2026年中考英语复习讲义 非谓语动词

非谓语动词 一、非谓语动词的定义 在句子中不能单独作谓语,但仍具有动词特征的动词形式,叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)和分词(现在分词doing和过去分词done )。它们在句子中可以承担除谓语以外的其他成分,像主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等,能让句子表达更丰富多样 、灵活准确。 二、动词不定式(to do) 1. 基本形式:to + 动词原形,否定形式是not to + 动词原形 。例如:to go;not to go 。 2. 用法 ①作主语:To learn English well is not easy.(学好英语不容易。) 为了避免句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,把真正的主语动词不定式放在句子后面, 即It is + adj. + (for/of sb.) + to do sth. 对某人来说做某事怎么样 例如:It is not easy to learn English well. 表示事物的特征特点,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等 用for sb.; It’s easy for me to learn English, 表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right等 用of sb. It’s kind of you to help me with my homework. ②作宾语:常接动词不定式作宾语的动词有want(想要), hope(希望), decide(决定), plan(计划), expect(期待)等 。 一般以固定搭配的形式记忆want to do sth I want to buy a new bike.(我想买一辆新自行车。) ③作宾语补足语:常见的接“宾语 + 动词不定式”作宾语补足语的动词有ask(要求), tell(告诉), allow(允许), encourage(鼓励)等 。固定搭配Ask sb to do sth就是此类结构 The teacher asked us to clean the classroom.(老师要求我们打扫教室。) ④作定语:The boy to write this letter needs a pen.(写这封信的男孩需要一支笔。)不定式做定语时,要放在被修饰词的后面,且和被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系或者主谓关系 。如果不定式是不及物动词,后面要加上合适的介词。 I have a lot of homework to do.(do和homework是动宾关系 ); He is always the first to come to school.(the first和come是主谓关系 ) ⑤作状语:主要用来表示目的、原因和结果 。 To get good grades, we need to study hard.(为了取得好成绩,我们需要努力学习。)(表目的);I'm glad to see you.(见到你我很高兴。)(表原因); He is too young to go to school.(他太小了,不能去上学。)(表结果,too...to结构“太……而不能” ) ⑥和疑问词连用:常见的特殊疑问词what, which, how, where, when等可以与动词不定式连用,在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语等 。 I don't know how to use this computer.(我不知道如何使用这台电脑。)(作宾语 ); How to solve the problem is a big question.(如何解决这个问题是个大问题。)(作主语 ) 巩固练习 1. It is important _ us to learn English well. (A. of B. for) 2. It is clever _ her to solve the problem so quickly. (A. of B. for) 3. It's necessary for us _ (protect) the environment. 4. She wants _ (go) shopping with her friends. 5. The teacher told him _ (not be) late again. 6. Do you have anything _ (say)? 7. I don't know when _ (start). 三、动名词(doing) 1. 构成:动词原形 + ing 。 2. 用法 ①作主语:例如:Swimming is my favorite sport.(游泳是我最喜欢的运动。) 动名词作主语时,也可以用it作形式主语, 常用句型:It is + no use/no good/useless + doing sth It is no use crying over spilt milk.(覆水难收 ,哭是没有用的。) It’s no use talking about things we can’t do(谈论我们不能做的事是没用的) ②作宾语:有些动词和动词短语后只能接动名词作宾语 。 常见的动词:mind(介意), miss(错过), enjoy(喜欢), imagine(想象), practise(练习), suggest(建议), finish(完成), excuse(原谅), admit(承认), prevent(阻止), keep(保持), dislike(不喜欢), avoid(避免), risk(冒险), resist(抵抗), consider(考虑); 短语:如can't help(情不自禁), feel like(想要), succeed in(成功做某事), be fond of(喜欢, insist on(坚持), think of(想起), be proud of(为……自豪), take pride in(以……为傲), be afraid of(害怕),, look forward to(期待), be worth(值得), be busy(忙于), pay attention to(注意), stick to(坚持)等 。 I enjoy reading novels.(我喜欢读小说。) I'm looking forward to seeing you.(我期待着见到你。) ③作表语:My hobby is collecting stamps.(我的爱好是集邮。) ④作定语:动名词作定语时,表明它所修饰的名词的用途,如a swimming pool(游泳池 ,游泳池是用来游泳的地方 );a reading room(阅览室 ,阅览室是用来看书的地方 ) 。 巩固练习 1. _ (play) basketball is good for our health. 2. Would you mind _ (open) the window? 3. He finished _ (do) his homework before dinner. 4. She is fond of _ (listen) to music. 5. The best way of _ (learn) English is using it. 四、分词 (一)现在分词(doing) 1. 构成:动词原形 + ing 。 2. 用法 ①作表语:The story is very interesting.(这个故事很有趣 ,interesting表示“令人感兴趣的”,说明主语story的性质特征 ) ②作定语:单个现在分词作定语放在被修饰词前面,现在分词短语作定语放在被修饰词后面,多表正在进行 。a running boy(一个正在跑步的男孩 );The girl standing under the tree is my sister.(站在树下的那个女孩是我的妹妹 ) ③作状语:现在分词作状语时,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语,且与主语之间存在主动关系 ,可表示时间、原因、方式、伴随、结果等 。 Walking in the street, I met an old friend.(=When I was walking in the street, I met an old friend. )(走在街上时,我遇到了一位老朋友 ,表时间 ); Being ill, he didn't go to school.(=Because he was ill, he didn't go to school. )(因为生病,他没去上学 ,表原因 ); He sat there, reading a newspaper.(他坐在那里,读着一份报纸 ,表伴随 ); The heavy rain kept us from going out, causing us to stay at home.(大雨阻止了我们外出,结果我们只能待在家里 ,表结果 ) ④作宾语补足语:常跟现在分词作宾语补足语的动词有see(看见), watch(观看), hear(听见), find(发现), keep(保持), have(使;让), feel(感觉)等 。 I saw him playing football on the playground.(我看见他正在操场上踢足球 ) (二)过去分词(done) 1. 构成:规则动词由动词原形 + ed构成,不规则动词的过去分词有其特殊形式 。 2. 用法 ①作表语:I am interested in English.(我对英语感兴趣 ,interested表示“感兴趣的”,说明主语I的状态 ) ②作定语:单个过去分词作定语放在被修饰词前面,过去分词短语作定语放在被修饰词后面 。多表被动。a broken cup(一个打破的杯子 );The book written by Lu Xun is very popular.(鲁迅写的这本书很受欢迎 ) ③作状语:过去分词作状语时,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语,且与主语之间存在被动关系 ,可表示时间、原因、条件、让步等 。 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks very beautiful.(=When the city is seen from the top of the hill, it looks very beautiful. )(从山顶上看,这座城市非常美丽 ,表时间 ); Given more time, we could do it better.(=If we are given more time, we could do it better. )(如果给我们更多时间,我们能做得更好 ,表条件 ); Though beaten by the opposite team, we didn't lose heart.(尽管被对方球队打败了,但我们没有灰心 ,表让步 ) ④作宾语补足语:常接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有have(使;让), get(使得), make(使), keep(保持)等 。have sth done / get sth done/ make sth done I have my hair cut every month.(我每个月都理发 ,头发是被剪 ) 巩固练习 1. The _ (surprise) news made us very excited. 2. _ (see) from space, the earth looks like a blue ball. 3. I heard someone _ (sing) in the next room just now. 4. Don't leave the windows _ (break). 5. The _ (fall) leaves are everywhere in autumn. 非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词)的核心区别: 体现在语法功能和含义侧重上 1. 不定式(to do) - 功能:可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。 - 含义:侧重表示未发生的动作、具体的动作或目的、结果、原因等。 例: - I want to learn French.(作宾语,表具体的动作“去学”) - He came here to see you.(作状语,表目的“为了见你”) 2. 动名词(doing) - 功能:可作主语、宾语、表语、定语(多表示用途)。 - 含义:侧重表示抽象的动作、习惯性的动作或动作本身的概念(相当于名词)。 例: - Swimming is good for health.(作主语,表抽象动作“游泳”这一行为) - She enjoys reading.(作宾语,表习惯性动作“阅读”) 3. 现在分词(doing) - 功能:可作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 - 含义:侧重表示主动关系和动作正在进行(与逻辑主语是主动关系)。 例: - The crying baby needs milk.(作定语,“哭”是婴儿主动发出的,表正在进行) - He sat there, reading a book.(作状语,“读”与主语“他”是主动关系,表伴随) 4. 过去分词(done) - 功能:可作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 - 含义:侧重表示被动关系和动作已完成(与逻辑主语是被动关系)。 例: - The broken cup can’t be used.(作定语,“碎”是杯子承受的动作,表已完成) - Seen from the top, the city looks beautiful.(作状语,“看”与主语“城市”是被动关系) 总结:不定式表“未发生/目的”,动名词表“抽象/习惯动作(名词性)”,现在分词表“主动/进行”,过去分词表“被动/完成”。 综合巩固练习题 一、单项选择(选择合适的非谓语形式,每小题2分,共20分) 1. My mother asks me _ milk every morning. A. drink B. to drink C. drinking 2. It’s no good _ too much time playing computer games. A. spend B. to spend C. spending 3. The girl _ in red is my best friend. A. dressing B. dressed C. to dress 4. We decided _ for a walk after dinner. A. go B. going C. to go 5. I heard Tom _ when I passed his room. A. sing B. singing C. sung 7. Remember _ the door before you leave the house. A. lock B. to lock C. locking 8. The book _ by Lu Xun is worth reading A. writing B. written C. to write 9. It’s kind _ you _ me carry the heavy box. A. of; help B. for; to help C. of; to help 10. _ carefully, and you’ll find the answer. A. Think B. Thinking C. To think 二、用括号内单词的适当形式填空(每空2分,共30分) 1. He hopes _ (visit) the Great Wall next summer. 2. My brother enjoys _ (play) basketball with his classmates. 3. The _ (excite) children are opening their Christmas presents. 4. Would you mind _ (turn) down the music? It’s too loud. 5. I have a lot of homework _ (finish) this evening. 6. _ (walk) along the street, we saw a small pet shop. 7. The teacher told us _ (not talk) in class. 8. The windows _ (break) by the strong wind yesterday. 9. She is looking forward to _ (meet) her pen pal from Australia. 10. It’s important for us _ (learn) English well. 11. The _ (fall) leaves cover the ground in autumn. 12. My father made me _ (clean) my room by myself. 13. _ (give) more practice, you will improve your English. 14. I forgot _ (bring) my umbrella, so I got wet in the rain. 三、句型转换(按要求改写句子,每句3分,共15分) 1. He gets up early. He wants to catch the first bus.(合并为含不定式的句子) He gets up early _ _ the first bus. 2. The boy who is running on the playground is my brother.(改为含现在分词的简单句) The boy _ on the playground is my brother. 3. We should protect the environment. It is necessary.(用不定式句型合并) It is necessary _ _ to protect the environment. 4. She finished her homework. Then she went to bed.(用现在分词完成式合并) _ _ her homework, she went to bed. 5. The workers built the bridge last year. It is very long.(改为含过去分词的句子) The bridge _ _ the workers last year is very long. 综合巩固练习参考答案 一、单项选择 1. B(ask sb to do sth) 2. C(it’s no good doing sth) 3. B(过去分词作定语,表“穿着红色衣服的”) 4. C(decide to do sth) 5. B(hear sb doing sth,表动作正在进行) 6. A(现在分词作定语,表“有趣的”) 7. B(remember to do sth,表“记得去做某事”) 8. B(过去分词作定语,表被动“被写的”) 9. C(It’s kind of sb to do sth) 10. A(祈使句,用动词原形) 二、用括号内单词的适当形式填空 1. to visit 2. playing 3. excited 4. turning 5. to finish 6. Walking 7. not to talk 8. broken 9. meeting 10. to learn 11. fallen 12. clean 13. Given 14. to bring 15. useful 三、句型转换 1. to catch(不定式表目的) 2. running(现在分词作定语,表主动进行) 3. for us(It’s + adj. + for sb to do sth) 4. Having finished(现在分词完成式,表动作先于主句) 5. built by(过去分词短语作定语,表被动) 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$