热点话题14 自然灾害与科学预防（话题阅读精练）英语高一通用版

热点话题14 自然灾害与科学预防 教材相关主题 教材 单元 主题 人教版必修第一册 Unit 4 Natural Disasters 外研版必修第三册 Unit 6 Disaster and hope 译林版必修第二册 Unit 2 Natural disasters 话题阅读精练 语篇 题型 内容简介 Passage 1 阅读理解 介绍了非洲的部分地区遭受了非常严重的蝗虫灾害，造成了很大的损失。 Passage 2 阅读理解 介绍智利阿库莱奥湖的消失、暂时恢复及相关研究，分析水使用对其的影响。 Passage 3 阅读理解 介绍了英国遭遇历史最高温，热浪肆虐导致火灾频发、交通中断等一系列问题。 Passage 4 阅读理解 介绍了地震的持续时间、造成的破坏、成因及相关科学解释等。 Passage 5 阅读理解 讲述了印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛因暴雨引发山体滑坡，导致人员伤亡事件等。 Passage 6 阅读理解 讲述了野火烟雾对健康的危害，分析了其成分、来源等。 主题简析素材积累 本阅读理解专题的主题语境为 “自然灾害与科学预防”，该主题在英语课程标准中是关于 “人与自然” 主题群下的子话题。在当今社会，自然灾害频繁发生，如地震、洪水、台风、火灾等，给人类的生命财产安全带来了巨大威胁。因此，了解自然灾害的成因、特点以及如何科学预防和应对，具有极其重要的现实意义。通过对这一主题的学习，学生不仅能够丰富关于自然灾害的知识，还能提升运用英语获取和交流相关信息的能力，同时增强对自然的敬畏之心以及科学预防灾害的意识，培养在面对自然灾害时的自我保护能力和社会责任感。 句子积累 Natural disasters, such as earthquakes and floods, often cause great damage to people's lives and property.（像地震和洪水这样的自然灾害常常给人们的生命和财产造成巨大损失。） It is reported that a severe typhoon is approaching the coastal area.（据报道，一场强台风正在逼近沿海地区。） When an earthquake occurs, people should stay calm and find a safe place to hide.（当地震发生时，人们应该保持冷静并找到一个安全的地方躲避。） In order to prevent floods, we should plant more trees to keep the soil in place.（为了预防洪水，我们应该种植更多的树来保持土壤。） The government has taken a series of measures to deal with the aftermath of the disaster.（政府已经采取了一系列措施来处理灾难的后果。） Thanks to the early warning system, many people were able to evacuate in time before the hurricane hit.（多亏了预警系统，许多人在飓风来袭前得以及时疏散。） After the wildfire, a large area of forest was left in ruins.（野火过后，大片森林沦为废墟。） Scientists are constantly studying the causes of natural disasters to better predict and prevent them.（科学家们正在不断研究自然灾害的成因，以便更好地预测和预防它们。） During a drought, water shortage becomes a serious problem for people and animals.（在干旱期间，缺水对人和动物来说成为一个严重的问题。） The landslide was triggered by heavy rainfall, blocking the road and causing traffic jams.（山体滑坡是由暴雨引发的，堵塞了道路并造成了交通堵塞。） 必备词块 natural disaster 自然灾害 earthquake 地震 flood 洪水 typhoon 台风 hurricane 飓风 tornado 龙卷风 tsunami 海啸 volcanic eruption 火山喷发 landslide 山体滑坡 drought 干旱 wildfire 野火 disaster prevention 灾害预防 disaster relief 赈灾 emergency response 应急响应 rescue work 救援工作 evacuation route 疏散路线 first aid 急救 early warning system 预警系统 climate change 气候变化 environmental protection 环境保护 实战演练 Passage 1 Parts of Africa are covered by a dark cloud. But this is no rain cloud. It is a living cloud made of billions of locusts (蝗虫) that are traveling across the continent eating everything in their path. And now in the battle to stop this disaster, a radio station in Senegal, West Africa, is offering listeners 50 kilograms of rice if they can catch and kill 50 kilograms of locusts. “We think this idea will get more people to take part in the war on the locusts”,  said Abdoulaye Ba, from Sud­FM, a radio station in one of Senegal’s worst affected areas. This is West Africa’s biggest locust disaster in 15 years, and it is moving east, causing huge damage to crops. As they move, they produce young and increase their number and will soon threaten (威胁) Sudan in the northeast of Africa. Some say it could reach Asia. Experts say the harmful effect on crops in areas already suffering from food shortages and war could cause many people to go hungry. Governments in the areas are not well equipped to fight the pest. Although leaders of 12 countries have agreed on a plan, it is not expected to be enough. “We are now treating 6,000 hectares (公顷) per day with pesticide (杀虫剂), but we need to treat 20,000 hectares per day in order to have any hope of controlling this disaster, ” said Mohamed Abdallahi Ould Babah, director of locust control in Mauritania. “Requests are being made for international aid, which is the only way to limit the disaster, ” the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization warned. 1．What’s the author’s intention by using “a dark cloud” to describe locusts in the first  paragraph? A．To show the size and speed of the mass of locusts. B．To suggest the great damage that locusts can cause. C．To warn that locusts may sweep the continent like rain clouds. D．Both A and B． 2．The passage is mainly about          . A．West Africa’s united effort in fighting a disaster B．the difficulty in controlling locusts C．how locusts caused great damage to West Africa D．a struggle to fight against a disaster brought by locusts in West Africa 3．What can we know about the locust disaster? A．It will be even more serious in Asia. B．It is out of control. C．It is affecting only the warning areas. D．It cannot be stopped unless twice as much pesticide is provided for the affected areas. 4．Which of the following isn’t mentioned? A．A radio station offers a reward for fighting locusts so that more people will join in the effort. B．Senegal is to the west of Sudan. C．The locusts can cause such damage mainly because they have no natural enemy in West Africa. D．12 countries affected by locusts have united. Passage 2 Background Mediterranean ecosystems globally are experiencing intensified water shortage due to climate change. A critical case is Chile’s Aculeo Lagoon, the largest natural freshwater body in central Chile’s biodiverse hotspot. Formed 18,000 years ago, it supported local agriculture and tourism until its complete disappearance in 2018. Despite refilling in 2024 after two extremely wet years, scientists warn this recovery may be temporary. This study quantifies the roles of declared water rights and nondeclared water extractions in the lagoon’s demise, using a novel water balance approach. Methodology Researchers identified water sources through geospatial mapping, including: •Declared uses: Officially permitted water rights. •Undeclared uses: Unregulated swimming pools and farm dams. •An annual water balance analysis(accounting for runoff and efficiency scenarios) was combined with statistical correlation tests. Statistics and Flow Chart Water Use Type 2010 Volume 2024 Volume Increase Declared allocations 229.1 L/s 429.4 L/s +87.4% Swimming pools(nondeclared) 1.2 L/s 6.2 L/s +421% Farm dams(nondeclared) 0.27±0.1L/s 28.5 L/s >100× Total consumption 230.6L/s 464.1L/s ▲ Critical Conclusions •No significant correlation found between lagoon area and runoff(p>0.05) •Strong negative correlation with total water use(p=0.017) •Post-2024 risk remains extreme: ◆Water demand still exceeds 450 L/s ◆Climate models predict 30% less runoff by 2030 Ecological Implications As a key biodiversity refuge, the lagoon’s potential re-drying threatens 17 endemic species. This case demonstrates how climate change intensifies anthropogenic (人为的) pressures, urging immediate policy interventions on illegal extractions. 1．What may cause the lagoon refilling? A．Human over-exploitation. B．La Niñ a phenomenon. C．Mediterranean ecosystems. D．E1 Niño phenomenon. 2．Why did they combine water balance approach with geospatial mapping? A．To prove that rainfall alone determines the lagoon’s water levels. B．To quantify if runoff inflow depends on Water use and Net water balance. C．To analyze how climate variability and water use affect basin water balance. D．To visually demonstrate the negative correlation between lagoon area and runoff. 3．What is the percentage increase in total water consumption from 2010 to 2024? A．+101.3%. B．+231.34%. C．+49.68%. D．+46.15% Passage 3 LONDON — The U. K. recorded its highestever temperatures Tuesday with readings of over 104 degrees Fahrenheit, as a heat wave scorched the nation and caused fires around the capital. During the day, at least 34 places across the country broke the previous record. Several blazes broke out across London — including a large fire in a residential area. London Mayor Sadiq Khan said on Twitter that the fire brigade was under “immense pressure,” and warned citizens to stay safe. Tuesday has been the second successive day of extremely hot weather in the nation. The U. K. government has declared a national emergency, while the national meteorological (气象的) service, the Met Office, started its first-ever “red extreme heat warning” across England. Nationwide, schools and summer camps have closed, hospitals have canceled routine visits and transport has been disrupted, with many railways and the London subway system urging customers to stay at home. The heat warped (使变形) runways at U. K. airports on Monday, forcing Luton Airport to stop all flights until early evening. The Met office has warned against melting asphalt (沥青) on roads and has advised citizens not to travel. “In this country we’re used to treating a hot spell as a chance to go and play in the sun,” said Penny Endersby, chief executive at the Met Office, in a press release. “This is not that sort of weather.” Scientists have warned that climate change is likely to make weather of this severity more common. Dr Friederike Otto, a climate scientist at Imperial College London, said, “It would have been almost impossible to see temperatures of 40 degrees in London without climate change.” 1．What does the underlined word “scorched” mean in the first paragraph? A．Flooded. B．Blew. C．Burned. D．Warmed. 2．What do we know about the heat in U. K. according to the passage? A．No more than 34 places broke the previous temperature record. B．Tuesday was the first day of extremely hot weather in the country. C．The highest temperature readings was over 104 degrees Celsius. D．Some fires broke out in London because of the burning weather. 3．Why has the Met office advised citizens not to travel? A．Because the heat damaged runways at U. K. airports. B．Because of the first-ever red extreme heat warning. C．Because the fire brigade was under big pressure. D．Because the awful heat has melted asphalt on roads. 4．What can we learn from what Dr Friederike Otto said? A．Londoners are used to playing outside in the sun. B．Climate has changed and caused burning weather. C．This kind of climate is less likely to happen again. D．This weather is not suitable to outdoor activities. Passage 4 Earthquakes are terrifying, even if they are usually brief. Within a few seconds they can do widespread destruction, causing great structural damage, shifting landmasses, and triggering tsunamis. Not all earthquakes are so short-lived, either. Earthquakes can last for minutes and even longer. Some slow-slip events, which may be related to earthquakes, can even last decades. What causes an earthquake to last so long? In 2004, a 9.1 to 9.3 magnitude earthquake rocked the Indonesian island of Sumatra. A quarter of a million people died or went missing in the tsunami that followed. It was one of the strongest and longest earthquakes recorded, with shaking lasting for 10 minutes. The 1960 Valdivia earthquake in Chile was the strongest ever recorded, with a magnitude from 9.4 to 9.6. The fault (断层) that ruptured was anywhere from 500 to 1,000 km long, and the resulting earthquake left about 2 million people homeless. Both of these were what is called megathrust earthquakes, and they happen when one tectonic plate (大陆板块) slips under another. As one plate sinks, sometimes it gets stuck. Tension builds as the plates accumulate energy. Eventually, this tension is released. These are the world’s most powerful earthquakes, and unfortunately, they are often some of the longest as well. In general, the stronger the earthquake, the longer it is. As a general rule, the size and duration of an earthquake depend on the length of the fault that slips. When an earthquake begins, we do not necessarily know how big it will be or how long it will last. “You can think about an earthquake like a crack that grows over time,” explains an American geophysicist. “Like on your windshield, you get a little crack and then it grows, it grows, it grows. Well, an earthquake essentially does the same thing.” While earthquakes are terrifying to live through, they are also a sign of a dynamic and living planet. Understanding where, when, how strong, and how long earthquakes are can help us to better understand why they happen. Perhaps one day, we may even be able to predict them. 1．According to the passage, what kind of destruction may earthquakes bring? A．Great structural damage and climate change. B．Landmass shifts and tsunami occurrence. C．Species extinction and water pollution. D．People’s homelessness and global warming. 2．How is Paragraph 3 developed? A．By providing definitions or explanations. B．By making comparisons and contrasts. C．By using a narrative or chronological order. D．By explaining the cause and effect. 3．Why are the physicist’s words mentioned in Paragraph 4? A．To remind us of the severity of cracks in the windshield. B．To prove the danger that earthquakes bring to humans. C．To help us better understand the nature of earthquakes. D．To emphasize the extremely long duration of earthquakes. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards earthquakes? A．Optimistic. B．Pessimistic. C．Objective. D．Indifferent. Passage 5 Seven people have died in a landslide caused by pouring rains in Indonesia’s Sumatra island, officials said on Thursday, adding to the death toll (死亡人数) from landslides in the region this week. Rescuers recovered the bodies of the victims, including a driver and passengers, from a tourist bus that was covered by trees, mud, and rocks in the landslide on the road from Medan city to Berastagi town in Indonesia’s North Sumatra province. The route is the main access from the capital Medan to other districts in the region. The bus was among vehicles that had been cut off by landslides on the road since Wednesday morning. More than 10 people were also injured and have been relocated to the hospital in Medan city. Muji Ediyanto, traffic director of the North Sumatra Regional Police, said in a video message distributed by Indonesia’s National Search and Rescue Agency on Thursday that some vehicles remain trapped between the landslide locations along that road. “It will take at least two days to withdraw them from the landslide. Several vehicles are still trapped by piles from the landslides. There are also fallen trees at several points and landslides and the vehicles have not been able to get out of the locations,” Ediyanto said. Earlier this week, 20 people died after flash floods and landslides at four locations in the mountainsides of North Sumatra province, including Karo regency that is located less than 20 kilometers from the most-recent landslide location. Seasonal rains from around October through to March frequently cause flooding and landslides in Indonesia, an archipelago (群岛) of 17,000 islands where millions of people live in mountainous areas or near fertile (肥沃的) flood plains. 1．What happened to the tourist bus? A．It was hit by fallen rocks alone. B．It disappeared in sudden flash floods. C．Most passengers in it were rescued immediately. D．It was buried by a mixture of mud and stones. 2．Why will road clearance take two days? A．Fallen trees block the roadway. B．Rescue tools are insufficient. C．Landslides are still occurring. D．The injured hold up the traffic. 3．What can we learn about landslides in Indonesia? A．They often happen in urban areas. B．They are predictable and preventable. C．They primarily affect agricultural land. D．They are common during certain months. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Flash Floods Made 20 People Lose Their Life B．Seasonal Rains Damage Facilities in Indonesia C．Landslides Cause Heavy Death Loss in Indonesia D．Rescuers Perform Operations on Medan-Berastagi Road Passage 6 Last month, a series of wildfires broke out in southern California, killing dozens of people. The clouds of smoke can even be seen from space. People of many fire-prone (容易起火的) areas as well as those far downwind have grown familiar with the thick, orange smoke. Such smoke can contain an unpredictable chemicals linked with heart and lung diseases and even cancer. Here’s what makes wild-fire smoke so dangerous. When organic matter like trees burns, it releases CO2, water, heat and, depending on the available fuel, various chemicals and particles (颗粒) . Those tiny particles, which float in the air, can include metals, dust and more. If they’re smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (直径), they can get through our body’s natural defenses when breathed in and go deep into the lungs, causing many health problems. Such particles, called PM2.5, is a common pollutant. It’s also created by motor vehicles and industrial plants. But the type present in wildfire smoke can be much more harmful to the human body. When a fire breaks out in an urban area, it destroys homes, offices, cars and other facilities. In other words, more stuff is burned. Paints, metals and more can release many kinds of harmful chemicals. A 2023 study found that the quantity of harmful chemicals released during urban wildfires was more than 1,000 times larger than that in fires happening in woodland areas. What’s worse, over time, the smoke is exposed to sunlight. The radiation can cause a set of reactions that usually result in other pollutants. Then, as smoke containing these chemicals travels and settles over other cities, it can mix with even more local pollution. Research also suggests that those chemicals and particles, both possibly harmful, can combine to make their respective health risks even worse. 1．What is the main topic of the text? A．The causes of wildfires. B．Climate change impact. C．Preventing urban wildfires. D．Health risks of wildfire smoke. 2．Why is PM2.5 from wildfire smoke dangerous? A．It enters the lungs. B．It travels far. C．It’s larger in size. D．It’s only from fires. 3．What’s a key difference between urban and woodland wildfires? A．Urban fires affect more trees. B．Urban fires burn less material. C．Urban fires release more pollutants. D．Urban fires produce less smoke. 4．What will probably happen when wildfire smoke is exposed to sunlight? A．It changes color. B．It becomes harmless. C．It quickly disappears. D．It forms other pollutants. 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 6 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 热点话题14 自然灾害与科学预防 教材相关主题 教材 单元 主题 人教版必修第一册 Unit 4 Natural Disasters 外研版必修第三册 Unit 6 Disaster and hope 译林版必修第二册 Unit 2 Natural disasters 话题阅读精练 语篇 题型 内容简介 Passage 1 阅读理解 介绍了非洲的部分地区遭受了非常严重的蝗虫灾害，造成了很大的损失。 Passage 2 阅读理解 介绍智利阿库莱奥湖的消失、暂时恢复及相关研究，分析水使用对其的影响。 Passage 3 阅读理解 介绍了英国遭遇历史最高温，热浪肆虐导致火灾频发、交通中断等一系列问题。 Passage 4 阅读理解 介绍了地震的持续时间、造成的破坏、成因及相关科学解释等。 Passage 5 阅读理解 讲述了印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛因暴雨引发山体滑坡，导致人员伤亡事件等。 Passage 6 阅读理解 讲述了野火烟雾对健康的危害，分析了其成分、来源等。 主题简析素材积累 本阅读理解专题的主题语境为 “自然灾害与科学预防”，该主题在英语课程标准中是关于 “人与自然” 主题群下的子话题。在当今社会，自然灾害频繁发生，如地震、洪水、台风、火灾等，给人类的生命财产安全带来了巨大威胁。因此，了解自然灾害的成因、特点以及如何科学预防和应对，具有极其重要的现实意义。通过对这一主题的学习，学生不仅能够丰富关于自然灾害的知识，还能提升运用英语获取和交流相关信息的能力，同时增强对自然的敬畏之心以及科学预防灾害的意识，培养在面对自然灾害时的自我保护能力和社会责任感。 句子积累 Natural disasters, such as earthquakes and floods, often cause great damage to people's lives and property.（像地震和洪水这样的自然灾害常常给人们的生命和财产造成巨大损失。） It is reported that a severe typhoon is approaching the coastal area.（据报道，一场强台风正在逼近沿海地区。） When an earthquake occurs, people should stay calm and find a safe place to hide.（当地震发生时，人们应该保持冷静并找到一个安全的地方躲避。） In order to prevent floods, we should plant more trees to keep the soil in place.（为了预防洪水，我们应该种植更多的树来保持土壤。） The government has taken a series of measures to deal with the aftermath of the disaster.（政府已经采取了一系列措施来处理灾难的后果。） Thanks to the early warning system, many people were able to evacuate in time before the hurricane hit.（多亏了预警系统，许多人在飓风来袭前得以及时疏散。） After the wildfire, a large area of forest was left in ruins.（野火过后，大片森林沦为废墟。） Scientists are constantly studying the causes of natural disasters to better predict and prevent them.（科学家们正在不断研究自然灾害的成因，以便更好地预测和预防它们。） During a drought, water shortage becomes a serious problem for people and animals.（在干旱期间，缺水对人和动物来说成为一个严重的问题。） The landslide was triggered by heavy rainfall, blocking the road and causing traffic jams.（山体滑坡是由暴雨引发的，堵塞了道路并造成了交通堵塞。） 必备词块 natural disaster 自然灾害 earthquake 地震 flood 洪水 typhoon 台风 hurricane 飓风 tornado 龙卷风 tsunami 海啸 volcanic eruption 火山喷发 landslide 山体滑坡 drought 干旱 wildfire 野火 disaster prevention 灾害预防 disaster relief 赈灾 emergency response 应急响应 rescue work 救援工作 evacuation route 疏散路线 first aid 急救 early warning system 预警系统 climate change 气候变化 environmental protection 环境保护 实战演练 Passage 1 Parts of Africa are covered by a dark cloud. But this is no rain cloud. It is a living cloud made of billions of locusts (蝗虫) that are traveling across the continent eating everything in their path. And now in the battle to stop this disaster, a radio station in Senegal, West Africa, is offering listeners 50 kilograms of rice if they can catch and kill 50 kilograms of locusts. “We think this idea will get more people to take part in the war on the locusts”,  said Abdoulaye Ba, from Sud­FM, a radio station in one of Senegal’s worst affected areas. This is West Africa’s biggest locust disaster in 15 years, and it is moving east, causing huge damage to crops. As they move, they produce young and increase their number and will soon threaten (威胁) Sudan in the northeast of Africa. Some say it could reach Asia. Experts say the harmful effect on crops in areas already suffering from food shortages and war could cause many people to go hungry. Governments in the areas are not well equipped to fight the pest. Although leaders of 12 countries have agreed on a plan, it is not expected to be enough. “We are now treating 6,000 hectares (公顷) per day with pesticide (杀虫剂), but we need to treat 20,000 hectares per day in order to have any hope of controlling this disaster, ” said Mohamed Abdallahi Ould Babah, director of locust control in Mauritania. “Requests are being made for international aid, which is the only way to limit the disaster, ” the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization warned. 1．What’s the author’s intention by using “a dark cloud” to describe locusts in the first  paragraph? A．To show the size and speed of the mass of locusts. B．To suggest the great damage that locusts can cause. C．To warn that locusts may sweep the continent like rain clouds. D．Both A and B． 2．The passage is mainly about          . A．West Africa’s united effort in fighting a disaster B．the difficulty in controlling locusts C．how locusts caused great damage to West Africa D．a struggle to fight against a disaster brought by locusts in West Africa 3．What can we know about the locust disaster? A．It will be even more serious in Asia. B．It is out of control. C．It is affecting only the warning areas. D．It cannot be stopped unless twice as much pesticide is provided for the affected areas. 4．Which of the following isn’t mentioned? A．A radio station offers a reward for fighting locusts so that more people will join in the effort. B．Senegal is to the west of Sudan. C．The locusts can cause such damage mainly because they have no natural enemy in West Africa. D．12 countries affected by locusts have united. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了非洲的部分地区遭受了非常严重的蝗虫灾害，造成了很大的损失。现在政府及其他国家的领袖都已经采取措施，展开行动，消灭蝗虫。电台也呼吁更多的人加入到与蝗虫的战斗中来。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Parts of Africa are covered by a dark cloud. But this is no rain cloud. It is a living cloud made of billions of locusts (蝗虫) that are traveling across the continent eating everything in their path.(非洲部分地区被乌云覆盖。但这不是雨云。这是一个由数十亿蝗虫组成的活云，它们在非洲大陆上旅行，吃掉它们所经过的一切。)”可推知，作者在第一段用“乌云”来形容蝗虫，以显示蝗虫群的大小和速度，并暗示蝗虫可能造成的巨大破坏。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Parts of Africa are covered by a dark cloud. But this is no rain cloud. It is a living cloud made of billions of locusts (蝗虫) that are traveling across the continent eating everything in their path.(非洲部分地区被乌云覆盖。但这不是雨云。这是一个由数十亿蝗虫组成的活云，它们在非洲大陆上旅行，吃掉它们所经过的一切。)”及下文对于蝗虫灾害进行的措施介绍可知，文章主要讲述的是与西非蝗虫带来的灾难作斗争的故事。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Governments in the areas are not well equipped to fight the pest.(这些地区的政府没有很好的装备来对抗这种害虫。)”及第四段““We are now treating 6,000 hectares (公顷) per day with pesticide (杀虫剂), but we need to treat 20,000 hectares per day in order to have any hope of controlling this disaster, ” said Mohamed Abdallahi Ould Babah, director of locust control in Mauritania.(“我们现在每天用杀虫剂处理6000公顷的土地，但是我们每天需要处理2万公顷的土地，才能有希望控制这场灾难，”毛里塔尼亚蝗虫控制主任Mohamed Abdallahi Ould Babah说。)”可知，蝗虫灾害目前失去了控制。故选B项。 4．细节理解题。根据第二段“And now in the battle to stop this disaster, a radio station in Senegal, West Africa, is offering listeners 50 kilograms of rice if they can catch and kill 50 kilograms of locusts.(现在，为了阻止这场灾难，如果人们能捕捉并杀死50公斤蝗虫，西非塞内加尔的一家广播电台向听众提供50公斤大米。)”可知，一家广播电台为抗击蝗虫提供奖励，以便更多的人加入到这项工作中来；根据第三段“As they move, they produce young and increase their number and will soon threaten (威胁) Sudan in the northeast of Africa.(随着它们的迁徙，它们会繁殖后代，增加数量，很快就会威胁到非洲东北部的苏丹。)”可知，塞内加尔在苏丹的西面；根据第四段“Although leaders of 12 countries have agreed on a plan, it is not expected to be enough.(虽然12个国家的领导人已经就一项计划达成一致，但预计这还不够。)”可知，12个受蝗灾影响的国家联合起来了。由此可知，文章没有提到C选项The locusts can cause such damage mainly because they have no natural enemy in West Africa.(蝗虫之所以能造成这样的破坏，主要是因为它在西非没有天敌。)。故选C项。 Passage 2 Background Mediterranean ecosystems globally are experiencing intensified water shortage due to climate change. A critical case is Chile’s Aculeo Lagoon, the largest natural freshwater body in central Chile’s biodiverse hotspot. Formed 18,000 years ago, it supported local agriculture and tourism until its complete disappearance in 2018. Despite refilling in 2024 after two extremely wet years, scientists warn this recovery may be temporary. This study quantifies the roles of declared water rights and nondeclared water extractions in the lagoon’s demise, using a novel water balance approach. Methodology Researchers identified water sources through geospatial mapping, including: •Declared uses: Officially permitted water rights. •Undeclared uses: Unregulated swimming pools and farm dams. •An annual water balance analysis(accounting for runoff and efficiency scenarios) was combined with statistical correlation tests. Statistics and Flow Chart Water Use Type 2010 Volume 2024 Volume Increase Declared allocations 229.1 L/s 429.4 L/s +87.4% Swimming pools(nondeclared) 1.2 L/s 6.2 L/s +421% Farm dams(nondeclared) 0.27±0.1L/s 28.5 L/s >100× Total consumption 230.6L/s 464.1L/s ▲ Critical Conclusions •No significant correlation found between lagoon area and runoff(p>0.05) •Strong negative correlation with total water use(p=0.017) •Post-2024 risk remains extreme: ◆Water demand still exceeds 450 L/s ◆Climate models predict 30% less runoff by 2030 Ecological Implications As a key biodiversity refuge, the lagoon’s potential re-drying threatens 17 endemic species. This case demonstrates how climate change intensifies anthropogenic (人为的) pressures, urging immediate policy interventions on illegal extractions. 1．What may cause the lagoon refilling? A．Human over-exploitation. B．La Niñ a phenomenon. C．Mediterranean ecosystems. D．E1 Niño phenomenon. 2．Why did they combine water balance approach with geospatial mapping? A．To prove that rainfall alone determines the lagoon’s water levels. B．To quantify if runoff inflow depends on Water use and Net water balance. C．To analyze how climate variability and water use affect basin water balance. D．To visually demonstrate the negative correlation between lagoon area and runoff. 3．What is the percentage increase in total water consumption from 2010 to 2024? A．+101.3%. B．+231.34%. C．+49.68%. D．+46.15% 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 【解析】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍智利阿库莱奥湖的消失、暂时恢复及相关研究，分析水使用对其的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据Background中的“Despite refilling in 2024 after two extremely wet years, scientists warn this recovery may be temporary.(尽管在经历了两年极端湿润的年份后，该湖在2024年重新蓄水，但科学家警告说，这种恢复可能是暂时的。)”可知，极端湿润的年份可能是厄尔尼诺现象（El Niño phenomenon）导致的，它常带来强降水，可能使湖泊重新蓄水。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据Methodology中的“Researchers identified water sources through geospatial mapping... An annual water balance analysis（accounting for runoff and efficiency scenarios）was combined with statistical correlation tests.(研究人员通过地理空间映射确定水源……年度水平衡分析（考虑径流和效率情景）与统计相关性测试相结合。)”以及Critical Conclusions中关于湖泊面积与径流、总用水量的相关性分析，可推断结合水平衡方法和地理空间映射是为了分析气候变化和用水如何影响流域水平衡。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据Statistics and Flow Chart中的数据，2010年总用水量为230.6 L/s，2024年为464.1 L/s。计算增长百分比：（464.1 - 230.6）÷ 230.6 × 100% ≈ 101.3%。即根据图表中的“Total consumption    230.6L/s    464.1L/s    ▲(总消耗量230.6 升/秒 464.1 升/秒 ▲)”可知，总用水量的增长百分比约为+101.3%。故选A项。 Passage 3 LONDON — The U. K. recorded its highestever temperatures Tuesday with readings of over 104 degrees Fahrenheit, as a heat wave scorched the nation and caused fires around the capital. During the day, at least 34 places across the country broke the previous record. Several blazes broke out across London — including a large fire in a residential area. London Mayor Sadiq Khan said on Twitter that the fire brigade was under “immense pressure,” and warned citizens to stay safe. Tuesday has been the second successive day of extremely hot weather in the nation. The U. K. government has declared a national emergency, while the national meteorological (气象的) service, the Met Office, started its first-ever “red extreme heat warning” across England. Nationwide, schools and summer camps have closed, hospitals have canceled routine visits and transport has been disrupted, with many railways and the London subway system urging customers to stay at home. The heat warped (使变形) runways at U. K. airports on Monday, forcing Luton Airport to stop all flights until early evening. The Met office has warned against melting asphalt (沥青) on roads and has advised citizens not to travel. “In this country we’re used to treating a hot spell as a chance to go and play in the sun,” said Penny Endersby, chief executive at the Met Office, in a press release. “This is not that sort of weather.” Scientists have warned that climate change is likely to make weather of this severity more common. Dr Friederike Otto, a climate scientist at Imperial College London, said, “It would have been almost impossible to see temperatures of 40 degrees in London without climate change.” 1．What does the underlined word “scorched” mean in the first paragraph? A．Flooded. B．Blew. C．Burned. D．Warmed. 2．What do we know about the heat in U. K. according to the passage? A．No more than 34 places broke the previous temperature record. B．Tuesday was the first day of extremely hot weather in the country. C．The highest temperature readings was over 104 degrees Celsius. D．Some fires broke out in London because of the burning weather. 3．Why has the Met office advised citizens not to travel? A．Because the heat damaged runways at U. K. airports. B．Because of the first-ever red extreme heat warning. C．Because the fire brigade was under big pressure. D．Because the awful heat has melted asphalt on roads. 4．What can we learn from what Dr Friederike Otto said? A．Londoners are used to playing outside in the sun. B．Climate has changed and caused burning weather. C．This kind of climate is less likely to happen again. D．This weather is not suitable to outdoor activities. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．B 【解析】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要介绍了英国遭遇历史最高温，热浪肆虐导致火灾频发、交通中断等一系列问题，同时科学家指出气候变化可能使此类极端天气更为常见。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词后的“caused fires around the capital (在首都周围引发火灾)”可知，热浪的威力很大，能引发火灾，由此可推测“scorched”的含义应与“燃烧、炙烤”相关，与“Burned (燃烧)”意义相近。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The U. K. recorded its highestever temperatures Tuesday with readings of over 104 degrees Fahrenheit, as a heat wave scorched the nation and caused fires around the capital. (周二，英国录得有史以来最高气温，超过104华氏度，一股热浪席卷全国，并在首都周边引发火灾)”以及第二段中“Several blazes broke out across London — including a large fire in a residential area. (伦敦各地发生了多起火灾，包括一个居民区的大火)”可知，由于酷热天气，伦敦发生了一些火灾。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“The Met office has warned against melting asphalt (沥青) on roads and has advised citizens not to travel. (气象局警告路面沥青可能融化，并建议市民不要出行)”可知，气象局建议市民不要出行是因为酷热已导致路面沥青融化。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Dr Friederike Otto所说的“It would have been almost impossible to see temperatures of 40 degrees in London without climate change. (如果没有气候变化，伦敦几乎不可能出现40度的高温)”可推知，气候变化导致了这种酷热天气。故选B项。 Passage 4 Earthquakes are terrifying, even if they are usually brief. Within a few seconds they can do widespread destruction, causing great structural damage, shifting landmasses, and triggering tsunamis. Not all earthquakes are so short-lived, either. Earthquakes can last for minutes and even longer. Some slow-slip events, which may be related to earthquakes, can even last decades. What causes an earthquake to last so long? In 2004, a 9.1 to 9.3 magnitude earthquake rocked the Indonesian island of Sumatra. A quarter of a million people died or went missing in the tsunami that followed. It was one of the strongest and longest earthquakes recorded, with shaking lasting for 10 minutes. The 1960 Valdivia earthquake in Chile was the strongest ever recorded, with a magnitude from 9.4 to 9.6. The fault (断层) that ruptured was anywhere from 500 to 1,000 km long, and the resulting earthquake left about 2 million people homeless. Both of these were what is called megathrust earthquakes, and they happen when one tectonic plate (大陆板块) slips under another. As one plate sinks, sometimes it gets stuck. Tension builds as the plates accumulate energy. Eventually, this tension is released. These are the world’s most powerful earthquakes, and unfortunately, they are often some of the longest as well. In general, the stronger the earthquake, the longer it is. As a general rule, the size and duration of an earthquake depend on the length of the fault that slips. When an earthquake begins, we do not necessarily know how big it will be or how long it will last. “You can think about an earthquake like a crack that grows over time,” explains an American geophysicist. “Like on your windshield, you get a little crack and then it grows, it grows, it grows. Well, an earthquake essentially does the same thing.” While earthquakes are terrifying to live through, they are also a sign of a dynamic and living planet. Understanding where, when, how strong, and how long earthquakes are can help us to better understand why they happen. Perhaps one day, we may even be able to predict them. 1．According to the passage, what kind of destruction may earthquakes bring? A．Great structural damage and climate change. B．Landmass shifts and tsunami occurrence. C．Species extinction and water pollution. D．People’s homelessness and global warming. 2．How is Paragraph 3 developed? A．By providing definitions or explanations. B．By making comparisons and contrasts. C．By using a narrative or chronological order. D．By explaining the cause and effect. 3．Why are the physicist’s words mentioned in Paragraph 4? A．To remind us of the severity of cracks in the windshield. B．To prove the danger that earthquakes bring to humans. C．To help us better understand the nature of earthquakes. D．To emphasize the extremely long duration of earthquakes. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards earthquakes? A．Optimistic. B．Pessimistic. C．Objective. D．Indifferent. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍地震的持续时间、造成的破坏、成因及相关科学解释，强调对地震的研究意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Within a few seconds they can do widespread destruction, causing great structural damage, shifting landmasses, and triggering tsunamis.(短短几秒钟内，地震就能造成大范围破坏，导致严重的建筑结构损坏、地表板块位移，还会引发海啸)”可知，地震可能带来地表板块移动和海啸发生等破坏。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Both of these were what is called megathrust earthquakes, and they happen when one tectonic plate (大陆板块)slips under another. As one plate sinks, sometimes it gets stuck. Tension builds as the plates accumulate energy. Eventually, this tension is released.(这两次都是所谓的超大逆冲地震，当一个大陆板块滑到另一个之下时就会发生。当一个板块下沉时，有时会被卡住。随着板块积累能量，张力逐渐增大。最终，这种张力被释放出来)”可知，该段先说明超大逆冲地震的发生情况，再解释其成因（板块运动导致张力积累与释放），是通过因果关系展开的。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“As a general rule, the size and duration of an earthquake depend on the length of the fault that slips. When an earthquake begins, we do not necessarily know how big it will be or how long it will last. “You can think about an earthquake like a crack that grows over time,” explains an American geophysicist.(一般来说，地震的规模和持续时间取决于滑动断层的长度。地震开始时，我们并不一定知道它会有多大或持续多久。一位美国地球物理学家解释说：“你可以把地震想象成一条随时间不断扩大的裂缝。”)”可推知，引用物理学家的话是为了用裂缝扩大的比喻帮助读者更好地理解地震的本质（规模和持续时间随断层滑动而变化）。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其第一段中“Earthquakes are terrifying, even if they are usually brief. Within a few seconds they can do widespread destruction, causing great structural damage, shifting landmasses, and triggering tsunamis.(地震是可怕的，即便它们通常很短暂。短短几秒钟内，地震就能造成大范围破坏，导致严重的建筑结构损坏、地表板块位移，还会引发海啸)”客观描述了地震的恐怖和破坏性。结合最后一段提到“While earthquakes are terrifying to live through, they are also a sign of a dynamic and living planet. Understanding where, when, how strong, and how long earthquakes are can help us to better understand why they happen. Perhaps one day, we may even be able to predict them.(虽然经历地震很可怕，但它们也是地球充满活力的标志。了解地震发生的地点、时间、强度和持续时间，有助于我们更好地理解其发生的原因。也许有一天，我们甚至能够预测地震)”可知，作者既没有对地震表现出乐观或悲观的情绪，也没有表现出冷漠，而是从事实出发，既说明地震的危害，也阐述其作为地球动态的体现及研究价值，整体态度客观中立。故选C项。 Passage 5 Seven people have died in a landslide caused by pouring rains in Indonesia’s Sumatra island, officials said on Thursday, adding to the death toll (死亡人数) from landslides in the region this week. Rescuers recovered the bodies of the victims, including a driver and passengers, from a tourist bus that was covered by trees, mud, and rocks in the landslide on the road from Medan city to Berastagi town in Indonesia’s North Sumatra province. The route is the main access from the capital Medan to other districts in the region. The bus was among vehicles that had been cut off by landslides on the road since Wednesday morning. More than 10 people were also injured and have been relocated to the hospital in Medan city. Muji Ediyanto, traffic director of the North Sumatra Regional Police, said in a video message distributed by Indonesia’s National Search and Rescue Agency on Thursday that some vehicles remain trapped between the landslide locations along that road. “It will take at least two days to withdraw them from the landslide. Several vehicles are still trapped by piles from the landslides. There are also fallen trees at several points and landslides and the vehicles have not been able to get out of the locations,” Ediyanto said. Earlier this week, 20 people died after flash floods and landslides at four locations in the mountainsides of North Sumatra province, including Karo regency that is located less than 20 kilometers from the most-recent landslide location. Seasonal rains from around October through to March frequently cause flooding and landslides in Indonesia, an archipelago (群岛) of 17,000 islands where millions of people live in mountainous areas or near fertile (肥沃的) flood plains. 1．What happened to the tourist bus? A．It was hit by fallen rocks alone. B．It disappeared in sudden flash floods. C．Most passengers in it were rescued immediately. D．It was buried by a mixture of mud and stones. 2．Why will road clearance take two days? A．Fallen trees block the roadway. B．Rescue tools are insufficient. C．Landslides are still occurring. D．The injured hold up the traffic. 3．What can we learn about landslides in Indonesia? A．They often happen in urban areas. B．They are predictable and preventable. C．They primarily affect agricultural land. D．They are common during certain months. 4．What is the best title for the passage? A．Flash Floods Made 20 People Lose Their Life B．Seasonal Rains Damage Facilities in Indonesia C．Landslides Cause Heavy Death Loss in Indonesia D．Rescuers Perform Operations on Medan-Berastagi Road 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要讲述了印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛因暴雨引发山体滑坡，导致人员伤亡和道路阻塞的事件，以及季节性降雨对印尼的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Rescuers recovered the bodies of the victims, including a driver and passengers, from a tourist bus that was covered by trees, mud, and rocks in the landslide (救援人员从一辆被泥石流掩埋的旅游巴士中找到了遇难者遗体，包括司机和乘客在内，巴士被倒下的树木、泥土和石块完全覆盖)”可知，旅游巴士被泥石混合物掩埋。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“It will take at least two days to withdraw them from the landslide. Several vehicles are still trapped by piles from the landslides. There are also fallen trees at several points and landslides and the vehicles have not been able to get out of the locations (从泥石流现场撤离这些车辆至少需要两天时间。目前仍有多辆汽车被泥石堆积物困住，多处路段还有倒伏的树木和泥石流，车辆无法离开这些地方)”可知，道路清理将需要两天是因为倒下的树木阻塞了道路。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Seasonal rains from around October through to March frequently cause flooding and landslides in Indonesia (印度尼西亚在10月至3月的季节性降雨经常引发洪水和泥石)”可知，印尼的泥石流在特定月份很常见。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Seven people have died in a landslide caused by pouring rains in Indonesia’s Sumatra island, officials said on Thursday, adding to the death toll (死亡人数) from landslides in the region this week. (印尼苏门答腊岛因暴雨引发山体滑坡，官方周四表示已造成7人死亡，使该地区本周山体滑坡导致的死亡人数进一步上升)”以及下文内容可知，文章主要报道了印尼苏门答腊岛周四因暴雨引发泥石流，造成7人死亡，10多人受伤，早些时候山洪暴发和山体滑坡已经造成20人遇难，因此，C项“泥石流在印尼造成重大人员伤亡”概括了事故情况，最适合作为文章标题。故选C项。 Passage 6 Last month, a series of wildfires broke out in southern California, killing dozens of people. The clouds of smoke can even be seen from space. People of many fire-prone (容易起火的) areas as well as those far downwind have grown familiar with the thick, orange smoke. Such smoke can contain an unpredictable chemicals linked with heart and lung diseases and even cancer. Here’s what makes wild-fire smoke so dangerous. When organic matter like trees burns, it releases CO2, water, heat and, depending on the available fuel, various chemicals and particles (颗粒) . Those tiny particles, which float in the air, can include metals, dust and more. If they’re smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (直径), they can get through our body’s natural defenses when breathed in and go deep into the lungs, causing many health problems. Such particles, called PM2.5, is a common pollutant. It’s also created by motor vehicles and industrial plants. But the type present in wildfire smoke can be much more harmful to the human body. When a fire breaks out in an urban area, it destroys homes, offices, cars and other facilities. In other words, more stuff is burned. Paints, metals and more can release many kinds of harmful chemicals. A 2023 study found that the quantity of harmful chemicals released during urban wildfires was more than 1,000 times larger than that in fires happening in woodland areas. What’s worse, over time, the smoke is exposed to sunlight. The radiation can cause a set of reactions that usually result in other pollutants. Then, as smoke containing these chemicals travels and settles over other cities, it can mix with even more local pollution. Research also suggests that those chemicals and particles, both possibly harmful, can combine to make their respective health risks even worse. 1．What is the main topic of the text? A．The causes of wildfires. B．Climate change impact. C．Preventing urban wildfires. D．Health risks of wildfire smoke. 2．Why is PM2.5 from wildfire smoke dangerous? A．It enters the lungs. B．It travels far. C．It’s larger in size. D．It’s only from fires. 3．What’s a key difference between urban and woodland wildfires? A．Urban fires affect more trees. B．Urban fires burn less material. C．Urban fires release more pollutants. D．Urban fires produce less smoke. 4．What will probably happen when wildfire smoke is exposed to sunlight? A．It changes color. B．It becomes harmless. C．It quickly disappears. D．It forms other pollutants. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了野火烟雾对健康的危害，分析了其成分、来源及在城市与林地火灾中的差异，并指出烟雾在阳光下的反应会加剧污染。 1．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“Last month, a series of wildfires broke out in southern California, killing dozens of people. The clouds of smoke can even be seen from space.(上个月，加利福尼亚南部爆发了一系列野火，导致数十人丧生。从太空中甚至都能看到烟雾云团)”和第二段中“Such smoke can contain an unpredictable chemicals linked with heart and lung diseases and even cancer. Here’s what makes wild-fire smoke so dangerous. (这种烟雾可能含有与心脏病、肺病甚至癌症有关的不可预测的化学物质。这就是野火烟雾如此危险的原因)”可知，文章主要讨论了野火烟雾对健康的危害。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“If they’re smaller than 2. 5 micrometers in diameter (直径), they can get through our body’s natural defenses when breathed in and go deep into the lungs, causing many health problems. Such particles, called PM2. 5, is a common pollutant. (如果它们的直径小于2.5微米，吸入时就能突破人体的自然防御，深入肺部，引发许多健康问题。这种颗粒被称为PM2.5，是一种常见的污染物)”可知，PM2.5之所以危险，是因为它能进入肺部，引发健康问题。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“A 2023 study found that the quantity of harmful chemicals released during urban wildfires was more than 1,000 times larger than that in fires happening in woodland areas. (2023年的一项研究发现，城市野火释放的有害化学物质数量是林地火灾的1000多倍)”可知，城市野火与林地野火的关键区别在于城市野火释放的污染物更多。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“What’s worse, over time, the smoke is exposed to sunlight. The radiation can cause a set of reactions that usually result in other pollutants. (更糟糕的是，随着时间的推移，烟雾会暴露在阳光下。辐射会引起一系列反应，通常会产生其他污染物)”可知，野火烟雾暴露在阳光下会形成其他污染物。故选D。 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 6 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$