurt oneself伤着自己enjoy oneself 过得愉快
help oneself 随便吃teach oneself 自学 make oneself at home 别拘束
考点四指示代词
1.指示代词的分类
指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,表示“这个(些)”“那个(些)”。
指代数
近指
远指
单数
this
that
复数
these
those
2.指示代词的用法
(1)表示近指和远指this,these指时间或空间较近的人或物;that,those可指时间或空间较远的人或物。如:
This is my seat and that is yours.这是我的座,那是你的座.
I don't like these flowers. Could you please show me those ones?我不喜欢这些花,能不能把那些拿给我看一看?
(2)指上下文中的事刚提到过的事情或已经完成的事情用that,指即将要发生或将要提到的事情用this。如:
—Let me pour you a glass of beer.让我给你倒一杯啤酒吧—That would be very nice.那太好了。
(3)that,those常用来代替已提到过的名词,以避重复。
that 代指不可数名词,those 代指可数名词的复数。如,Life today is much better than that in the old days.现在的生活比过去好多了。(that 代替life)
The days in summer are longer than those(=the ones)in winter.夏天的白天比冬天的白天长(those 代替 the days)
(4)电话中的指示代词用法
在电话用语中,that 指电话线的“那一边”(这时汉语用“你”),用于询问对方的身份;this 指电话线的“这一边”(这时汉语用“我”),常用于自我介绍。如:Hello. This is Alan. Who is that speaking? 喂,你好。我是艾伦。你是哪位?
考点五 疑问代词
l.who,whom,whose的用法
(1)who常用作句子的主语或宾语。如:
①Who will give us a talk on the future computer.谁给我们做关于未来电脑的报告?
②Who are you waiting for?你在等谁?
(2)whom 是who 的宾格,作动词宾语或介词的宾语,在口语中可用who代替,但紧跟介词时要用whom。如:Who(m)did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
To whom did you speak just now? 你刚才和谁讲话?(在介词to后,用whom而不用who。)
(3)whose常用在名词前作定语,还可单独使用作主语。如:Whose sister is a doctor?谁的姐姐/妹妹是一名医生
—Whose is this book?这本书是谁的?—It's his.是他的。
2.what的用法
what可用于询问姓名、年龄、职业、日期、星期,价格、时间、数量、运算结果等。如:
What does he often do on Sundays? 星期天他经常做什么?
What color is your shirt?你的衬衫是什么颜色的!
What's the price of this kind of computer? 这种电脑的价格是多少?
What day is it today?今天星期几?
What's ten and five?十加五等于几?
3.which的用法
which 构成特殊疑问句时,位于句首,可以单独使用,也可以放在名词前。如:Which do you like better, this one or that one?你更喜欢哪一个,这个还是那个?
注意:which 对确定范围内的“哪一个”提问.what对不定范围的“哪一个”提问。如:
Which ball is the biggest, the red, the blue or the green?哪一个球最大,红色的、蓝色的还是绿色的?
What color do you like?你喜欢什么颜色?
考点六 不定代词
1.不定代词概述
不明确指代某个人、某个事物、某些人、某些事物的代词叫不定代词。大多数不定代词既可用作名词,又可用作形容词。它们可以用来代替不确定的人或事物,或表示不确定的数量。如:
Somebody called you this morning.今天上午有人打电话找你。(不确定的人)
Is there anything wrong with the car? 这辆车有没有问题?(不确定的事物)
Many people have visited the museum. 许多人都参观过这家博物馆。(不确定的数量)
不定代词可分为两大类:
(1)表示人或事物个体的不定代词称为个体不定代词. 如:all,another.any,both,each,either,enough,(a) few,(a) little,many, much, neither,none,one,other,some 等代词。
(2)由“every/some/any/no+-one/-body/-thing”构成的不定代词称为复合不定代词。
不定代词在句中可以作主语.宾语、表语.同位语等。
如:Both of them are teachers.他们两个都是老师。(主语)
I know nothing about her.关于她,我一无所知。(宾语)
That's all for today. 今天就讲这么多吧。(表语)
They are both my brothers. 他们两个都是我哥哥。(同位语)
2.复合不定代词
复合不定代词是由 some,any,no,every 分别与 one,thing,body 组合而得到。不定代词在句中主要作主语、宾语。具体形式见下表:
-one
-thing
-body
some
someone
something
somebody
any-
anyone
anything
anybody
every-
everyone
everything
everybody
no-
no one
nothing
nobody
注意:(1)一般情况下,由some构成的不定代词用在肯定句中;由any构成的不定代词用在一般疑问句和否定句中;而no构成的不定代词用在肯定句中表达否定意义。如:
I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事告诉你。
I can't see anything.我什么也看不到。
There's nothing I can do.我什么也做不了。
(2)复合不定代词作句子主语时,谓语动词应用单数形式。如:Someone is knocking at the door.有人在敲门。
(3)形容词、动词不定式短语以及else修饰不定代词时,须放在不定代词后。如:
There is something interesting in the book. 这本书里有些内容很有趣。
自我检测
1.—Would you like to drink?—No,thanks.
A.everything B.anything C.something D.nothing
2.I can’t find my movie ticket.I think I have lost and I have to buy another .
A.one;it B.it;one C.it;that D.that;one
3.Ann has got a letter from her best friend.It makes quite excited.
A.she B.her C.hers D.herself
4.The two books are about English. You can choose of them to read.
A.all;both B.all;either C.both;either D.both;neither
5.—Do you know he said at the party?—Go on.I’m all ears.
A.why B.that C.which D.what
6.Don't ask what this country can do for you. Ask what you can do for this country.
A.yourselves B.you C.themselves D.them
7.—We are in times of difficulty at present.—As long as we pull together,success must belong to .
A.us B.we C.our D.ours
8.—Is this Linda's notebook?—No, it's mine. The thick one on the desk is .
A.she B.her C.hers D.herself
9.My daughter was about 2 years old when she could walk by .
A.her B.she C.hers D.herself
10.The book cover has a beautiful picture is Lily's.
A.which B.whose C.that
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$$