Unit 2 BRIDGING CULTURES 一轮复习导学案-2026届高三英语一轮复习人教版（2019）选择性必修第二册

选择性必修第二册 UNIT 2 BRIDGING CULTURES I. 阅读词汇 1. zone n.（有别于周围的）地区；地带；区域 2. cite vt. 引用；引述 3. edition n.（报纸、杂志）一份；（广播、电视节目）一期、一辑；版次 4. setting n. 环境；背景；（小说等的）情节背景 5. mature adj. 成熟的 6. boom vi. & n. 迅速发展；繁荣 7. perspective n.（思考问题的）角度；观点 8. outlook n. 前景；可能性；观点 9. messenger n. 送信人；信使 10. tremendous adj. 巨大的；极大的 11. tutor n.（英国大学中的）助教；导师；家庭教师vt. 教 12. overwhelming adj. 无法抗拒的；巨大的；压倒性的 13. homesickness n. 思乡病；乡愁 II. 写作词汇 1. recall vt. & vi. 记起；回想起 2. insight n. 洞察力；眼光 3. grasp vt. 理解；领会；抓紧 4. angle n. 角；角度；立场 5. deny vt. 否认；否定；拒绝 6. outcome n. 结果；效果 7. gain vt. 获得；赢得；取得；增加 n. 好处；增加 8. firm n. 公司；商行；事务所 adj. 结实的；牢固的；坚定的 9. initiative n. 倡议；新方案 10. budget n. 预算 11. expense n. 费用；花费；开销 III. 拓展词汇 1. qualify vt. & vi.（使）具备资格；（使）合格→_____________ adj. 有资格的；具备……的学历（或资历）→【反】_____________adj. 不合格的；没资格的→_____________n.（通过考试或学习课程取得的）资格；学历→【反】_____________n. 不合格；取消资格 2. comfort n. 安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物；舒服；安逸 vt. 安慰；抚慰→【反】_____________n. 不适；不安 vt. 使不舒服；使不安→_____________ adj. 令人舒服的；舒适的→【反】 _____________adj. 使人不舒服的；感到难受的→_____________adv. 舒服地；容易地 3. expect vt. 期望；预料；期待→_____________n. 期望；预料；期待→_____________adj. 预期的；预料的→【反】_____________adj. 出乎意料的；始料不及的 4. ambition n. 追求的目标；夙愿；野心；抱负→_____________adj. 有野心的；有雄心的 5. participate vi. 参加；参与→_____________n. 参加；参与→_____________ n. 参与者 6. presentation n. 报告；陈述；出示；拿出→_____________vt. 颁发；表现；提交 n. 礼物 adj. 现在的；出席的 7. engage vi. 参加；参与（活动）vt. 吸引（注意力、兴趣）；雇用→_____________adj. 忙于；从事于；已订婚的→_____________n. 订婚；约定；（对……的）了解 8. involve vt. 包含；需要；涉及；影响；（使）参加→_____________adj. 参与的；投入的→_____________n. 参与 9. motivated adj. 积极的；主动的→_____________n. 动力；积极性；动机→_____________vt. 成为……的动机；激发；激励 10. reasonable adj. 有道理的；合情理的→_____________adv. 通情达理地；合理地→_____________n. 原因；道理v. 推理；推断→【反】 _____________adj. 不合理的；不公正的 11. departure n. 离开；启程；出发→_____________vi. & vt. 离开；离职；出发 12. depressed adj. 沮丧的；意志消沉的→_____________vt. 使沮丧；使忧愁→ _____________n. 沮丧；抑郁→_____________ adj. 令人抑郁的；令人沮丧的 13. optimistic adj. 乐观的→【反】_____________adj. 悲观的→_____________n. 乐观主义→【反】 _____________ n. 悲观主义 14. logical adj. 合乎逻辑的；合情合理的→_____________adv. 逻辑上地→_____________n. 逻辑（学）；道理→【反】_____________adj. 不合逻辑的；悖理的 15. exposure n. 接触；体验；暴露；揭露→_____________ vt. 使暴露于；显露；使接触→_____________adj. 无遮蔽的；无保护的 16. competence n. 能力；胜任；本领→_____________adj. 有能力的；称职的 17. dramatic adj. 巨大的；突然的；急剧的；戏剧（般）的→_____________adv. 显著地；戏剧性地→_____________ n. 戏剧；戏剧性事件 18. complex adj. 复杂的；难懂的；（语法）复合的→_____________n. 复杂；复杂性；复杂错综的事物 19. advisor n. (adviser）顾问→_____________vt. & vi. 建议；劝告→_____________n. 建议；忠告 20. behave vt. 表现 vi. & vt. 表现得体；有礼貌→_____________n. 行为；举止 21. cooperate vi. 合作；协作；配合→_____________ n. 合作；协作→_____________ adj. 合作的；同心协力的 IV. 重点短语 1. __________________________参加；参与（活动） 2. __________________________舒服自在；不拘束 3. __________________________大声点说；明确表态 4. __________________________参与；卷入；与……有关联 5. __________________________总的来说；总之 6. __________________________（使）从事；参与 7. __________________________（使）花一大笔钱 8. __________________________支持；站在……的一边 9. __________________________就我而言；依我看来 10. __________________________一般来说 11. __________________________轮流做某事 12. __________________________难怪；不足为奇 V. 经典句式 1. 句型公式: It is/ was the first time（that)... It was the first time that she had left China. 这是她第一次离开中国。 2. 句型公式: The first time引导时间状语从句 The first time that she had to write an essay, her tutor explained that she must acknowledge what other people had said if she cited their ideas, but that he mainly wanted to know what she thought!她第一次写论文时，她的导师跟她解释说，如果引用别人的观点就一定要注明，不过他主要是想知道她自己是怎么想的！ 3. 句型公式: The reason why... is that... The biggest reason why he loves China, however, is that he enjoys being with Chinese people. 然而，他热爱中国的最大原因是他喜欢和中国人在一起。 VI.语篇填空 Xie Lei recalled her complex experience of studying abroad. As 1. ________ ambitious girl, Xie Lei’s ambition was to set up a business, so she studied for a business 2. ________ (qualify). Though costing an arm and a leg, she decided to go abroad for further study after application, which lived up to her parents’ expectations. Her parents sided 3. ________ her regardless of the high expense. From their perspective, it was beneficial to strengthen her ability. After the arrival, she lived with a host family 4. ________ (adapt) to the new surroundings. While in school, her tutor advised her to form her own opinion instead of just 5. ________ (cite) others’. Besides, she found students’ participation in class included in the final result. At first, when 6. ________ (expose) to the foreign culture, she suffered from dramatic culture shock and had 7. ________ (overwhelm) homesickness. But later she stepped out of her comfort zone. She could not only cooperate with others but also offer some initiatives when giving presentations. Gradually, rather than feeling depressed, she became more optimistic and 8. ________ (motivate). Now Xie Lei has gained her confidence and found herself competent in doing almost everything. She can speak up in public and feels much more at home. In addition to studying hard, she 9. ________ (sincere) helps others and gets involved in social activities, 10. ________ she engages in British culture as well as giving great insights into the world. As far as I am concerned, she is really a mature cultural messenger. 核心考点 精讲精练 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 Part 1 重点单词 1. comfort n. 安慰；令人感到安慰的人或物；舒服；安逸vt. 安慰 comfortable adj. 安慰的；舒适的 comfortably adv. 舒适地 discomfort n. 不适；不安vt. 使不舒服；使不安uncomfortable adj. 不舒适的；不舒服的uncomfortably adv. 令人不安地；不舒服地 真题例句 (2024·北京卷) I realized that by trying something new, I can have fun—even if it means stepping out of my comfort zone. 我意识到，通过尝试新事物，我可以获得乐趣——即使这意味着走出我的舒适区。 考点梳理 小题练透 ① (外研·B3U5) Last year, hundreds of people spent good money on an experience that they knew would include crowds, ________ (comfort) and danger. ②Although I’m burdened with great pressure, encouragement from my parents is a great comfort ________ me. ③His parents comforted him ________ his failure in the driving test. ④ , my father rose to his feet, came up to me and gathered me into his arms . 看到我不舒服，爸爸站起来，走到我跟前，把我揽入怀中并用鼓舞人心的话语安慰我。(读后续写·动作描写) 2. participate vi. 参加；参与 participation n. 参加；参与 participant n. 参加者；参与者 真题例句 (2024·北 京 卷) Signing up for the programme does not automatically mean that you will be able to register and participate. 报名参加这个项目并不意味着你能自动注册并参与其中。 考点梳理 小题练透 ① (人教·X4U4) I loved listening to the family talking softly to each other in their language, even though I could not participate much ________ the conversation. ②The researchers examined various levels of noise on ____________ (participate) as they completed tests of creative thinking. ③ (2023·浙江1月卷·应用文写作) Last Sunday named “Getting to Know the Plants Around Us” organized by the Students’ Union. 上周日我参加了一个由学生会组织的名为“认识我们身边的植物”的有意义的活动。 3. engage vi. 参加；参与 (活动) vt. 吸引 (注意力、兴趣)；雇用 engaged adj. 忙于……的；已订婚的；占线的engaging adj. 有趣的；令人愉快的 engagement n. 订婚；约定；雇用 真题例句 (2024·浙江1月卷) In the course of a couple of hours, he showed me just how much one can gain from traveling with an open mind, and a willingness to engage with locals from all walks of life. 在几个小时的时间里，他向我展示了一个人带着开放的心态去旅行，并且愿意与各行各业的当地人交流，能够收获多少。 考点梳理 小题练透 ① (外研·X4U6) To see even further into the universe, many countries are now engaged in ________ (build) ever more advanced telescopes. ②We would be able to engage local people ________ volunteers. ③ , you had better some outdoor activities. 你尽管忙于学习，但是最好留些时间参加户外活动。(建议信) 4. involve vt. 包含；需要；涉及；影响；(使) 参加 involved adj. 复杂难解的；有关联的 involvement n. 参与；卷入；牵连 真题例句 (2024·北京卷) Since there are many factors involved in the pairing process, not all students who sign up will be matched with a partner and be able to register for the programme. 由于配对过程涉及许多因素，并非所有报名的学生都能与搭档配对成功并注册该项目。 考点梳理 小题练透 ① (外研·X2U2) Although this could likewise involve ________ (put) aside money for your university education, it also means investing in yourself. ②He encourages parental ________ (involve) in the running of school. ③All the teachers and students the cross-country running race. 全校师生积极参与了这次越野赛跑。(活动报道) ④ (2023·北京卷·应用文写作) Students can participate and have a better understanding of “Green Beijing” . 学生可以通过亲身参加不同的活动来参与并更好地了解“绿色北京”。 5. expose vt. 使接触；使体验；显露；使暴露于exposure n. 暴露；揭露 exposed adj. 无遮蔽的；无保护的 真题例句 (2022·全国乙卷) They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies exposed. 他们经常只用手遮住眼睛，把身体的其他部分暴露在外。 考点梳理 小题练透 ① (译林·X3U1) (当你接触到不同的文化时), you may feel transported through time and space. ②Generally speaking, there is a direct link between ________ (expose) to the sun and skin cancer, so try to avoid exposing your skin ________ the sun. ③During your stay in China, I strongly recommend that you , which will . 你在中国期间，我强烈建议你参加一些传统文化活动，这会给你提供接触中国文化的好机会。(建议信) Part 2 短语句式 6. no wonder难怪；不足为奇 教材例句 (译林·B2U2) No wonder some tai chi moves are named after animals—Chinese martial arts have a long-standing practice of imitating animals. 由于中国武术中模仿动物的做法由来已久，一些太极拳招式以动物来命名也就不足为奇了。 考点梳理 小题练透 ①The children gazed ________ wonder when they saw snow for the first time. ②As he writes in his new book, A Long Way Home, Brierley couldn’t help but wonder ________ his hometown back in India. ③Apart from hard-working, Wei Dongyi was clever. (难怪) he could make great achievements in maths. ④He was anxious and uncertain, . 他焦虑不安，琢磨着他是否应该试一下。(读后续写·心理描写) 7. It is/was the first time (that) … 真题例句 (2023·全国乙卷·应用文写作) It was the first time I had watched a live musical performance. 那是我第一次观看现场音乐表演。 考点梳理 小题练透 ① (人教·B1U5) Over the years, the system developed into different forms, as it was a time ________ people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialects and characters. ②到了政府应该采取有效措施保护野生动物免于灭绝的时候了。(倡议书) → to protect wildlife from extinction. (It is time for...to do) → to protect wildlife from extinction. (It is high time that...) ③ (2021·新高考卷·读后续写) Regardless of the fact , the food turned out tasty. 尽管这是他们第一次做早餐，食物却很美味。 8. “特殊疑问词+动词不定式”结构 真题例句 (2024·北京卷) By learning when to ask for help, I eventually found myself on the way to becoming an independent scientist. 通过学会何时寻求帮助，我最终发现自己走上了成为一名独立科学家的道路。 考点梳理 小题练透 ① (外研·X1U6) How ________ (protect) the delicate ecosystem was among the top concerns. ②In such a big library, the little girl had no idea which book ________ (choose). ③ Whether to raise the employees’ salary________ (discuss) in the meeting now. ④Frozen with fear, he stood rooted to the spot, not knowing . 他吓呆了，一动不动地站着，不知道如何应对这种情况。(读后续写·心理描写) ⑤ (2022·新高考Ⅰ&Ⅱ卷·读后续写) David squeezed his eyes, bit his lips and frowned, the cross-country run or not. David紧闭双眼，咬着嘴唇，皱着眉头，考虑着他是否应该参加越野赛。 9. The reason why...is that... 教材例句 (人教·X2U2) The biggest reason why he loves China, however, is that he enjoys being with Chinese people. 然而，他热爱中国的最大原因是他喜欢和中国人在一起。 考点梳理 小题练透 ① (北师大·B2U5) As you can see, the reason ________ I’m here to tell the story is ________ I made the right decision. ②Is this the reason ________ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? ③Why don’t you believe the reason ________ my car was held up in the traffic jam? ④What you really need to do is to . 你真正应该做的是找出你考试不及格的原因。(建议信) 梯级训练 循序渐进 Part 1 基础达标 维度一 语境辨义 Ⅰ. 熟词生义 1. The northern part of the country is usually regarded as the wheat belt. ________ 2. Located in Moscow, the Kremlin is a symbol of Russia and one of the world’s largest complexes. ________ 3. Initially, we didn’t fully grasp the importance of what we learned. ________ 4. I launched into a speech about how hard I worked and the gains I was making. ________ Ⅱ. 一词多义 firm A. v. 使强壮；变坚实 B. adj. 稳固的 C. adj. 坚定的 D. adj. 严格的 E. n. 公司 1. (2022·新高考Ⅰ&Ⅱ卷) Hearing my words, David turned to me tremblingly with tears spilling out of his eyes and expressed he had made a firm determination to finish the cross-country run. ________ 2. Do you think you will join your brother’s firm after graduation? ________ 3. Make sure the ladder feels firm before you climb up. ________ 4. This product claims to firm your body in six weeks. ________ 5. Some experts hold the strong belief that parents must be firm with their children. ________ 维度二 考点强化 1. (2024·北京卷) These abilities ________ (strengthen) by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 2. (2024·浙江1月卷) But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, ________ (dramatical) reducing the cost and effort ________ (involve) in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago... 3. (2023·浙江1月卷) By the way, there will be a workshop this afternoon on how ________ (motivate) employees. 4. (2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) Teachers and chaperones should model good ________ (behave) for the group and remain with students at all times. 5. (2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) The couple has a high success rate in getting accepted as house sitters and they always go beyond the homeowner’s ________ (expect). 6. (2022·北京卷) Shortly after I received his invitation, ________ (apply) to join the Youth for Nature and the Youth for Planet groups were sent around through my high school. Part 2 写作衔接 写作一 应用文 (告知信·回信阐述关于出国留学的观点) 假定你是李华，你的美国笔友Jackson最近在考虑是否要出国留学，他来信询问你的意见。请你就此用英语给他写一封电子邮件，阐述你的观点，并给出理由。 Dear Jackson, 　　I’m more than delighted to share my opinion, which I hope will be of some help to you. Frankly, I can’t make that decision for you, but the pros and cons are as follows. To begin with, when exposed to a new culture and different people, we can obtain a deeper insight into the world. Moreover, the experience will be invaluable to character building, which makes us more independent, diligent and enterprising. However, one cannot deny the fact that there are also some disadvantages of studying overseas. It may be the first time that you have been abroad. As a result, you will not know how to adapt to new surroundings quickly. Besides, high expense is also a big problem. In summary, every coin has two sides. Whatever you decide to do, I will side with you. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 写作二 读后续写 (动作描写· “腿部”动作) Ⅰ. 素材积累 单词 tremble; shaky; leap (跳); march (齐步走); drag (拖); wander/stroll (漫步); hurry/rush/dash (匆匆而行); kneel (跪); slip (滑倒) 短语 shaky/trembling/tired/heavy legs颤抖/疲惫/沉重的双腿 drag one’s heavy legs拖着沉重的双腿 cross one’s legs交叉双腿；盘腿 with one’s legs wide apart双腿叉开 stretch out one’s legs伸直双腿 go/get down on one’s knees跪下 leap/spring to one’s feet立刻站起来 jump over越过 creep into one’s tent爬进帐篷 stand rooted to the spot站在原地不动 bounce up and down上蹿下跳 sink/collapse into one’s seat瘫坐 make one’s way to向前走 句子 ① (外研·B1U1) I woke up early and rushed out of the door in my eagerness to get to know my new school. 我一大早就起床，冲出家门，迫不及待地想了解我的新学校。 ② (北师大·B1U1) Paul jumped up and rushed onto the court. Paul跳起来冲上球场。 ③ (译林·B1U2) When the check came, I hurried over to Mama’s and put it in her lap. 拿到支票后，我迫不及待地跑到妈妈那里，把支票放到她腿上。 ④With a sinking heart, he dragged his heavy legs back home, worn out. 他垂头丧气，拖着两条沉重的腿，疲惫不堪地回了家。 ⑤Jenny walked slowly to the front, with her legs trembling and her heart beating faster. Jenny慢慢地走到前面，双腿发抖，心跳加速。 Ⅱ. 对点场景 跑步比赛When Mark struggled to run towards the finishing line, ①his legs trembled. ② Each step felt like a burden as he pushed through the pain, with each step harder than the last. Sweat dripped down his forehead, and he ③dragged his heavy legs towards the finishing line. His classmates all ④leaped to their feet and cheered him on. On seeing this, he felt a burst of energy rise in his body that helped him ⑤cross the finishing line. ⑥His shaky legs were hardly able to support his own weight. Tired out, he ⑦got down on his knees. Knowing he had accomplished something remarkable, he felt proud of himself. 当Mark奋力跑向终点线时，他的双腿颤抖着。每一步都像是一种负担，因为他在忍痛前行，每一步都比上一步更艰难。汗水从他的额头滴落，他拖着沉重的双腿朝着终点线前进。他的同学们都站起来为他加油。看到这一幕，他感到一股能量在身体里升起，帮助他冲过了终点线。他颤抖的双腿几乎无法支撑自己的体重。筋疲力尽的他跪了下来。知道自己完成了一件了不起的事情，他为自己感到骄傲。 选择性必修第二册 UNIT 2　BRIDGING CULTURES III. 拓展词汇 1. qualify vt. & vi.（使）具备资格；（使）合格→qualified adj. 有资格的；具备……的学历（或资历）→【反】 unqualified adj. 不合格的；没资格的→qualification n.（通过考试或学习课程取得的）资格；学历→【反】disqualification n. 不合格；取消资格 2. comfort n. 安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物；舒服；安逸 vt. 安慰；抚慰→【反】 discomfort n. 不适；不安 vt. 使不舒服；使不安→comfortable adj. 令人舒服的；舒适的→【反】 uncomfortable adj. 使人不舒服的；感到难受的→comfortably adv. 舒服地；容易地 3. expect vt. 期望；预料；期待→expectation n. 期望；预料；期待→expected adj. 预期的；预料的→【反】unexpected adj. 出乎意料的；始料不及的 4. ambition n. 追求的目标；夙愿；野心；抱负→ambitious adj. 有野心的；有雄心的 5. participate vi. 参加；参与→participation n. 参加；参与→participant n. 参与者 6. presentation n. 报告；陈述；出示；拿出→present vt. 颁发；表现；提交 n. 礼物 adj. 现在的；出席的 7. engage vi. 参加；参与（活动）vt. 吸引（注意力、兴趣）；雇用→engaged adj. 忙于；从事于；已订婚的→engagement n. 订婚；约定；（对……的）了解 8. involve vt. 包含；需要；涉及；影响；（使）参加→involved adj. 参与的；投入的→involvement n. 参与 9. motivated adj. 积极的；主动的→motivation n. 动力；积极性；动机→motivate vt. 成为……的动机；激发；激励 10. reasonable adj. 有道理的；合情理的→reasonably adv. 通情达理地；合理地→reason n. 原因；道理v. 推理；推断→【反】 unreasonable adj. 不合理的；不公正的 11. departure n. 离开；启程；出发→depart vi. & vt. 离开；离职；出发 12. depressed adj. 沮丧的；意志消沉的→depress vt. 使 沮丧；使忧愁→ depression n. 沮丧；抑郁→depressing adj. 令人抑郁的；令人沮丧的 13. optimistic adj. 乐观的→【反】 pessimistic adj. 悲观的→optimism n. 乐观主义→【反】 pessimism n. 悲观主义 14. logical adj. 合乎逻辑的；合情合理的→logically adv. 逻辑上地→logic n. 逻辑（学）；道理→【反】illogical adj. 不合逻辑的；悖理的 15. exposure n. 接触；体验；暴露；揭露→expose vt. 使暴露于；显露；使接触→exposed adj. 无遮蔽的；无保护的 16. competence n. 能力；胜任；本领→competent adj. 有能力的；称职的 17. dramatic adj. 巨大的；突然的；急剧的；戏剧（般）的→dramatically adv. 显著地；戏剧性地→drama n. 戏剧；戏剧性事件 18. complex adj. 复杂的；难懂的；（语法）复合的→complexity n. 复杂；复杂性；复杂错综的事物 19. advisor n. (adviser）顾问→advise vt. & vi. 建议；劝告→advice n. 建议；忠告 20. behave vt. 表现 vi. & vt. 表现得体；有礼貌→behaviour / behavior n. 行为；举止 21. cooperate vi. 合作；协作；配合→cooperation n. 合作；协作→cooperative adj. 合作的；同心协力的 IV. 重点短语 1. participate in 参加；参与（活动） 2. feel at home舒服自在；不拘束 3. speak up 大声点说；明确表态 4. get/ be involved in 参与；卷入；与……有关联 5. in summary 总的来说；总之 6. engage in（使）从事；参与 7. cost an arm and a leg（使）花一大笔钱 8. side with 支持；站在……的一边 9. as far as I am concerned 就我而言；依我看来 10. generally speaking/ in general 一般来说 11. take turns to do sth 轮流做某事 12. no wander难怪；不足为奇 VI.语篇填空 1.an　2.qualification　3.with　4.to adapt　5.citing　6.exposed　7.overwhelming　8.motivated　9.sincerely　10.where �Part 1　重点单词 1.①discomfort　②to　③for　④Seeing I was uncomfortable;to comfort me with inspiring words 2.①in　②participants　③witnessed my participating/participation in a meaningful activity 3.①building　②as　③Although engaged in/on your study; set aside some time to engage (yourself) in 4.①putting　②involvement　③got actively involved in/involved themselves actively in　④through getting involved in different activities by themselves 5.①As you are exposed to diverse cultures　②exposure;to　③(should) get involved in some traditional cultural activities;offer you good opportunities to be exposed to/expose yourself to Chinese culture �Part 2　短语句式 6.①in　②about　③No wonder　④wondering whether he should have a try 7.①when　②It is time for the government to take effective measures;It is high time that the government took/should take effective measures　③that it was the first time that they had made breakfast 8.①to protect 　②to choose　③is being discussed　④how to deal with the situation　⑤thinking about/considering whether to take part in/participate in/engage in 9.①why;that　②that/which　③that　④figure out the reason why you failed in the exam �Part 1　基础达标练 一、 Ⅰ.1.n.地带;地区　2.n.建筑群　3.v.理解　4.n.好处 Ⅱ.1.C　2.E　3.B　4.A　5.D 二、 1.are strengthened　2.dramatically; involved　3.to motivate 4.behavio(u)r　5.expectations　6.applications $$