Unit 4 Exploring literature（1）-《同步教学培优》2025-2026学年高一英语知识提炼+能力训练 （译林版必修第二册）

Unit 4 Exploring literature上 4.1 Welcome to the unit &Reading 重点词汇 1. __________ n. 文学；文学作品 2. __________ vt. 有吸引力；申诉；呼吁 n. 吸引力；申诉；呼吁 3. __________ vt. 确定；决定；支配 vi. 决心 4. __________ adj. 有重要意义的；显著的 5. __________ n. 描述，描写，形容 6.__________ adj. 感觉灵敏的；体贴的；敏感的；灵敏的 7. __________ n. 灵魂；心性；内心 8. __________ vt./vi. 反映；显示； 反射 9. __________adj. 有能力的；能力强的；有才能的 10. __________ vt./vi. 唤起；（被）唤起；（使）醒来 11. __________ vt. 使船下水；开始从事，发动 12. __________ n. 永久性；持久性 13. __________ vt. 包含，含有；容纳 14. __________ n. 要素，组成部分 15. __________ adj. 普遍的；共同的；普遍存在的 16. __________ n. 总结，概括，概要 17. __________ n. 特点，特征 vt. 以…为特色；是…的特征 18. __________ n. 作家，作者 19. __________ adv. 因此，所以 20. __________ n. 背景，环境，来龙去脉；语境 21. __________ adj. 特定的；明确的；具体的 重点词组 1. ______________________ 致力，专心，献身 2. ______________________ 充分利用 3. ______________________ 惊奇地 4. ______________________ 即将发生；等待着 5. ______________________ 努力做某事 6. ______________________ 呼吁；吸引 7. ______________________ 在于… 8. ______________________ 人性的基础 9. ______________________ 总之 10. ______________________ 凭借；利用 重点句型 1. be doing … when 2. 全部倒装 3. 关系副词where引导的定语从句 【重点词汇】 1. literature 2.appeal 3.determine 4.sinificant 5.description 6. sensitive 7.soul 8.reflect 9. capable 10.awaken 11.launch 12.permanence 13. contain 14. element 15. universal 16.summary 17. feature 18. author 19. therefore 20. novel 21. contest 22. specific 【重点词组】 1. devote to 2.make the best of 3. with wonder 4. in store 5.make an effort to do sth 6. appeal to 7. lie in 8.the basic of human nature 9. in summary 10. draw on 知识点梳理 1. devote oneself to commit oneself to/ bend oneself to (近义词) devoted adj. 献身的；忠诚的 devotion n. 献身，奉献；忠诚；热爱 原文：… that whatever I have devoted myself to, I have devoted myself to completely. 无论我投身于什么，我都会全身心投入。。(教材P43) ◆ 致力于；专心；献身 (1) devote oneself to (doing) sth 致力(献身)于做某事 devote one’s time/ life/ money/ energy to (doing) sth 把某人的时间/ 一生/ 金钱/ 精力奉献于(做)某事 (2) be devoted to (doing) sth 致力(献身)于做某事 a devoted son/friend/fan 孝子；忠诚的朋友；狂热的崇拜者 ①It is worthwhile to devote ourselves to world peace.  我们献身于世界和平是值得的。 ②It is worthwhile to be devoted to world peace.  我们献身于世界和平是值得的。 ③Her devotion to the job left her with very little free time.  她全身心投入工作，几乎没有闲暇。 [单句语法填空/完成句子] ①With my energy (devote) to revision，I have no time to chat with my friends online. ②Her (devote) to writing left a deep impression on us. ③If I am chosen，I being a qualified volunteer.Hope you can take my application into consideration. 如果我被选中，我将努力使自己成为一名合格的志愿者。希望您能考虑我的申请。 【答案】1.devoted2.devotion3.will devote myself to 2. appeal appealing 吸引人的；动人的；引起兴趣的; 恳求似的 原文：Let a little song appeal to the ear, or a great book to the heart, and we discover a new world, a world of dreams and magic. 让一首短歌愉悦我们的耳朵，让一部巨著触动我们的心灵，这样我们便会发现一个全新的世界，一个充满梦想和魔力的世界。(教材P44) ◆ vt. 有吸引力；申诉；呼吁 n. 吸引力；申诉；呼吁 (1) appeal to sb to do sth 呼吁某人做某事 appeal to sb for sth 为某事向某人呼吁 appeal to sb 对某人有吸引力；引起某人兴趣 appeal to sb against sth 上诉；申诉 (2) mass/wide/popular appeal 对大众的/ 广泛的/ 普遍的吸引力 made an appeal to sb to do sth 呼吁某人做某事 ①I appeal to you all to join me in committing to peace, today and every day.  我呼吁大家和我一起，在今天，在每一天，都致力于和平。 ②The company is appealing against the ruling.  公司正对判决提出申诉。 ③We make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation.  我们急切呼吁，应采取措施应对这种情况 [完成句子/单句写作] ①Mark Twain’s novels of all ages. 马克·吐温的小说吸引了各个年龄段的读者。 ②The police about the crime. 警方正在呼吁公众提供有关这起罪案的信息。 ③我们应该呼吁人们尽最大努力去保持自然平衡。 . 【答案】1. appeal to readers2.are appealing to the public for information3.We should appeal to people to try their best to keep the balance of nature 3. determine determined 决定了的；坚决的; 有决心的 determination 决心；果断 原文：The first step is to determine some of its significant qualities. 第一步是要确定文学的一些重要品质。 (教材P44) ◆vt. 确定；决定；支配 vi. 决心 (1) determine to do sth 决定做某事 (强调动作)= make up one’s mind to do sth determine on/ upon 决定 (2) be determined to do sth 决心做…(强调状态) a determined effort to stop smoking 坚决戒烟的努力 (3) with determination 坚决地； 果断的 fierce/grim/dogged determination 坚强的/不屈不挠的/顽强的决心 ①In closing, determine to be your best, and you will receive the best.  最后，下定决心去做到最好，你就会得到最好的那个人。 ②The proposal had been dropped in the face of determined opposition.  这项建议因遭到坚决反对而被放弃 ③He fought the illness with courage and determination.  他勇敢顽强地与疾病作斗争。 [单句语法填空/一句多译] ①Sports teach us to accept challenges and face difficulties with (determine)． ②I have determined on (go) to the countryside after graduation. ③五年前他被迫离开家乡，下决心再也不会回来。 →Five years ago he was forced to leave his hometown .(并列句) →Five years ago he was forced to leave his hometown， .(形容词短语作状语) 【答案】1.determination2.going3.and determined never to come back，determined never to come back 4. significant significantly adv. 意味深长地；值得注目地 significance n. 意义；重要性 (important/ importantly/ importance) 原文：The first step is to determine some of its significant qualities. 第一步是要确定文学的一些重要品质。 (教材P44) ◆adj. 有重要意义的；显著的 (1) a highly significant discovery 有重大意义的发现 a significant improvement显著的改进 It is significant that 明显的 (2) be of significance/ importance 意义重大;具有重大意义的 ①Cooperation or teamwork is in playing football games. 合作或团队合作对足球比赛具有重要意义。 ②Keep in mind that it is very (significance) for us students to keep healthy. 请记住，对我们学生来说，保持健康是非常重要的。 ③It’s very significant for a graduate to find a proper job. → for a graduate to find a proper job. 对于毕业生来说，找到一份合适的工作是非常重要的。 【答案】1.is of great significance2.significant3.It is of great significance 5. description describe vt. 描述，形容；描绘 descriptive adj. 描写的，叙述的；描写性的 describable adj. 可记述的；可描写的 原文：The customs that followed were anything but ordinary. 接下来的风俗也都不同寻常。 (教材P30) ◆n. 描述，描写，形容 (1) describe sb/ sth to sb 向某人描述某人(某物) describe sb/ sth as 把某人(某物)描述为 (2) give a detailed/full description of 对… 进行详细的/ 全面的描述 brief/general description of 简要/概括性说明 beyond description  无法形容，难以形容 ①His novels nicely describe life in Britain between the wars.  他的小说细致地描述了两次大战之间英国的生活状况。 ②Jim was described by his colleagues as ‘unusual’.  吉姆被同事们称为“不寻常”的人。 ③The park is beautiful beyond description.  这个公园美得无法形容。 【跟踪典例】完成句子 ①Can you _____________________?  你能向我描述一下他的样子吗？ ②Can you _____________________ your hometown?  你能描述一下你的故乡吗？ ③The view from the top was quite _____________________. 从山顶看去的景色是笔墨难以形容的。 【答案】 ①describe him to me ②give a description of ③beyond description 6. reflect reflection n. 反射；沉思；映象 原文：Some truth and beauty remain unnoticed until a sensitive human soul brings them to our attention, just as the shell reflects the unnoticed sounds.有些真与美一直不为人所察觉，直到一个敏锐的人类灵魂让它们引起我们的注意，这就正如贝壳把那些被人忽视的声音呈现出来一样。(教材P45) ◆vt./vi. 反映；显示； 反射 (1) reflect sb/ sth in sth (镜子等)映出某人/某物的影像 reflect sth from sth 从某物反射 reflect on/ upon sth 仔细思考；反省某事 (2) on reflection 仔细思考 be lost in reflection 陷入深思中 ①His face was reflected in the mirror.  他的脸映照在镜子里。 ②The windows reflected the bright afternoon sunlight.  窗户反射着午后明媚的阳光。 ③Your clothes are often a reflection of your personality.  穿着常常反映出一个人的个性。 【跟踪典例】完成句子 ①She could see herself _________________ his eyes.  她在他的眼中看到了自己的样子。 ②When the sun's rays hit the earth, a lot of the heat __________________ into space.  太阳光线照射到地球时，大量的热被反射回太空。  ③She decided __________________ to accept his offer after all.  经过审慎的思考，她决定还是接受他的提议。 【答案】①reflected in ②is reflected back ③on reflection 7. contain container n. 集装箱；容器 原文：To achieve this, it should contain two elements: universal interest and personal style. 为此，它应包含两个要素：普遍兴趣和个人风格。(教材P45) ◆vt. 包含，含有；容纳 ①This drink doesn't contain any alcohol.  这种饮料不含任何酒精。 ②She was unable to contain her excitement.  她无法抑制内心的激动。 【跟踪典例】完成句子 ①Her statement ____________ one or two inaccuracies.  她的陈述有一两处不准确。 ②I was so furious I just couldn't ______________ .  我气愤极了，简直无法克制自己。 【答案】①contained  ②contain myself 【易混辨析】contain； include (1)contain 表示所含之物的全部或一部分，侧重于含有的数量和成分，既可只具体有形的东西，也可指无形的东西。 （异类） (2)include 侧重指范围，其主语和宾语属于同类，是整体个部分的关系。常使用“including + 被包含的对象”或“被包含的对象+included” 【跟踪典例】完成句子 ①Milk, oily fish and eggs all _______________ vitamin D.  牛奶、油性鱼类和鸡蛋全都含维他命D。 ②Your duties ________________ typing letters and answering the telephone.  你的职责是打信件和接电话 【答案】 ① contain ②include 8. summary summarize vt. 总结；概述 vi. 作总结；作概括 原文：In summary, literature is the expression of life in forms of truth and beauty…总之，文学以真和美的形式对生命的表达… (教材P45) ◆n. 总结，概括，概要 make a summary 做总结 in summary总的来说 in general/ in short/ in conclusion 总之；总的来说 to sum up/ to summarize 总之；总的来说 【跟踪典例】完成句子 ①Let's _________________ for today's lesson.  下面让我们把今天的课做个小结吧。 ②__________________, I think it's very important to pay attention to our surrounding environment.  总之，我认为身边的环境是非常重要的。 【答案】①make a summary ②In summary 句型 1. be doing… when 原文： A child and a man were walking on the beach when the child found a shell and held it to his ear. 一个孩子和一个男子在沙滩上散步时，孩子突然发现了一个贝壳，并拿起放在耳边。(教材P44) 【句式分析】 本句中 “were walking … when ”，在表示“正在做某事，这时…”。when 作并列连词，相当于“at this time” be about to do sth（… when）/ be on the point of doing (… when)表示“即将，马上要做的事，这时…” had just done ...when ... 表示“刚做完……这时…” ①An agreement was about to be reached when the other side raised new issues.  快要达成协议的时候，对方又节外生枝。 ②I was reading English when my teacher came in.  我正在读英语，这时老师进来了。 ③He had left the office when I phoned him.  当我给他打电话时，他已经离开办公室了。 【跟踪典例】完成句子 ①He ________________ when he found his key missing.  他正要离开，突然发现钥匙不见了。 ②He _______________ when the door bell rang.  门铃响的时候，他正在看一本小说。 ③I _____________________ when all the lights went out.  我刚做完作业，突然灯全灭了。 【答案】 ①was about to leave ②was reading a novel ③ had just finished my homework 2. 全部倒装 原文：Behind every book is a man，behind the man is the race, and behind the race are the natural and social environments．每本书的背后都是人，人的背后是民族，民族的背后是自然和社会环境。(教材P44) 【句式分析】 本句是全部倒装句，以下情况适用于全部倒装： ①表示地点，方向，时间等的介词短语位于句首时，若句子的主语是名词而不是代词时； On the top of the hill stands a building  那个房子位于该山山顶。 ②表示方向，地点和时间的副词in, out, down, up, off, back, away, over there, there, now, then, here, first等位于句首， 若主语是名词而不是代词时； Out rushed Mary with a dog following her. 玛丽冲了出来， 有一只狗跟着他。 【跟踪典例】完成句子 ①_________________________________________ 这里有三条有用的建议。 ②_________________________________________ 墙上有两张旧照片。 【答案】①Here are three useful tips. ②On the wall were two old pictures. 3. 关系副词where引导的定语从句 原文：In a word, we have now reached a point where we wish to enjoy and understand literature. 总之，我们现在已经到了希望理解并欣赏文学的地步。(教材P44) 【句式分析】 本句中“where we wish to enjoy and understand literature”是定语从句，修饰先行词point。当point作先行词时，若定语从句中缺少状语，用关系副词where引导定语从句。where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 ① Shanghai is the city where I was born. ② The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 【跟踪典例】 完成句子 ①This is the factory __________ I worked two years ago.  ②This is the factory __________ I visited two years ago.  【答案】 ①where ②that/ which/ 省略 注意：若先行词为表地点的抽象名词，如：point, stage, case, position, condition, atmosphere等，需要用where引导定语从句。 ①It got to the point where he had to leave. ②Describe a condition where you would expect it to fail. ③The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employeesenjoy their work.  课堂练习 单句语法填空 1. Unfortunately(fortune), due to the bad weather, this year's show has been cancelled.  2. The building is currently(current) being used as a warehouse. 3. A formal contract is signed which is renewable annually(annual).  4. This discovery challenges traditional(tradition) beliefs. 5. The essay suddenly changes from a formal to an informal(formal) register. 6. My first impression(impress) of him was favourable. 7. At twenty to six I was waiting by the entrance to the station. 8. The room was simple, nearly no furniture or decoration(decorate). 9. There's nothing like candlelight for creating a romantic(romance) mood. 10. Staff must not smoke while they are on duty. 词组填空 in honor of, in the air, pass down, fall on, anything but, be caught up in,set off leave a deep impression on, be precious to, earn a living 1. The Chinese painting was passed down to him from his grandmother . 2. Do you set off fireworks every Spring Festival in Chinatown?  3. In our shop the attitude of being considerate in service will leave a deep impression on you.  4. The most important thing for me now, is to work and earn a living.  5. His birthday falls on Sunday and all the family can get together in celebration of the birthday 6. If we turned to face the sun, we can not be caught up in the shadows. 7. The majesty of the tree will last only a week, it should be precious to us. And I had almost missed it. 8. Our eyes were burning from the chemicals in the air. 9. The monument was set up in honor of the soldiers who sacrificed their lives for the country.  10. The hotel was anything but cheap but we had no choice to check in. 4.2 Grammar：情态动词 一. 情态动词的定义： 情态动词有词义，但它不能单独作谓语，它必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化；它的后面必须跟动词原形。 二. 情态动词的种类： 情态动词 词义 否定形式 词义 can 能够，会 can’t 不能，不会 could 能够，会 couldn’t 不能，不会 may 可以 ／ ／ must 必须 mustn’t 不允许，不能 shall 将，要 shan’t 将不要 should 应该 shouldn’t 不应该 need 需要 needn’t 不必 would 将会，愿 wouldn’t 不会，不愿 三. 常见情态动词的用法 1． can /could ⑴ 表示“能力”（可用于肯定句、疑问句或否定句）。 --- Can you use chopsticks ? I can lift this stone. ★ 注意can和be able to 的区别： can有现在时、过去时；可用于被动语态。be able to有各种时态；不可用于被动语态。 You will be able to speak fluent English by the end of this term. I was able to help you yesterday. 在表达过去某个时间有能力干某事时，could表示虽有能力，但不一定做了； 而was/were able to=succeed in doing/manage to do指“不但有能力，而且实际做了” 。 The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out. ⑵ 表示“允许”(=may),用于 疑问句中表示征询对方意见。 You may/can borrow my bike. Can you lend me a hand? ★could用于一般疑问句时，肯定答语只能用can/may，而不能用could。 --- Could you lend me a hand? --- Yes, I can. ⑶ 表示“可能性/推测”（一般用于疑问句/否定句） What you said can’t be true. ---Who can it be? ---It can’t be Dr. Smith. He has gone abroad. ★can有时用在肯定句中，表示“一时的可能性”，译作“有时候可能会”, 按照经验来说。 Babies are lovely, but sometimes they can be tiresome. ⑷ “ could（不用can）+ have done ” 译为“过去本来能够……”；cannot have done表示“不可能已经做过了”，是must have done的反义。 I could have lent you the money. Why didn’t you ask me? The boy can’t have finished reading the book so soon because it is difficult even to an adult. ⑸ can’t but do/can’t help/ choose but do 不得不，只好。 I could not but admit that something was wrong. ⑹ cannot… too/ enough… “再……也不为过”。 You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. 2． may/might ⑴ 表示“允许”(=can) ,可用于肯定句，疑问句或否定句。 You may smoke in here. --- May I come round in the morning? --- Yes, please./ Certainly. --- No, you can’t/mustn’t. ⑵ 表示“可能性/推测” 可用于肯定句或否定句。 He may be on her way home at this moment. She may not believe your story. ⑶ might (不用 may) have done 表示“过去本可以做某事却未做； may/might+ have done表示对过去事情的推测，译为“过去可能”。 You may have read some account of the matter. ⑷ may+主语+动词原形，表示祝愿 May you have a long and happy life! May our friendship live long. ⑸ may/might as well do最好/不妨 Perhaps I might as well stay at home tonight. may well do很可能；充分理由；有充分理由可以… She has changed so much that I may well not recognize her. 3． must ⑴ 表示 “必须/应当”。 I must be off now. Must we hand in our composition now? Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t/don’t have to. ★ must和 have to用法比较 must 更强调说话人的主观看法；而have to强调客观要求，且有更多的时态。 You will have to go back to receive continuing education. You don’t have to /needn’t tell them about it. ⑵ 否定句中表示“禁止/不许”(mustn’t 不能来表示推测) The teacher mustn’t favor some children than others. ⑶ if you must do sth.如果你非要/偏要/硬要； I must admit/say我得承认 Must you make so much noise while others are sleeping? ⑷ 表示推测，语气比may肯定，只用在肯定句中。 He must be ill. Her face looks pale. ★ must+ have done表示对过去事情的推测，过去一定做过了。 It must have rained last night, for the ground is still wet. 4. need /dare用作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句和否定句中。 She needn’t come at present. Need I do it again? Yes, you must./No, you needn’t. Dare she go out camping herself? ★ ⑴ need/dare也可用作实意动词，可用在肯定句、否定句或疑问句中。 She doesn’t need (to) come here again. The flowers need watering/to be watered. After a period of practice, you will dare to speak English in public. ⑵ dared 是情态动词dare的过去式。 ⑶ I dare say 我想，我认为 ⑷ How dare you do…? 你竟敢/怎么敢…? ⑸ needn’t have done 表过去做了一件本没有必要做的事情。 4． ought to/should ⑴ 表示义务（应该/应当）。 You should/ought to do it for your own good. ⑵ should用在某些表示“建议、命令、要求、必要性、渴望”等含义的词后面的从句中。 suggest/insist/demand/require/urge /desire…that (should) do… ⑶ 用在if从句中，表示“万一” 。 If it should rain tomorrow, don’t expect me. ⑷ 用来表示一种估计的情况，“按理应当…/估计…”。 They should be here by now, I think. ⑸ should用来表示惊讶、意外，难以置信，意为“怎么会、居然、竟然”。 I didn’t expect you should have finished the work so soon. How should I know? ⑹ should/ought to have done表示“本应该做某事，但事实上却没有做”； shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have done表示“本不该做某事，但事实上却做了”。 You should have got up earlier. You shouldn’t have told him about it. 5． shall ⑴ 用于二、三人称的陈述句，表示命令 、警告、允诺 、威胁﹑必然结果。 She shall do as she is told. You shall hear everything directly you come. ⑵ 用于第一、三人称的疑问句，表示说话人征求对方意见。 Shall I turn on the light, Mom? Shall the boy wait? ⑶ 用于法律﹑法规等文件中表示的义务或规定等。 It is announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 6． will/would ⑴ 用于第二人称的疑问句，表示征求意见或提出请求，would此时不表过去，而是语气更加委婉。 Bring the fruit up to the dining room, will you? Would Sunday night suit you? ⑵ 用于各种人称的肯定句,表示说话人的愿望和决心,可译作表“愿意/肯/会”, 此时will可用于条件句中。 If you will allow me, I’ll see you home. ⑶ 表示“习惯”或“倾向性”,常译作“老是/总是”；would表示过去习惯性动作 （可译成“会”） Oil will float on water. A drowning man will catch at a straw. The window won’t open. (不用被动) He would sit there for hours sometimes, doing nothing at all. ⑷ 表示 决心/诺言/命令 We will never talk about that subject again. I won’t let him down in any way. ⑸ 表推测，没有must的把握大。 This will be the house you’re looking for.. ★情态动词表示推测意义时语气由弱到强为： might＜ may＜ could＜ can＜ ought to＜ should＜ would ＜will＜ must 8. would /used to` ⑴ would用在某些含有虚拟语气的句子中。 ⑵ would /used to两者均可表过去习惯性动作，但used to可用来强调或暗示今昔不同的对比，而would无此含义。He is an honest man, but when he was young, he used to tell lies. ⑶ 注意以下固定用法 would rather do sth. prefer to do sth. would rather do A than do B prefer to do A rather than do B would do A rather than do B prefer doing A to doing B would rather sb did sth (对现在/将来的虚拟) would rather sb had done sth (对过去的虚拟) 情态动词＋have done 1. should （ought to） have done 表示过去应该做而（实际）没有做的事情，含有责备或遗憾的语气，意为“本应该……”；其否定形式为“should not／ought not to have done”，表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。 2. needn't have done 表示过去没有必要做某事， 但实际上做了某事。 3. must have done 用于肯定句，表示“过去一定做过某事”，表示一种很有把握的推测。 4. may／might have done 表示对过去情况的一种不太有把握的可能性推测，表示“过去可能／大概已做了某事”；否定句表示“过去可能还没有做某事”。 5. can/ could have done 表示“过去本来可以做某事，但实际上没有做”、“过去可能有能力做”；用于疑问句中，表示“可能／也许已做了某事吗？”。 6. can/ could not have done 表示“过去不可能做了”、“过去没有能力做”。 7. would have done 表示“过去本来做了某事，但实际上没有做成” ，用于虚拟语气中。 练习 一、判断正误 (将错误之处找出并改正) 1. I would rather stay at home than to go to the cinema. 2. You might not have laughed at his mistakes. 3. You must have seen the film last week, mustn’t you? 4. My dictionary is left in the room; this one must not be mine. 5. You must not hand in your exercises today. 6. The child dared not to go into the dark room. 7. He was a good runner, so he could escape from the police. 8. It was too dark here, and you might tell me earlier. 9. —We couldn’t have walked to the station, it was so near. —Yes. A taxi hadn’t been at all necessary. 10. The construction of the laboratory must have been completed by the end of next month. 二、填入适当的词。 1. Jenny______ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind. 2. It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack______ be here at any moment. 3. The boss has given everyone a special holiday, so we go to work tomorrow. 4.When we got to the cinema, the film hasn't started yet, so we ________ have hurried. 5. Mr.White should ____________ (arrive) at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t’ show up. 6. As far as I know, he is the last one to help others. He _____ be prepared to give you a hand, though. 7. As he had heart attack, he was told that he ____ continue the work. 8. The thief _____ have climbed in from the kitchen window as all the other windows and doors were closed. 9. Johnny, you ______ play with the knife; you______ hurt yourself． 10. Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They might _________ (sail) from South America on rafts. 参考答案： 一、 1.去掉第一个to 2. might→should 3. mustn’t→didn’t 4. must→can 5. 去掉not 6. dared not to→didn’t dare to 或dared not 7. could→was able to 8. might tell→should have told 9. couldn’t →needn’t 10. must→will 二、 1. should 2. should 3. needn’t 4. needn’t 5. have arrived 6. may/might 7. might not 8. must 9. mustn’t; may 10. have sailed 巩固练习 I. 单词拼写 1. Fashions in art and l  come and go. 2. The public have responded magnificently to our a . 3. An inquiry was set up to d  the cause of the accident.  4. The company looks poised to make a s breakthrough in China. 5. Young people are very s about their appearance. 6. Every student in the class is c  of passing the exam. 7. Speak low, that you may not a  anybody. 8. We no longer talk of the  (永久) of marriage. 9. Physical fitness has now become an important  (要素)  in our lives. 10. An interesting  (特征) of the city is the old market.  11. It rained and  (因此) the football match was postponed. 12. We should make a concrete analysis of each  (具体的) question. Ⅱ. 单句语法 1. They are devoted to  (protect) the tradition of calligraphy.. 2. Heart of appreciation is of great  (significant) in our lives.  3. After days of   (reflect) she decided to write back.  4.  summary, this was a disappointing performance. 5. Young people are very s about their appearance. 6. It is  (universal) acknowledged that forests are indispensable to us. 7. I have never seen a case   only partner makes money. 8. He  (watch) TV when someone knocked at the door. Ⅰ. 单词拼写 1. literature 2. appeal 3. determine 4. significant 5. sensitive 6. capable 7. awaken 8. permanence 9. element 10. feature  11. therefore 12. specific Ⅱ. 单句语法 1. protecting 2. significance 3. reflection 4. In  5. sensitive 6. universally  7. where  8. was watching 阅读理解 A Believe it or not, there are many strange things banned around the world. Black cars—Turkmenistan Trying to buy a new car in the central Asian country of Turkmenistan can be a tricky business due to numerous restrictions issued by President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov. Batir Turken, who is from Turkmenistan but lives in Dubal, explained, “For the country with 60℃ in summer, it is really strange and stupid—cars with black colors are banned, and dirty cars are not allowed to drive in the city.” He added, “Cars which are older than five years are banned, cars with a right-hand drive are banned, sports cars and two-door cars are banned, and cars with tinted(有色的) windows are banned.” Vacuum cleaners(真空吸尘器)Victoria—Australia No one likes a noisy neighbor, but the state of Victoria in Australia has introduced a set of rules about at what point during the day you can make noise including when you can vacuum. Sumit Gupta, Mumbai, India, said,“In Melbourne, Australia, vacuuming your house between 10 pm and 7am during weekdays and 10 pm and 9 am during the weekends is against the law.” Chewing gum—Singapore Singapore prohibits the sale and import of chewing gum,which makes it impossible for locals to get their hands on gum. However, exceptions are made for people who have medical conditions and need to chew gum. The ban began in 1992 and is still in effect. Running out of fuel—Germany People are not allowed to let their cars run out of fuel if they are driving on the autobahn(高速公路) in Germany. What complicates matters is that a person can’t walk along the highway to get some gas, as walking on the autobahn is also prohibited by law. Changing bulb—Victoria, Australia In Victoria, one of the most populous states in Australia, changing a light bulb is illegal unless you are a licensed electrician. People who disobey this law could receive a fine of up to AU$10(￡5.5). 21. Which kinds of cars are Not banned in Turkmenistan? A. cars used for six years B. cars with a left-hand drive C. cars with colored windows D. sports cars 22. What makes things complicated in Germany? A. Running out of fuel is forbidden in this country. B. Whoever walks on the autobahn is against the law. C. Dirty cars are not allowed to drive in the city. D. The ban of running out of fuel is out of effect now. 23. Which of the following is true? A. Batir Turken considers it an absurd idea to ban black cars in Turkmenistan. B. A person who is ill and needs to chew gum will be fined for chewing gum. C. You can change a light bulb as long as you handle with care. D. People vacuuming houses at midnight in Melbourne will be fined AU$10. 【答案】21. B 22. B 23. A 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要列举了受到一些国家禁止的事物，被禁止的事物从土库曼斯坦禁止黑色车上路到澳大利亚禁止私自换灯泡等等千奇百怪。 【21题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Cars which are older than five years are banned, cars with a right-hand drive are banned, sports cars and two-door cars are banned, and cars with tinted windows are banned. (使用年限超过5年的汽车禁止上路，右侧驾驶车禁止上路，跑车和双门车禁止上路，带有色车窗的汽车禁止上路)”可知，B选项“左侧驾驶的汽车”在土库曼斯坦不受禁止。故选B。 【22题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“What complicates matters is that a person can’ t walk along the highway to get some gas, as walking on the autobahn is also prohibited by law. (让事情变得复杂的是，人们不能沿着高速公路去加油，因为在高速公路上走路也是被法律禁止的)”可知，行人在高速公路上违法行走，让德国的事情变得复杂。故选B。 【23题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Batir Turken, who is from Turkmenistan but lives in Dubal, explained, ‘For the country with 60℃ in summer, it is really strange and stupid—cars with black colors are banned, and dirty cars are not allowed to drive in the city.’(来自土库曼斯坦但住在杜巴尔的Batir Turken解释说：“对于这个夏天气温高达60摄氏度的国家来说，这真的很奇怪、很愚蠢——黑色汽车被禁止上路，脏车也不允许上路。”)”可知，Batir Turken认为在土库曼斯坦禁止黑色汽车是一个荒谬的想法。故选A。 B It was a morning in January. The jet stream (急流)had dipped down, causing the Arctic cold to reach the mountains of my home. It was only 2 degrees outside, but the cold wind made it feel like it was 15 below zero. Still, I was kneeling in the snow alongside my house trying to open a tiny door, so I eoukl get in. 1 had forgotten to leave my water dripping the night before and now my water pipes were frozen and my faucets(水龙头)were dry. The wind cut into me like a knife while I struggled to get two electric heaters in place around the section of frozen pipes. The waterlines were buried except for a small piece that connected up to my house. I put a heater on each side of it, ran the extension cords(软线)into my house and plugged them in. Both heaters roared to life and started blowing hot air on the frozen water pipes. My fingers had already started to go numb, so I stayed inside to wait. I could only hope that this bit of warmth could get my water flowing again. Finally, after twenty minutes, the water started flowing through my faucets again. I went back outside into the biller cold and gathered my heaters up. I looked at the weak January sun shining on the frozen snow and smiled. Then I sent a joy filled with "Thank you" heavenward and returned inside to make myself a hot breakfast. Sometimes the coldness of this life can get to us as well. It can make our hearts feel icy and frozen. It can keep our kindness and love from flowing out to others. Sometimes, though, all we need is a bit of warnth to get us going again. It can be a simple smile, a kind word, a heart-felt hug, a morning sunrise, a bird's song or any gentle reminder of just how much God loves us. Let us all be grateful for those bits of warmth that gel us going again. And let us all try to be that bit of wannth for others every chance we get. 24 What was the direct reason why the water pipes were frozen? A. The jet stream. B. The low temperature. C. The cold wind. D. The author ' s own carelessness. 25. Which of the following can replace the underlined phrase "roared to in Paragraph 2? A. Began functioning smoothly. B. Worked inappropriately. C. Broke down suddenly. D. Screamed out loudly. 26. What did the author think of his work? A. Embarassed. B. Satisfied. C. Mad with joy. D. Cautiously optimistic. 27. What is the last paragraph mainly centered on? A. The coldness of life has a negative effect on our life quality. B. We meet with the coldness of life unavoidably and unwillingly. C. We should be thankful for bits of warmth of life. D. We should seize every chance to receive warmth of life from others. 【答案】24. D 25. A 26. B 27. C 【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。一个寒冷的冬天早晨，由于作者的粗心大意而使水管冻死，没水可用。作者只得想尽办法自己修复，最后得到了热水做了早餐。作者从这件事得出，不要让生活中的寒冷影响我们，要感激生活中给我们带来的每一个温暖。 【24题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的信息“I had forgotten to leave my water dripping the night before and now my water pipes were frozen and my faucets (水龙头) were dry” 可知，头天晚上我忘记了让水龙头的水一直处于滴水的状态，现在水管冻结了，水龙头也流不出水了。由此可知，导致水管冻结的直接原因是由于作者本人的疏忽。故正确答案为D。 【25题详解】 词义猜测题。根据该画线短语所在句子中的信息“... and started blowing hot air on the frozen water pipe…after twenty minutes, the water started flowing through my faucets again”可知，两个加热器开始向冻结的水管吹热空气，…二十分钟后，水又开始流过我的水龙头。此处roared to life表达的含义应该是两台加热器开始正常运转起来。分析选项可知A符合题意，故正确答案为A。 【26题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句“I looked at the weak January sun shining on the frozen snow and smiled. Then I sent a joy filled with "Thank you" heavenward and returned inside to make myself a hot breakfast.”中的smiled和“a joy filled with "Thank you"”可知，作者对自己的工作很满意。故正确答案为B。 【27题详解】 主旨大意题。根据最后一段，尤其是最后两句“Let us all be grateful for those bits of warmth that gel us going again. And let us all try to be that bit of warmth for others every chance we get.”可知，作者强调我们要感激生活中的每一个温暖，无论它们是多么的微不足道。故选C。 七选五 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Thinking about an overseas trip but concerning you might make a less worthy choice because you can't afford to visit all the places on your wish list before you make your final decision? ___36___With a bit of ingenuity(独创性) and a dash of wit, you can travel the world cheaply. ___37___Walk on the streets of a city, stop and chat with a local, or even climb to the top of a hill and watch the sun set over the ocean. The simple joy of being in a new place is just a matter of going someplace new. No tour package is required. Keep your needs to a minimum. People need fresh air, exercise, creative stimulation, companionship and self-esteem, etc. ___38___For fresh air, go outside. For exercise, take a walk. For creative stimulation, go somewhere new. For companionship, make a friend. For self-esteem, turn off your TV, breathe deep and open your spirit to the basic goodness of the world. Go slow. If you live in New York and want to take a two-week vacation to Africa, it will be very difficult to travel for free. Time is not money. Time is free. Instead of buying a plane ticket, take a train or bus, or just hop on your bike and ride away from town. ___39___ Try to get your accommodation for free or next-to-nothing. Find kind souls around the world who agree to offer an extra bedroom, couch, or corner of the floor to travelers in exchange for the same kindness when they visit your town. ___40___It works best if your home is in a place someone wants to visit and if your dates coincide. A. Embrace the simple joy of travel. B. The slower you travel, the less money you will spend. C. A lack of money doesn't necessarily mean you have to stay at home. D. All of these things are simple to obtain and most of them are free. E. Things like air and water are much cheaper once you get outside. F. This scheme involves trading homes for an agreed-upon amount of time. G. If you can do what needs to be done around the house, then you stay for free. 【答案】36. C 37. A 38. D 39. B 40. F 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些可以便宜地环游世界的方法。 36.根据上文“Thinking about an overseas trip but concerning you might make a less worthy choice because you can't afford to visit all the places on your wish list before you make your final decision?”后文“With a bit of ingenuity(独创性) and a dash of wit, you can travel the world cheaply.”可知，本句属于过渡句，结合上文提到负担不起游览所有的地方，后文则提到可以便宜地环游世界，可知缺钱不一定会影响你的旅行计划。故C选项“缺钱并不一定意味着你必须呆在家里”符合语境，故选C。 37.根据后文“Walk on the streets of a city, stop and chat with a local, or even climb to the top of a hill and watch the sun set over the ocean. The simple joy of being in a new place is just a matter of going someplace new. No tour package is required.”可知，本段主要说明的是享受旅行中简单的快乐，后文中The simple joy 与A选项中the simple joy相对应。故A选项“拥抱旅行中简单的快乐”符合语境，故选A。 38.根据上文“People need fresh air, exercise, creative stimulation, companionship and self-esteem, etc.”可知，本句承接上文进一步对新鲜的空气、锻炼、创造性的刺激、友谊和自尊这些东西进行总结，指出这些东西都是很容易获得且免费的。故D选项“所有这些东西都很容易获得，而且大部分都是免费的”符合语境，故选D。 39.根据上文“Go slow. If you live in New York and want to take a two-week vacation to Africa, it will be very difficult to travel for free. Time is not money. Time is free. Instead of buying a plane ticket, take a train or bus, or just hop on your bike and ride away from town.”可知，本句为本段最后一句，总结全段，结合本段主要说明得是慢一些旅行，上文中slow可与B选项中The slower相对应。故B选项“你走得越慢，你花的钱就越少”符合语境，故选B。 40.根据上文“Try to get your accommodation for free or next-to-nothing. Find kind souls around the world who agree to offer an extra bedroom, couch, or corner of the floor to travelers in exchange for the same kindness when they visit your town.”可知，本段主要说明的是旅行中的住宿问题，结合后文提到你的家在别人想去的地方，可推知本句是在提议交换住宿。故F选项“这个计划包括在商定的时间内交换住宿”符合语境，故选F。 语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Some people think that porridge(粥) is not 56 (taste). But for me, porridge is delicious. It can be a convenient and very 57 (health) way to start a day. Porridge is a kind of food 58 (serve) for breakfast in China. It is usually a type of grain, like maize or oat, mixed with either milk or water. It is soft and sticky — 59 (thick) than liquid, but not solid. Porridge is very easy to digest, so it's very good for people 60 are ill. Porridge preparation — the amount of ingredients and cooking time — 61 (depend) on what you choose to use as your porridge base. If I'm cooking for myself I put some rolled oats in a pan, add some water and milk, and then let the mixture boiled. I stir the porridge constantly. Once it 62 (cook), the fun part is adding the favors. Porridge alone doesn't have 63 very strong flavor. Although some people think this makes porridge boring, I think this is 64 makes porridge exciting! It is like a blank piece of paper — you can add almost anything you want to the porridge base. Seeds, nuts and dried fruits are a very good 65 (choose) to add and can give you energy for the day. 【答案】 56. tasty 57. healthy 58. served 59. thicker 60. who/that 61. depends 62. is cooked 63. a 64. what 65. choice ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 4 Exploring literature上 4.1 Welcome to the unit &Reading 重点词汇 1. __________ n. 文学；文学作品 2. __________ vt. 有吸引力；申诉；呼吁 n. 吸引力；申诉；呼吁 3. __________ vt. 确定；决定；支配 vi. 决心 4. __________ adj. 有重要意义的；显著的 5. __________ n. 描述，描写，形容 6.__________ adj. 感觉灵敏的；体贴的；敏感的；灵敏的 7. __________ n. 灵魂；心性；内心 8. __________ vt./vi. 反映；显示； 反射 9. __________adj. 有能力的；能力强的；有才能的 10. __________ vt./vi. 唤起；（被）唤起；（使）醒来 11. __________ vt. 使船下水；开始从事，发动 12. __________ n. 永久性；持久性 13. __________ vt. 包含，含有；容纳 14. __________ n. 要素，组成部分 15. __________ adj. 普遍的；共同的；普遍存在的 16. __________ n. 总结，概括，概要 17. __________ n. 特点，特征 vt. 以…为特色；是…的特征 18. __________ n. 作家，作者 19. __________ adv. 因此，所以 20. __________ n. 背景，环境，来龙去脉；语境 21. __________ adj. 特定的；明确的；具体的 重点词组 1. ______________________ 致力，专心，献身 2. ______________________ 充分利用 3. ______________________ 惊奇地 4. ______________________ 即将发生；等待着 5. ______________________ 努力做某事 6. ______________________ 呼吁；吸引 7. ______________________ 在于… 8. ______________________ 人性的基础 9. ______________________ 总之 10. ______________________ 凭借；利用 重点句型 1. be doing … when 2. 全部倒装 3. 关系副词where引导的定语从句 知识点梳理 1. devote oneself to commit oneself to/ bend oneself to (近义词) devoted adj. 献身的；忠诚的 devotion n. 献身，奉献；忠诚；热爱 原文：… that whatever I have devoted myself to, I have devoted myself to completely. 无论我投身于什么，我都会全身心投入。。(教材P43) ◆ 致力于；专心；献身 (1) devote oneself to (doing) sth 致力(献身)于做某事 devote one’s time/ life/ money/ energy to (doing) sth 把某人的时间/ 一生/ 金钱/ 精力奉献于(做)某事 (2) be devoted to (doing) sth 致力(献身)于做某事 a devoted son/friend/fan 孝子；忠诚的朋友；狂热的崇拜者 ①It is worthwhile to devote ourselves to world peace.  我们献身于世界和平是值得的。 ②It is worthwhile to be devoted to world peace.  我们献身于世界和平是值得的。 ③Her devotion to the job left her with very little free time.  她全身心投入工作，几乎没有闲暇。 [单句语法填空/完成句子] ①With my energy (devote) to revision，I have no time to chat with my friends online. ②Her (devote) to writing left a deep impression on us. ③If I am chosen，I being a qualified volunteer.Hope you can take my application into consideration. 如果我被选中，我将努力使自己成为一名合格的志愿者。希望您能考虑我的申请。 2. appeal appealing 吸引人的；动人的；引起兴趣的; 恳求似的 原文：Let a little song appeal to the ear, or a great book to the heart, and we discover a new world, a world of dreams and magic. 让一首短歌愉悦我们的耳朵，让一部巨著触动我们的心灵，这样我们便会发现一个全新的世界，一个充满梦想和魔力的世界。(教材P44) ◆ vt. 有吸引力；申诉；呼吁 n. 吸引力；申诉；呼吁 (1) appeal to sb to do sth 呼吁某人做某事 appeal to sb for sth 为某事向某人呼吁 appeal to sb 对某人有吸引力；引起某人兴趣 appeal to sb against sth 上诉；申诉 (2) mass/wide/popular appeal 对大众的/ 广泛的/ 普遍的吸引力 made an appeal to sb to do sth 呼吁某人做某事 ①I appeal to you all to join me in committing to peace, today and every day.  我呼吁大家和我一起，在今天，在每一天，都致力于和平。 ②The company is appealing against the ruling.  公司正对判决提出申诉。 ③We make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation.  我们急切呼吁，应采取措施应对这种情况 [完成句子/单句写作] ①Mark Twain’s novels of all ages. 马克·吐温的小说吸引了各个年龄段的读者。 ②The police about the crime. 警方正在呼吁公众提供有关这起罪案的信息。 ③我们应该呼吁人们尽最大努力去保持自然平衡。 . 3. determine determined 决定了的；坚决的; 有决心的 determination 决心；果断 原文：The first step is to determine some of its significant qualities. 第一步是要确定文学的一些重要品质。 (教材P44) ◆vt. 确定；决定；支配 vi. 决心 (1) determine to do sth 决定做某事 (强调动作)= make up one’s mind to do sth determine on/ upon 决定 (2) be determined to do sth 决心做…(强调状态) a determined effort to stop smoking 坚决戒烟的努力 (3) with determination 坚决地； 果断的 fierce/grim/dogged determination 坚强的/不屈不挠的/顽强的决心 ①In closing, determine to be your best, and you will receive the best.  最后，下定决心去做到最好，你就会得到最好的那个人。 ②The proposal had been dropped in the face of determined opposition.  这项建议因遭到坚决反对而被放弃 ③He fought the illness with courage and determination.  他勇敢顽强地与疾病作斗争。 [单句语法填空/一句多译] ①Sports teach us to accept challenges and face difficulties with (determine)． ②I have determined on (go) to the countryside after graduation. ③五年前他被迫离开家乡，下决心再也不会回来。 →Five years ago he was forced to leave his hometown .(并列句) →Five years ago he was forced to leave his hometown， .(形容词短语作状语) 4. significant significantly adv. 意味深长地；值得注目地 significance n. 意义；重要性 (important/ importantly/ importance) 原文：The first step is to determine some of its significant qualities. 第一步是要确定文学的一些重要品质。 (教材P44) ◆adj. 有重要意义的；显著的 (1) a highly significant discovery 有重大意义的发现 a significant improvement显著的改进 It is significant that 明显的 (2) be of significance/ importance 意义重大;具有重大意义的 ①Cooperation or teamwork is in playing football games. 合作或团队合作对足球比赛具有重要意义。 ②Keep in mind that it is very (significance) for us students to keep healthy. 请记住，对我们学生来说，保持健康是非常重要的。 ③It’s very significant for a graduate to find a proper job. → for a graduate to find a proper job. 对于毕业生来说，找到一份合适的工作是非常重要的。 5. description describe vt. 描述，形容；描绘 descriptive adj. 描写的，叙述的；描写性的 describable adj. 可记述的；可描写的 原文：The customs that followed were anything but ordinary. 接下来的风俗也都不同寻常。 (教材P30) ◆n. 描述，描写，形容 (1) describe sb/ sth to sb 向某人描述某人(某物) describe sb/ sth as 把某人(某物)描述为 (2) give a detailed/full description of 对… 进行详细的/ 全面的描述 brief/general description of 简要/概括性说明 beyond description  无法形容，难以形容 ①His novels nicely describe life in Britain between the wars.  他的小说细致地描述了两次大战之间英国的生活状况。 ②Jim was described by his colleagues as ‘unusual’.  吉姆被同事们称为“不寻常”的人。 ③The park is beautiful beyond description.  这个公园美得无法形容。 【跟踪典例】完成句子 ①Can you _____________________?  你能向我描述一下他的样子吗？ ②Can you _____________________ your hometown?  你能描述一下你的故乡吗？ ③The view from the top was quite _____________________. 从山顶看去的景色是笔墨难以形容的。 6. reflect reflection n. 反射；沉思；映象 原文：Some truth and beauty remain unnoticed until a sensitive human soul brings them to our attention, just as the shell reflects the unnoticed sounds.有些真与美一直不为人所察觉，直到一个敏锐的人类灵魂让它们引起我们的注意，这就正如贝壳把那些被人忽视的声音呈现出来一样。(教材P45) ◆vt./vi. 反映；显示； 反射 (1) reflect sb/ sth in sth (镜子等)映出某人/某物的影像 reflect sth from sth 从某物反射 reflect on/ upon sth 仔细思考；反省某事 (2) on reflection 仔细思考 be lost in reflection 陷入深思中 ①His face was reflected in the mirror.  他的脸映照在镜子里。 ②The windows reflected the bright afternoon sunlight.  窗户反射着午后明媚的阳光。 ③Your clothes are often a reflection of your personality.  穿着常常反映出一个人的个性。 【跟踪典例】完成句子 ①She could see herself _________________ his eyes.  她在他的眼中看到了自己的样子。 ②When the sun's rays hit the earth, a lot of the heat __________________ into space.  太阳光线照射到地球时，大量的热被反射回太空。  ③She decided __________________ to accept his offer after all.  经过审慎的思考，她决定还是接受他的提议。 7. contain container n. 集装箱；容器 原文：To achieve this, it should contain two elements: universal interest and personal style. 为此，它应包含两个要素：普遍兴趣和个人风格。(教材P45) ◆vt. 包含，含有；容纳 ①This drink doesn't contain any alcohol.  这种饮料不含任何酒精。 ②She was unable to contain her excitement.  她无法抑制内心的激动。 【跟踪典例】完成句子 ①Her statement ____________ one or two inaccuracies.  她的陈述有一两处不准确。 ②I was so furious I just couldn't ______________ .  我气愤极了，简直无法克制自己。 【易混辨析】contain； include (1)contain 表示所含之物的全部或一部分，侧重于含有的数量和成分，既可只具体有形的东西，也可指无形的东西。 （异类） (2)include 侧重指范围，其主语和宾语属于同类，是整体个部分的关系。常使用“including + 被包含的对象”或“被包含的对象+included” 【跟踪典例】完成句子 ①Milk, oily fish and eggs all _______________ vitamin D.  牛奶、油性鱼类和鸡蛋全都含维他命D。 ②Your duties ________________ typing letters and answering the telephone.  你的职责是打信件和接电话 8. summary summarize vt. 总结；概述 vi. 作总结；作概括 原文：In summary, literature is the expression of life in forms of truth and beauty…总之，文学以真和美的形式对生命的表达… (教材P45) ◆n. 总结，概括，概要 make a summary 做总结 in summary总的来说 in general/ in short/ in conclusion 总之；总的来说 to sum up/ to summarize 总之；总的来说 【跟踪典例】完成句子 ①Let's _________________ for today's lesson.  下面让我们把今天的课做个小结吧。 ②__________________, I think it's very important to pay attention to our surrounding environment.  总之，我认为身边的环境是非常重要的。 句型 1. be doing… when 原文： A child and a man were walking on the beach when the child found a shell and held it to his ear. 一个孩子和一个男子在沙滩上散步时，孩子突然发现了一个贝壳，并拿起放在耳边。(教材P44) 【句式分析】 本句中 “were walking … when ”，在表示“正在做某事，这时…”。when 作并列连词，相当于“at this time” be about to do sth（… when）/ be on the point of doing (… when)表示“即将，马上要做的事，这时…” had just done ...when ... 表示“刚做完……这时…” ①An agreement was about to be reached when the other side raised new issues.  快要达成协议的时候，对方又节外生枝。 ②I was reading English when my teacher came in.  我正在读英语，这时老师进来了。 ③He had left the office when I phoned him.  当我给他打电话时，他已经离开办公室了。 【跟踪典例】完成句子 ①He ________________ when he found his key missing.  他正要离开，突然发现钥匙不见了。 ②He _______________ when the door bell rang.  门铃响的时候，他正在看一本小说。 ③I _____________________ when all the lights went out.  我刚做完作业，突然灯全灭了。 2. 全部倒装 原文：Behind every book is a man，behind the man is the race, and behind the race are the natural and social environments．每本书的背后都是人，人的背后是民族，民族的背后是自然和社会环境。(教材P44) 【句式分析】 本句是全部倒装句，以下情况适用于全部倒装： ①表示地点，方向，时间等的介词短语位于句首时，若句子的主语是名词而不是代词时； On the top of the hill stands a building  那个房子位于该山山顶。 ②表示方向，地点和时间的副词in, out, down, up, off, back, away, over there, there, now, then, here, first等位于句首， 若主语是名词而不是代词时； Out rushed Mary with a dog following her. 玛丽冲了出来， 有一只狗跟着他。 【跟踪典例】完成句子 ①_________________________________________ 这里有三条有用的建议。 ②_________________________________________ 墙上有两张旧照片。 3. 关系副词where引导的定语从句 原文：In a word, we have now reached a point where we wish to enjoy and understand literature. 总之，我们现在已经到了希望理解并欣赏文学的地步。(教材P44) 【句式分析】 本句中“where we wish to enjoy and understand literature”是定语从句，修饰先行词point。当point作先行词时，若定语从句中缺少状语，用关系副词where引导定语从句。where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 ① Shanghai is the city where I was born. ② The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 【跟踪典例】 完成句子 ①This is the factory __________ I worked two years ago.  ②This is the factory __________ I visited two years ago.  注意：若先行词为表地点的抽象名词，如：point, stage, case, position, condition, atmosphere等，需要用where引导定语从句。 ①It got to the point where he had to leave. ②Describe a condition where you would expect it to fail. ③The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employeesenjoy their work.  课堂练习 单句语法填空 1. (fortune), due to the bad weather, this year's show has been cancelled.  2. The building is  (current) being used as a warehouse. 3. A formal contract is signed which is renewable  (annual).  4. This discovery challenges  (tradition) beliefs. 5. The essay suddenly changes from a formal to an  (formal) register. 6. My first  (impress) of him was favourable. 7. At twenty to six I was waiting by the entrance   the station. 8. The room was simple, nearly no furniture or  (decorate). 9. There's nothing like candlelight for creating a  (romance) mood. 10. Staff must not smoke while they are   duty. 词组填空 in honor of, in the air, pass down, fall on, anything but, be caught up in,set off leave a deep impression on, be precious to, earn a living 1. The Chinese painting to him from his grandmother . 2. Do you   fireworks every Spring Festival in Chinatown?  3. In our shop the attitude of being considerate in service will   you.  4. The most important thing for me now, is to work and  .  5. His birthday   Sunday and all the family can get together in celebration of the birthday 6. If we turned to face the sun, we can not   the shadows. 7. The majesty of the tree will last only a week, it should   us. And I had almost missed it. 8. Our eyes were burning from the chemicals . 9. The monument was set up   the soldiers who sacrificed their lives for the country.  10. The hotel was   cheap but we had no choice to check in. 4.2 Grammar：情态动词 一. 情态动词的定义： 情态动词有词义，但它不能单独作谓语，它必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化；它的后面必须跟动词原形。 二. 情态动词的种类： 情态动词 词义 否定形式 词义 can 能够，会 can’t 不能，不会 could 能够，会 couldn’t 不能，不会 may 可以 ／ ／ must 必须 mustn’t 不允许，不能 shall 将，要 shan’t 将不要 should 应该 shouldn’t 不应该 need 需要 needn’t 不必 would 将会，愿 wouldn’t 不会，不愿 三. 常见情态动词的用法 1． can /could ⑴ 表示“能力”（可用于肯定句、疑问句或否定句）。 --- Can you use chopsticks ? I can lift this stone. ★ 注意can和be able to 的区别： can有现在时、过去时；可用于被动语态。be able to有各种时态；不可用于被动语态。 You will be able to speak fluent English by the end of this term. I was able to help you yesterday. 在表达过去某个时间有能力干某事时，could表示虽有能力，但不一定做了； 而was/were able to=succeed in doing/manage to do指“不但有能力，而且实际做了” 。 The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out. ⑵ 表示“允许”(=may),用于 疑问句中表示征询对方意见。 You may/can borrow my bike. Can you lend me a hand? ★could用于一般疑问句时，肯定答语只能用can/may，而不能用could。 --- Could you lend me a hand? --- Yes, I can. ⑶ 表示“可能性/推测”（一般用于疑问句/否定句） What you said can’t be true. ---Who can it be? ---It can’t be Dr. Smith. He has gone abroad. ★can有时用在肯定句中，表示“一时的可能性”，译作“有时候可能会”, 按照经验来说。 Babies are lovely, but sometimes they can be tiresome. ⑷ “ could（不用can）+ have done ” 译为“过去本来能够……”；cannot have done表示“不可能已经做过了”，是must have done的反义。 I could have lent you the money. Why didn’t you ask me? The boy can’t have finished reading the book so soon because it is difficult even to an adult. ⑸ can’t but do/can’t help/ choose but do 不得不，只好。 I could not but admit that something was wrong. ⑹ cannot… too/ enough… “再……也不为过”。 You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. 2． may/might ⑴ 表示“允许”(=can) ,可用于肯定句，疑问句或否定句。 You may smoke in here. --- May I come round in the morning? --- Yes, please./ Certainly. --- No, you can’t/mustn’t. ⑵ 表示“可能性/推测” 可用于肯定句或否定句。 He may be on her way home at this moment. She may not believe your story. ⑶ might (不用 may) have done 表示“过去本可以做某事却未做； may/might+ have done表示对过去事情的推测，译为“过去可能”。 You may have read some account of the matter. ⑷ may+主语+动词原形，表示祝愿 May you have a long and happy life! May our friendship live long. ⑸ may/might as well do最好/不妨 Perhaps I might as well stay at home tonight. may well do很可能；充分理由；有充分理由可以… She has changed so much that I may well not recognize her. 3． must ⑴ 表示 “必须/应当”。 I must be off now. Must we hand in our composition now? Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t/don’t have to. ★ must和 have to用法比较 must 更强调说话人的主观看法；而have to强调客观要求，且有更多的时态。 You will have to go back to receive continuing education. You don’t have to /needn’t tell them about it. ⑵ 否定句中表示“禁止/不许”(mustn’t 不能来表示推测) The teacher mustn’t favor some children than others. ⑶ if you must do sth.如果你非要/偏要/硬要； I must admit/say我得承认 Must you make so much noise while others are sleeping? ⑷ 表示推测，语气比may肯定，只用在肯定句中。 He must be ill. Her face looks pale. ★ must+ have done表示对过去事情的推测，过去一定做过了。 It must have rained last night, for the ground is still wet. 4. need /dare用作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句和否定句中。 She needn’t come at present. Need I do it again? Yes, you must./No, you needn’t. Dare she go out camping herself? ★ ⑴ need/dare也可用作实意动词，可用在肯定句、否定句或疑问句中。 She doesn’t need (to) come here again. The flowers need watering/to be watered. After a period of practice, you will dare to speak English in public. ⑵ dared 是情态动词dare的过去式。 ⑶ I dare say 我想，我认为 ⑷ How dare you do…? 你竟敢/怎么敢…? ⑸ needn’t have done 表过去做了一件本没有必要做的事情。 4． ought to/should ⑴ 表示义务（应该/应当）。 You should/ought to do it for your own good. ⑵ should用在某些表示“建议、命令、要求、必要性、渴望”等含义的词后面的从句中。 suggest/insist/demand/require/urge /desire…that (should) do… ⑶ 用在if从句中，表示“万一” 。 If it should rain tomorrow, don’t expect me. ⑷ 用来表示一种估计的情况，“按理应当…/估计…”。 They should be here by now, I think. ⑸ should用来表示惊讶、意外，难以置信，意为“怎么会、居然、竟然”。 I didn’t expect you should have finished the work so soon. How should I know? ⑹ should/ought to have done表示“本应该做某事，但事实上却没有做”； shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have done表示“本不该做某事，但事实上却做了”。 You should have got up earlier. You shouldn’t have told him about it. 5． shall ⑴ 用于二、三人称的陈述句，表示命令 、警告、允诺 、威胁﹑必然结果。 She shall do as she is told. You shall hear everything directly you come. ⑵ 用于第一、三人称的疑问句，表示说话人征求对方意见。 Shall I turn on the light, Mom? Shall the boy wait? ⑶ 用于法律﹑法规等文件中表示的义务或规定等。 It is announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 6． will/would ⑴ 用于第二人称的疑问句，表示征求意见或提出请求，would此时不表过去，而是语气更加委婉。 Bring the fruit up to the dining room, will you? Would Sunday night suit you? ⑵ 用于各种人称的肯定句,表示说话人的愿望和决心,可译作表“愿意/肯/会”, 此时will可用于条件句中。 If you will allow me, I’ll see you home. ⑶ 表示“习惯”或“倾向性”,常译作“老是/总是”；would表示过去习惯性动作 （可译成“会”） Oil will float on water. A drowning man will catch at a straw. The window won’t open. (不用被动) He would sit there for hours sometimes, doing nothing at all. ⑷ 表示 决心/诺言/命令 We will never talk about that subject again. I won’t let him down in any way. ⑸ 表推测，没有must的把握大。 This will be the house you’re looking for.. ★情态动词表示推测意义时语气由弱到强为： might＜ may＜ could＜ can＜ ought to＜ should＜ would ＜will＜ must 8. would /used to` ⑴ would用在某些含有虚拟语气的句子中。 ⑵ would /used to两者均可表过去习惯性动作，但used to可用来强调或暗示今昔不同的对比，而would无此含义。He is an honest man, but when he was young, he used to tell lies. ⑶ 注意以下固定用法 would rather do sth. prefer to do sth. would rather do A than do B prefer to do A rather than do B would do A rather than do B prefer doing A to doing B would rather sb did sth (对现在/将来的虚拟) would rather sb had done sth (对过去的虚拟) 情态动词＋have done 1. should （ought to） have done 表示过去应该做而（实际）没有做的事情，含有责备或遗憾的语气，意为“本应该……”；其否定形式为“should not／ought not to have done”，表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。 2. needn't have done 表示过去没有必要做某事， 但实际上做了某事。 3. must have done 用于肯定句，表示“过去一定做过某事”，表示一种很有把握的推测。 4. may／might have done 表示对过去情况的一种不太有把握的可能性推测，表示“过去可能／大概已做了某事”；否定句表示“过去可能还没有做某事”。 5. can/ could have done 表示“过去本来可以做某事，但实际上没有做”、“过去可能有能力做”；用于疑问句中，表示“可能／也许已做了某事吗？”。 6. can/ could not have done 表示“过去不可能做了”、“过去没有能力做”。 7. would have done 表示“过去本来做了某事，但实际上没有做成” ，用于虚拟语气中。 练习 一、判断正误 (将错误之处找出并改正) 1. I would rather stay at home than to go to the cinema. 2. You might not have laughed at his mistakes. 3. You must have seen the film last week, mustn’t you? 4. My dictionary is left in the room; this one must not be mine. 5. You must not hand in your exercises today. 6. The child dared not to go into the dark room. 7. He was a good runner, so he could escape from the police. 8. It was too dark here, and you might tell me earlier. 9. —We couldn’t have walked to the station, it was so near. —Yes. A taxi hadn’t been at all necessary. 10. The construction of the laboratory must have been completed by the end of next month. 二、填入适当的词。 1. Jenny______ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind. 2. It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack______ be here at any moment. 3. The boss has given everyone a special holiday, so we go to work tomorrow. 4.When we got to the cinema, the film hasn't started yet, so we ________ have hurried. 5. Mr.White should ____________ (arrive) at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t’ show up. 6. As far as I know, he is the last one to help others. He _____ be prepared to give you a hand, though. 7. As he had heart attack, he was told that he ____ continue the work. 8. The thief ___ have climbed in from the kitchen window as all the other windows and doors were closed. 9. Johnny, you ______ play with the knife; you______ hurt yourself． 10. Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They might _________ (sail) from South America on rafts. 巩固练习 I. 单词拼写 1. Fashions in art and l  come and go. 2. The public have responded magnificently to our a . 3. An inquiry was set up to d  the cause of the accident.  4. The company looks poised to make a s breakthrough in China. 5. Young people are very s about their appearance. 6. Every student in the class is c  of passing the exam. 7. Speak low, that you may not a  anybody. 8. We no longer talk of the  (永久) of marriage. 9. Physical fitness has now become an important  (要素)  in our lives. 10. An interesting  (特征) of the city is the old market.  11. It rained and  (因此) the football match was postponed. 12. We should make a concrete analysis of each  (具体的) question. Ⅱ. 单句语法 1. They are devoted to  (protect) the tradition of calligraphy.. 2. Heart of appreciation is of great  (significant) in our lives.  3. After days of   (reflect) she decided to write back.  4.  summary, this was a disappointing performance. 5. Young people are very s about their appearance. 6. It is  (universal) acknowledged that forests are indispensable to us. 7. I have never seen a case   only partner makes money. 8. He  (watch) TV when someone knocked at the door. 阅读理解 A Believe it or not, there are many strange things banned around the world. Black cars—Turkmenistan Trying to buy a new car in the central Asian country of Turkmenistan can be a tricky business due to numerous restrictions issued by President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov. Batir Turken, who is from Turkmenistan but lives in Dubal, explained, “For the country with 60℃ in summer, it is really strange and stupid—cars with black colors are banned, and dirty cars are not allowed to drive in the city.” He added, “Cars which are older than five years are banned, cars with a right-hand drive are banned, sports cars and two-door cars are banned, and cars with tinted(有色的) windows are banned.” Vacuum cleaners(真空吸尘器)Victoria—Australia No one likes a noisy neighbor, but the state of Victoria in Australia has introduced a set of rules about at what point during the day you can make noise including when you can vacuum. Sumit Gupta, Mumbai, India, said,“In Melbourne, Australia, vacuuming your house between 10 pm and 7am during weekdays and 10 pm and 9 am during the weekends is against the law.” Chewing gum—Singapore Singapore prohibits the sale and import of chewing gum,which makes it impossible for locals to get their hands on gum. However, exceptions are made for people who have medical conditions and need to chew gum. The ban began in 1992 and is still in effect. Running out of fuel—Germany People are not allowed to let their cars run out of fuel if they are driving on the autobahn(高速公路) in Germany. What complicates matters is that a person can’t walk along the highway to get some gas, as walking on the autobahn is also prohibited by law. Changing bulb—Victoria, Australia In Victoria, one of the most populous states in Australia, changing a light bulb is illegal unless you are a licensed electrician. People who disobey this law could receive a fine of up to AU$10(￡5.5). 21. Which kinds of cars are Not banned in Turkmenistan? A. cars used for six years B. cars with a left-hand drive C. cars with colored windows D. sports cars 22. What makes things complicated in Germany? A. Running out of fuel is forbidden in this country. B. Whoever walks on the autobahn is against the law. C. Dirty cars are not allowed to drive in the city. D. The ban of running out of fuel is out of effect now. 23. Which of the following is true? A. Batir Turken considers it an absurd idea to ban black cars in Turkmenistan. B. A person who is ill and needs to chew gum will be fined for chewing gum. C. You can change a light bulb as long as you handle with care. D. People vacuuming houses at midnight in Melbourne will be fined AU$10. B It was a morning in January. The jet stream (急流)had dipped down, causing the Arctic cold to reach the mountains of my home. It was only 2 degrees outside, but the cold wind made it feel like it was 15 below zero. Still, I was kneeling in the snow alongside my house trying to open a tiny door, so I eoukl get in. 1 had forgotten to leave my water dripping the night before and now my water pipes were frozen and my faucets(水龙头)were dry. The wind cut into me like a knife while I struggled to get two electric heaters in place around the section of frozen pipes. The waterlines were buried except for a small piece that connected up to my house. I put a heater on each side of it, ran the extension cords(软线)into my house and plugged them in. Both heaters roared to life and started blowing hot air on the frozen water pipes. My fingers had already started to go numb, so I stayed inside to wait. I could only hope that this bit of warmth could get my water flowing again. Finally, after twenty minutes, the water started flowing through my faucets again. I went back outside into the biller cold and gathered my heaters up. I looked at the weak January sun shining on the frozen snow and smiled. Then I sent a joy filled with "Thank you" heavenward and returned inside to make myself a hot breakfast. Sometimes the coldness of this life can get to us as well. It can make our hearts feel icy and frozen. It can keep our kindness and love from flowing out to others. Sometimes, though, all we need is a bit of warnth to get us going again. It can be a simple smile, a kind word, a heart-felt hug, a morning sunrise, a bird's song or any gentle reminder of just how much God loves us. Let us all be grateful for those bits of warmth that gel us going again. And let us all try to be that bit of wannth for others every chance we get. 24 What was the direct reason why the water pipes were frozen? A. The jet stream. B. The low temperature. C. The cold wind. D. The author ' s own carelessness. 25. Which of the following can replace the underlined phrase "roared to in Paragraph 2? A. Began functioning smoothly. B. Worked inappropriately. C. Broke down suddenly. D. Screamed out loudly. 26. What did the author think of his work? A. Embarassed. B. Satisfied. C. Mad with joy. D. Cautiously optimistic. 27. What is the last paragraph mainly centered on? A. The coldness of life has a negative effect on our life quality. B. We meet with the coldness of life unavoidably and unwillingly. C. We should be thankful for bits of warmth of life. D. We should seize every chance to receive warmth of life from others. 七选五 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Thinking about an overseas trip but concerning you might make a less worthy choice because you can't afford to visit all the places on your wish list before you make your final decision? ___36___With a bit of ingenuity(独创性) and a dash of wit, you can travel the world cheaply. ___37___Walk on the streets of a city, stop and chat with a local, or even climb to the top of a hill and watch the sun set over the ocean. The simple joy of being in a new place is just a matter of going someplace new. No tour package is required. Keep your needs to a minimum. People need fresh air, exercise, creative stimulation, companionship and self-esteem, etc. ___38___For fresh air, go outside. For exercise, take a walk. For creative stimulation, go somewhere new. For companionship, make a friend. For self-esteem, turn off your TV, breathe deep and open your spirit to the basic goodness of the world. Go slow. If you live in New York and want to take a two-week vacation to Africa, it will be very difficult to travel for free. Time is not money. Time is free. Instead of buying a plane ticket, take a train or bus, or just hop on your bike and ride away from town. ___39___ Try to get your accommodation for free or next-to-nothing. Find kind souls around the world who agree to offer an extra bedroom, couch, or corner of the floor to travelers in exchange for the same kindness when they visit your town. ___40___It works best if your home is in a place someone wants to visit and if your dates coincide. A. Embrace the simple joy of travel. B. The slower you travel, the less money you will spend. C. A lack of money doesn't necessarily mean you have to stay at home. D. All of these things are simple to obtain and most of them are free. E. Things like air and water are much cheaper once you get outside. F. This scheme involves trading homes for an agreed-upon amount of time. G. If you can do what needs to be done around the house, then you stay for free. 语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Some people think that porridge(粥) is not 56 (taste). But for me, porridge is delicious. It can be a convenient and very 57 (health) way to start a day. Porridge is a kind of food 58 (serve) for breakfast in China. It is usually a type of grain, like maize or oat, mixed with either milk or water. It is soft and sticky — 59 (thick) than liquid, but not solid. Porridge is very easy to digest, so it's very good for people 60 are ill. Porridge preparation — the amount of ingredients and cooking time — 61 (depend) on what you choose to use as your porridge base. If I'm cooking for myself I put some rolled oats in a pan, add some water and milk, and then let the mixture boiled. I stir the porridge constantly. Once it 62 (cook), the fun part is adding the favors. Porridge alone doesn't have 63 very strong flavor. Although some people think this makes porridge boring, I think this is 64 makes porridge exciting! It is like a blank piece of paper — you can add almost anything you want to the porridge base. Seeds, nuts and dried fruits are a very good 65 (choose) to add and can give you energy for the day. ( 1 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$