专题07 猜测词义题（知识清单）（全国通用）2026年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

专题07猜测词义题 目录 01知识脑图·学科框架速建 02考点精析·知识能力全解 【知能解读01】猜测词义题五年高考考情统计 【知能解读02】猜测词义题五年高考考情解读 【知能解读03】猜测词义题五年高考考点分类 【知能解读04】猜测词义题五年高考题干特点 【知能解读05】阅读理解满分突破思维导图 03 攻坚指南·高频考点突破 【重难点突破01】利用就近原则判指代 【重难点突破02】代词指代跟踪训练 【重难点突破03】利用语境猜测句意 【重难点突破04】句意猜测跟踪训练 【重难点突破05】利用构词法猜测词义 【重难点突破06】构词法猜测跟踪训练 04 避坑锦囊·易混易错诊疗 【易混易错01】利用语法关系猜测词义 【易混易错02】语法关系猜词跟踪训练 【易混易错03】利用逻辑关系猜测词义 【易混易错04】逻辑关系猜词跟踪训练 05 通法提炼·高频思维拆解 【方法技巧01】阅读猜词词义题答题误区 【方法技巧02】阅读猜词词义题误区应对 【方法技巧03】阅读猜词词义题满分策略 01猜测词义题五年高考考情统计 卷别 细节理解题 猜测词义题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 2025全国一卷 7 1 6 1 2025全国二卷 8 1 4 2 2024新课标I卷 9 1 4 1 2024新课标II卷 9 1 4 1 2024全国甲卷 7 1 6 1 2023新课标I卷 6 1 7 1 2023新课标II卷 6 1 7 1 2023全国甲卷 8 1 5 1 2023全国乙卷 5 1 8 1 2022新课标I卷 8 2 4 1 2022新课标II卷 8 2 4 1 2022全国甲卷 8 1 3 3 2022全国乙卷 10 1 3 1 2021新课标I卷 8 1 4 2 2021新课标II卷 11 1 2 1 2021全国甲卷 5 1 8 1 2021全国乙卷 6 1 6 2 02猜测词义题五年高考考情解读 1.每年必考 猜测词义题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。此类题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。除了直接命题的生词外，阅读文章时，常常也会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来。 2.四大类型 阅读理解猜测词义题有四大考查方向：一是考查生词语境猜测，二是考查短语语境猜测，三是考查句子语境理解，四是考查代词语境猜测。 03猜测词义题五年高考考点分类 04猜测词义题五年高考题干特点 26. What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4? (2025全国二卷，代词型) 28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? （2024新课标I卷，短语型） 32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? （2024新课标II卷，短语型） 26. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? （2024全国甲卷，短语型） 24. What does the underlined word “it” in the first paragraph refer to? （2024浙江1月卷，代词型） 29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? （2023新课标I卷，生词型） 30. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean? （2023新课标I卷，短语型） 24. Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1? （2023新课标II卷，短语型） 05阅读理解满分突破思维导图 01 利用就近原则判定指代 1.试题特点 在文章中，为了避免语意的重复，常用一些代词指代上文所说的人或事。在平时的学习中，熟悉代词的含义十分重要。代词多是it、this、that、he、them、they、one、those等。一般来讲，it/this/that指代一件事；it/he/them/they/one/those可指代上文提到的人或事物。解答这类题目的时候要遵循“就近原则”，找出离代词最近的名词、词组或句子等，当然有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能找出代词所指代的事物。 代词指代题原则上从上文寻找线索，确定答案。基本点是单数还是复数，指人还是指物。 2.设问方式 26. What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4? (2025全国二卷) 24. What does the word “it” underlined in the first paragraph refer to? (2024浙江1月卷) 3.思维导图 02 代词指代跟踪训练 跟踪训练1 (2025全国二卷第26题) 原文：There are up to 30 students at any given time in Ho’s class. She generally works with their regular teachers to get lessons and tests being used at their home schools. Some teachers don’t give the kids any assignments; they express sympathy instead. “I feel like it is a disservice to the kids,” Ho says. “They think their teachers don’t care about their schoolwork.” 26. What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4? A. Offering regular lessons. B. Paying extra attention. C. Assigning no schoolwork. D. Showing no sympathy. A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws. 跟踪训练2 (2024浙江1月卷第24题) 原文：When was the last time you used a telephone box? I mean to make an actual phone call—not to shelter from the rain. Ages ago, right? The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was...2006. I was conducting auditions (试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London. Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing, I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more “young professional”． 24. What does the word “it” underlined in the first paragraph refer to? A. The play. B. The shared house. C. The sofa. D. The telephone box. 跟踪训练3 (2022新高考II卷第30题) 原文："We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone." 30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to? A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws. 03 利用语境猜测句意 1.题型解读 高考阅读理解有时会对某一个句子的本意或外延含义进行考查,因此要求考生准确理解前后句所表达的含义,巧解句意猜测题。 句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章,用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。 2.思维导图 04句意猜测跟踪训练 跟踪训练1 (2021全国甲卷第24题) 原文：Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing .I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam（横杆）, I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that's what mattered —landing tricks, being a good skater. 29. What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean? A. Be careful! B. Well done! C. No way! D. Don't worry! 跟踪训练2 (2019浙江卷第24题) 原文：Money with no strings attached. It’s not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.” 24. What does the expression “Money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean? A. Money spent without hesitation. B. Money not legally made. C. Money offered without conditions. D. Money not tied together. 05利用构词法猜测词义 1.掌握构词法 派生词：否定前缀或后缀，与原单词构成反义词，如dis.n-,i.…,-1s;后缀改变词性，不改变词义，如deliver→deli~;刘线o-表示“共同”;re-表示“又,再”;trans-表示“转移’ 合成法:依据合成词组成新词，结合记一沙词义;种词性用作吴一种说性而记形不变; 转化法：形容词转化为名词；动词转化为形容词；名词转化为动词等。 2.思维导图 3.解题策略 第一步：依据题干定位相应段落。 第二步：瞻前顾后找准与题干相关的关键词、句。 第三步：通过构词法破解划线单词的字面意思，再通过语境找到最佳答案。 06构词法猜测跟踪训练 跟踪训练1 (2023新课标I卷第29题) 原文：Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. 29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over. 跟踪训练2 (2020新课标II卷第25题) I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit. ... My imaginary Grandma’s Box worked like magic that spring, and later. Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it. Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away — since I seldom actually kept them. Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day,and I would return the belonging. 25. What do the underlined words “the offender” in paragraph 8 refer to? A. The student’s parent. B. The maker of the Grandma’s Box. C. The author’s grandchild. D. The owner of the forbidden fruit. 跟踪训练3 (2016全国II卷第27题) 原文：Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.” 27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？ A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden. 01利用语法关系猜词义 1.语法关系 下定义：be、mean、refer to、be called/named、namely、that is、be considered等词语后面的内容是对前面内容的注解性说明，相当于对前面的词语下定义。 同位语(从句)：同位语(从句)是对其前内容的解释说明，也可以帮助猜测词义。 定语(从句)：尤其注意后置定语和由which/who引导的非限制性定语从句。 举例说明：for example、for instance、such as.like、include、including等后面的内容也有助于猜测词义。 标点符号：注意破折号(-)、冒号(:)、分号(;)后面的内容,注意引号(“”)或括号中的内容。 2.思维导图 02 语法关系猜词跟踪训练 1.利用举例 在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。 跟踪训练1 (2022全国乙卷第29题) 原文：That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. 29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones. C. inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure. 2.利用破折号 跟踪训练2 (2021 全国乙卷第25题) 原文：Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones according to a survey (调查). Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category. 25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Admit. B. Argue. C. Remember. D. Remark. 3.利用同义关系 跟踪训练3 (2015四川卷第44题) 原文：And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal. 44. What does the underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph 5 mean？ A. Active at night.            B. Inactive at night. C. Active during the day.         D. Inactive during the day. 4.利用释义关系 跟踪训练4 (2023全国甲卷第24题) Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. 24. Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1? A. An artist. B. A winner. C. A specialist. D. A pioneer. 03利用逻辑关系猜测词义 1.逻辑关系 反义关系：根据画线词的反义词猜测词义。表示转折:but,however,otherwisethough,even though；表示对比:unlike,in contrast, while.on the contrary,on the other hand,rather than,instead of。 同义关系：根据画线词的相同或相近意义的词语猜测词义。表示类同:similarly,like,or,namelyin other words,that is to say,justas,and,also,as well as,the same as.as...as。 因果关系：根据前后因果关系猜测词义。表原因:because,since,because ofdue to,thanks to,for,as a result of；表结果:so,therefore,so that,sosuch...that...,lead to/result in/contribute to,as a result。 2.思维导图 3.解题思路 第一步：依据题干关键词定位原文相关词、句。 第二步：瞻前顾后抓关键词，如but, unlike, in other words, as a result等。 第三步：“题干-原文-选项”三对照，从肯定否定逻辑和感情褒贬性入手作答。 04逻辑关系猜词跟踪训练 1.利用因果关系猜词 若画线单词或短语前后句子之间构成因果关系，那我们便可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推知单词或短语的意义。因果关系的语境通常由because, so, thus, therefore, as a result of, so that, so/such...that...等标志词体现。 跟踪训练1 (2019全国II卷第25题) 原文：I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on … At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.” 25. What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in Paragraph 2 mean？ A. Encourage team work.          B. Appeal to feeling. C. Promote good deeds.             D. Provide advice. 2.利用对比关系猜词 运用转折对比描述事物或现象是写作时常用的一种手法，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，抓住这些信号词，结合上下文意，我们就能够快速推测出词义。体现对比关系的词语很多，常见的有but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead of, on the other hand, rather than, on the contrary等。 跟踪训练2 (2020新高考Ⅰ卷第33题) 原文：According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid. 33. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to? A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons. C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons. 跟踪训练3 (2024 新课标II卷第32题) 原文：In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code(代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. 3.利用同一关系猜词 跟踪训练4 (2023 新课标II卷第30题) In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. 30. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform. 01 阅读猜词词义题答题误区 1.忽视上下文语境，仅凭单词记忆作答​ 不少学生在遇到生词时，第一反应是在脑海中搜索该词的记忆释义，而忽略了单词所处的上下文语境。 例如：2023年新高考 Ⅰ 卷的阅读文章中，“Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.” 对于declutter一词，如果仅从单词本身出发，学生可能难以知晓其含义。但结合下文 “This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.” 可知，该过程要求人们远离一些线上活动，由此可推断出declutter有 “清理，整理（此处指对线上活动进行清理）” 的意思。若学生不关注上下文，仅凭对clutter杂乱）的模糊记忆，很难准确理解 “declutter” 在此处的含义。​ 2.误判逻辑关系，导致词义推导错误​ 阅读文章中词与词、句与句之间存在着各种逻辑关系，如因果、转折、对比、并列等，这些逻辑关系是推测词义的重要线索。然而，学生在答题时常常误判这些逻辑关系。 例如：2022 年全国甲卷的阅读理解中，“Unlike her sister, who is always cheerful and talkative, Mary is rather taciturn.” 句中“Unlike” 表明了对比关系，即 Mary 和她姐姐的性格相反，她姐姐 “cheerful and talkative”（开朗健谈），那么可以推断出 “taciturn” 意为 “沉默寡言的”。若学生未能识别出 “Unlike” 所体现的对比逻辑，就可能无法正确猜出 “taciturn” 的词义。 3.对熟词生义缺乏认知，局限于常见释义​ 高考英语阅读常考查熟词在特定语境下的生僻含义，而学生往往局限于单词的常见释义。 例如：2024 年新高考 I 卷为例，“The course of the river has changed dramatically over the years.” 这里的“course 并非学生熟悉的 “课程” 含义，而是 “路线，河道” 的意思。学生若只知道 “course” 的常见义，就无法理解句子的准确意思。 4.无法准确判断代词指代内容​ 在阅读文章中，代词的准确指代对于理解文意至关重要。但学生在确定代词指代对象时经常出现错误。例如，2023 年新高考 II 卷中的一段话，“The scientists conducted an experiment on a group of mice. They found that the mice in the experimental group showed different behaviors compared to those in the control group. This discovery could have important implications for future research.” 这里的 “This discovery” 指代的是前文科学家们关于实验组小鼠与对照组小鼠行为差异的发现，若学生不能准确判断，就会影响对文章后续内容的理解以及相关词义猜测题的解答。 02 阅读猜词词义题误区应对 1.强化语境意识，仔细研读上下文​ 在解答猜词词义题时，学生要树立强烈的语境意识。当遇到需猜测词义的单词或短语时，要认真阅读其所在句子以及前后相邻的句子，从整体语境中寻找线索。 2．掌握逻辑关系词，借助逻辑推理​ 学生需要熟练掌握常见的逻辑关系词及其所表达的逻辑关系。在阅读过程中，一旦发现逻辑关系词，就要高度关注，并据此分析句子之间的逻辑联系，进而推测词义。比如，看到 “but”“however”“yet” 等转折词时，要意识到前后内容相反；看到 “and”“or”“similarly” 等表示并列或相似关系的词时，可知前后内容在语义上相近或相关；看到 “because”“since”“as a result of” 等因果关系词时，可从原因推导结果或从结果追溯原因。 3.积累熟词生义，拓宽词汇理解​ 平时学习中，学生要注重积累常见单词的生僻含义。可以通过整理高考真题、模拟题中出现的熟词生义情况，建立专门的词汇笔记，定期复习。同时，在阅读英文文章、书籍、报刊时，遇到熟词在不同语境下的特殊含义，要及时记录并理解记忆。 4.运用指代分析技巧，确定代词指代​ 对于代词指代题，学生可采用以下方法：首先，返回原文，找到代词所在位置；然后，向前（有时也可能向后，但大部分情况是向前）搜索，寻找离代词最近的名词、名词短语或句子；最后，将找到的内容代入代词处，看句子的逻辑和语义是否通顺合理。 03 阅读猜词词义题满分策略 1.建立熟词生义库：整理近5年真题出现的熟词生义，每日复习5-10个，重点记忆高频词。​ 2.强化逻辑词敏感度：总结常见逻辑关系词（如转折），结合真题例句进行逻辑推导训练。​ 3.构词法专项突破：掌握常见前缀、后缀、词根，遇到生词先拆分结构，再结合语境验证。 4.三步定位语境法：锁定生词句及前后2句；圈出逻辑词、标点；代入原文检查是否通顺。 猜测词义题综合能力提升 真题专区：研读高考真题，洞悉高考命题规律，探寻满分做题技巧和应试思维 01 (2025浙江1月卷) A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce storm water runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from. C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of. 29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants. C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland. 30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS 02 (2025八省联考卷) Jim Johnson, a mail carrier, was an institution in the leafy Westmoreland, Westhaven and Westover Hills neighborhoods. just north of downtown Wilmington, where he delivered much more than the mail. He knew all the kids and their pets by name; he carried in the groceries; he took note of unlocked doors, offered gardening advice, and taught more than a few young boys the art of the curveball. When he wasn't doing all that, Jim was running across a checkerboard of green lawns(草坪) to ensure the local postal service did not fall short of its daily promise. Though the postal service is often disparaged now, the trust in local postal service lives on. In many communities, that trust is won every day when life-saving medicine, greeting cards, social security checks, college acceptance letters-even the bills-appear in mailboxes in front of the houses. After more than three decades, Jim approached his final days on the job much like any other. He drove a boxy postal truck to North DuPont Road for the first unofficial stop of the day. Butch, a dog who belonged to one of the neighbors, was waiting just like every day before. And just like every day before, he got into the jump seat and they were off. On the route, Jim and Butch had become inseparable. Now, the dog and the mailman would ride off to retirement together. At every stop, Jim accepted the parting good wishes of families that had become his own. There were tears and laughter, and hugs filled with warm memories. It’s been 33 years since Jim left the route, but we are still reminded of the deep bond established between community and letter carrier. That’s what the postal service means to us. 24. What do we know about Jim Johnson from the first paragraph? A. He’s open-minded. B. He’s sharp-eyed. C. He’s warm-hearted. D. He’s strong-willed. 25. What does the underlined word “disparaged” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Refused. B. Criticized. C. Investigated. D. Suspended. 26. What did Jim do besides daily delivery on his final days of work? A. He drove Butch to its owner. B. He sent presents to his friends. C. He prepared a retirement party. D. He said goodbye to the neighbors. 27. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To remember a respected mail carrier. B. To record an unforgettable experience. C. To raise funds for the postal service. D. To call for harmony in the community. 03 (2024九省联考卷) In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: “I have come to the conclusion that there is only one way to get the best of an argument — and that is to avoid it.” This distaste for arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes problems for our personal and social lives — and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal (言语的) fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. You would be feeling almost as bad if arguments were even just competitions — like, say, tennis tournaments. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner comes out from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking explains why so many people try to avoid arguments. However, there are ways to win an argument every time. When you state your position, formulate (阐述) an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. When you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view and spell out their argument fully. Assess its strength and weakness. Raise objections (异议) and listen carefully to their replies. This method will require effort, but practice will make you better at it. These tools can help you win every argument — not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about what divides people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments — from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain respect and understanding from each other — then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument. 28. What is the author’s attitude toward Carnegie’s understanding of argument? A. Critical. B. Supportive. C. Tolerant. D. Uncertain. 29. Why do many people try to avoid arguments? A. They lack debating skills. B. They may feel bad even if they win. C. They fear being ignored. D. They are not confident in themselves. 30. What does the underlined phrase “spell out” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Defend. B. Explain. C. Conclude. D. Repeat. 31. What is the key to “winning” an argument according to the author? A. Sense of logic. B. Solid supporting evidence. C. Proper manners. D. Understanding from both sides. 模拟专区：精选名校真题好题，帮你锤炼做题技巧，助力冲刺备考圆梦高考 04 We studied a diverse group of birds typically found along coastlines, known as shorebirds. Heartbreakingly, their global population has plummeted as they continue to battle habitat destruction, sea level rise, disturbance and hunting. 04.What does the underlined word “plummeted” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Reduced sharply. B．Increased rapidly. C．Recovered slowly. D．Changed gradually. 05 It was break time at noon. I headed down to the kitchen about five minutes early and gave my Coke such a hard shake that I feared it may actually go off in my hands. I placed it back in the fridge. Then, I hid into a cupboard in the kitchen, waiting for the right moment. 05 What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．The kitchen. B．The drink. C．The hand. D．The fridge. 06 One theory that Brogaard says is that cell death caused by being struck by lightning could cause a one-time flooding of the brain with neurotransmitters (神经递质) that are released from the dying neurons (神经元). This causes a rewiring of neurons, providing access to areas of the brain that were previously inaccessible. 06 What does the underlined word “This” refer to in paragraph 5? A．The cell death due to lightning strikes. B．The flooding of brain’s neurotransmitters. C．The rewiring of brain neurons. D．The release of dying neurons. 07 Before I left school in December, I had a couple of tests called Mid-term Test. They all went pretty smooth, mostly because I didn’t have too many hard classes. My favorite class was English, and also my hardest. Personally I really liked English, where I could write essays (文章), challenge writing skills and improve English talking. 07 What does the underlined word “They” in the third paragraph refer to? A．Classes B．Tests C．Games D．Students 08 However, there are ways to win an argument every time. When you state your position, formulate (阐述) an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. When you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view and spell out their argument fully. Assess its strength and weakness. Raise objections (异议) and listen carefully to their replies. This method will require effort, but practice will make you better at it. 08 What does the underlined phrase “spell out” in the paragraph probably mean? A．Defend. B．Explain. C．Conclude. D．Repeat. 09 For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity. 09 The underlined expression “stomach it” most probably means “_______”. A．digest the meal easily B．manage without breakfast C．decide wisely what to eat D．eat whatever is offered 10 The earthquake is one of the most common natural disasters. It may cause great damage. So it is wise to learn some simple safety tips to protect yourself or your family members. Fragile items like those made of glass are easily broken and should usually be placed on a lower surface, near the ground instead of placing them on the cupboards higher up. Never place them near your bed, sofas and other furniture where you would be sitting or lying down. When there is a strong movement, these pieces will fall on  the floor directly and not on you. 10 The underlined word “Fragile” in Paragraph 2 probably means “________”. A．Easily found. B．Easily broken. C．Expensive. D．Heavy. 11 When 76-year-old Antoinette-Marie Williams played 17-year-old Emmett Daniels in chess for the first time, she gave Daniels a run for his money. Paired through DOROT, a New York organization which was launched in 1976, they are a perfect match. “I was a good opponent for him. I don’t think he expected it.” Williams told the CVS Health blog Fortune Well. Their weekly games have led Daniels and Williams to a cross-generational relationship that they both enjoy. Williams and Daniels’ relationship disproves the idea that people of different generations have little in common. 11 What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．She had a running race with Daniels. B．Daniels felt disappointed. C．Daniels had a tough win. D．She gave Daniels money as a gift of greeting. 12 When it comes to napping, one size definitely doesn’t fit all. If you are sleep deprived, a nap can be helpful or even essential for making it through the day. However, for those with other sleep issues, a nap may make it harder to fall asleep at night. For most of us, the timing and length of our nap will largely determine how beneficial it is to our sleep routine. 12 What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 2 mean? A．A nap benefits all the people. B．Not all the people fit napping. C．A nap works on one with sleep problems. D．A nap works for you if you're lacking sleep. 13 We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don’t even realize it’s new. For them, it’s just normal. This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a children’s book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures—a perfect match for his age. 13 What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in Paragraph 2? A．Provided shelter for me. B．Became very clear to me. C．Took the pressure off me. D．Worked quite well on me. 14（2025·湖南·三模） As the first girl in my family, I was born in Venezuela, twelve months to the day before one of the biggest earthquakes in the country’s history struck the capital city Caracas in 1967. I’ve always seen this as a sign of my destiny. Disasters have the potential to set back a nation’s development for years and even decades. However, my personal experiences have taught me that the extent of damage often depends on whether there is a culture of prevention within the affected society. . I recall a time when I was living in an apartment building when a moderate earthquake struck. My reaction, after the immediate “drop, cover, hold on” reflexes (反射动作), was to hope that the building would prove to be structurally sound. As the shaking slowly stopped, I ran outside to wait for possible aftershocks. My fears, thankfully, did not happen. It had resisted the quake because it followed the country’s building codes. Occasions like this show the necessity of having updated building codes that include lessons learned from past disasters. Had the building not followed these updated codes, I may not have survived. This experience has only strengthened my belief in the value of prevention in mitigating the impact of disasters. I have spent the past two years working on the Built Environment in Latin America and the Caribbean Project. The project has developed risk-informed policies and engineering techniques in the six countries that were selected for their particularly high exposure to earthquakes. This project fits perfectly with my professional and personal goals, as it combines my passion and experience in risk reduction. Like the third little pig in the tale of Three Little Pigs, who puts resilience (韧性) above convenience while building his house from bricks, I’m committed to building a framework of prevention and resilience, as I know that early action today can prevent problems tomorrow. 1．What does the author refer to as her destiny? A．Rebuilding cities after disasters. B．Experiencing many earthquakes. C．Doing work related to earthquakes. D．Updating building codes in Venezuela. 2．Why did the earthquake mentioned in paragraph 3 impress the author? A．She realized the danger of earthquakes. B．She felt she did not respond well enough. C．She was very lucky to escape with her life. D．She recognized the importance of prevention. 3．What does the underlined word “mitigating” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Causing. B．Reducing. C．Ignoring. D．Avoiding. 4．What does the tale of Three Little Pigs imply? A．Teamwork matters in preventing disasters. B．Risk reduction work requires a lot of skills. C．Damage caused by disasters can be avoided. D．Building houses needs passion and experience. 15（2025·山东青岛·二模） In primary school, I evolved from the class half-wit to the smart-alec, attracting scorn for being the teacher’s pet. Mr Slavin, fair but partial to answers, favored me over boys like Thommo, who struggled to remember his name. Thommo faced regular canings—four strokes from Mr Slavin or six from the Deputy Head. His screams echoed as he fled each stroke. One day, police found his school case stuffed with stolen trinkets, and he vanished forever. Despite Thommo’s fate, I envied his rebellious aura. As the despised “pet,” I craved respect. My desk at the back, reserved for top students, isolated me. To rebel visibly, I carved railway tracks into the desk, pushing pencil fragments with “chuffing” noises. Inspired by my firebug tendencies, I rubbed a ruler against the wood until smoke—then flames—emerged. Mr Slavin’s gaze turned, and I earned four stinging strokes. The pain paled against the glory of newfound notoriety. This triumph spurred darker urges. Bullied by older boys, I mimicked their cruelty on younger ones but recoiled instinctively. My aversion to inflicting pain clashed with a personality riddled with flaws. At home, I staged futile escapes—packed with peanut butter sandwiches—only to linger near forbidden roads. Symbolic rebellion surfaced in tunneling through chicken coops, emerging crowned in bird droppings. My mother, oblivious to my school struggles, boasted of my intellect to neighbors like Nola Huthnance, whose endless chatter rivaled her own. Even as I lapped up her praise, I sensed its toxicity. Unlike Gogol’s mother, who credited her son with inventing the steam engine, mine saw genius in mundane report cards. Such adoration bred isolation, compelling me to forge a contrary identity. 1．What can be inferred about the author's attitude toward his mother's praise? A．He felt pressured to develop a rebellious identity. B．He actively embraced her admiration as motivation. C．He remained indifferent to her opinions. D．He resented her comparisons with other families. 2．What does the underlined word “chuffing” most likely refer to? A．Crying in pain. B．Whispering secrets. C．Making train-like noises. D．Laughing mockingly. 3．How did Mr. Slavin treat the author compared to Thommo? A．Strict but fair. B．Partial but encouraging. C．Hostile and dismissive. D．Indifferent and detached. 4．Why was Thommo taken away by the police? A．He set fire to the classroom. B．He escaped during caning. C．He bullied younger students. D．He stole items from stores. 16（2025·山东青岛·三模） In the digital age, teenagers are facing a challenge that has never happened — the constant battle for their attention. A 2023 study published in the Journal of Adolescent Health reveals that the average teenager switches between digital tasks every 19 seconds, resulting in a 40% decline in mental processes of understanding compared to focused work. Continuous partial attention, termed by researchers, occurs when individuals attempt to monitor multiple digital streams together without fully concentrating on any single one. Unlike purposeful multitasking, this state leaves teenagers in a repeated condition of mental overload. Professor Linda Stone, who first identified the behavior, explains, “It’s not that teens can’t focus–it’s that their focus is always divided.” The neurological (神经系统的) impacts are particularly concerning during the teenage years, a critical period for brain development. MRI scans (扫描) demonstrate that heavy media multitaskers show less dense gray matter in the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC), the brain region responsible for emotional control and decision-making. A 2021 Stanford study revealed that teens who engaged in frequent media multitasking had 15% weaker ACC activation during tasks compared to those who focused on single tasks. This physical change correlates with increased anxiety levels and decreased academic performance observed in numerous case studies. However, the solution isn’t as simple as removing technology entirely. Digital literacy (读写能力) expert Dr. Mark Prensky argues that digital natives process information differently than previous generations. Instead of removing devices, educators should teach “attention literacy” — the skill of consciously choosing when and how to engage with technology. Some schools experiment with focus training and they report 30% improvements in students’ sustained attention duration within six months. Parents play an equally crucial role. One way to support this is to establish “protected spaces” in homes where devices are set aside, allowing for uninterrupted face-to-face communication. The goal isn’t to blame technology blindly but to help teens develop the wisdom to use it intentionally. 1．What does the underlined phrase “mental overload” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Constantly switching tasks. B．Struggling to stay focused. C．Taking in too much at once. D．Feeling emotionally exhausted. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．How MRI scans are used to study the brain. B．How avoiding screens benefits brain health. C．Why media multitasking increases teen anxiety. D．How media multitasking affects the teenage brain. 3．Why does the author mention schools experimenting with focus training? A．To criticize the current trend. B．To support a proposed solution. C．To warn against technology overuse. D．To introduce changes in modern education. 4．Why is “protected spaces” in homes suggested? A．To support parental monitoring. B．To promote mindful tech habits. C．To improve academic performance. D．To increase family time on digital devices. 17（2025·江西吉安·模拟预测） When Leonardo da Vinci wasn’t painting masterpieces or dreaming up flying machines, he was exploring the secrets of gravity. Considering himself a scientist and artist, this Renaissance thinker spent untold hours studying how the “attraction of one object to another” affected phenomena like the flight of birds and the fall of water. Recent research published in the journal Leonardo reveals that da Vinci conducted detailed gravity experiments over a century before Galileo and two centuries prior to Newton. “His thinking was far ahead of his time,” said co-author Dr. Morteza Gharib. The study highlights Leonardo’s determination to find the law governing the dynamics of falling objects. Dr. Gharib said he discovered the experiments while examining an online version of The Codex Arundel, a collection of Leonardo’s notes from 1478 to 1518. Among its mirror-written texts, a drawing on Page 143 caught his eye: a triangle (三角形) formed by cycles pouring from a pot. He used a computer program to flip (翻转) the triangle and the nearby backward writing. Suddenly, the image came to life. “I could see motion,” Dr. Gharib recalled. “I could see him pouring stuff out.” It was a eureka moment that revealed Leonardo’s forward-looking experiment. Gazing at Leonardo’s drawing, Dr. Gharib realized that the artist had separated gravity’s effects into two components, revealing a normally hidden aspect of nature. Inspired by hail falling from fast-moving clouds, Leonardo demonstrated through his drawing how gravity’s constant force causes a steady speed gain — shown by the increasing gaps between falling objects as the pot moves. Despite his basic experimental setup 500 years ago, da Vinci calculated the gravitational constant to an accuracy within 10 percent of the modern value. “It’s mind-boggling,” Dr. Gharib said. “That’s the beauty of what Leonardo does.” However, Dr. Gharib hesitated to examine the Codex further. “I’m like a kid in a toy store, afraid to even look at it,” he said. He noted that while art historians had studied it, scientists had not. “It’s an open book with so much to discover.” 1．What is the main purpose of the text ? A．To report da Vinci’s unknown research. B．To compare da Vinci with other scientists. C．To prove da Vinci’s artist and scientist role. D．To show a way of analyzing da Vinci’s notes. 2．What does the underlined phrase “a eureka moment” in paragraph 3 refer to ? A．Finding da Vinci’s secret drawings. B．Detecting the need of mirror-writing. C．Discovering the power of technology. D．Realizing the triangle’s scientific meaning. 3．What is special about da Vinci’s experiments? A．They were the first to explore the law of gravity. B．They achieved high-level accuracy with simple tools. C．They focused on the beauty of falling objects’ motion. D．They integrated artistic strategy with scientific method. 4．What can we know about The Codex from Dr . Gharib’s words? A．It contains unexplored scientific insights. B．Historians misunderstood its real purpose. C．Its artwork hasn’t been properly analyzed. D．New tools are required to reveal its secrets. 18（25-26高三上·河北保定·开学考试） About halfway through the new ad for “the thinnest iPad ever”, almost every creative instrument artists and consumers have used over the years — from record players to books and cameras — is flattened by a powerful hydraulic press (液压机). But for me, the ugliest thing about the ad is the destruction of the musical instruments: a piano, a guitar, a drum and a trumpet. Perhaps, the ad is meant to communicate that this tiny, thin iPad can replace them all. You can make your music with it. You can paint with it. You can play games on it. You can take your photos with it. So you can finally destroy all those things that have been so burdensome, like the massive piano and messy paint. But these are not practical items. Nobody owns a piano because it’s practical. Actually, it’s one of the least practical things you can own. It is so heavy that it can damage your floor. If you happen to get a new place, you don’t just need movers for it. You need special movers. You own a piano because your beloved ones sit down and play it. Such shared moments will not and can not be replaced by iPads. You can make beautiful music and digital art with an iPad. But that art should be made alongside other music, other art, not at the cost of pianos and paint. If you think of digital artistic creation as an opportunity to shatter sculptures or bottles of paint, you never understood art at all, and you never will. It doesn’t demand to destroy what is loved in order to run after the fantasy that you can fit everything that matters into your pocket. In certain circumstances, I am worried. For example, I am worried about the costs of art and its creation. But I am not worried at all that art made by humans will ever be replaced by “the thinnest iPad ever”. 1．What does the new iPad ad intend to tell its viewers? A．It can do a lot of things. B．It will not be easily damaged. C．Artists can store their information in it. D．Customers should throw away their ugly stuff. 2．What does the underlined word “shatter” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Create. B．Purchase. C．Break. D．Exchange. 3．What is the best title for the text? A．The New iPad Will Put Art in Danger B．Art Won’t Be Flattened by the New iPad C．The Costs of Art and Its Creation Are Rocketing D．The New iPad Ad Is Depressing but Successful 4．What is the text? A．An advertisement. B．An iPad description. C．A music review. D．An opinion piece. 19（25-26高三上·四川巴中·开学考试） Soy is found in almost everything we eat, from the vegetable oil to store-bought chocolate. While it may seem like humans chose the soybean, it was arguably the soybean that chose people. Soybeans have an innate ability to grow almost anywhere and survive almost anything. They can grow anywhere from three to five feet tall and produce around 100 beans per plant. Soy can be grown everywhere from the extremely harsh four seasons of Manitoba, Canada, to the grassland of Mpumalanga, South Africa. Soy was likely domesticated in China approximately 6,000 to 9,000 years ago when ancient Chinese medical healers used all parts of the plant as medicine. People also turned soy into noodles, tofu, and soy sauce. Soybeans were initially sent to England to meet rising demands for soy sauce, which was becoming a staple in British cuisine. It would not be long, though, before Americans found another use for the bean. During the Civil War, roasted soybeans were used as coffee substitutes (替代) for economy and health considerations. And soon, soybeans became the staple feed in the diets of non-human creatures, too, with one cup of raw soybeans containing 67.9 grams of protein and 17.3 grams of fiber. In the US, chickens eat the most soy, followed by pigs, cows, and fish. These animals eat over 70 percent of all soybeans grown in the US. Nowadays, genetic modification contributes to massive quantities of soybeans all over the world, including the Amazon rainforest, where they are replacing the trees that once stood there. Brazil now exports more soybeans than any other country. Now some advocacy groups are calling for better land-use practices to safeguard the rainforest and the soil. In 2023, policies brought on by new governments in South America began slowing rates of deforestation in the Amazon. Now many growers have expanded their soy operations to the Cerrado, a savannah-like region of Brazil. Despite changing policies and practices around deforestation, this year is expected to be a record year for soybean production. 1．What does the underlined word “innate” probably mean in the second Paragraph? A．Important. B．Inborn. C．Immediate. D．Initial. 2．What did the Americans use soy to do? A．Treat the patients as medicine. B．Enrich the kinds of cuisine. C．Produce a wide range of food. D．Offer staple food to livestock. 3．What affects the planting of soy now? A．The communication across the globe. B．The change of environment. C．The updated government policies. D．The deforestation in the Amazon. 4．In which section of a magazine is the text taken from? A．Society. B．Agriculture. C．History. D．Communication. 20（25-26高三上·湖北·开学考试） I remember opening my iPad one day in fifth grade after a silly conversation with my cousin about scary story ideas. Hours later, I completed my first short story. Since then, I’ve written many stories, short and long. But also, since then, I’ve read more and noticed just how well people my age could write. Since then, I also felt less and less willing to share my work:what if my writing isn’t as good as everybody else's? What started off as something creative that I could share with friends turned into competition changed by feelings of competence. Oftentimes, hobbies begin as something just for fun. But eventually, what was once fun now contributes to feelings of stress and inadequacy. I have plenty of memories of thinking I was going to pick up something new and stick with it, whether it be playing the piano, or drawing. But there is always a part of me that expects myself to just magically be good at all of those things. And when I’m not, the enjoyment tapers off as, slowly, I think mediocrity(平庸) isn’t acceptable anymore. Writing is the only hobby that I have repeatedly come back to despite dropping it constantly. I can see the growth in my writing all these years, but the expectations to be better and better is never satisfied. This is why I drop writing for months at a time. This feeling of a hobby becoming, for a lack of better word, a chore, lowers the satisfaction of said hobby. But hobbies are there to give you a breath of fresh air from having to excel at everything, from academics to your occupation. We must accept that it is okay to just suck at an activity but still doing it because it brings you joy. There is a balance between joy and expectations, either set by others or by ourselves. 1．What does the author do in the first paragraph? A．He challenges a tradition. B．He relates an experience. C．He envisions a coming trend. D．He compares varied hobbies. 2．Which can best replace the underlined phrase “tapers off” in paragraph 1? A．Thins out. B．Tops out. C．builds up. D．Spreads around. 3．Why does the author drop writing constantly? A．He is inadequate for it. B．He prefers mediocrity. C．He equates joy with achievement. D．He receives bitter comment. 4．What message does the passage convey? A．Mediocrity is the key to enjoyment. B．A hobby shared is a hobby squared. C．Excellence ensures academic success. D．Enjoyment outweighs excellence in hobbies. 28 / 28 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题07猜测词义题 目录 01知识脑图·学科框架速建 02考点精析·知识能力全解 【知能解读01】猜测词义题五年高考考情统计 【知能解读02】猜测词义题五年高考考情解读 【知能解读03】猜测词义题五年高考考点分类 【知能解读04】猜测词义题五年高考题干特点 【知能解读05】阅读理解满分突破思维导图 03 攻坚指南·高频考点突破 【重难点突破01】利用就近原则判指代 【重难点突破02】代词指代跟踪训练 【重难点突破03】利用语境猜测句意 【重难点突破04】句意猜测跟踪训练 【重难点突破05】利用构词法猜测词义 【重难点突破06】构词法猜测跟踪训练 04 避坑锦囊·易混易错诊疗 【易混易错01】利用语法关系猜测词义 【易混易错02】语法关系猜词跟踪训练 【易混易错03】利用逻辑关系猜测词义 【易混易错04】逻辑关系猜词跟踪训练 05 通法提炼·高频思维拆解 【方法技巧01】阅读猜词词义题答题误区 【方法技巧02】阅读猜词词义题误区应对 【方法技巧03】阅读猜词词义题满分策略 01猜测词义题五年高考考情统计 卷别 细节理解题 猜测词义题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 2025全国一卷 7 1 6 1 2025全国二卷 8 1 4 2 2024新课标I卷 9 1 4 1 2024新课标II卷 9 1 4 1 2024全国甲卷 7 1 6 1 2023新课标I卷 6 1 7 1 2023新课标II卷 6 1 7 1 2023全国甲卷 8 1 5 1 2023全国乙卷 5 1 8 1 2022新课标I卷 8 2 4 1 2022新课标II卷 8 2 4 1 2022全国甲卷 8 1 3 3 2022全国乙卷 10 1 3 1 2021新课标I卷 8 1 4 2 2021新课标II卷 11 1 2 1 2021全国甲卷 5 1 8 1 2021全国乙卷 6 1 6 2 02猜测词义题五年高考考情解读 1.每年必考 猜测词义题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。此类题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。除了直接命题的生词外，阅读文章时，常常也会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来。 2.四大类型 阅读理解猜测词义题有四大考查方向：一是考查生词语境猜测，二是考查短语语境猜测，三是考查句子语境理解，四是考查代词语境猜测。 03猜测词义题五年高考考点分类 04猜测词义题五年高考题干特点 26. What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4? (2025全国二卷，代词型) 28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? （2024新课标I卷，短语型） 32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? （2024新课标II卷，短语型） 26. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? （2024全国甲卷，短语型） 24. What does the underlined word “it” in the first paragraph refer to? （2024浙江1月卷，代词型） 29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? （2023新课标I卷，生词型） 30. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean? （2023新课标I卷，短语型） 24. Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1? （2023新课标II卷，短语型） 05阅读理解满分突破思维导图 01 利用就近原则判定指代 1.试题特点 在文章中，为了避免语意的重复，常用一些代词指代上文所说的人或事。在平时的学习中，熟悉代词的含义十分重要。代词多是it、this、that、he、them、they、one、those等。一般来讲，it/this/that指代一件事；it/he/them/they/one/those可指代上文提到的人或事物。解答这类题目的时候要遵循“就近原则”，找出离代词最近的名词、词组或句子等，当然有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能找出代词所指代的事物。 代词指代题原则上从上文寻找线索，确定答案。基本点是单数还是复数，指人还是指物。 2.设问方式 26. What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4? (2025全国二卷) 24. What does the word “it” underlined in the first paragraph refer to? (2024浙江1月卷) 3.思维导图 02 代词指代跟踪训练 跟踪训练1 (2025全国二卷第26题) 原文：There are up to 30 students at any given time in Ho’s class. She generally works with their regular teachers to get lessons and tests being used at their home schools. Some teachers don’t give the kids any assignments; they express sympathy instead. “I feel like it is a disservice to the kids,” Ho says. “They think their teachers don’t care about their schoolwork.” 26. What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4? A. Offering regular lessons. B. Paying extra attention. C. Assigning no schoolwork. D. Showing no sympathy. A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws. 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: What, underlined word, “it”, refer to, paragraph 4。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: 第四段划线词所在句“Some teachers don’t give the kids any assignments; they express sympathy instead. “I feel like it is a disservice to the kids,” Ho says. (一些老师不给孩子们布置任何作业，而是表达同情。Ho说：“我觉得这对孩子们是一种伤害”)”可推知，其中的“it”指的是不给孩子们布置作业这件事。 第三步：比对选项得出答案C。 跟踪训练2 (2024浙江1月卷第24题) 原文：When was the last time you used a telephone box? I mean to make an actual phone call—not to shelter from the rain. Ages ago, right? The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was...2006. I was conducting auditions (试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London. Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing, I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more “young professional”． 24. What does the word “it” underlined in the first paragraph refer to? A. The play. B. The shared house. C. The sofa. D. The telephone box. 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: What, the word “it”, underlined in the first paragraph, refer to。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: 原文本段第五句。根据“就近原则”和代词所指代的内容一般出现在前面的句子中，且it表单数概念可知，此处指使“我”的合租房看起来更“年轻专业”一点，it指代“合租房”，代入原文，符合句意。 第三步：比对选项得出答案B。 跟踪训练3 (2022新高考II卷第30题) 原文："We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone." 30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to? A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws. 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: What, underlined word "something", last paragraph, refer to。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: 根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior.”（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。受到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。 第三步：比对选项得出答案D。 03 利用语境猜测句意 1.题型解读 高考阅读理解有时会对某一个句子的本意或外延含义进行考查,因此要求考生准确理解前后句所表达的含义,巧解句意猜测题。 句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章,用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。 2.思维导图 04句意猜测跟踪训练 跟踪训练1 (2021全国甲卷第24题) 原文：Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing .I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam（横杆）, I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that's what mattered —landing tricks, being a good skater. 29. What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean? A. Be careful! B. Well done! C. No way! D. Don't worry! 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: What , underlined words, “Safe! Safe! Safe!”, probably mean。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: 根据画线词后文“And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. (那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼，因此可以推出本句的Safe是赞美的含义。 第三步：比对选项得出答案B。 跟踪训练2 (2019浙江卷第24题) 原文：Money with no strings attached. It’s not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.” 24. What does the expression “Money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean? A. Money spent without hesitation. B. Money not legally made. C. Money offered without conditions. D. Money not tied together. 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: What, the expression, “Money with no strings attached” , paragraph 1, mean。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: 根据第一段中的“Give What You Can, Take What You Need(尽你所能,取你所需)”可知,此处“Money with no strings attached”的意思应该是“无条件提供钱”。 第三步：比对选项得出答案C。 05利用构词法猜测词义 1.掌握构词法 派生词：否定前缀或后缀，与原单词构成反义词，如dis.n-,i.…,-1s;后缀改变词性，不改变词义，如deliver→deli~;刘线o-表示“共同”;re-表示“又,再”;trans-表示“转移’ 合成法:依据合成词组成新词，结合记一沙词义;种词性用作吴一种说性而记形不变; 转化法：形容词转化为名词；动词转化为形容词；名词转化为动词等。 2.思维导图 3.解题策略 第一步：依据题干定位相应段落。 第二步：瞻前顾后找准与题干相关的关键词、句。 第三步：通过构词法破解划线单词的字面意思，再通过语境找到最佳答案。 06构词法猜测跟踪训练 跟踪训练1 (2023新课标I卷第29题) 原文：Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. 29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over. 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: What, the underlined word, “declutter”, paragraph 3, mean。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: 根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。 第三步：比对选项得出答案A。 跟踪训练2 (2020新课标II卷第25题) I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit. ... My imaginary Grandma’s Box worked like magic that spring, and later. Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it. Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away — since I seldom actually kept them. Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day,and I would return the belonging. 25. What do the underlined words “the offender” in paragraph 8 refer to? A. The student’s parent. B. The maker of the Grandma’s Box. C. The author’s grandchild. D. The owner of the forbidden fruit. 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: What, the underlined words, “the offender”, paragraph 8, refer to。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: 根据构词法知识可知,“-er”为后缀,当其与动词组合时,表示“做某事的人或物”；offend为动词,意为“违反;冒犯”。所以offender有“犯规者;违反者”之意。结合上文中出现的“forbidden fruit”以及下文提到的“return the belonging”可推断,画线词所在句表示,通常the offender会在放学的时候过来,作者就会把东西归还给他/她。因此,the offender就是携带违禁物品的人。 第三步：比对选项得出答案D。 跟踪训练3 (2016全国II卷第27题) 原文：Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.” 27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？ A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden. 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: What, the underlined word, “downside”, Paragraph 4, probably mean。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: downside是由“down（向下）+ side（方面）”构成的合成词，并且后文提到“作者冒着失去那些有不同思维风格的学生的风险”。因此，我们可以猜测该词的意思是“不足，缺点”。 第三步：比对选项得出答案B。 01利用语法关系猜词义 1.语法关系 下定义：be、mean、refer to、be called/named、namely、that is、be considered等词语后面的内容是对前面内容的注解性说明，相当于对前面的词语下定义。 同位语(从句)：同位语(从句)是对其前内容的解释说明，也可以帮助猜测词义。 定语(从句)：尤其注意后置定语和由which/who引导的非限制性定语从句。 举例说明：for example、for instance、such as.like、include、including等后面的内容也有助于猜测词义。 标点符号：注意破折号(-)、冒号(:)、分号(;)后面的内容,注意引号(“”)或括号中的内容。 2.思维导图 02 语法关系猜词跟踪训练 1.利用举例 在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。 跟踪训练1 (2022全国乙卷第29题) 原文：That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. 29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones. C. inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure. 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: What, “maintenance” underlined, paragraph 3, refer to。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: “including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure”对“maintenance”进行了解释，故推测maintenance是“维护，保养”的意思，C项inspection and repair与句中的inspect and repair对应。 第三步：比对选项得出答案C。 2.利用破折号 跟踪训练2 (2021 全国乙卷第25题) 原文：Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones according to a survey (调查). Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category. 25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Admit. B. Argue. C. Remember. D. Remark. 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: What, the underlined word, “concede” , paragraph 3, mean。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: 根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。 第三步：比对选项得出答案A。 3.利用同义关系 跟踪训练3 (2015四川卷第44题) 原文：And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal. 44. What does the underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph 5 mean？ A. Active at night.            B. Inactive at night. C. Active during the day.         D. Inactive during the day. 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: What, underlined word, “nocturnal”, in Paragraph 5, mean。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: 画线单词前一句说“不是只有知更鸟在人造光下会一直醒着”，而“also（也）”表明这一句与前面表达的意思相近，即“黑鹂和海鸥也更活跃”。“nocturnal”应该是“awake”的近义词，意为“夜间活跃的”。 第三步：比对选项得出答案A。 4.利用释义关系 跟踪训练4 (2023全国甲卷第24题) Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. 24. Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1? A. An artist. B. A winner. C. A specialist. D. A pioneer. 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: Which, closest, in meaning to “a dab hand”, paragraph 1。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: 据文章第一段画线短语下文“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. (她擅长摆架子和拼接家具，从不付钱给别人做她自己能做的工作)”可推知，此处指Terri Boltonis是一位DIY高手。C项“A specialist (一位专业人员)”最接近画线短语“a dab hand”的意思。 第三步：比对选项得出答案C。 03利用逻辑关系猜测词义 1.逻辑关系 反义关系：根据画线词的反义词猜测词义。表示转折:but,however,otherwisethough,even though；表示对比:unlike,in contrast, while.on the contrary,on the other hand,rather than,instead of。 同义关系：根据画线词的相同或相近意义的词语猜测词义。表示类同:similarly,like,or,namelyin other words,that is to say,justas,and,also,as well as,the same as.as...as。 因果关系：根据前后因果关系猜测词义。表原因:because,since,because ofdue to,thanks to,for,as a result of；表结果:so,therefore,so that,sosuch...that...,lead to/result in/contribute to,as a result。 2.思维导图 3.解题思路 第一步：依据题干关键词定位原文相关词、句。 第二步：瞻前顾后抓关键词，如but, unlike, in other words, as a result等。 第三步：“题干-原文-选项”三对照，从肯定否定逻辑和感情褒贬性入手作答。 04逻辑关系猜词跟踪训练 1.利用因果关系猜词 若画线单词或短语前后句子之间构成因果关系，那我们便可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推知单词或短语的意义。因果关系的语境通常由because, so, thus, therefore, as a result of, so that, so/such...that...等标志词体现。 跟踪训练1 (2019全国II卷第25题) 原文：I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on … At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.” 25. What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in Paragraph 2 mean？ A. Encourage team work.          B. Appeal to feeling. C. Promote good deeds.             D. Provide advice. 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: What, underlined phrase, “tug at the heartstrings” , Paragraph 2, mean。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: 由逻辑词“so”可知，此处可以借助因果逻辑关系猜测词义句意。画线部分的前一句提到“她可能需要有人劝说一下”，故“tug at the heartstrings”应该有“劝说”的意思。“appeal to feeling”意思是“打动某人，唤起某人的情感”。 第三步：比对选项得出答案B。 2.利用对比关系猜词 运用转折对比描述事物或现象是写作时常用的一种手法，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，抓住这些信号词，结合上下文意，我们就能够快速推测出词义。体现对比关系的词语很多，常见的有but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead of, on the other hand, rather than, on the contrary等。 跟踪训练2 (2020新高考Ⅰ卷第33题) 原文：According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid. 33. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to? A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons. C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons. 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: What, underlined word “beanpoles”, paragraph 1, refer to。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: 根据 “And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份)，it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.”，研究表明，与现存的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭) 相反，你真正需要避开的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根据“contrary to”可知，画线词与heavier people含义相反。 第三步：比对选项得出答案D。 跟踪训练3 (2024 新课标II卷第32题) 原文：In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code(代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: What, the phrase “In the wrong hands”, paragraph 2, probably mean。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: 根据第二段画线短语后but及thankfully可知前后语意转折,前句应该是假设一位不是Campbell的作者,与后句中经验丰富的作者进行对比。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的人写的”。 第三步：比对选项得出答案C。 3.利用同一关系猜词 跟踪训练4 (2023 新课标II卷第30题) In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. 30. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform. 第一步：浏览题干，找到关键词。关键词: What, the underlined words “relate to”, paragraph 2, mean。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: 根据画线词上文“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments (这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relate to”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。 第三步：比对选项得出答案A。 01 阅读猜词词义题答题误区 1.忽视上下文语境，仅凭单词记忆作答​ 不少学生在遇到生词时，第一反应是在脑海中搜索该词的记忆释义，而忽略了单词所处的上下文语境。 例如：2023年新高考 Ⅰ 卷的阅读文章中，“Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.” 对于declutter一词，如果仅从单词本身出发，学生可能难以知晓其含义。但结合下文 “This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.” 可知，该过程要求人们远离一些线上活动，由此可推断出declutter有 “清理，整理（此处指对线上活动进行清理）” 的意思。若学生不关注上下文，仅凭对clutter杂乱）的模糊记忆，很难准确理解 “declutter” 在此处的含义。​ 2.误判逻辑关系，导致词义推导错误​ 阅读文章中词与词、句与句之间存在着各种逻辑关系，如因果、转折、对比、并列等，这些逻辑关系是推测词义的重要线索。然而，学生在答题时常常误判这些逻辑关系。 例如：2022 年全国甲卷的阅读理解中，“Unlike her sister, who is always cheerful and talkative, Mary is rather taciturn.” 句中“Unlike” 表明了对比关系，即 Mary 和她姐姐的性格相反，她姐姐 “cheerful and talkative”（开朗健谈），那么可以推断出 “taciturn” 意为 “沉默寡言的”。若学生未能识别出 “Unlike” 所体现的对比逻辑，就可能无法正确猜出 “taciturn” 的词义。 3.对熟词生义缺乏认知，局限于常见释义​ 高考英语阅读常考查熟词在特定语境下的生僻含义，而学生往往局限于单词的常见释义。 例如：2024 年新高考 I 卷为例，“The course of the river has changed dramatically over the years.” 这里的“course 并非学生熟悉的 “课程” 含义，而是 “路线，河道” 的意思。学生若只知道 “course” 的常见义，就无法理解句子的准确意思。 4.无法准确判断代词指代内容​ 在阅读文章中，代词的准确指代对于理解文意至关重要。但学生在确定代词指代对象时经常出现错误。例如，2023 年新高考 II 卷中的一段话，“The scientists conducted an experiment on a group of mice. They found that the mice in the experimental group showed different behaviors compared to those in the control group. This discovery could have important implications for future research.” 这里的 “This discovery” 指代的是前文科学家们关于实验组小鼠与对照组小鼠行为差异的发现，若学生不能准确判断，就会影响对文章后续内容的理解以及相关词义猜测题的解答。 02 阅读猜词词义题误区应对 1.强化语境意识，仔细研读上下文​ 在解答猜词词义题时，学生要树立强烈的语境意识。当遇到需猜测词义的单词或短语时，要认真阅读其所在句子以及前后相邻的句子，从整体语境中寻找线索。 2．掌握逻辑关系词，借助逻辑推理​ 学生需要熟练掌握常见的逻辑关系词及其所表达的逻辑关系。在阅读过程中，一旦发现逻辑关系词，就要高度关注，并据此分析句子之间的逻辑联系，进而推测词义。比如，看到 “but”“however”“yet” 等转折词时，要意识到前后内容相反；看到 “and”“or”“similarly” 等表示并列或相似关系的词时，可知前后内容在语义上相近或相关；看到 “because”“since”“as a result of” 等因果关系词时，可从原因推导结果或从结果追溯原因。 3.积累熟词生义，拓宽词汇理解​ 平时学习中，学生要注重积累常见单词的生僻含义。可以通过整理高考真题、模拟题中出现的熟词生义情况，建立专门的词汇笔记，定期复习。同时，在阅读英文文章、书籍、报刊时，遇到熟词在不同语境下的特殊含义，要及时记录并理解记忆。 4.运用指代分析技巧，确定代词指代​ 对于代词指代题，学生可采用以下方法：首先，返回原文，找到代词所在位置；然后，向前（有时也可能向后，但大部分情况是向前）搜索，寻找离代词最近的名词、名词短语或句子；最后，将找到的内容代入代词处，看句子的逻辑和语义是否通顺合理。 03 阅读猜词词义题满分策略 1.建立熟词生义库：整理近5年真题出现的熟词生义，每日复习5-10个，重点记忆高频词。​ 2.强化逻辑词敏感度：总结常见逻辑关系词（如转折），结合真题例句进行逻辑推导训练。​ 3.构词法专项突破：掌握常见前缀、后缀、词根，遇到生词先拆分结构，再结合语境验证。 4.三步定位语境法：锁定生词句及前后2句；圈出逻辑词、标点；代入原文检查是否通顺。 猜测词义题综合能力提升 真题专区：研读高考真题，洞悉高考命题规律，探寻满分做题技巧和应试思维 01 (2025浙江1月卷) A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce storm water runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from. C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of. 29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants. C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland. 30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS 【导读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了矩阵式种植方法的理念、起源、发展、原则及其带来的益处。这种种植方法通过精心规划植物组合，减少人工干预，发挥自然的最大作用，从而创建一个自给自足的生态系统，不仅美观，还能显著提升环境效益。 【解析】 28. B。词义猜测题。根据首段第二句“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.”以及最后一句中的to garden more like nature does可知，矩阵式种植方法旨在减少人工干预，发挥自然在花园的生长和设计中的更大作用。故Eschewing 应该指减少、摒弃化肥以及园艺电动工具的使用，故选B。 29. D。事实细节题。根据第二段首句“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.”可知，矩阵式种植的目的是开发维护度极低的公园用地。develop low-maintenance parkland 是plant large areas of parkland ...need minimal maintenance 的同义表达，故选D。 30. C。推理判断题。根据第三段中的adding artistic flavors、playing with color and form、Beautiful、enjoy the smallest detail、the sound of grasses、the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads 可知，Piet Oudolf 的花园融入了艺术特色，巧妙运用色彩和形态，四季皆美，细节丰富，具有观赏价值。Tasteful意为“雅致的；有品位的”，是对artistic、Beautiful、enjoy的概括。 31. A。主旨大意题。文章首段开门见山，介绍矩阵式种植方法的理念：减少人工干预，发挥自然的作用。第二、三段介绍这种设计方法的起源和发展，第四段聚焦矩阵式种植的原则“适地适树”，末段分析这种设计方法带来的益处。据此可知，文章旨在介绍一种新型园艺设计方法“矩阵式种植”，A项中WILD 意为“自然生长的”，契合矩阵式种植的理念，故选A。 02 (2025八省联考卷) Jim Johnson, a mail carrier, was an institution in the leafy Westmoreland, Westhaven and Westover Hills neighborhoods. just north of downtown Wilmington, where he delivered much more than the mail. He knew all the kids and their pets by name; he carried in the groceries; he took note of unlocked doors, offered gardening advice, and taught more than a few young boys the art of the curveball. When he wasn't doing all that, Jim was running across a checkerboard of green lawns(草坪) to ensure the local postal service did not fall short of its daily promise. Though the postal service is often disparaged now, the trust in local postal service lives on. In many communities, that trust is won every day when life-saving medicine, greeting cards, social security checks, college acceptance letters-even the bills-appear in mailboxes in front of the houses. After more than three decades, Jim approached his final days on the job much like any other. He drove a boxy postal truck to North DuPont Road for the first unofficial stop of the day. Butch, a dog who belonged to one of the neighbors, was waiting just like every day before. And just like every day before, he got into the jump seat and they were off. On the route, Jim and Butch had become inseparable. Now, the dog and the mailman would ride off to retirement together. At every stop, Jim accepted the parting good wishes of families that had become his own. There were tears and laughter, and hugs filled with warm memories. It’s been 33 years since Jim left the route, but we are still reminded of the deep bond established between community and letter carrier. That’s what the postal service means to us. 24. What do we know about Jim Johnson from the first paragraph? A. He’s open-minded. B. He’s sharp-eyed. C. He’s warm-hearted. D. He’s strong-willed. 25. What does the underlined word “disparaged” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Refused. B. Criticized. C. Investigated. D. Suspended. 26. What did Jim do besides daily delivery on his final days of work? A. He drove Butch to its owner. B. He sent presents to his friends. C. He prepared a retirement party. D. He said goodbye to the neighbors. 27. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To remember a respected mail carrier. B. To record an unforgettable experience. C. To raise funds for the postal service. D. To call for harmony in the community. 【答案】24. C 25. B 26. D 27. A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了邮递员吉姆·约翰逊在工作中热心帮助邻里，与大家建立了深厚感情，在他退休33年后，作者依然记得他，表达了对他的怀念。 24. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“He knew all the kids and their pets by name; he carried in the groceries; he took note of unlocked doors, offered gardening advice, and taught more than a few young boys the art of the curveball. When he wasn't doing all that, Jim was running across a checkerboard of green lawns (草坪) to ensure the local postal service did not fall short of its daily promise.(他知道所有孩子和他们宠物的名字；他把杂货搬进来；他注意到那些没锁的门，提供园艺方面的建议，还教了几个小男孩曲球的艺术。当他不做这些事情的时候，吉姆会跑过棋盘状的绿色草坪，以确保当地的邮政服务不会达不到每天的承诺)”可推知，吉姆·约翰逊是一个热心肠的人。故选C项。 25.词句猜测题。根据划线单词句“Though the postal service is often disparaged now, the trust in local postal service lives on.(虽然邮政服务现在经常disparaged，但人们对当地邮政服务的信任仍然存在)”可知，前后句是转折关系，后半句说对当地邮政服务的信任依然存在，那么前半句应该是说邮政服务现在常被批评，由此表明，邮政服务经常被看不起或批评。由此可知，划线词disparaged与“Criticized(批评)”意思相近。故选B项。 26.细节理解题。根据第三段中“At every stop, Jim accepted the parting good wishes of families that had become his own. There were tears and laughter, and hugs filled with warm memories.(每到一站，吉姆都会接受那些已经成为他自己的家人的告别祝福。有泪水，有欢笑，有充满温暖回忆的拥抱)”可知，吉姆在工作的最后几天除了每天送货外，还向邻居们告别。故选D项。 27. 推理判断题。根据文章大意以及最后一段“It’s been 33 years since Jim left the route, but we are still reminded of the deep bond established between community and letter carrier. That’s what the postal service means to us.(吉姆离开这条路线已经33年了，但我们仍然记得社区和邮递员之间建立的深厚联系。这就是邮政服务对我们的意义)”可知，文章主要讲述了吉姆·约翰逊这位邮递员在工作中热心帮助邻里，与大家建立了深厚感情，在他退休33年后，作者依然记得他，表达了对他的怀念。由此推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是纪念一位受人尊敬的邮递员。故选A项。 03 (2024九省联考卷) In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: “I have come to the conclusion that there is only one way to get the best of an argument — and that is to avoid it.” This distaste for arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes problems for our personal and social lives — and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal (言语的) fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. You would be feeling almost as bad if arguments were even just competitions — like, say, tennis tournaments. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner comes out from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking explains why so many people try to avoid arguments. However, there are ways to win an argument every time. When you state your position, formulate (阐述) an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. When you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view and spell out their argument fully. Assess its strength and weakness. Raise objections (异议) and listen carefully to their replies. This method will require effort, but practice will make you better at it. These tools can help you win every argument — not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about what divides people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments — from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain respect and understanding from each other — then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument. 28. What is the author’s attitude toward Carnegie’s understanding of argument? A. Critical. B. Supportive. C. Tolerant. D. Uncertain. 29. Why do many people try to avoid arguments? A. They lack debating skills. B. They may feel bad even if they win. C. They fear being ignored. D. They are not confident in themselves. 30. What does the underlined phrase “spell out” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Defend. B. Explain. C. Conclude. D. Repeat. 31. What is the key to “winning” an argument according to the author? A. Sense of logic. B. Solid supporting evidence. C. Proper manners. D. Understanding from both sides. 【答案】28. A 29. B 30. B 31. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，作者阐述了争论的意义和赢得争论的方法。 28.推理判断题。根据第一段中“This distaste for arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes problems for our personal and social lives — and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.(这种对争论的厌恶是很普遍的，但它取决于对争论的错误看法，这种观点会给我们的个人和社会生活带来问题——而且在很多方面，它首先忽略了争论的意义)”可知，作者对于Carnegie对争论的看法持批判态度，故选A。 29.细节理解题。根据第二段中“Like physical fights, verbal (言语的) fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. You would be feeling almost as bad if arguments were even just competitions — like, say, tennis tournaments.(和身体上的打斗一样，言语上的打斗也会让双方流血。即使你赢了，你最终也不会变得更好。如果争论只是一场比赛，比如网球比赛，你也会感觉很糟糕)”可知，很多人尽量避免争论，是因为即使赢了他们也感觉很糟糕，故选B。 30.词句猜测题。根据划线短语所在句“ask them to give you a reason for their view”可知，让他们为自己的观点提供依据，即让他们充分阐明他们的观点，spell out意为“解释明白，讲清楚”，故选B。 31.细节理解题。根据最后一段中“If we readjust our view of arguments — from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain respect and understanding from each other — then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.(如果我们重新调整我们对争论的看法——从一场口水战或网球比赛转变为一种理性的交流，通过这种交流，我们都能获得彼此的尊重和理解——那么我们就改变了‘赢得’争论的本质)”可知，作者认为“赢得”争论的关键是通过交流获得彼此的尊重和理解，故选D。 模拟专区：精选名校真题好题，帮你锤炼做题技巧，助力冲刺备考圆梦高考 04 We studied a diverse group of birds typically found along coastlines, known as shorebirds. Heartbreakingly, their global population has plummeted as they continue to battle habitat destruction, sea level rise, disturbance and hunting. 04.What does the underlined word “plummeted” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Reduced sharply. B．Increased rapidly. C．Recovered slowly. D．Changed gradually. 【答案】A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了滨鸟生存所面临的严峻危机。 【详解】词句猜测题。根据下文“as they continue to battle habitat destruction, sea level rise, disturbance and hunting. (它们继续与栖息地破坏、海平面上升、人为干扰和捕猎等问题作斗争。)”可知，这些鸟的全球种群数量已急剧下降。由此可知，plummeted意为“急剧下降”。故选A。 05 It was break time at noon. I headed down to the kitchen about five minutes early and gave my Coke such a hard shake that I feared it may actually go off in my hands. I placed it back in the fridge. Then, I hid into a cupboard in the kitchen, waiting for the right moment. 05 What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．The kitchen. B．The drink. C．The hand. D．The fridge. 【答案】B 【详解】词句猜测题。根据“I headed down to the kitchen about five minutes early and gave my Coke such a hard shake that I feared it may actually go off in my hands. (我提前大约五分钟去了厨房，狠狠地摇了摇我的可乐，担心它真的会在我手里掉下来。)”可知，代词it指代前文提到的作者的可乐饮料，与选项B“The drink. (饮料)”相符。故选B。 06 One theory that Brogaard says is that cell death caused by being struck by lightning could cause a one-time flooding of the brain with neurotransmitters (神经递质) that are released from the dying neurons (神经元). This causes a rewiring of neurons, providing access to areas of the brain that were previously inaccessible. 06 What does the underlined word “This” refer to in paragraph 5? A．The cell death due to lightning strikes. B．The flooding of brain’s neurotransmitters. C．The rewiring of brain neurons. D．The release of dying neurons. 【答案】B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了布罗加德说的一种理论是，被闪电击中导致的细胞死亡可能会导致大脑中一次性充斥着神经递质，这些神经递质是从死亡的神经元中释放出来的。这会导致神经元的重新布线，为以前无法进入的大脑区域提供通道。 【详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“One theory that Brogaard says is that cell death caused by being struck by lightning could cause a one-time flooding of the brain with neurotransmitters (神经递质) that are released from the dying neurons (神经元). This causes a rewiring of neurons, providing access to areas of the brain that were previously inaccessible.(布罗加德说，一种理论是，被闪电击中导致的细胞死亡可能会导致大脑中神经递质的一次性泛滥，这些神经递质是从垂死的神经元释放出来的。……会导致神经元的重新连接，从而进入以前无法进入的大脑区域)”可知，This是指代上文提到的a one-time flooding of the brain with neurotransmitters（神经递质），即大脑神经递质的泛滥，故选B。 07 Before I left school in December, I had a couple of tests called Mid-term Test. They all went pretty smooth, mostly because I didn’t have too many hard classes. My favorite class was English, and also my hardest. Personally I really liked English, where I could write essays (文章), challenge writing skills and improve English talking. 07 What does the underlined word “They” in the third paragraph refer to? A．Classes B．Tests C．Games D．Students 【答案】B 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者的学校生活。 【详解】指代猜测题。根据划线词前文“Before I left school in December, I had a couple of tests called Mid-term Test. They all went pretty smooth, mostly because I didn’t have too many hard classes.”（在我12月离开学校之前，我进行了几次名为“期中考试”的考试。它们都进展得很顺利，主要是因为我没有太多困难的课程。）可知，此处They 指代上文提到的复数名词tests (考试)。故选B。 08 However, there are ways to win an argument every time. When you state your position, formulate (阐述) an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. When you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view and spell out their argument fully. Assess its strength and weakness. Raise objections (异议) and listen carefully to their replies. This method will require effort, but practice will make you better at it. 08 What does the underlined phrase “spell out” in the paragraph probably mean? A．Defend. B．Explain. C．Conclude. D．Repeat. 【答案】B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章简要介绍了赢得争论的具体方法。 【小题1】词句猜测题。划线部分的上文“When you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view (当你和有立场的人交谈时，让他们给你一个理由来支持他们的观点)”建议让有立场的人为自己的观点提供依据，由此可知，也会建议让他们充分阐明他们的观点，划线部分意思应该是“详细解释”，与Explain“解释”意思一致。故选B项。 09 For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity. 09 The underlined expression “stomach it” most probably means “_______”. A．digest the meal easily B．manage without breakfast C．decide wisely what to eat D．eat whatever is offered 【答案】B 【导语】本语段选自一篇说明文，简要介绍了一项研究表明，对于那些能忍受不吃早餐锻炼的人群而言，早餐前锻炼更有益健康。 【详解】词句猜测题。根据画线部分的下文“working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first (早餐前锻炼可能比先吃东西更有益于健康)”可知，此处介绍空腹锻炼的益处，再结合生活常识可知，通常情况下，有些人是无法忍受锻炼前不吃早餐的，由此推断，该益处针对的是可以忍受锻炼前不吃早餐的人群，画线部分意思应该是“不吃早餐也行”。故选B项。 10 The earthquake is one of the most common natural disasters. It may cause great damage. So it is wise to learn some simple safety tips to protect yourself or your family members. Fragile items like those made of glass are easily broken and should usually be placed on a lower surface, near the ground instead of placing them on the cupboards higher up. Never place them near your bed, sofas and other furniture where you would be sitting or lying down. When there is a strong movement, these pieces will fall on  the floor directly and not on you. 10 The underlined word “Fragile” in Paragraph 2 probably means “________”. A．Easily found. B．Easily broken. C．Expensive. D．Heavy. 【答案】B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了预防地震的一些安全措施。 【详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词后面的“items like those made of glass are easily broken and should usually be placed on a lower surface”（像玻璃制品这样的物品很容易破碎，通常应该放在较低的表面上）可知，“Fragile items”指的是“易碎物品”，fragile意为“易碎的”，与B选项“Easily broken”意思一致。故选B。 11 When 76-year-old Antoinette-Marie Williams played 17-year-old Emmett Daniels in chess for the first time, she gave Daniels a run for his money. Paired through DOROT, a New York organization which was launched in 1976, they are a perfect match. “I was a good opponent for him. I don’t think he expected it.” Williams told the CVS Health blog Fortune Well. Their weekly games have led Daniels and Williams to a cross-generational relationship that they both enjoy. Williams and Daniels’ relationship disproves the idea that people of different generations have little in common. 11 What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．She had a running race with Daniels. B．Daniels felt disappointed. C．Daniels had a tough win. D．She gave Daniels money as a gift of greeting. 【答案】C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Antoinette-Marie Williams和Emmett Daniels在下棋方面的情况。 【详解】词句猜测题。根据第一段中““I was a good opponent for him. I don’t think he expected it.” （“对他来说，我是一个很好的对手。我想他也没想到会这样。”）可知，对于17岁的Emmett Daniels来说，他没有想到76岁的Antoinette-Marie Williams在围棋方面的技艺高超，因此画线句的含义为“Daniels赢得很辛苦。”选项C符合题意，故选C。 12 When it comes to napping, one size definitely doesn’t fit all. If you are sleep deprived, a nap can be helpful or even essential for making it through the day. However, for those with other sleep issues, a nap may make it harder to fall asleep at night. For most of us, the timing and length of our nap will largely determine how beneficial it is to our sleep routine. 12 What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 2 mean? A．A nap benefits all the people. B．Not all the people fit napping. C．A nap works on one with sleep problems. D．A nap works for you if you're lacking sleep. 【答案】B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了午睡对不同人群的影响及午睡的时间和时长如何影响其效用。 【详解】词句猜测题。根据划线部分下文“If you are sleep deprived, a nap can be helpful or even essential for making it through the day. However, for those with other sleep issues, a nap may make it harder to fall asleep at night. For most of us, the timing and length of our nap will largely determine how beneficial it is to our sleep routine. (如果你睡眠不足，小睡对度过一天很有帮助，甚至是必不可少的。然而，对于那些有其他睡眠问题的人来说，午睡可能会让他们在晚上更难入睡。对我们大多数人来说，午睡的时间和时间长短在很大程度上决定了它对我们日常睡眠的有益程度。)”可知，小睡这种方式不一定适合所有人。由此可推知，划线部分“When it comes to napping, one size definitely doesn’t fit all.”表达的意思是“不是所有的人都适合午睡”。故选B。 13 We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don’t even realize it’s new. For them, it’s just normal. This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a children’s book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures—a perfect match for his age. 13 What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in Paragraph 2? A．Provided shelter for me. B．Became very clear to me. C．Took the pressure off me. D．Worked quite well on me. 【答案】B 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者陪同孙子阅读的经过。 【详解】词句猜测题。根据第一段“We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don’t even realize it’s new. For them, it’s just normal.(我们记者生活在一个讲故事的新时代，有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到这是一种新事物。对他们来说，这很正常)”划线短语后文“I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday(当时是春节假期，我和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上)”可知，作者是记者，生活在一个讲故事的新时代，有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到它是新的。对他们来说，这很正常。而这在春节假期，作者和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上，尤其清楚认识到了这一点。故划线短语意思是“我很清楚”。故选B。 14（2025·湖南·三模） As the first girl in my family, I was born in Venezuela, twelve months to the day before one of the biggest earthquakes in the country’s history struck the capital city Caracas in 1967. I’ve always seen this as a sign of my destiny. Disasters have the potential to set back a nation’s development for years and even decades. However, my personal experiences have taught me that the extent of damage often depends on whether there is a culture of prevention within the affected society. . I recall a time when I was living in an apartment building when a moderate earthquake struck. My reaction, after the immediate “drop, cover, hold on” reflexes (反射动作), was to hope that the building would prove to be structurally sound. As the shaking slowly stopped, I ran outside to wait for possible aftershocks. My fears, thankfully, did not happen. It had resisted the quake because it followed the country’s building codes. Occasions like this show the necessity of having updated building codes that include lessons learned from past disasters. Had the building not followed these updated codes, I may not have survived. This experience has only strengthened my belief in the value of prevention in mitigating the impact of disasters. I have spent the past two years working on the Built Environment in Latin America and the Caribbean Project. The project has developed risk-informed policies and engineering techniques in the six countries that were selected for their particularly high exposure to earthquakes. This project fits perfectly with my professional and personal goals, as it combines my passion and experience in risk reduction. Like the third little pig in the tale of Three Little Pigs, who puts resilience (韧性) above convenience while building his house from bricks, I’m committed to building a framework of prevention and resilience, as I know that early action today can prevent problems tomorrow. 1．What does the author refer to as her destiny? A．Rebuilding cities after disasters. B．Experiencing many earthquakes. C．Doing work related to earthquakes. D．Updating building codes in Venezuela. 2．Why did the earthquake mentioned in paragraph 3 impress the author? A．She realized the danger of earthquakes. B．She felt she did not respond well enough. C．She was very lucky to escape with her life. D．She recognized the importance of prevention. 3．What does the underlined word “mitigating” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Causing. B．Reducing. C．Ignoring. D．Avoiding. 4．What does the tale of Three Little Pigs imply? A．Teamwork matters in preventing disasters. B．Risk reduction work requires a lot of skills. C．Damage caused by disasters can be avoided. D．Building houses needs passion and experience. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，作者出生于委内瑞拉，在该国首都发生地震的前一年出生，这让作者认为自己与地震相关工作有某种命运联系。作者通过自身经历深刻认识到预防的重要性。作者还参与相关项目，致力于构建预防和抗灾框架。 1．细节理解题。根据文第一段“As the first girl in my family, I was born in Venezuela, twelve months to the day before one of the biggest earthquakes in the country’s history struck the capital city Caracas in 1967. I’ve always seen this as a sign of my destiny.(作为家中的长女，我出生在委内瑞拉。1967 年，该国历史上最严重的地震之一袭击了首都加拉加斯，而我在地震发生前整 12 个月出生。我一直将此视为命运的一种昭示)” 以及最后一段“I have spent the past two years working on the Built Environment in Latin America and the Caribbean Project... This project fits perfectly with my professional and personal goals, as it combines my passion and experience in risk reduction.(在过去的两年里，我一直在从事拉丁美洲和加勒比地区建筑环境项目…… 这个项目与我的职业和个人目标完美契合，因为它结合了我在降低风险方面的热情和经验)” 可知，作者将从事与地震相关的工作视为自己的命运。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“It had resisted the quake because it followed the country’s building codes.(它能抵御地震是因为它遵循了该国的建筑规范)” 以及第四段“This experience has only strengthened my belief in the value of prevention in mitigating the impact of disasters.(这次经历进一步坚定了我对预防在减轻灾害影响方面价值的信念)” 可知，第三段提到的地震给作者留下深刻印象是因为她认识到了预防的重要性。故选D。 3．词义猜测题。根据第三段“It had resisted the quake because it followed the country’s building codes.(它能抵御地震是因为它遵循了该国的建筑规范)”和第四段 “This experience has only strengthened my belief in the value of prevention in mitigating the impact of disasters.(这次经历进一步坚定了我对预防在…… 灾害影响方面价值的信念)”并结合前文提到建筑遵循规范抵御地震，可知预防是为了“减轻”灾害影响。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Like the third little pig in the tale of Three Little Pigs, who puts resilience (韧性) above convenience while building his house from bricks, I’m committed to building a framework of prevention and resilience, as I know that early action today can prevent problems tomorrow.(就像《三只小猪》故事里的第三只小猪，用砖头盖房子时把韧性置于便利之上，我致力于构建一个预防和具备韧性的框架，因为我知道今日尽早行动，明日便可防患于未然)” 可知，《三只小猪》的故事暗示通过像第三只小猪一样注重韧性（预防措施），灾害造成的损害是可以避免的。故选C。 15（2025·山东青岛·二模） In primary school, I evolved from the class half-wit to the smart-alec, attracting scorn for being the teacher’s pet. Mr Slavin, fair but partial to answers, favored me over boys like Thommo, who struggled to remember his name. Thommo faced regular canings—four strokes from Mr Slavin or six from the Deputy Head. His screams echoed as he fled each stroke. One day, police found his school case stuffed with stolen trinkets, and he vanished forever. Despite Thommo’s fate, I envied his rebellious aura. As the despised “pet,” I craved respect. My desk at the back, reserved for top students, isolated me. To rebel visibly, I carved railway tracks into the desk, pushing pencil fragments with “chuffing” noises. Inspired by my firebug tendencies, I rubbed a ruler against the wood until smoke—then flames—emerged. Mr Slavin’s gaze turned, and I earned four stinging strokes. The pain paled against the glory of newfound notoriety. This triumph spurred darker urges. Bullied by older boys, I mimicked their cruelty on younger ones but recoiled instinctively. My aversion to inflicting pain clashed with a personality riddled with flaws. At home, I staged futile escapes—packed with peanut butter sandwiches—only to linger near forbidden roads. Symbolic rebellion surfaced in tunneling through chicken coops, emerging crowned in bird droppings. My mother, oblivious to my school struggles, boasted of my intellect to neighbors like Nola Huthnance, whose endless chatter rivaled her own. Even as I lapped up her praise, I sensed its toxicity. Unlike Gogol’s mother, who credited her son with inventing the steam engine, mine saw genius in mundane report cards. Such adoration bred isolation, compelling me to forge a contrary identity. 1．What can be inferred about the author's attitude toward his mother's praise? A．He felt pressured to develop a rebellious identity. B．He actively embraced her admiration as motivation. C．He remained indifferent to her opinions. D．He resented her comparisons with other families. 2．What does the underlined word “chuffing” most likely refer to? A．Crying in pain. B．Whispering secrets. C．Making train-like noises. D．Laughing mockingly. 3．How did Mr. Slavin treat the author compared to Thommo? A．Strict but fair. B．Partial but encouraging. C．Hostile and dismissive. D．Indifferent and detached. 4．Why was Thommo taken away by the police? A．He set fire to the classroom. B．He escaped during caning. C．He bullied younger students. D．He stole items from stores. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作者在小学时期的经历，包括在学校里的表现、与老师和同学的关系，以及在家里的一些行为，展现了作者叛逆性格形成的过程。 1．推理判断题。根据最后一段 “Even as I lapped up her praise, I sensed its toxicity. Unlike Gogol’s mother, who credited her son with inventing the steam engine, mine saw genius in mundane report cards. Such adoration bred isolation, compelling me to forge a contrary identity.(即使在我欣然接受她的赞美时，我也感觉到它的毒性。果戈理的母亲认为自己的儿子发明了蒸汽机，而我的母亲则认为平凡的成绩单是天才。这种崇拜滋生了孤立，迫使我塑造一个相反的身份)”可推知，作者母亲的赞扬让他有压力，促使他形成了叛逆的身份。故选 A。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段 “To rebel visibly, I carved railway tracks into the desk, pushing pencil fragments with “chuffing” noises.(为了明显地叛逆，我在课桌上刻了铁轨，推着铅笔碎片发出 “噗噗” 的声音)”可知，作者在课桌上刻了铁轨。所以“chuffing” 指的是像火车一样的噪音。故选 C。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段 “Mr Slavin, fair but partial to answers, favored me over boys like Thommo(斯拉文先生公平但偏爱回答问题好的学生，比起汤莫这样的男孩，他更偏爱我)”可推知，斯拉文先生对作者是偏爱的，对汤莫则不是，同时他也鼓励作者。故选 B。 4．细节理解题。根章第一段 “One day, police found his school case stuffed with stolen trinkets, and he vanished forever.(有一天，警察发现他的书包里塞满了偷来的小饰品，然后他就永远消失了)”可知，汤莫被警察带走是因为他偷了商店的东西。故选 D。 16（2025·山东青岛·三模） In the digital age, teenagers are facing a challenge that has never happened — the constant battle for their attention. A 2023 study published in the Journal of Adolescent Health reveals that the average teenager switches between digital tasks every 19 seconds, resulting in a 40% decline in mental processes of understanding compared to focused work. Continuous partial attention, termed by researchers, occurs when individuals attempt to monitor multiple digital streams together without fully concentrating on any single one. Unlike purposeful multitasking, this state leaves teenagers in a repeated condition of mental overload. Professor Linda Stone, who first identified the behavior, explains, “It’s not that teens can’t focus–it’s that their focus is always divided.” The neurological (神经系统的) impacts are particularly concerning during the teenage years, a critical period for brain development. MRI scans (扫描) demonstrate that heavy media multitaskers show less dense gray matter in the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC), the brain region responsible for emotional control and decision-making. A 2021 Stanford study revealed that teens who engaged in frequent media multitasking had 15% weaker ACC activation during tasks compared to those who focused on single tasks. This physical change correlates with increased anxiety levels and decreased academic performance observed in numerous case studies. However, the solution isn’t as simple as removing technology entirely. Digital literacy (读写能力) expert Dr. Mark Prensky argues that digital natives process information differently than previous generations. Instead of removing devices, educators should teach “attention literacy” — the skill of consciously choosing when and how to engage with technology. Some schools experiment with focus training and they report 30% improvements in students’ sustained attention duration within six months. Parents play an equally crucial role. One way to support this is to establish “protected spaces” in homes where devices are set aside, allowing for uninterrupted face-to-face communication. The goal isn’t to blame technology blindly but to help teens develop the wisdom to use it intentionally. 1．What does the underlined phrase “mental overload” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Constantly switching tasks. B．Struggling to stay focused. C．Taking in too much at once. D．Feeling emotionally exhausted. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．How MRI scans are used to study the brain. B．How avoiding screens benefits brain health. C．Why media multitasking increases teen anxiety. D．How media multitasking affects the teenage brain. 3．Why does the author mention schools experimenting with focus training? A．To criticize the current trend. B．To support a proposed solution. C．To warn against technology overuse. D．To introduce changes in modern education. 4．Why is “protected spaces” in homes suggested? A．To support parental monitoring. B．To promote mindful tech habits. C．To improve academic performance. D．To increase family time on digital devices. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕数字时代青少年面临的注意力挑战展开，对青少年在数字环境下注意力分散的现象、产生原因、神经系统的负面影响以及应对措施等方面进行了说明。 1．词义猜测题。根据文章第二段“Continuous partial attention, termed by researchers, occurs when individuals attempt to monitor multiple digital streams together without fully concentrating on any single one. Unlike purposeful multitasking, this state leaves teenagers in a repeated condition of mental overload.(研究人员所称的“持续性部分注意力”状态，指的是人们试图同时监控多个数字信息流，却无法完全专注于任何一个。与有目的的多任务处理不同，这种状态使青少年反复陷入……。)”可推测，“持续性部分注意力”状态下，青少年试图同时处理多个数字信息流，导致大脑无法专注于一个信息流。“mental overload”指的是无法专注。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段内容“The neurological(神经系统的)impacts are particularly concerning during the teenage years, a critical period for brain development. MRI scans(扫描)demonstrate that heavy media multitaskers show less dense gray matter in the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC), the brain region responsible for emotional control and decision-making. A 2021 Stanford study revealed that teens who engaged in frequent media multitasking had 15% weaker ACC activation during tasks compared to those who focused on single tasks. This physical change correlates with increased anxiety levels and decreased academic performance observed in numerous case studies. (在青少年大脑发育的关键时期，这种对神经系统的影响尤其令人担忧。核磁共振成像扫描显示，重度媒体多任务处理者的前扣带回皮层（ACC，负责情绪控制和决策的大脑区域）灰质密度较低。斯坦福大学2021年的一项研究表明，频繁进行媒体多任务处理的青少年在完成任务时，前扣带回皮层的活跃度比专注单任务的同龄人低15%。在众多案例研究中，这种生理变化与焦虑水平升高和学业成绩下降相关。)”可知，第三段首先提出青少年时期是大脑发育的关键期，多任务处理对神经系统的影响尤其令人担忧，随后通过 MRI扫描和斯坦福大学研究，具体说明重度媒体多任务处理如何导致大脑结构（前扣带回皮层灰质密度降低）和功能（活跃度下降）的变化，并关联到焦虑和学业问题。全段围绕媒体多任务处理对青少年大脑的影响展开。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, the solution isn’t as simple as removing technology entirely. Digital literacy (读写能力) expert Dr. Mark Prensky argues that digital natives process information differently than previous generations. Instead of removing devices, educators should teach “attention literacy” - the skill of consciously choosing when and how to engage with technology. Some schools experiment with focus training and they report 30% improvements in students’ sustained attention duration within six months.(然而，解决方案并非简单地完全移除科技产品。数字素养专家Mark Prensky博士认为，数字原住民处理信息的方式与前几代人不同。教育者不应禁止使用电子设备，而应教授“注意力素养”—— 即有意识地选择何时以及如何使用科技的技能。一些学校尝试进行专注力训练，结果显示，学生的持续注意力时长在六个月内提高了30%。)”可知，第四段开篇指出解决方案并非完全移除科技，随后引用专家观点提出应教授注意力素养，并以学校进行专注力训练为例，说明该方法使学生注意力时长提升30%。这一案例是为了支持前文提出的解决方案（培养注意力管理技能而非禁止设备），证明其有效性。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“One way to support this is to establish “protected spaces” in homes where devices are set aside, allowing for uninterrupted face-to-face communication. The goal isn’t to blame technology blindly but to help teens develop the wisdom to use it intentionally.(一种可行的支持方式是在家中设立“无设备空间”，将电子设备搁置一旁，以便进行不受干扰的面对面交流。我们的目标不是盲目指责科技，而是帮助青少年培养有意识、有智慧地使用科技的能力。)”可知，设立“无设备空间”的目的是让青少年暂时放下设备，进行专注的人际交流，从而培养有意识、有节制地使用科技的习惯。故选B。 17（2025·江西吉安·模拟预测） When Leonardo da Vinci wasn’t painting masterpieces or dreaming up flying machines, he was exploring the secrets of gravity. Considering himself a scientist and artist, this Renaissance thinker spent untold hours studying how the “attraction of one object to another” affected phenomena like the flight of birds and the fall of water. Recent research published in the journal Leonardo reveals that da Vinci conducted detailed gravity experiments over a century before Galileo and two centuries prior to Newton. “His thinking was far ahead of his time,” said co-author Dr. Morteza Gharib. The study highlights Leonardo’s determination to find the law governing the dynamics of falling objects. Dr. Gharib said he discovered the experiments while examining an online version of The Codex Arundel, a collection of Leonardo’s notes from 1478 to 1518. Among its mirror-written texts, a drawing on Page 143 caught his eye: a triangle (三角形) formed by cycles pouring from a pot. He used a computer program to flip (翻转) the triangle and the nearby backward writing. Suddenly, the image came to life. “I could see motion,” Dr. Gharib recalled. “I could see him pouring stuff out.” It was a eureka moment that revealed Leonardo’s forward-looking experiment. Gazing at Leonardo’s drawing, Dr. Gharib realized that the artist had separated gravity’s effects into two components, revealing a normally hidden aspect of nature. Inspired by hail falling from fast-moving clouds, Leonardo demonstrated through his drawing how gravity’s constant force causes a steady speed gain — shown by the increasing gaps between falling objects as the pot moves. Despite his basic experimental setup 500 years ago, da Vinci calculated the gravitational constant to an accuracy within 10 percent of the modern value. “It’s mind-boggling,” Dr. Gharib said. “That’s the beauty of what Leonardo does.” However, Dr. Gharib hesitated to examine the Codex further. “I’m like a kid in a toy store, afraid to even look at it,” he said. He noted that while art historians had studied it, scientists had not. “It’s an open book with so much to discover.” 1．What is the main purpose of the text ? A．To report da Vinci’s unknown research. B．To compare da Vinci with other scientists. C．To prove da Vinci’s artist and scientist role. D．To show a way of analyzing da Vinci’s notes. 2．What does the underlined phrase “a eureka moment” in paragraph 3 refer to ? A．Finding da Vinci’s secret drawings. B．Detecting the need of mirror-writing. C．Discovering the power of technology. D．Realizing the triangle’s scientific meaning. 3．What is special about da Vinci’s experiments? A．They were the first to explore the law of gravity. B．They achieved high-level accuracy with simple tools. C．They focused on the beauty of falling objects’ motion. D．They integrated artistic strategy with scientific method. 4．What can we know about The Codex from Dr . Gharib’s words? A．It contains unexplored scientific insights. B．Historians misunderstood its real purpose. C．Its artwork hasn’t been properly analyzed. D．New tools are required to reveal its secrets. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了一项最新研究，揭示了达芬奇在重力研究方面领先于时代的实验和发现，这些内容记录在他的笔记手稿《Codex Arundel》中，并强调了该手稿对科学家而言仍有巨大的探索潜力。 1．推理判断题。通读全文，并结合第二段中“Recent research published in the journal Leonardo reveals that da Vinci conducted detailed gravity experiments over a century before Galileo and two centuries prior to Newton.(发表在《列奥纳多》杂志上的最新研究表明，达·芬奇比伽利略早一个世纪，比牛顿早两个世纪就进行了详细的重力实验)”可知，文章主要讲述了达芬奇在重力研究方面鲜为人知的探索。近期研究发现，达芬奇在伽利略和牛顿之前就进行了详细的重力实验，文章介绍了这些实验的发现过程、独特之处以及《阿伦德尔抄本》中蕴含的未被充分探索的科学见解。所以文章主要目的是报道达芬奇这项此前不为人知的研究。故选A。 2．词义猜测题。根据第三段“He used a computer program to flip (翻转) the triangle and the nearby backward writing. Suddenly, the image came to life. “I could see motion,” Dr. Gharib recalled. “I could see him pouring stuff out.” It was a eureka moment that revealed Leonardo’s forward-looking experiment.(他用一个计算机程序翻转了三角形和旁边的反向文字。突然，图像变得生动起来。“我能看到运动”加里布博士回忆道。“我能看到他倒东西出来”正是这个顿悟时刻揭示了达芬奇具有前瞻性的实验)” 可知，通过翻转三角形和文字，加里布博士意识到了这个三角形所蕴含的科学意义，所以“a eureka moment” 指的是意识到三角形的科学意义。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Despite his basic experimental setup 500 years ago, da Vinci calculated the gravitational constant to an accuracy within 10 percent of the modern value.(尽管他 500 年前的实验装置很基础，但达芬奇计算出的引力常数的精度与现代值相差在 10% 以内)” 可知，达芬奇实验的特别之处在于用简单的工具达到了较高的精度。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“He noted that while art historians had studied it, scientists had not. “It’s an open book with so much to discover.”(他指出，虽然艺术史学家研究过它，但科学家们没有研究过它。“这是一本有待发现的开放之书”) 可知，The Codex包含尚未被探索的科学见解。故选A。 18（25-26高三上·河北保定·开学考试） About halfway through the new ad for “the thinnest iPad ever”, almost every creative instrument artists and consumers have used over the years — from record players to books and cameras — is flattened by a powerful hydraulic press (液压机). But for me, the ugliest thing about the ad is the destruction of the musical instruments: a piano, a guitar, a drum and a trumpet. Perhaps, the ad is meant to communicate that this tiny, thin iPad can replace them all. You can make your music with it. You can paint with it. You can play games on it. You can take your photos with it. So you can finally destroy all those things that have been so burdensome, like the massive piano and messy paint. But these are not practical items. Nobody owns a piano because it’s practical. Actually, it’s one of the least practical things you can own. It is so heavy that it can damage your floor. If you happen to get a new place, you don’t just need movers for it. You need special movers. You own a piano because your beloved ones sit down and play it. Such shared moments will not and can not be replaced by iPads. You can make beautiful music and digital art with an iPad. But that art should be made alongside other music, other art, not at the cost of pianos and paint. If you think of digital artistic creation as an opportunity to shatter sculptures or bottles of paint, you never understood art at all, and you never will. It doesn’t demand to destroy what is loved in order to run after the fantasy that you can fit everything that matters into your pocket. In certain circumstances, I am worried. For example, I am worried about the costs of art and its creation. But I am not worried at all that art made by humans will ever be replaced by “the thinnest iPad ever”. 1．What does the new iPad ad intend to tell its viewers? A．It can do a lot of things. B．It will not be easily damaged. C．Artists can store their information in it. D．Customers should throw away their ugly stuff. 2．What does the underlined word “shatter” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Create. B．Purchase. C．Break. D．Exchange. 3．What is the best title for the text? A．The New iPad Will Put Art in Danger B．Art Won’t Be Flattened by the New iPad C．The Costs of Art and Its Creation Are Rocketing D．The New iPad Ad Is Depressing but Successful 4．What is the text? A．An advertisement. B．An iPad description. C．A music review. D．An opinion piece. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是作者认为最新发布的iPad广告传达出的信息是错误的。他认为新款iPad不可能会取代传统的艺术创造工具。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Perhaps, the ad is meant to communicate that this tiny, thin iPad can replace them all. You can make your music with it. You can paint with it. You can play games on it. You can take your photos with it.(或许，这则广告意在传达这样一种信息：这款又小又薄的iPad可以取代它们。你可以用它来创作音乐。你可以用它来画画。你可以在上面玩游戏。你可以用它拍照。)”可知，新的iPad广告想告诉观众它可以做很多事情。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据画线词前“But that art should be made alongside other music, other art, not at the cost of pianos and paint.(但这种艺术应该与其他音乐、其他艺术一起创作，而不是以牺牲钢琴和颜料为代价。)”及画线词后“It doesn’t demand to destroy what is loved in order to run after the fantasy that you can fit everything that matters into your pocket.(它不要求为了追求你可以把所有重要的东西装进口袋的幻想而摧毁你所爱的东西。)”可推断，如果你将数字艺术创作视为破坏雕塑或颜料瓶的机会，那么你永远不会理解艺术，也永远不会理解。shatter的意思是“破坏，摧毁”，与break意思相近。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是最后一段“But I am not worried at all that art made by humans will ever be replaced by “the thinnest iPad ever”.(但我一点也不担心人类创作的艺术品会被“有史以来最薄的iPad”所取代。)”可知，本文主要讲的是作者认为最新发布的iPad广告传达出的信息是错误的。他认为新款iPad不可能会取代传统的艺术创造工具，因此最好的标题是B选项“Art Won’t Be Flattened by the New iPad(新款iPad压不垮艺术)”。故选B。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“But for me, the ugliest thing about the ad is the destruction of the musical instruments: a piano, a guitar, a drum and a trumpet.(但对我而言，这则广告中最令人反感之处在于对乐器的破坏：一架钢琴、一把吉他、一面鼓和一支小号。)”可知，作者是在发表他个人的看法。故选D。 19（25-26高三上·四川巴中·开学考试） Soy is found in almost everything we eat, from the vegetable oil to store-bought chocolate. While it may seem like humans chose the soybean, it was arguably the soybean that chose people. Soybeans have an innate ability to grow almost anywhere and survive almost anything. They can grow anywhere from three to five feet tall and produce around 100 beans per plant. Soy can be grown everywhere from the extremely harsh four seasons of Manitoba, Canada, to the grassland of Mpumalanga, South Africa. Soy was likely domesticated in China approximately 6,000 to 9,000 years ago when ancient Chinese medical healers used all parts of the plant as medicine. People also turned soy into noodles, tofu, and soy sauce. Soybeans were initially sent to England to meet rising demands for soy sauce, which was becoming a staple in British cuisine. It would not be long, though, before Americans found another use for the bean. During the Civil War, roasted soybeans were used as coffee substitutes (替代) for economy and health considerations. And soon, soybeans became the staple feed in the diets of non-human creatures, too, with one cup of raw soybeans containing 67.9 grams of protein and 17.3 grams of fiber. In the US, chickens eat the most soy, followed by pigs, cows, and fish. These animals eat over 70 percent of all soybeans grown in the US. Nowadays, genetic modification contributes to massive quantities of soybeans all over the world, including the Amazon rainforest, where they are replacing the trees that once stood there. Brazil now exports more soybeans than any other country. Now some advocacy groups are calling for better land-use practices to safeguard the rainforest and the soil. In 2023, policies brought on by new governments in South America began slowing rates of deforestation in the Amazon. Now many growers have expanded their soy operations to the Cerrado, a savannah-like region of Brazil. Despite changing policies and practices around deforestation, this year is expected to be a record year for soybean production. 1．What does the underlined word “innate” probably mean in the second Paragraph? A．Important. B．Inborn. C．Immediate. D．Initial. 2．What did the Americans use soy to do? A．Treat the patients as medicine. B．Enrich the kinds of cuisine. C．Produce a wide range of food. D．Offer staple food to livestock. 3．What affects the planting of soy now? A．The communication across the globe. B．The change of environment. C．The updated government policies. D．The deforestation in the Amazon. 4．In which section of a magazine is the text taken from? A．Society. B．Agriculture. C．History. D．Communication. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了大豆的种植历史、用途以及当前种植情况受政府政策影响。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Soybeans have an innate ability to grow almost anywhere and survive almost anything. They can grow anywhere from three to five feet tall and produce around 100 beans per plant. Soy can be grown everywhere from the extremely harsh four seasons of Manitoba, Canada, to the grassland of Mpumalanga, South Africa.(大豆具有一种几乎可以在任何地方生长并几乎在任何环境下生存的innate能力。它们能长到3到5英尺高，每株大约能结100粒豆。从加拿大曼尼托巴省四季极为恶劣的环境，到南非普马兰加省的草原，大豆在各地都能生长。)”可知，大豆几乎能在任何地方或环境下生长，这是一种与生俱来的能力，innate的意思是“与生俱来的”。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“And soon, soybeans became the staple feed in the diets of non-human creatures, too, with one cup of raw soybeans containing 67.9 grams of protein and 17.3 grams of fiber. In the US, chickens eat the most soy, followed by pigs, cows, and fish.(很快，大豆也成为了非人类生物饮食中的主要饲料，一杯生大豆含有67.9克蛋白质和17.3克纤维。在美国，鸡吃的大豆最多，其次是猪、牛和鱼。)”可知，美国人用大豆给牲畜提供主要饲料。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“In 2023, policies brought on by new governments in South America began slowing rates of deforestation in the Amazon.(2023年，南美新政府出台的政策开始减缓亚马逊雨林的砍伐速度。)”和最后一段中“Despite changing policies and practices around deforestation, this year is expected to be a record year for soybean production.(尽管有关砍伐森林的政策和做法发生了变化，但今年仍有望成为大豆产量的创纪录之年。)”可知，现在影响大豆种植的是政府政策的更新。故选C。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段中“Soybeans have an innate ability to grow almost anywhere and survive almost anything.(大豆具有一种几乎可以在任何地方生长并几乎在任何环境下生存的与生俱来的能力。)”，第三段中“Soy was likely domesticated in China approximately 6,000 to 9,000 years ago when ancient Chinese medical healers used all parts of the plant as medicine.(大约6000到9000年前，大豆可能在中国被驯化，当时中国古代的医者用植物的各个部分作为药材。)”，第四段中“It would not be long, though, before Americans found another use for the bean.(不过，不久之后，美国人就发现了这种豆子的另一种用途。)”以及倒数第二段中“Nowadays, genetic modification contributes to massive quantities of soybeans all over the world, including the Amazon rainforest, where they are replacing the trees that once stood there.(如今，转基因技术为全球大量的大豆生产做出了贡献，包括亚马逊雨林，那里的大豆正在取代曾经生长在那里的树木。)”可知，本文主要介绍了大豆的种植历史、用途以及当前种植情况受政府政策影响，所以这篇文章应该出自杂志的农业部分。故选B。 20（25-26高三上·湖北·开学考试） I remember opening my iPad one day in fifth grade after a silly conversation with my cousin about scary story ideas. Hours later, I completed my first short story. Since then, I’ve written many stories, short and long. But also, since then, I’ve read more and noticed just how well people my age could write. Since then, I also felt less and less willing to share my work:what if my writing isn’t as good as everybody else's? What started off as something creative that I could share with friends turned into competition changed by feelings of competence. Oftentimes, hobbies begin as something just for fun. But eventually, what was once fun now contributes to feelings of stress and inadequacy. I have plenty of memories of thinking I was going to pick up something new and stick with it, whether it be playing the piano, or drawing. But there is always a part of me that expects myself to just magically be good at all of those things. And when I’m not, the enjoyment tapers off as, slowly, I think mediocrity(平庸) isn’t acceptable anymore. Writing is the only hobby that I have repeatedly come back to despite dropping it constantly. I can see the growth in my writing all these years, but the expectations to be better and better is never satisfied. This is why I drop writing for months at a time. This feeling of a hobby becoming, for a lack of better word, a chore, lowers the satisfaction of said hobby. But hobbies are there to give you a breath of fresh air from having to excel at everything, from academics to your occupation. We must accept that it is okay to just suck at an activity but still doing it because it brings you joy. There is a balance between joy and expectations, either set by others or by ourselves. 1．What does the author do in the first paragraph? A．He challenges a tradition. B．He relates an experience. C．He envisions a coming trend. D．He compares varied hobbies. 2．Which can best replace the underlined phrase “tapers off” in paragraph 1? A．Thins out. B．Tops out. C．builds up. D．Spreads around. 3．Why does the author drop writing constantly? A．He is inadequate for it. B．He prefers mediocrity. C．He equates joy with achievement. D．He receives bitter comment. 4．What message does the passage convey? A．Mediocrity is the key to enjoyment. B．A hobby shared is a hobby squared. C．Excellence ensures academic success. D．Enjoyment outweighs excellence in hobbies. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇记叙文，作者讲述了自己从五年级开始写作，随着阅读增多，发现同龄人写作水平高，因担心自己写得不好而逐渐不愿分享作品，写作从创意分享变成竞争，还提到其他爱好也因期望过高而带来压力，最后指出爱好应带来快乐，要在快乐和期望间找到平衡。 1．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“I remember opening my iPad one day in fifth grade after a silly conversation with my cousin about scary story ideas. Hours later, I completed my first short story. Since then, I’ve written many stories, short and long. But also, since then, I’ve read more and noticed just how well people my age could write. Since then, I also felt less and less willing to share my work: what if my writing isn’t as good as everybody else’ s? What started off as something creative that I could share with friends turned into competition changed by feelings of competence.(我记得五年级的一天，在和表弟就恐怖故事创意进行了一次愚蠢的对话后，我打开了iPad。几个小时后，我完成了我的第一个短篇小说。从那以后，我写了很多短篇和长篇故事。但同样，从那以后，我读得更多，也注意到我这个年纪的人写作水平有多高。从那以后，我也越来越不愿意分享我的作品：如果我的写作不如其他人的好呢？原本是一件我可以和朋友分享的创意之事，却变成了因能力感而改变的竞争。)”可知，作者在第一段讲述了一段自己的经历。故选B项。 2．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段“And when I’m not, the enjoyment … as, slowly, I think mediocrity(平庸) isn’t acceptable anymore(当我不是这样的时候，随着慢慢地，我认为平庸不再被接受，这种乐趣就……了)”可知，当作者认为自己做得不好，认为平庸不再被接受时，乐趣就会减少，所以“tapers off”意思是“减少”。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Writing is the only hobby that I have repeatedly come back to despite dropping it constantly. I can see the growth in my writing all these years, but the expectations to be better and better is never satisfied. This is why I drop writing for months at a time. This feeling of a hobby becoming, for a lack of better word, a chore, lowers the satisfaction of said hobby.(写作是我唯一一个不断放下却又反复捡起的爱好。这些年我能看到自己写作上的进步，但对越来越好的期望从未得到满足。这就是为什么我一次会放下写作好几个月。这种爱好变成了一种家务活的感觉，降低了这种爱好带来的满足感)”可知，这些年作者能看到自己写作上的进步，但对越来越好的期望从未得到满足，这就是为什么作者一次会放下写作好几个月，这种爱好变成了一种家务活的感觉，降低了这种爱好带来的满足感，可推理出作者不断放下写作是因为把快乐等同于成就，当达不到期望时，写作带来的快乐就降低了。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“But hobbies are there to give you a breath of fresh air from having to excel at everything, from academics to your occupation. We must accept that it is okay to just suck at an activity but still doing it because it brings you joy. There is a balance between joy and expectations, either set by others or by ourselves(但爱好是为了让你在从学业到职业的各个方面都出类拔萃之余，能呼吸到新鲜空气。我们必须接受，在一项活动中表现不佳也没关系，只要它给你带来快乐。在快乐和期望之间有一个平衡，无论是别人设定的还是我们自己设定的)”可知，在一项活动中表现不佳也没关系，只要它给你带来快乐，可推理出文章主要传达的是在爱好中，快乐比优秀更重要。故选D项。 41 / 42 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$