专题09 主旨大意题（知识清单）（全国通用）2026年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

专题09主旨大意题 目录 01知识脑图·学科框架速建 02考点精析·知识能力全解 【知能解读01】主旨大意题五年高考考情统计 【知能解读02】主旨大意题五年高考考情解读 【知能解读03】主旨大意题五年高考考点分类 【知能解读04】主旨大意题五年高考选项特点 【知能解读05】阅读理解满分突破思维导图 03 攻坚指南·高频考点突破 【重难点突破01】段落大意题 【重难点突破02】段落大意跟踪训练 【重难点突破03】文章大意题 【重难点突破04】文章大意题跟踪训练 04 避坑锦囊·易混易错诊疗 【易混易错01】标题概括题(记叙文) 【易混易错02】标题概括题跟踪训练 【易混易错03】标题概括题(说明文) 【易混易错04】标题概括题跟踪训练 【易混易错05】标题概括题(议论文) 【易混易错06】标题概括题跟踪训练 05 通法提炼·高频思维拆解 【方法技巧01】阅读主旨大意题答题误区 【方法技巧02】阅读主旨大意题误区应对 【方法技巧03】阅读主旨大意题满分策略 01主旨大意题五年高考考情统计 卷别 细节理解题 猜测词义题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 2025全国一卷 7 1 6 1 2025全国二卷 8 1 4 2 2024新课标I卷 9 1 4 1 2024新课标II卷 9 1 4 1 2024全国甲卷 7 1 6 1 2023新课标I卷 6 1 7 1 2023新课标II卷 6 1 7 1 2023全国甲卷 8 1 5 1 2023全国乙卷 5 1 8 1 2022新课标I卷 8 2 4 1 2022新课标II卷 8 2 4 1 2022全国甲卷 8 1 3 3 2022全国乙卷 10 1 3 1 2021新课标I卷 8 1 4 2 2021新课标II卷 11 1 2 1 2021全国甲卷 5 1 8 1 2021全国乙卷 6 1 6 2 02主旨大意题五年高考考情解读 1.题型概述 主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。题型主要包括标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中找出一些关键词、信息句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。 2.题型特点 主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容深层次的理解、概括能力，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。标题归纳类要求学生选出文章的最佳标题，文章大意题和段落大意题考查文章或段落的主旨大意。 3.选材特点 题材更加丰富多样，涵盖记叙文、说明文、议论文等各种文体，主题涉及社会热点、科技发展、文化交流、环境保护、人文历史、健康生活等多个领域，要求考生具备广泛的知识背景。 4.命题特点 特殊疑问句形式:以when、where、what、which、who、why、how等疑问词开头引出的问题;通常涉及推断作者态度、文章出处、文章类型、写作意图、下段话题等。 主旨大意题旨在考查考生归纳概括以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力，是阅读理解中的高难度题。概括全文大意最简单的方法就是把每段的大意串起来考虑。该类题主要考查标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。常见的设问方式有： 1．What is the best title of the passage? 2．Which of the following is the best title for the text? 3．What is the passage mainly about? 4．What is the main idea of the second paragraph? 5．What is the first/second/...paragraph mainly about? 03主旨大意题五年高考考点分类 04主旨大意题五年高考选项特点 1.正确选项特征 同义替换 与原文关键信息相同含义的不同表达 信息归纳 对分散或复杂的信息进行概括或比较 正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达意思明了 原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项比较简单 2.干扰选项特征 张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容 无中生有 符合生活常识，但不是该文章的内容 曲解文意 极其相似但是细节处与原文有些出入 颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭或完全相反 正误参半 选项内容部分正确，部分和原文错误 以偏概全 范围过于狭窄，仅阐述文章的局部信息 05阅读理解满分突破思维导图 01 段落大意题 1.题型解读 段落大意题主要考查考生用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来的能力。考生在做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。 2.思维导图 02 段落大意题跟踪训练 跟踪训练1 (2025全国二卷第34题) 主题句在段中 [1] Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. … [2] Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries…. [3] For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. [4] A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. .. [5]It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. [6]Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment… 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 解析：第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词：What, paragraph 5, mainly about。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。根据关键词定位到文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。 第三步：比对选项得出答案C。 跟踪训练2 (2024新课标I卷第26题) 没有出现主题句 [1] “I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” … [2]Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. … [3]Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. [4]Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right… 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 解析：第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词：What, paragraph 3, mainly talk about。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。根据关键词定位到文章根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，“行动更容易，乘车更舒服”。) ”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。 第三步：比对选项得出答案D。 跟踪训练3 (2023全国乙卷第32题) 主题句在段首 [1] If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. [2] Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. … [3] In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. … 32. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 解析：第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词：What, the first paragraph, mainly about。 第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。根据关键词定位到文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。 第三步：比对选项得出答案A。 03 文章大意题 1.命题特点 文章中的每一段都是围绕某一主题展开的，把每个段落的主题句综合起来就可以概括出全文的中心思想。该题型主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。 2.设问方式 1.What is the main theme/topic/idea of this/the passage/text? 2.What does the text/passage mainly focus on? 3.What is the passage/text mainly about? 4. What does the passage mainly focus on? 3.思维导图 4.答题策略 题型一：利用主题句在段首位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。 题型二：利用主题句在段中位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。 题型三：利用主题句在段尾位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词: in brief/ short, all in all, in conclusion, in a word等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。 题型四：利用段落没有主题句推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 题型五：利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题 技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 04文章大意题跟踪训练 跟踪训练1　(2024新课标II卷第31题) We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 28. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care. C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets. 29. What information does the convenient app offer? A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants. C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods. 30. What can be concluded about BMF employees? A. They have a great passion for sports. B. They are devoted to community service. C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D They have a strong environmental awareness. 31. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. D 31. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。 28.细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。 29.细节理解题。根据第三段“Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. (此外，还有一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。 30.推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。 31.主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。 跟踪训练2　(2022全国甲卷第31题) As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins(企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge. After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.” In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.” The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. 28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2? A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree. C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise. 29. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica? A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery. C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation. 30. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey? A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible. C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced. 31. What is the text mainly about? A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience. C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica. 【答案】28-31 ACCB 【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。 28. A。词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前文“Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. (在她的职业舞蹈演员生涯中，她曾在英国巡演，但一直渴望进一步探索)”和“When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest,(当她不再跳舞，她的儿子们最终独立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和儿子们成家立业之后，她决定尝试有挑战性的事情。由此推知，划线词组take the plunge与try challenging things“尝试有挑战性的事情”意思接近。故选A。 29. C。细节理解题。根据第三段中的“And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tiera del Fuego.(正是在智利，她发现自己可以在最后一刻买到从火地岛附近岛屿前往南极洲的廉价船只)”可知，是一张折扣票价让Ginni决定去南极洲旅行的。故选C。 30. C。细节理解题。根据最后一段“The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.(意识到这是一块宝贵的土地，应该受到人类的尊重，这是Ginni最深刻的感受之一。)”可知，旅行结束后，Ginni认为南极洲应该得到很好的保护。故选C。 31.B主旨大意题。通读全文，本文开头就提到Ginni刚抵达南极洲时，温柔可爱的企鹅就开启了她终生难忘的旅行，接着下文讲述了她去南极洲的原因、在南极洲的所见所闻及南极洲之旅后的感受。由此可知，文章主要讲述Ginni的一次难忘的南极之旅，因此“一次难忘的经历(Anunforgettable experience)”最能概括文章的主旨，故选B项。 01 标题概括题(记叙文) 1.设题特点 记叙文标题概括题题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给的选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意标题的特点：精准性、概括性和新颖性。 此类标题往往比较含蓄，有时候是文章反复出现的关键词，有时候是文章的线索词。 2.思维导图 3.解题策略 首先，关注文章首尾段，尤其是尾段往往是夹叙夹议主题升华部分，与标题更有千丝万缕关系。 其次，逐一研读四个选项，考虑范围是否太大太小太偏，兼顾文章反复出现的线索词，特别是名词。 02标题概括题跟踪训练 跟踪训练 (2023新课标II卷第27题) Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.” 24. What do we know about Abby Jaramillo? A. She used to be a health worker. B. She grew up in a low-income family. C. She owns a fast food restaurant. D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts. 25. What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program? A. The kids’ parents distrusted her. B. Students had little time for her classes. C. Some kids disliked garden work. D. There was no space for school gardens. 26. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable. C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable. 27. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape 【答案】24. D 25. C 26. A 27. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力，环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目，让学生通过体验乡村生活，对学生影响深远。 24.细节理解题。根据第一段的“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools.(起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了“Urban Sprouts”学校花园项目。)”可知，艾比·哈拉米洛是Urban Sprouts的发起者。故选D。 25.推理判断题。根据第二段的“she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.(她说。“他们来找我们，认为蔬菜很可怕，泥土很可怕，昆虫也很可怕。”虽然有些人一开始害怕昆虫，对泥土感到厌烦，但大多数人都渴望尝试新的东西。)”可知，项目之初，一些学生不喜欢园艺工作。故选C。 26.推理判断题。根据最后一段“She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”(她补充说，该计划的好处不仅仅是营养。有些学生对园艺非常感兴趣，他们带回家种子开始自己的菜园。此外，在花园里工作似乎对Jaramillo的特殊教育学生有镇静作用，他们中的许多人都有情绪控制问题。“他们走了出去，”她说，“他们觉得成功。”)”可知，这个项目不仅给学生提供了有营养的食物，而且许多学生回家开创了自己的菜园，对有情绪控制问题的学生也起到了镇静作用，从而推知，该项目的影响是深远的。故选A。 27.主旨大意题。本文介绍了学校花园项目“Urban Sprouts”发起的目的、学生最初对它的反应、项目活动内容以及它给学生的身心健康带来的良好影响。由此推知,C项“变成蔬菜的爱好者”可以概括“Urban Sprouts”项目的作用,适合作为本文的标题。故选C项。 选项 选项 答案注释 A Rescuing School Gardens拯救学校花园项目 干扰较大，rescue不合时宜 B Experiencing Country Life体验乡村生活 偏离文章主题，忽视关键词 C Growing Vegetable Lovers变成蔬菜爱好者 涵盖性强，紧扣本文主题 D Changing Local Landscape改变当地风景 偏离主题，忽视文章话题 03标题概括题(说明文) 1.设题特点 思维品质体现英语学科核心素养的心智特征，而标题概括题较好地反映了学生的思维品质。此类题旨在考查考生通过阅读文章正确获取文章主旨，推断文章的主题、标题、段落大意、中心思想的能力，即考查考生归纳概括以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。它既考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力。 说明文在高考阅读理解中占比较高，应引起足够注意。 2.思维导图 3.解题策略 首先，特别关注说明文“倒三角形”结构，重视文章首段主题引领作用。 其次，如果首段较长的话，重视but, now, however往往是文章核心话题。 第三，除了“首段”还应注意每段“段首”可能是本段主题句，分要点。 第四，注意研读标题的话题与首段对照，排除法逐步缩小范围去伪存真。 04标题概括题跟踪训练 跟踪训练1 (2022全国甲卷第27题) 首段首句概括文章主旨 Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies. The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. 24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment? A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool. C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid. 25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text? A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds. C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes. 26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos? A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects. C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test. 27. Which can be a suitable title for the text? A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters 24-27 BCDD 【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。 24. B。事实细节题 根据第一段中的第二句 Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. 以及该段最后两句 ... the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. 可知，凤头鹦鹉在笼子里使用工具很熟练，给它们形状不同的“钥匙”以供选择，插入正确的“钥匙”就能把盒子里的坚果取出来。 25. C。细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。 26. D。推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. (根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。 27. D。主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. (科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters (凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。 选项 选项 答案注释 A Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers凤头鹦鹉：快速错误检查者 偏离文章主旨，忽视关键词 B Cockatoos: Independent Learners凤头鹦鹉：独立自主学习者 偏离文章主题，忽视关键词 C Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers凤头鹦鹉：聪明信号阅读者 干扰性强，忽略首段主题 D Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工 紧扣首段首句，言简意赅 跟踪训练2 (2022新高考Ⅰ卷第21题) 首段引出话题，尾段概括主旨 When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 28. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss. C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well. 29. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment. C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity. 30. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability. C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 【答案】28. D 29. D 30. C 31. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 28.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。 29.细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。 30.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。 31. 主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 选项 选项 答案注释 A Time to Replace Houseplants该替换室内植物啦 偏离文章主旨，忽视关键词 B Plants Boost Your Mood植物改善你的情绪 紧扣尾段主旨，言简意赅 C Tips on Choosing Houseplants选择室内植物的小贴士 忽略文章主题，偏离主旨 D Plants Brighten Your Home绿植为家居增添亮色 干扰性较强，忽略情感价值 05标题概括题(议论文) 1.题型解读 议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。 2.思维导图 3.解题步骤 ①抓住论点找主旨。议论文的核心是论点，通常在首段或结尾段明确提出。标题应直接反映文章的核心观点，避免偏离或过于宽泛。例如，若文章讨论“数字阅读与纸质阅读的差异”，标题可能为“纸质阅读与数字阅读：效果之辩”。 ②关注文章结构。议论文常采用“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”的结构。标题需体现这一逻辑关系，如“如何提升阅读效率：从理论到实践”。 ③结合选项特点。议论文标题多以问句或陈述句呈现，语言简洁且针对性强。例如，“人工智能：机遇还是挑战？”或“论创新思维的重要性”。 ④排除干扰选项。选项若仅涵盖部分内容，而非全文主旨，可排除以偏概全错误。注意选项中主语、宾语等细节是否与原文一致，避免被偷换概念误导。 06标题概括题跟踪训练 跟踪训练1 (2025全国一卷第31题) While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 28. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 29. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 30. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 31. A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。 28.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。 29. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。 30．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。 31. 主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush? (为何匆匆？)”质问“rush through (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。 选项 选项 答案注释 A Why the Rush? 何必这么着急？ 契合文章主旨，言简意赅 B What’s Next? 接下来做什么？ 标题莫名其妙，无中生有 C Where to Stay? 住哪儿呢？ 忽略首尾段主题，偏离主旨 D Who to Blame? 该怪谁呢？ 偏离文章主旨，干扰性强 01 阅读主旨大意题答题误区 1. 以偏概全：误把细节当主旨 误区表现：考生易将文中具体事例或局部信息当作全文核心，忽略整体脉络。 例如：2023年全国卷I卷D篇：文章围绕“人类语言中某些发音（如 /f/ 和 /v/）因饮食变化而普及”展开，干扰项设计为“古代人类牙齿结构的具体变化”，考生若仅关注牙齿结构的描述，会误选该细节选项，而正确答案应为“饮食演变对语言发音的影响”。 2. 过度推断：主观延伸未提及的内容 误区表现：脱离文本事实，根据个人经验或常识进行无依据推断。 例如：2024年全国乙卷阅读C篇：文章介绍 “电商平台通过大数据分析优化物流配送”，干扰项设置为 “未来电商将完全取代实体店”，考生若受“电商发展趋势”常识影响，易误选此选项，而原文仅客观描述物流优化，未涉及对实体店的替代关系。 3. 忽略首尾段及转折词：错失主题句定位 误区表现：未重点关注文章首尾段及 but、however 等转折词后的内容，导致主题句定位错误。 例如：2024年新高考卷I阅读A篇：文章首段点明“智能穿戴设备通过实时健康数据监测，改变人们的运动习惯”，尾段呼应“技术与健康管理的深度融合”，但部分考生因未通读首尾段，误选 “设备硬件设计的创新细节”。 4. 混淆文体特征：未针对性解题 误区表现：未区分议论文、说明文、记叙文的文体差异，采用统一解题思路。 例如：2023 年全国甲卷阅读 D 篇（议论文）：文章通过对比 “传统教育模式与线上教育的优劣”，论证 “混合式学习的必要性”，考生需重点关注首段论点句 “教育模式需适应数字化时代需求”。 02 阅读主旨大意题误区应对 1.强化主题句定位训练 每日选取三篇不同体裁（议论文、说明文、记叙文等）的高考真题阅读文章，按照文体特点定位主题句。如议论文重点关注首段论点句和尾段总结句，快速找出主题句并划出关键词，总结文章主旨。训练一周后，对比分析不同体裁主题句位置的规律，形成快速定位的直觉。​ 2.高频词筛选练习 利用真题阅读材料，制作 “高频词筛选卡片”。阅读文章时，将重复出现 3 次及以上的名词、名词短语标注出来，思考其与文章主旨的关联。每周整理一次高频词，分析同一主题（如科技类、环保类）文章中高频词的共性与差异，提高通过高频词把握主旨的能力。​ 3.干扰项分析笔记 建立 “主旨大意题错题本”，将每次练习中的错误选项分类整理（以偏概全、过度推断等）。针对每个错误选项，详细分析其与原文的偏差，如 “选项 A 只涉及文章第二段的一个细节，未涵盖全文关于人工智能应用的多个方面，属于以偏概全”。每周回顾错题本，强化对干扰项特征的识别。​ 4.错题反思总结 每次模拟考试或练习后，针对主旨大意题的错题，进行深度反思。不仅要明确错误原因，还要思考如何在下次答题时避免类似错误。例如，若因忽略转折词导致主旨判断失误，在下次阅读时，提前圈出 but、however 等转折词，提醒自己重点关注其后内容。 03 阅读主旨大意题满分策略 1.阅读理解议论文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 2.重视议论文“总分(总)”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。 3.推理判断题注意源于文章又高于文章，防止偏离主旨或推理过度。 4.标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 5.议论文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。 6.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 主旨大意题综合能力提升 真题专区：研读高考真题，洞悉高考命题规律，探寻满分做题技巧和应试思维 01（2023新课标I卷） On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 【答案】12. B13. D14. C15. D 【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。 12.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 13.细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。 14.推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。 15.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。 02（2025浙江1月卷） A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce storm water runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from. C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of. 29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants. C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland. 30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS 【导读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了矩阵式种植方法的理念、起源、发展、原则及其带来的益处。这种种植方法通过精心规划植物组合，减少人工干预，发挥自然的最大作用，从而创建一个自给自足的生态系统，不仅美观，还能显著提升环境效益。 【解析】 28. B。词义猜测题。根据首段第二句“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.”以及最后一句中的to garden more like nature does可知，矩阵式种植方法旨在减少人工干预，发挥自然在花园的生长和设计中的更大作用。故Eschewing 应该指减少、摒弃化肥以及园艺电动工具的使用，故选B。 29. D。事实细节题。根据第二段首句“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.”可知，矩阵式种植的目的是开发维护度极低的公园用地。develop low-maintenance parkland 是plant large areas of parkland ...need minimal maintenance 的同义表达，故选D。 30. C。推理判断题。根据第三段中的adding artistic flavors、playing with color and form、Beautiful、enjoy the smallest detail、the sound of grasses、the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads 可知，Piet Oudolf 的花园融入了艺术特色，巧妙运用色彩和形态，四季皆美，细节丰富，具有观赏价值。Tasteful意为“雅致的；有品位的”，是对artistic、Beautiful、enjoy的概括。 31. A。主旨大意题。文章首段开门见山，介绍矩阵式种植方法的理念：减少人工干预，发挥自然的作用。第二、三段介绍这种设计方法的起源和发展，第四段聚焦矩阵式种植的原则“适地适树”，末段分析这种设计方法带来的益处。据此可知，文章旨在介绍一种新型园艺设计方法“矩阵式种植”，A项中WILD 意为“自然生长的”，契合矩阵式种植的理念，故选A。 03（2024浙江1月卷） The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 32. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test? A. Take an examination alone. B. Show respect for the researchers. C. Share their treats with others. D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 33. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________. A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 34. What does the author suggest readers do? A. Absorb new information readily. B. Be selective information consumers. C. Use diverse information sources. D. Protect the information environment. 35. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups 【答案】32. D33. C34. B35. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。 32.细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励。)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。 33.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”可知，根据第三段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。 34.细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。 35.主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。故选D。 模拟专区：精选名校真题好题，帮你锤炼做题技巧，助力冲刺备考圆梦高考 04（2025·广西南宁·一模） As pressure grows to get artificial colors out of the U.S. food supply, the shift may well start at Abby Tampow’s laboratory desk. Tampow is part of the team at Sensient Technologies Corp., a top dye-maker (色素生产商), helping thousands of U. S. businesses change colors for products like cereals and sports drinks. Last week, U. S. health officials announced plans to persuade food companies to voluntarily remove petroleum-based (石油基的) artificial dyes by the end of 2026. Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. called them “poisonous compounds” that endanger children’s health and development, citing limited evidence of potential health risks. But making the change from the petroleum-based dyes to colors taken from vegetables, fruits, flowers and even insects won’t be easy, fast, or cheap, said Monica Giusti, an Ohio State University food color expert. “If all companies were to remove artificial colors from their products, the supply of the natural alternatives would not be enough,” Giusti said. “It’s not like there’s 150 million pounds of beet juice sitting around waiting on the off chance the whole market may switch,” said Paul Manning, the company’s chief executive. Natural dyes are harder to make and use than artificial colors. They are less consistent in color, less stable and subject to changes related to acidity, heat, and light. Also, a natural color costs about 10 times more to make than the artificial version. In 2016, food giant General Mills removed artificial dyes from Trix cereal, switching to natural sources. But the cereal lost its neon colors and became less vibrant, resulting in consumers’ negative reaction. Trix fans said they missed the bright colors and familiar taste of the cereal. In 2017, the company switched back. Kennedy, the health secretary, said U. S. officials have an “understanding” with food companies to phase out artificial colors. Industry officials told The Associated Press that there is no formal agreement. However, several companies have said they plan to accelerate a shift to natural colors in some of their products. 1．What can be inferred about Abby Tampow’s work? A．She works to replace artificial colors. B．She develops a new artificial color. C．She markets cereals and sports drinks. D．She researches health risks of colors. 2．Why are health officials urging the removal of petroleum-based dyes? A．To lower the production costs. B．To prevent possible health risks. C．To promote natural alternatives. D．To push food companies’ reform. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．Why natural dyes are hard to make. B．Which dyes are more popular. C．What limitations natural dyes have. D．How natural dyes are produced. 4．What can be learned about General Mills’ attempt? A．Health is a top concern in food companies. B．Color is a powerful driver of consumer behavior. C．Taste is the decisive factor in the food sales. D．Source is the priority in food color research. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要介绍的是美国推动食品行业用天然色素替代人工色素的背景、挑战及企业实践。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Tampow is part of the team at Sensient Technologies Corp., a top dyemaker（色素生产商），helping thousands of U. S. businesses change colors for products like cereals and sports drinks. (Tampow是Sensient Technologies Corp.(一家顶级色素生产商）团队的一员，帮助数千家美国企业为谷物和运动饮料等产品更换色素)”可知，她的工作是帮助企业更换色素，结合前文提到要去除人工色素，可推断她致力于用其他色素替代人工色素。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. called them “poisonous compounds” that endanger children’s health and development, citing limited evidence of potential health risks.(卫生部长小罗伯特·F·肯尼迪称它们为“有毒化合物”，危及儿童健康和发育，他提到了一些有关潜在健康风险的有限证据)”可知，卫生官员敦促去除石油基染料是为了防止可能的健康风险。故选B项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Natural dyes are harder to make and use than artificial colors. They are less consistent in color, less stable and subject to changes related to acidity, heat, and light. Also, a natural color costs about 10 times more to make than the artificial version.(天然染料比人工色素更难制作和使用。它们颜色一致性较差，稳定性较低，并且容易受到酸度、热量和光照变化的影响。此外，制作一种天然色素的成本大约是人工色素的10倍)”可知，第四段主要讲述了天然染料在制作、使用、颜色稳定性及成本等方面存在的局限性。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In 2016, food giant General Mills removed artificial dyes from Trix cereal, switching to natural sources. But the cereal lost its neon colors and became less vibrant, resulting in consumers’ negative reaction. Trix fans said they missed the bright colors and familiar taste of the cereal. In 2017, the company switched back.(2016年，食品巨头通用磨坊从Trix谷物中去除人工色素，改用天然色素。但这种谷物失去了鲜艳的颜色，变得不那么有活力，导致消费者产生负面反应。Trix的粉丝表示，他们怀念这种谷物明亮的颜色和熟悉的味道。2017年，该公司又换回了原来的色素)”可知，因为更换色素后颜色变化引发消费者负面反应，公司又换回，说明颜色对消费者行为有很大影响，是消费者行为的一个重要驱动因素。故选B项。 05（25-26高三上·广西·开学考试） Why did the cow go to Hollywood? Because it wanted to be in the moo-vies! Get it? Because “moo” is the sound a cow makes! This is an example of a dad joke. Anyone can make a dad joke — you don’t have to be a parent. Most of the time it’s just a joke that uses a very obvious and predictable pun (双关语). Dad jokes are usually thought to be pretty harmless, and maybe even cause feelings of love. And researchers have found that humor may actually be an important tool for parents. A team from the US wanted to find out more about the effect humor can have when it is used by parents when raising their children. More than 300 people aged between 18 and 45 took part in a survey. They were asked to say whether they agreed or disagreed with a number of statements about humor in parenting. These included their memories of whether humor was used by their own parents, and if they might use it with their own children. More than 70% of the participants said they believed humor can be a useful tool in parenting. And 55% said that they had been raised by parents who used humor in their parenting. The study also found that people whose parents used humor were more likely to say they had a good relationship with their parents. Many participants even said they’d like to take a course to learn about how they could use humor in parenting. So why does it work? The researchers said family life can be stressful, and humor can be a good way to reduce stress levels in the home. But that doesn’t just mean telling more dad jokes—humor could be used instead of anger to relieve a stressful situation, for example. 1．How did the author introduce the phrase “dad joke”? A．By giving an example. B．By making a definition. C．By explaining where to use it. D．By showing its hidden meaning. 2．In which aspect do researchers plan to figure out the function of humor? A．Family harmony. B．Social gatherings. C．Parenting skills. D．Parenting stress. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The benefits of using humor in education. B．Different types of humor used by parents. C．The disadvantages of humor in family relationships. D．Participants’ views on the use of humor in parenting. 4．What might be talked about in the following paragraph? A．How humor deals with pressure. B．What effect humor has on home. C．Which humor should be stressed. D．Why humor makes people happy. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍“爸爸笑话”及幽默在父母养育孩子过程中的作用和相关研究发现。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Why did the cow go to Hollywood? Because it wanted to be in the moo-vies! Get it? Because ‘moo’ is the sound a cow makes!(为什么奶牛要去好莱坞？因为它想参演‘牛影’（moo-vies与movies同音）！明白了吗？因为‘moo’是奶牛发出的声音！)”以及第二段中的“This is an example of a dad joke.(这就是一个‘爸爸笑话’的例子)”可知，作者通过举例介绍了“爸爸笑话”这一短语。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“A team from the US wanted to find out more about the effect humor can have when it is used by parents when raising their children.(美国的一个研究小组想进一步了解父母在养育孩子时使用幽默所产生的影响)”可知，研究人员计划弄清楚幽默在育儿技巧方面的作用。故选C项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段中的“More than 70% of the participants said they believed humor can be a useful tool in parenting. And 55% said that they had been raised by parents who used humor in their parenting. The study also found that people whose parents used humor were more likely to say they had a good relationship with their parents. Many participants even said they’d like to take a course to learn about how they could use humor in parenting. (超过70%的参与者表示，他们认为幽默可以成为育儿过程中的一个有用工具。55%的人说，他们的父母在养育自己时就使用过幽默。研究还发现，父母使用幽默的人更有可能表示自己与父母关系融洽。许多参与者甚至表示，他们愿意参加相关课程，学习如何在育儿中运用幽默。)”可知，第四段主要讲述了参与者对在育儿中使用幽默的看法。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The researchers said family life can be stressful, and humor can be a good way to reduce stress levels in the home. But that doesn’t just mean telling more dad jokes—humor could be used instead of anger to relieve a stressful situation, for example.(研究人员表示，家庭生活可能充满压力，而幽默是减轻家庭压力的好方法。但这不仅仅意味着讲更多的‘爸爸笑话’——例如，幽默可以用来代替愤怒来缓解紧张的局面)”可知，接下来的段落可能会谈论幽默是如何应对压力的。故选A项。 06（2025·浙江宁波·模拟预测） CPR and basic first aid care are skills that millions acquire. Now this same type of training is available for mental health. Sigma Theta Alpha (STA), a professional health organization at UConn (University of Connecticut), has taken the lead to bring the program to campus, ensuring each student can benefit from it. Mental Health First Aid training is a national initiative that is performed locally by Mental Health Connecticut, a statewide non-profit organization. The group has come to UConn three times for training. “We introduce information on mental illness with the basic facts. We don’t teach how to diagnose — we do the opposite. Labeling and jumping to conclusions based on symptoms and behaviors are harmful and dangerous, because that is for professionals,” says Valerie Cooper, a community educator for the organization. Like CPR, Mental Health First Aid is a universal experience taught the same way everywhere. The program is split into classroom-style work, watching videos, and simulation of real-life issues. The action plan taught works under the acronym of ALGEE — Assess for risk of harm, Listen non-judgmentally, Give reassurance and information, Encourage appropriate professional help, and Encourage self-help and other support strategies. “Being a mental health first aider is to listen non-judgmentally and create a space of trust,” says Cooper. “We teach people that listening will be more important than anything they say.” UConn nursing major Lisa Iwanicki, 18, is a member of Sigma Theta Alpha. Iwanicki says she got a lot out of the simulation activities. “It was cool to be in a room with people who wanted to help make a change. It was not just about learning the signs of mental illness, but what someone can do in the community to help,” says Iwanicki. “Recovery is possible. The most important thing is to keep people hopeful. You have to try and try.” 1．What is the aim of Sigma Theta Alpha? A．To evaluate students’ behaviors. B．To teach students basic first aid skills. C．To treat students’ health issues. D．To enhance students’ mental well-being. 2．What should be stressed in communication according to Valerie Cooper? A．Giving personal suggestions. B．Avoiding rush judgement. C．Creating a private space. D．Reducing interaction. 3．What did Lisa Iwanicki learn according to the last paragraph? A．The best way to treat mental illness. B．The key to providing assistance. C．The benefits of helping the community. D．The different signs of body recovery. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．A student care project at UConn. B．Development of CPR skills. C．A professional health organization. D．Campus activities of UConn. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍康涅狄格大学的专业健康组织STA引入心理健康急救培训项目，助力学生掌握相关技能，提升心理健康。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Sigma Theta Alpha (STA), a professional health organization at UConn (University of Connecticut), has taken the lead to bring the program to campus, ensuring each student can benefit from it.(康涅狄格大学的专业健康组织Sigma Theta Alpha（STA）率先将该项目引入校园，确保每个学生都能从中受益。)”以及第二段中对“Mental Health First Aid training”的介绍，可知STA的目标是提升学生的心理健康。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“We don’t teach how to diagnose — we do the opposite. Labeling and jumping to conclusions based on symptoms and behaviors are harmful and dangerous, because that is for professionals.(我们不教如何诊断——恰恰相反。根据症状和行为贴标签并仓促下结论是有害和危险的，因为那是专业人士的工作。)”以及第三段中的“Being a mental health first aider is to listen non-judgmentally and create a space of trust.(成为一名心理健康急救员就要不带偏见地倾听，创造一个信任的空间。)”可知，Valerie Cooper认为在交流中应强调避免仓促判断。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Iwanicki says she got a lot out of the simulation activities. “It was cool to be in a room with people who wanted to help make a change. It was not just about learning the signs of mental illness, but what someone can do in the community to help,” says Iwanicki. “Recovery is possible. The most important thing is to keep people hopeful. You have to try and try.”(Iwanicki说她从模拟活动中收获颇丰。“和一群想要帮助做出改变的人在一个房间里感觉很棒。这不仅仅是学习精神疾病的迹象，还包括人们在社区中可以做些什么来提供帮助，”Iwanicki说。“康复是可能的。最重要的是让人们保持希望。你必须不断尝试。”)”可知，Lisa Iwanicki学到了提供帮助的关键所在。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章主要围绕康涅狄格大学的Sigma Theta Alpha组织引入心理健康急救培训项目展开，介绍了该项目的内容、目的以及学生的收获等，因此“康涅狄格大学的一个学生关爱项目”最能概括文章主旨。故选A项。 07（24-25高二下·湖南长沙·期末） A few years ago, you went on a vacation with friends, creating lasting memories — walking along the beach, swimming in the sea, and enjoying breathtaking sunsets. However, the trip wasn't all smooth sailing; long drives, food issues, and unpredictable weather. Yet, over time, you tend to remember the beautiful moments while the inconveniences fade . This is known as rosy retrospection, a cognitive , bias (认知偏见) where people recall past experiences more positively than they felt during the actual event. The phenomenon can be understood as the complex interaction of cognitive mechanisms that shape our memory processes When recalling memories, our brains tend to focus on positive details and downplay negative aspects, which helps maintain emotional well-being. Nostalgia (怀旧) also plays a significant role, as it arouses feelings of warmth and belonging, leading us to view the past more positively. Additionally, our current emotional state and self-enhancement bias can influence how we remember past events, making them seem more favorable. While some individuals who focus more on negative experiences may be at a higher risk of mood disorders such as depression, rosy retrospection can elevate our moods, increase life satisfaction, and even help us cope with difficult present circumstances by providing a sense of continuity and positive self-identity. However, rosy retrospection occasionally creates an unrealistic view of the past, which can head people to make decisions that are not based on reality but rather on their idealized memories. It's one of the reasons why we might repeatedly return to unhealthy relationships. The longer the time that has passed since the event, the more likely we are to let the, good memories outweigh the bad memories and perhaps even forgive unforgivable behavior. Understanding and acknowledging this cognitive bias can be crucial for making accurate and beneficial decisions. 1．How do people with rosy retrospection generally recall past experiences? A．They forget negative moments easily. B．They recall breathtaking details repeatedly. C．They remember adventurous trips more clearly. D．They view former experiences more positively. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The meaning of rosy retrospection. B．The reasons for rosy retrospection. C．The role of nostalgia in shaping memories. D．The ways of keeping emotional well-being. 3．What does the underlined word “evaluate” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Boost. B．Expose. C．Assess. D．Ignore. 4．What negative consequence may rosy retrospection cause? A．It may give rise to incorrect judgments. B．It may lead to a constant state of depression. C．It may make people miss out on opportunities. D．It may raise people's unwillingness to face reality. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了“玫瑰色回忆效应”这一认知偏见现象，即人们会以更积极的态度回忆过去的经历，同时分析了其产生的原因、带来的积极影响以及可能存在的消极影响。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“This is known as rosy retrospection, a cognitive bias (认知偏见) where people recall past experiences more positively than they felt during the actual event.(这被称为玫瑰色回忆效应，是一种认知偏见，在这种情况下，人们回忆过去的经历时比实际经历时更加积极)”可知，产生玫瑰色回忆效应的人通常会更积极地看待以前的经历，故选D项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The phenomenon can be understood as the complex interaction of cognitive mechanisms that shape our memory processes.(这种现象可以被理解为塑造我们记忆过程的认知机制的复杂相互作用)”、“When recalling memories, our brains tend to focus on positive details and downplay negative aspects, which helps maintain emotional well-being. Nostalgia (怀旧) also plays a significant role, as it arouses feelings of warmth and belonging, leading us to view the past more positively.( 回忆往事时，大脑往往会聚焦于积极细节，淡化负面因素，这有助于保持情绪健康。怀旧情绪也发挥着重要作用，因为它能激发温暖感和归属感，使我们对过去的看法更加积极)”以及“Additionally, our current emotional state and self-enhancement bias can influence how we remember past events, making them seem more favorable.(此外，我们当前的情绪状态和自我增强偏见会影响我们回忆过去事件的方式，使它们看起来更加有利)”可知，该段开篇点明这种现象（玫瑰色回忆效应），可理解为塑造我们记忆过程的认知机制的复杂相互作用。接着后文分别从大脑在回忆时的倾向、怀旧的作用以及当前情绪状态和自我提升偏见等方面进行阐述，解释了玫瑰色回忆效应产生的原因。所以第二段主要讲的是玫瑰色回忆效应的原因，故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段“While some individuals who focus more on negative experiences may be at a higher risk of mood disorders such as depression, rosy retrospection can elevate our moods, increase life satisfaction, and even help us cope with difficult present circumstances by providing a sense of continuity and positive self-identity (自我认同)( 虽然一些更多关注负面经历的人可能患抑郁等情绪障碍的风险更高，但玫瑰色回忆效应可以elevate我们的情绪，提高生活满意度，甚至通过提供一种连续性和积极的自我认同感来帮助我们应对当前的困难处境)”可知，前半句提到那些更多关注负面经历的人患情绪障碍（如抑郁）的风险更高，while表示对比转折，可推理出后半句玫瑰色回忆效应应该是能带来积极的影响，“elevate our moods”与“increase life satisfaction(提高生活满意度)”并列，可推测“elevate”意思是“提升、促进”，与“Boost(促进)”意思相近，故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“However, rosy retrospection occasionally creates an unrealistic view of the past, which can lead people to make decisions that are not based on reality but rather on their idealized memories.(然而，玫瑰色回忆效应偶尔会对过去产生不切实际的看法，这可能会导致人们做出的决定不是基于现实，而是基于他们理想化的记忆)”可知，玫瑰色回忆效应的一个潜在负面影响是它会导致不正确的判断，故选A项。 08（2025·湖北·模拟预测） I was in a meeting, and my phone lit up with endless notifications (消息提示). “Is it urgent news? A friend’s engagement? A crisis?” The fear of missing out or otherwise appearing irresponsible in work tore me apart... You must have been there too. A Stylist research reveals 50% of British adults struggle to keep up with rapid group chats, with the average person involved in 83 of them. It’s a clear sign that our lives are more connected than ever, yet often feel emotionally empty. But why exactly do they have the potential to fuel such negative emotions? For most, even if they choose to go against the pressure to stay online all the time, skipping chats means facing a great number of unread messages later, which only poses greater stress to catch up. Besides, there’s a lack of real connection. “Group chats can make us feel like we’re surrounded by people, yet still somehow on the outside,” says psychologist Abby Rawlinson. If everyone’s chatting and you’re not part of the flow — or your message gets no replies — it can stir up that quiet ache of invisibility. Scientists have found that social rejection, even in digital form, activates the same brain regions as physical pain does, thus causing stress and despair. “The emotional aspect of group interactions is subtle and often unspoken, which shapes how we feel we are seen, included and valued,” says Rawlinson. Over time, these patterns start to mirror real-life social hierarchy (等级制度) — even if no one’s doing it consciously. This all rings true. But instead of falling into a rabbit hole where my message goes unanswered in a group chat and I wonder if I’m the problem, blaming myself for it, I mentally put myself in others’ shoes and think: If I don’t respond for a while, will they be mad? Probably not. I remind myself that group chats are just a tool that helps us stay in touch. 1．Why does the author mention her meeting experience? A．To present a common dilemma. B．To highlight her popularity. C．To warn against improper use of phones. D．To indicate her responsibility for work. 2．What is a negative effect of unanswered messages? A．They mean more unread messages. B．They lead to a feeling of being ignored. C．They result in unfair social ranks. D．They remind people of physical pain. 3．What does the underlined phrase “a rabbit hole” in the last paragraph refer to? A．The tendency for self-criticism. B．The pressure to stay constantly online. C．The fear of missing out in group chats. D．The urge to endlessly check notifications. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．The popularity of group chats. B．Ways to improve group chats. C．The emotional cost of group chats. D．Social inequality revealed in group chats. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章以作者开会时手机消息提示不断的经历引入，分析了群聊带来负面情绪的原因，指出群聊虽让生活更有联系却常使人情感空虚。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“I was in a meeting, and my phone lit up with endless notifications (消息提示). ‘Is it urgent news? A friend’s engagement? A crisis?’ The fear of missing out or otherwise appearing irresponsible in work tore me apart... You must have been there too.(当时我正在开会，手机突然被源源不断的消息提示点亮。“是紧急新闻？朋友订婚？还是突发危机？”害怕错过重要消息，或是担心在工作场合显得不负责任，这种念头让我备受煎熬……你一定也经历过这种时刻)”可知，作者提到自己开会的经历是为了呈现一种人们普遍会遇到的两难境地。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“If everyone’s chatting and you’re not part of the flow — or your message gets no replies — it can stir up that quiet ache of invisibility. Scientists have found that social rejection, even in digital form, activates the same brain regions as physical pain does, thus causing stress and despair.(如果每个人都在聊天，而你没有参与其中——或者你的消息没有得到回复——这会激起那种被忽视的隐痛。科学家发现，社交排斥，即使是数字形式的，也会激活与身体疼痛相同的大脑区域，从而导致压力和绝望)”可知，未得到回复的消息会导致一种被忽视的感觉。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线短语所在句“But instead of falling into a rabbit hole where my message goes unanswered in a group chat and I wonder if I’m the problem, blaming myself for it, I mentally put myself in others’ shoes and think: If I don’t respond for a while, will they be mad?(但这次我没有陷入那种“在群里发了消息没人回就开始自我怀疑”的a rabbit hole，而是换位思考：如果我暂时没回复，别人真的会生气吗？大概率不会)”中定语从句“where my message goes unanswered in a group chat and I wonder if I’m the problem, blaming myself for it”可知，“a rabbit hole”指“在群里发了消息没人回就开始自我怀疑”这一种自我批评的倾向，与A项“The tendency for self-criticism.”意思一致。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段“A Stylist research reveals 50% of British adults struggle to keep up with rapid group chats, with the average person involved in 83 of them. It’s a clear sign that our lives are more connected than ever, yet often feel emotionally empty. But why exactly do they have the potential to fuel such negative emotions?(《Stylist》一项最新研究显示，50%的英国成年人疲于应付快节奏的群聊，平均每人竟加入了83个群组。这充分说明，虽然我们的社交联系比以往任何时候都更紧密，内心却常常感到空虚。但究竟是什么让群聊容易引发负面情绪呢？)”可知，本文主要探讨了是什么让群聊容易引发负面情绪，即与群聊相关的情感代价。故选C项。 09（2025·广西南宁·一模） With their stiff leaves and large flowers, bromeliads can add drama to a plant stand or window sill. Though they are not the flashiest of houseplants, some pollution scientists are ready to give them credit. Their new data show these plants are experts at cleaning the air. Paints, furniture, photocopiers and printers, cleaning supplies and dry-cleaned clothes can all release volatile organic chemicals, or VOCs. Chronic VOC exposure poses serious health risks, from dizziness and asthma to potential organ damage and cancer. But certain types of greenery can suck the pollutants up, which keeps them safely away from us. Chemist Vadoud Niri’s found that a single bromeliad can remove at least 80 percent of six different VOCs from the air inside a 76-liter container. His team tested five houseplants against eight VOCs, finding bromeliads outperformed others. Only two VOCs, dichloromethane and trichloromethane were ignored by all plants. Plants absorb VOCs from the air, explains medicinal chemist Webe Kadima. Those gases enter through tiny openings in plant leaves and stems. Once inside, the plant’s enzymes (酶) break down the VOCs into smaller, harmless chemicals. Of course, a house, or even a bedroom, is much bigger than the container Niri and his team used. But their work suggests people might breathe easier if they can figure out what type and how many plants it takes to clean the air in a room. This is important because indoor air usually has three to five times greater concentrations of VOCs than outdoor air. Niri says he plans to test how many houseplants it takes to clean the air in an average-size room. After that, he will repeat the experiment in a nail salon. With bottles of nail polish and remover, the air in those salons tends to have high levels of VOCs, he notes. While special air filtering machines might do the same job as green plants, they cost a lot more, Niri says. And they are nowhere near as pretty as a bromeliad, especially one in bloom. 1．What is one of Niri’s findings about bromeliads? A．They beat machines in air cleaning. B．They lead in VOCs removal during tests. C．They absorb most pollutants in a room. D．They break down VOCs through enzymes. 2．What does Webe Kadima try to explain in paragraph 3? A．The necessity to solve air pollution. B．The pollutant removal process of plants. C．The medical value of plants’ enzymes. D．The absorption capability of different plants. 3．What will be the focus of Niri’s research? A．Designing cheap air-filtering device. B．Researching blooming bromeliads. C．Repeating the tests in various salons. D．Testing plant performance in larger space. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Plants: Efficient VOCs Remover B．Enzyme: Air Pollution Solution C．Bromeliads: Nature’s Air Purifier D．Nail Salons: Indoor VOCs Producer 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍凤梨科植物在清除空气中挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）方面表现出色，及其净化空气的原理和相关研究计划。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Chemist Vadoud Niri’s found that a single bromeliad can remove at least 80 percent of six different VOCs from the air inside a 76-liter container. His team tested five houseplants against eight VOCs, finding bromeliads outperformed others.(化学家Vadoud Niri发现，在76升的容器中，一株凤梨科植物能清除空气中至少80%的六种不同挥发性有机化合物。他的团队用八种挥发性有机化合物对五种室内植物进行了测试，发现凤梨科植物的表现优于其他植物。)”可知，Niri关于凤梨科植物的发现之一是在测试中它们在清除挥发性有机化合物方面领先。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Plants absorb VOCs from the air, explains medicinal chemist Webe Kadima. Those gases enter through tiny openings in plant leaves and stems. Once inside, the plant’s enzymes (酶) break down the VOCs into smaller, harmless chemicals.(药用化学家Webe Kadima解释说，植物从空气中吸收挥发性有机化合物。这些气体通过植物叶子和茎上的微小开口进入。一旦进入，植物的酶会将挥发性有机化合物分解成更小的无害化学物质。)”可知，Webe Kadima在第三段试图解释植物清除污染物的过程。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Niri says he plans to test how many houseplants it takes to clean the air in an average-size room. After that, he will repeat the experiment in a nail salon.(Niri说，他计划测试在一个普通大小的房间里需要多少室内植物才能净化空气。之后，他将在一家美甲沙龙重复这个实验。)”可知，Niri的研究重点将是测试植物在更大空间里的表现。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Though they are not the flashiest of houseplants, some pollution scientists are ready to give them credit. Their new data show these plants are experts at cleaning the air.(尽管这些植物并非是最引人注目的室内植物，但一些污染研究专家却愿意认可它们的作用。他们的最新研究结果表明，这些植物是净化空气的能手。)”以及文章内容可知，文章主要围绕凤梨科植物展开，介绍了其在清除空气中挥发性有机化合物方面的出色能力、净化原理以及相关研究，因此“凤梨科植物：大自然的空气净化器”最适合作为本文标题。故选C项。 10（24-25高三下·河北秦皇岛·阶段练习） Bering Sea snow crabs (蟹) are well suited for Arctic (北极的) conditions. But the southeastern Bering Sea is changing to more subarctic conditions through a process called borealization (北方化), according to a report released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. It’s a process that’s also happening in ecosystems on land in Alaska. As a result, cold-water species like snow crabs move away or struggle to survive, while species typically found in warmer regions may spread into borealized areas. “Like an Arctic ecosystem on land around Kotzebue is traditionally tundra and frozen, you don’t have plants. But as you borealize, you get more plants, even trees. So you can imagine what a huge transformation it is to go from treeless areas to forests. And it’s the same type of thing going from ice-associated to ice-free all year,” Mike Litozov, the lead author of the report, said. This borealization, brought on by human-caused climate change, has more negative effects on snow crabs in the southeastern Bering Sea. That includes shifts in food availability for snow crabs, which means the species may face starvation, and an increased incidence of bitter crab disease. These were all evident in 2018–2019 when the special barrier — a cold pool of water in the Bering Sea — disappeared, bringing on extreme ecosystem changes that allowed different species of groundfish to move further north. Litozov and his team had previously confirmed that a combination of these factors caused the crash of snow crab populations between the years 2018 and 2019, when the species decreased by more than 90%. The population still hasn’t recovered. After the last two back-to-back years without a commercial fishery, fishermen have also not fully recovered. The new report indicates the fishery may be entirely displaced in the coming decades. “The recent changes are not part of a one-off event and ecosystem-wide changes are expected to continue to affect snow crab populations in the future,” Litozov said. 1．What can be learned about borealization? A．It is unique to the Bering Sea. B．It is usually a natural process. C．It can cause biodiversity changes. D．It has a negative worldwide effect. 2．Why does Litozov mention Kotzebue’s ecosystem? A．To show the pace of Arctic warming. B．To explain the impact of borealization. C．To illustrate the value of the ecosystem. D．To discuss features of Arctic conditions. 3．What challenge do snow crabs face? A．The food shortage. B．The fishery development. C．The threat from fish. D．The delay of cold pools. 4．What’s the best title of the text? A．Climate Change Hits Arctic Wildlife B．Borealization Is Becoming a New Trend C．Bering Sea Will Lose Snow Crabs Soon D．Ecological Shifts Drive Snow Crab Decline 【答案】25．C 26．B 27．A 28．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍白令海雪蟹因北方化这一生态变化数量锐减及面临的生存挑战。 25．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“As a result, cold-water species like snow crabs move away or struggle to survive, while species typically found in warmer regions may spread into borealized areas.(结果，像雪蟹这样的冷水物种要么迁移，要么难以生存，而通常生活在较温暖地区的物种可能会扩散到北方化的区域。)”可知，北方化会导致生物多样性发生变化。故选C项。 26．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Like an Arctic ecosystem on land around Kotzebue is traditionally tundra and frozen, you don’t have plants. But as you borealize, you get more plants, even trees. So you can imagine what a huge transformation it is to go from treeless areas to forests. And it’s the same type of thing going from ice-associated to ice-free all year(就像科策布周围的北极陆地生态系统传统上是冻原和冰封的，没有植物。但随着北方化的进行，会出现更多的植物，甚至树木。所以你可以想象从无树地区到森林是一个多么巨大的转变。而从与冰相关到全年无冰也是同样的情况)”可知，Litozov提到科策布的生态系统是为了解释北方化带来的影响。故选B项。 27．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“That includes shifts in food availability for snow crabs, which means the species may face starvation, and an increased incidence of bitter crab disease. (这其中包括雪蟹食物可获得性的变化——这意味着该物种可能面临饥饿——以及苦蟹病发病率的上升。)”可知，雪蟹面临食物短缺的挑战。故选A项。 28．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段中的 “Litozov and his team had previously confirmed that a combination of these factors caused the crash of snow crab populations between the years 2018 and 2019, when the species decreased by more than 90%.(Litozov和他的团队此前证实，这些因素的综合作用导致了2018至2019年间雪蟹种群的崩溃，当时该物种数量减少了 90% 以上。)”可知，文章主要讲述了由于北方化等生态变化，白令海雪蟹的生存受到威胁，种群数量大幅下降，因此 “生态变化导致雪蟹数量减少” 最能概括全文主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选D项。 11（24-25高二下·山西大同·期末） Blumberg, a senior lecturer in the math department at University of Houston Downtown, sold her mother’s place in favor of something smaller. While packing up, she found her late mother’s three knit sweaters in various stages of construction. She knew exactly who they were intended for: the first, a blue and white garment, was for her mother; the second, all purple, was for Blumberg; and the third was for Blumberg’s daughter. She brought them to a local knitting store to be finished. The employees there, in turn, put her in contact with another shop, where a worker asked her, “Have you ever heard of Loose Ends?” Blumberg hadn’t. She would learn Loose Ends is a nonprofit organization that matches people who have unfinished work from loved ones, who have either passed away or become disabled, with crafters in their area who can finish quilting, knitting and other projects, all at no charge. It has 30,000 volunteer “finishers” who have taken over about 3,500 projects since its launch. Blumberg contacted Loose Ends, and they linked her up with a nearby finisher, Anna, to take over her mother’s work. “All I could do when I met Anna was give her a big hug,” Blumberg said, tearing up. “It’s unbelievable how special this project is. Otherwise, I would have spent a fortune to get this done.” Anna spent months on the sweaters, and said she’s happy to have a part in what she saw as a beautiful story that could bind generations. The project reminded her of her own family: her grandmother was a knitter as well, until arthritis made it hard to complete those delicate knitting movements. “It’s making sure people have these physical objects that you can hug when you’re missing a person. That’s a big deal,” said she. 1．How were her mother’s knit sweaters when Blumberg found them? A．Uncleaned. B．Unfinished. C．Undecorated. D．Uncoloured. 2．What do we know about Loose Ends? A．It comforts those who lost loved ones. B．It repairs valued personal possessions. C．It matches crafters with those in need. D．It makes individually tailored sweaters. 3．What can be inferred from what Blumberg said? A．She regretted asking volunteers for help. B．She expected to learn more from Anna. C．She disliked the organization’s project. D．She’s grateful for Anna’s generous help. 4．Which one can be the best title for the text? A．A Tight-Knit Community B．The Knitting Skills C．An Enthusiastic Volunteer D．The Knit Sweaters 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Blumberg在整理母亲遗物时发现未完成的毛衣，通过“Loose Ends”组织找到志愿者完成遗作，感受到社区温暖的故事。 1．细节理解题。 根据第一段中“While packing up, she found her late mother’s three knit sweaters in various stages of construction. (收拾行李时，她发现了已故母亲的三件针织毛衣，这些毛衣都处于不同的编织阶段)”可知，Blumberg发现母亲的毛衣处于未完成状态。“in various stages of construction”对应“unfinished”。故选B。 2．细节理解题。 根据第二段中“She would learn Loose Ends is a nonprofit organization that matches people who have unfinished work from loved ones, who have either passed away or become disabled, with crafters in their area who can finish quilting, knitting and other projects, all at no charge. (她渐渐了解到，“Loose Ends”是一个非营利组织，它为那些持有已故或残疾亲人留下的未完成手工作品的人，对接当地有能力完成绗缝、针织等各类手工艺项目的匠人，而且所有服务都是免费的)”可知，该组织将工匠与有需求的人匹配起来。故选C。 3．推理判断题。 根据第三段中““All I could do when I met Anna was give her a big hug,” Blumberg said, tearing up. “It’s unbelievable how special this project is. Otherwise, I would have spent a fortune to get this done.” (“见到Anna时，我能做的就是给她一个大大的拥抱，” Blumberg说着，眼泪涌了上来。“这个项目的意义太特别了，简直令人难以置信。否则，我要花一大笔钱才能完成这件事。”)”可推断，Blumberg对Anna的帮助充满感激。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第二段中“She would learn Loose Ends is a nonprofit organization that matches people who have unfinished work from loved ones, who have either passed away or become disabled, with crafters in their area who can finish quilting, knitting and other projects, all at no charge. (她渐渐了解到，“Loose Ends”是一个非营利组织，它为那些持有已故或残疾亲人留下的未完成手工作品的人，对接当地有能力完成绗缝、针织等各类手工艺项目的匠人，而且所有服务都是免费的)”和最后一段“Anna spent months on the sweaters, and said she’s happy to have a part in what she saw as a beautiful story that could bind generations. The project reminded her of her own family: her grandmother was a knitter as well, until arthritis made it hard to complete those delicate knitting movements. “It’s making sure people have these physical objects that you can hug when you’re missing a person. That’s a big deal,” said she.(安娜花了几个月的时间来制作这些毛衣，她说她很高兴能参与到这个可以联系几代人的美丽故事中来。这个项目让她想起了自己的家庭：她的祖母也是一个编织者，直到关节炎使她难以完成那些精细的编织动作。“这是为了确保人们在想念一个人时可以拥抱这些实物。这是件大事，”她说)” 可知，本文主要讲述了Loose Ends组织通过志愿者帮助人们完成亲人未完成的手工项目，传递温暖与联结的故事，强调社区的紧密联系。A项“一个紧密相连的社区”能概括这种通过手工艺传承和互助形成的联系，符合主旨，是文章的最佳标题。故选A。 15 / 42 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题09主旨大意题 目录 01知识脑图·学科框架速建 02考点精析·知识能力全解 【知能解读01】主旨大意题五年高考考情统计 【知能解读02】主旨大意题五年高考考情解读 【知能解读03】主旨大意题五年高考考点分类 【知能解读04】主旨大意题五年高考选项特点 【知能解读05】阅读理解满分突破思维导图 03 攻坚指南·高频考点突破 【重难点突破01】段落大意题 【重难点突破02】段落大意跟踪训练 【重难点突破03】文章大意题 【重难点突破04】文章大意题跟踪训练 04 避坑锦囊·易混易错诊疗 【易混易错01】标题概括题(记叙文) 【易混易错02】标题概括题跟踪训练 【易混易错03】标题概括题(说明文) 【易混易错04】标题概括题跟踪训练 【易混易错05】标题概括题(议论文) 【易混易错06】标题概括题跟踪训练 05 通法提炼·高频思维拆解 【方法技巧01】阅读主旨大意题答题误区 【方法技巧02】阅读主旨大意题误区应对 【方法技巧03】阅读主旨大意题满分策略 01主旨大意题五年高考考情统计 卷别 细节理解题 猜测词义题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 2025全国一卷 7 1 6 1 2025全国二卷 8 1 4 2 2024新课标I卷 9 1 4 1 2024新课标II卷 9 1 4 1 2024全国甲卷 7 1 6 1 2023新课标I卷 6 1 7 1 2023新课标II卷 6 1 7 1 2023全国甲卷 8 1 5 1 2023全国乙卷 5 1 8 1 2022新课标I卷 8 2 4 1 2022新课标II卷 8 2 4 1 2022全国甲卷 8 1 3 3 2022全国乙卷 10 1 3 1 2021新课标I卷 8 1 4 2 2021新课标II卷 11 1 2 1 2021全国甲卷 5 1 8 1 2021全国乙卷 6 1 6 2 02主旨大意题五年高考考情解读 1.题型概述 主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。题型主要包括标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中找出一些关键词、信息句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。 2.题型特点 主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容深层次的理解、概括能力，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。标题归纳类要求学生选出文章的最佳标题，文章大意题和段落大意题考查文章或段落的主旨大意。 3.选材特点 题材更加丰富多样，涵盖记叙文、说明文、议论文等各种文体，主题涉及社会热点、科技发展、文化交流、环境保护、人文历史、健康生活等多个领域，要求考生具备广泛的知识背景。 4.命题特点 特殊疑问句形式:以when、where、what、which、who、why、how等疑问词开头引出的问题;通常涉及推断作者态度、文章出处、文章类型、写作意图、下段话题等。 主旨大意题旨在考查考生归纳概括以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力，是阅读理解中的高难度题。概括全文大意最简单的方法就是把每段的大意串起来考虑。该类题主要考查标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。常见的设问方式有： 1．What is the best title of the passage? 2．Which of the following is the best title for the text? 3．What is the passage mainly about? 4．What is the main idea of the second paragraph? 5．What is the first/second/...paragraph mainly about? 03主旨大意题五年高考考点分类 04主旨大意题五年高考选项特点 1.正确选项特征 同义替换 与原文关键信息相同含义的不同表达 信息归纳 对分散或复杂的信息进行概括或比较 正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达意思明了 原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项比较简单 2.干扰选项特征 张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容 无中生有 符合生活常识，但不是该文章的内容 曲解文意 极其相似但是细节处与原文有些出入 颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭或完全相反 正误参半 选项内容部分正确，部分和原文错误 以偏概全 范围过于狭窄，仅阐述文章的局部信息 05阅读理解满分突破思维导图 01 段落大意题 1.题型解读 段落大意题主要考查考生用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来的能力。考生在做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。 2.思维导图 02 段落大意题跟踪训练 跟踪训练1 (2025全国二卷第34题) 主题句在段中 [1] Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. … [2] Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries…. [3] For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. [4] A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. .. [5]It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. [6]Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment… 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 跟踪训练2 (2024新课标I卷第26题) 没有出现主题句 [1] “I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” … [2]Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. … [3]Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. [4]Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right… 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 跟踪训练3 (2023全国乙卷第32题) 主题句在段首 [1] If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. [2] Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. … [3] In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. … 32. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 03 文章大意题 1.命题特点 文章中的每一段都是围绕某一主题展开的，把每个段落的主题句综合起来就可以概括出全文的中心思想。该题型主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。 2.设问方式 1.What is the main theme/topic/idea of this/the passage/text? 2.What does the text/passage mainly focus on? 3.What is the passage/text mainly about? 4. What does the passage mainly focus on? 3.思维导图 4.答题策略 题型一：利用主题句在段首位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。 题型二：利用主题句在段中位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。 题型三：利用主题句在段尾位置推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词: in brief/ short, all in all, in conclusion, in a word等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。 题型四：利用段落没有主题句推敲段落大意 技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 题型五：利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题 技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。 04文章大意题跟踪训练 跟踪训练1　(2024新课标II卷第31题) We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 28. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care. C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets. 29. What information does the convenient app offer? A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants. C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods. 30. What can be concluded about BMF employees? A. They have a great passion for sports. B. They are devoted to community service. C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D They have a strong environmental awareness. 31. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 跟踪训练2　(2022全国甲卷第31题) As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins(企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge. After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.” In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.” The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. 28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2? A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree. C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise. 29. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica? A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery. C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation. 30. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey? A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible. C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced. 31. What is the text mainly about? A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience. C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica. 01 标题概括题(记叙文) 1.设题特点 记叙文标题概括题题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给的选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意标题的特点：精准性、概括性和新颖性。 此类标题往往比较含蓄，有时候是文章反复出现的关键词，有时候是文章的线索词。 2.思维导图 3.解题策略 首先，关注文章首尾段，尤其是尾段往往是夹叙夹议主题升华部分，与标题更有千丝万缕关系。 其次，逐一研读四个选项，考虑范围是否太大太小太偏，兼顾文章反复出现的线索词，特别是名词。 02标题概括题跟踪训练 跟踪训练 (2023新课标II卷第27题) Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.” 24. What do we know about Abby Jaramillo? A. She used to be a health worker. B. She grew up in a low-income family. C. She owns a fast food restaurant. D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts. 25. What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program? A. The kids’ parents distrusted her. B. Students had little time for her classes. C. Some kids disliked garden work. D. There was no space for school gardens. 26. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable. C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable. 27. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape 03标题概括题(说明文) 1.设题特点 思维品质体现英语学科核心素养的心智特征，而标题概括题较好地反映了学生的思维品质。此类题旨在考查考生通过阅读文章正确获取文章主旨，推断文章的主题、标题、段落大意、中心思想的能力，即考查考生归纳概括以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。它既考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力。 说明文在高考阅读理解中占比较高，应引起足够注意。 2.思维导图 3.解题策略 首先，特别关注说明文“倒三角形”结构，重视文章首段主题引领作用。 其次，如果首段较长的话，重视but, now, however往往是文章核心话题。 第三，除了“首段”还应注意每段“段首”可能是本段主题句，分要点。 第四，注意研读标题的话题与首段对照，排除法逐步缩小范围去伪存真。 04标题概括题跟踪训练 跟踪训练1 (2022全国甲卷第27题) 首段首句概括文章主旨 Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies. The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. 24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment? A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool. C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid. 25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text? A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds. C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes. 26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos? A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects. C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test. 27. Which can be a suitable title for the text? A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters 跟踪训练2 (2022新高考Ⅰ卷第21题) 首段引出话题，尾段概括主旨 When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 28. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss. C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well. 29. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment. C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity. 30. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability. C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 05标题概括题(议论文) 1.题型解读 议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。 2.思维导图 3.解题步骤 ①抓住论点找主旨。议论文的核心是论点，通常在首段或结尾段明确提出。标题应直接反映文章的核心观点，避免偏离或过于宽泛。例如，若文章讨论“数字阅读与纸质阅读的差异”，标题可能为“纸质阅读与数字阅读：效果之辩”。 ②关注文章结构。议论文常采用“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”的结构。标题需体现这一逻辑关系，如“如何提升阅读效率：从理论到实践”。 ③结合选项特点。议论文标题多以问句或陈述句呈现，语言简洁且针对性强。例如，“人工智能：机遇还是挑战？”或“论创新思维的重要性”。 ④排除干扰选项。选项若仅涵盖部分内容，而非全文主旨，可排除以偏概全错误。注意选项中主语、宾语等细节是否与原文一致，避免被偷换概念误导。 06标题概括题跟踪训练 跟踪训练1 (2025全国一卷第31题) While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 28. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 29. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 30. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 01 阅读主旨大意题答题误区 1. 以偏概全：误把细节当主旨 误区表现：考生易将文中具体事例或局部信息当作全文核心，忽略整体脉络。 例如：2023年全国卷I卷D篇：文章围绕“人类语言中某些发音（如 /f/ 和 /v/）因饮食变化而普及”展开，干扰项设计为“古代人类牙齿结构的具体变化”，考生若仅关注牙齿结构的描述，会误选该细节选项，而正确答案应为“饮食演变对语言发音的影响”。 2. 过度推断：主观延伸未提及的内容 误区表现：脱离文本事实，根据个人经验或常识进行无依据推断。 例如：2024年全国乙卷阅读C篇：文章介绍 “电商平台通过大数据分析优化物流配送”，干扰项设置为 “未来电商将完全取代实体店”，考生若受“电商发展趋势”常识影响，易误选此选项，而原文仅客观描述物流优化，未涉及对实体店的替代关系。 3. 忽略首尾段及转折词：错失主题句定位 误区表现：未重点关注文章首尾段及 but、however 等转折词后的内容，导致主题句定位错误。 例如：2024年新高考卷I阅读A篇：文章首段点明“智能穿戴设备通过实时健康数据监测，改变人们的运动习惯”，尾段呼应“技术与健康管理的深度融合”，但部分考生因未通读首尾段，误选 “设备硬件设计的创新细节”。 4. 混淆文体特征：未针对性解题 误区表现：未区分议论文、说明文、记叙文的文体差异，采用统一解题思路。 例如：2023 年全国甲卷阅读 D 篇（议论文）：文章通过对比 “传统教育模式与线上教育的优劣”，论证 “混合式学习的必要性”，考生需重点关注首段论点句 “教育模式需适应数字化时代需求”。 02 阅读主旨大意题误区应对 1.强化主题句定位训练 每日选取三篇不同体裁（议论文、说明文、记叙文等）的高考真题阅读文章，按照文体特点定位主题句。如议论文重点关注首段论点句和尾段总结句，快速找出主题句并划出关键词，总结文章主旨。训练一周后，对比分析不同体裁主题句位置的规律，形成快速定位的直觉。​ 2.高频词筛选练习 利用真题阅读材料，制作 “高频词筛选卡片”。阅读文章时，将重复出现 3 次及以上的名词、名词短语标注出来，思考其与文章主旨的关联。每周整理一次高频词，分析同一主题（如科技类、环保类）文章中高频词的共性与差异，提高通过高频词把握主旨的能力。​ 3.干扰项分析笔记 建立 “主旨大意题错题本”，将每次练习中的错误选项分类整理（以偏概全、过度推断等）。针对每个错误选项，详细分析其与原文的偏差，如 “选项 A 只涉及文章第二段的一个细节，未涵盖全文关于人工智能应用的多个方面，属于以偏概全”。每周回顾错题本，强化对干扰项特征的识别。​ 4.错题反思总结 每次模拟考试或练习后，针对主旨大意题的错题，进行深度反思。不仅要明确错误原因，还要思考如何在下次答题时避免类似错误。例如，若因忽略转折词导致主旨判断失误，在下次阅读时，提前圈出 but、however 等转折词，提醒自己重点关注其后内容。 03 阅读主旨大意题满分策略 1.阅读理解议论文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 2.重视议论文“总分(总)”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。 3.推理判断题注意源于文章又高于文章，防止偏离主旨或推理过度。 4.标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 5.议论文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。 6.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 主旨大意题综合能力提升 真题专区：研读高考真题，洞悉高考命题规律，探寻满分做题技巧和应试思维 01（2023新课标I卷） On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 02（2025浙江1月卷） A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce storm water runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from. C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of. 29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants. C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland. 30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS 03（2024浙江1月卷） The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 32. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test? A. Take an examination alone. B. Show respect for the researchers. C. Share their treats with others. D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 33. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________. A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 34. What does the author suggest readers do? A. Absorb new information readily. B. Be selective information consumers. C. Use diverse information sources. D. Protect the information environment. 35. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups 模拟专区：精选名校真题好题，帮你锤炼做题技巧，助力冲刺备考圆梦高考 04（2025·广西南宁·一模） As pressure grows to get artificial colors out of the U.S. food supply, the shift may well start at Abby Tampow’s laboratory desk. Tampow is part of the team at Sensient Technologies Corp., a top dye-maker (色素生产商), helping thousands of U. S. businesses change colors for products like cereals and sports drinks. Last week, U. S. health officials announced plans to persuade food companies to voluntarily remove petroleum-based (石油基的) artificial dyes by the end of 2026. Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. called them “poisonous compounds” that endanger children’s health and development, citing limited evidence of potential health risks. But making the change from the petroleum-based dyes to colors taken from vegetables, fruits, flowers and even insects won’t be easy, fast, or cheap, said Monica Giusti, an Ohio State University food color expert. “If all companies were to remove artificial colors from their products, the supply of the natural alternatives would not be enough,” Giusti said. “It’s not like there’s 150 million pounds of beet juice sitting around waiting on the off chance the whole market may switch,” said Paul Manning, the company’s chief executive. Natural dyes are harder to make and use than artificial colors. They are less consistent in color, less stable and subject to changes related to acidity, heat, and light. Also, a natural color costs about 10 times more to make than the artificial version. In 2016, food giant General Mills removed artificial dyes from Trix cereal, switching to natural sources. But the cereal lost its neon colors and became less vibrant, resulting in consumers’ negative reaction. Trix fans said they missed the bright colors and familiar taste of the cereal. In 2017, the company switched back. Kennedy, the health secretary, said U. S. officials have an “understanding” with food companies to phase out artificial colors. Industry officials told The Associated Press that there is no formal agreement. However, several companies have said they plan to accelerate a shift to natural colors in some of their products. 1．What can be inferred about Abby Tampow’s work? A．She works to replace artificial colors. B．She develops a new artificial color. C．She markets cereals and sports drinks. D．She researches health risks of colors. 2．Why are health officials urging the removal of petroleum-based dyes? A．To lower the production costs. B．To prevent possible health risks. C．To promote natural alternatives. D．To push food companies’ reform. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．Why natural dyes are hard to make. B．Which dyes are more popular. C．What limitations natural dyes have. D．How natural dyes are produced. 4．What can be learned about General Mills’ attempt? A．Health is a top concern in food companies. B．Color is a powerful driver of consumer behavior. C．Taste is the decisive factor in the food sales. D．Source is the priority in food color research. 05（25-26高三上·广西·开学考试） Why did the cow go to Hollywood? Because it wanted to be in the moo-vies! Get it? Because “moo” is the sound a cow makes! This is an example of a dad joke. Anyone can make a dad joke — you don’t have to be a parent. Most of the time it’s just a joke that uses a very obvious and predictable pun (双关语). Dad jokes are usually thought to be pretty harmless, and maybe even cause feelings of love. And researchers have found that humor may actually be an important tool for parents. A team from the US wanted to find out more about the effect humor can have when it is used by parents when raising their children. More than 300 people aged between 18 and 45 took part in a survey. They were asked to say whether they agreed or disagreed with a number of statements about humor in parenting. These included their memories of whether humor was used by their own parents, and if they might use it with their own children. More than 70% of the participants said they believed humor can be a useful tool in parenting. And 55% said that they had been raised by parents who used humor in their parenting. The study also found that people whose parents used humor were more likely to say they had a good relationship with their parents. Many participants even said they’d like to take a course to learn about how they could use humor in parenting. So why does it work? The researchers said family life can be stressful, and humor can be a good way to reduce stress levels in the home. But that doesn’t just mean telling more dad jokes—humor could be used instead of anger to relieve a stressful situation, for example. 1．How did the author introduce the phrase “dad joke”? A．By giving an example. B．By making a definition. C．By explaining where to use it. D．By showing its hidden meaning. 2．In which aspect do researchers plan to figure out the function of humor? A．Family harmony. B．Social gatherings. C．Parenting skills. D．Parenting stress. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The benefits of using humor in education. B．Different types of humor used by parents. C．The disadvantages of humor in family relationships. D．Participants’ views on the use of humor in parenting. 4．What might be talked about in the following paragraph? A．How humor deals with pressure. B．What effect humor has on home. C．Which humor should be stressed. D．Why humor makes people happy. 06（2025·浙江宁波·模拟预测） CPR and basic first aid care are skills that millions acquire. Now this same type of training is available for mental health. Sigma Theta Alpha (STA), a professional health organization at UConn (University of Connecticut), has taken the lead to bring the program to campus, ensuring each student can benefit from it. Mental Health First Aid training is a national initiative that is performed locally by Mental Health Connecticut, a statewide non-profit organization. The group has come to UConn three times for training. “We introduce information on mental illness with the basic facts. We don’t teach how to diagnose — we do the opposite. Labeling and jumping to conclusions based on symptoms and behaviors are harmful and dangerous, because that is for professionals,” says Valerie Cooper, a community educator for the organization. Like CPR, Mental Health First Aid is a universal experience taught the same way everywhere. The program is split into classroom-style work, watching videos, and simulation of real-life issues. The action plan taught works under the acronym of ALGEE — Assess for risk of harm, Listen non-judgmentally, Give reassurance and information, Encourage appropriate professional help, and Encourage self-help and other support strategies. “Being a mental health first aider is to listen non-judgmentally and create a space of trust,” says Cooper. “We teach people that listening will be more important than anything they say.” UConn nursing major Lisa Iwanicki, 18, is a member of Sigma Theta Alpha. Iwanicki says she got a lot out of the simulation activities. “It was cool to be in a room with people who wanted to help make a change. It was not just about learning the signs of mental illness, but what someone can do in the community to help,” says Iwanicki. “Recovery is possible. The most important thing is to keep people hopeful. You have to try and try.” 1．What is the aim of Sigma Theta Alpha? A．To evaluate students’ behaviors. B．To teach students basic first aid skills. C．To treat students’ health issues. D．To enhance students’ mental well-being. 2．What should be stressed in communication according to Valerie Cooper? A．Giving personal suggestions. B．Avoiding rush judgement. C．Creating a private space. D．Reducing interaction. 3．What did Lisa Iwanicki learn according to the last paragraph? A．The best way to treat mental illness. B．The key to providing assistance. C．The benefits of helping the community. D．The different signs of body recovery. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．A student care project at UConn. B．Development of CPR skills. C．A professional health organization. D．Campus activities of UConn. 07（24-25高二下·湖南长沙·期末） A few years ago, you went on a vacation with friends, creating lasting memories — walking along the beach, swimming in the sea, and enjoying breathtaking sunsets. However, the trip wasn't all smooth sailing; long drives, food issues, and unpredictable weather. Yet, over time, you tend to remember the beautiful moments while the inconveniences fade . This is known as rosy retrospection, a cognitive , bias (认知偏见) where people recall past experiences more positively than they felt during the actual event. The phenomenon can be understood as the complex interaction of cognitive mechanisms that shape our memory processes When recalling memories, our brains tend to focus on positive details and downplay negative aspects, which helps maintain emotional well-being. Nostalgia (怀旧) also plays a significant role, as it arouses feelings of warmth and belonging, leading us to view the past more positively. Additionally, our current emotional state and self-enhancement bias can influence how we remember past events, making them seem more favorable. While some individuals who focus more on negative experiences may be at a higher risk of mood disorders such as depression, rosy retrospection can elevate our moods, increase life satisfaction, and even help us cope with difficult present circumstances by providing a sense of continuity and positive self-identity. However, rosy retrospection occasionally creates an unrealistic view of the past, which can head people to make decisions that are not based on reality but rather on their idealized memories. It's one of the reasons why we might repeatedly return to unhealthy relationships. The longer the time that has passed since the event, the more likely we are to let the, good memories outweigh the bad memories and perhaps even forgive unforgivable behavior. Understanding and acknowledging this cognitive bias can be crucial for making accurate and beneficial decisions. 1．How do people with rosy retrospection generally recall past experiences? A．They forget negative moments easily. B．They recall breathtaking details repeatedly. C．They remember adventurous trips more clearly. D．They view former experiences more positively. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The meaning of rosy retrospection. B．The reasons for rosy retrospection. C．The role of nostalgia in shaping memories. D．The ways of keeping emotional well-being. 3．What does the underlined word “evaluate” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Boost. B．Expose. C．Assess. D．Ignore. 4．What negative consequence may rosy retrospection cause? A．It may give rise to incorrect judgments. B．It may lead to a constant state of depression. C．It may make people miss out on opportunities. D．It may raise people's unwillingness to face reality. 08（2025·湖北·模拟预测） I was in a meeting, and my phone lit up with endless notifications (消息提示). “Is it urgent news? A friend’s engagement? A crisis?” The fear of missing out or otherwise appearing irresponsible in work tore me apart... You must have been there too. A Stylist research reveals 50% of British adults struggle to keep up with rapid group chats, with the average person involved in 83 of them. It’s a clear sign that our lives are more connected than ever, yet often feel emotionally empty. But why exactly do they have the potential to fuel such negative emotions? For most, even if they choose to go against the pressure to stay online all the time, skipping chats means facing a great number of unread messages later, which only poses greater stress to catch up. Besides, there’s a lack of real connection. “Group chats can make us feel like we’re surrounded by people, yet still somehow on the outside,” says psychologist Abby Rawlinson. If everyone’s chatting and you’re not part of the flow — or your message gets no replies — it can stir up that quiet ache of invisibility. Scientists have found that social rejection, even in digital form, activates the same brain regions as physical pain does, thus causing stress and despair. “The emotional aspect of group interactions is subtle and often unspoken, which shapes how we feel we are seen, included and valued,” says Rawlinson. Over time, these patterns start to mirror real-life social hierarchy (等级制度) — even if no one’s doing it consciously. This all rings true. But instead of falling into a rabbit hole where my message goes unanswered in a group chat and I wonder if I’m the problem, blaming myself for it, I mentally put myself in others’ shoes and think: If I don’t respond for a while, will they be mad? Probably not. I remind myself that group chats are just a tool that helps us stay in touch. 1．Why does the author mention her meeting experience? A．To present a common dilemma. B．To highlight her popularity. C．To warn against improper use of phones. D．To indicate her responsibility for work. 2．What is a negative effect of unanswered messages? A．They mean more unread messages. B．They lead to a feeling of being ignored. C．They result in unfair social ranks. D．They remind people of physical pain. 3．What does the underlined phrase “a rabbit hole” in the last paragraph refer to? A．The tendency for self-criticism. B．The pressure to stay constantly online. C．The fear of missing out in group chats. D．The urge to endlessly check notifications. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．The popularity of group chats. B．Ways to improve group chats. C．The emotional cost of group chats. D．Social inequality revealed in group chats. 09（2025·广西南宁·一模） With their stiff leaves and large flowers, bromeliads can add drama to a plant stand or window sill. Though they are not the flashiest of houseplants, some pollution scientists are ready to give them credit. Their new data show these plants are experts at cleaning the air. Paints, furniture, photocopiers and printers, cleaning supplies and dry-cleaned clothes can all release volatile organic chemicals, or VOCs. Chronic VOC exposure poses serious health risks, from dizziness and asthma to potential organ damage and cancer. But certain types of greenery can suck the pollutants up, which keeps them safely away from us. Chemist Vadoud Niri’s found that a single bromeliad can remove at least 80 percent of six different VOCs from the air inside a 76-liter container. His team tested five houseplants against eight VOCs, finding bromeliads outperformed others. Only two VOCs, dichloromethane and trichloromethane were ignored by all plants. Plants absorb VOCs from the air, explains medicinal chemist Webe Kadima. Those gases enter through tiny openings in plant leaves and stems. Once inside, the plant’s enzymes (酶) break down the VOCs into smaller, harmless chemicals. Of course, a house, or even a bedroom, is much bigger than the container Niri and his team used. But their work suggests people might breathe easier if they can figure out what type and how many plants it takes to clean the air in a room. This is important because indoor air usually has three to five times greater concentrations of VOCs than outdoor air. Niri says he plans to test how many houseplants it takes to clean the air in an average-size room. After that, he will repeat the experiment in a nail salon. With bottles of nail polish and remover, the air in those salons tends to have high levels of VOCs, he notes. While special air filtering machines might do the same job as green plants, they cost a lot more, Niri says. And they are nowhere near as pretty as a bromeliad, especially one in bloom. 1．What is one of Niri’s findings about bromeliads? A．They beat machines in air cleaning. B．They lead in VOCs removal during tests. C．They absorb most pollutants in a room. D．They break down VOCs through enzymes. 2．What does Webe Kadima try to explain in paragraph 3? A．The necessity to solve air pollution. B．The pollutant removal process of plants. C．The medical value of plants’ enzymes. D．The absorption capability of different plants. 3．What will be the focus of Niri’s research? A．Designing cheap air-filtering device. B．Researching blooming bromeliads. C．Repeating the tests in various salons. D．Testing plant performance in larger space. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Plants: Efficient VOCs Remover B．Enzyme: Air Pollution Solution C．Bromeliads: Nature’s Air Purifier D．Nail Salons: Indoor VOCs Producer 10（24-25高三下·河北秦皇岛·阶段练习） Bering Sea snow crabs (蟹) are well suited for Arctic (北极的) conditions. But the southeastern Bering Sea is changing to more subarctic conditions through a process called borealization (北方化), according to a report released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. It’s a process that’s also happening in ecosystems on land in Alaska. As a result, cold-water species like snow crabs move away or struggle to survive, while species typically found in warmer regions may spread into borealized areas. “Like an Arctic ecosystem on land around Kotzebue is traditionally tundra and frozen, you don’t have plants. But as you borealize, you get more plants, even trees. So you can imagine what a huge transformation it is to go from treeless areas to forests. And it’s the same type of thing going from ice-associated to ice-free all year,” Mike Litozov, the lead author of the report, said. This borealization, brought on by human-caused climate change, has more negative effects on snow crabs in the southeastern Bering Sea. That includes shifts in food availability for snow crabs, which means the species may face starvation, and an increased incidence of bitter crab disease. These were all evident in 2018–2019 when the special barrier — a cold pool of water in the Bering Sea — disappeared, bringing on extreme ecosystem changes that allowed different species of groundfish to move further north. Litozov and his team had previously confirmed that a combination of these factors caused the crash of snow crab populations between the years 2018 and 2019, when the species decreased by more than 90%. The population still hasn’t recovered. After the last two back-to-back years without a commercial fishery, fishermen have also not fully recovered. The new report indicates the fishery may be entirely displaced in the coming decades. “The recent changes are not part of a one-off event and ecosystem-wide changes are expected to continue to affect snow crab populations in the future,” Litozov said. 1．What can be learned about borealization? A．It is unique to the Bering Sea. B．It is usually a natural process. C．It can cause biodiversity changes. D．It has a negative worldwide effect. 2．Why does Litozov mention Kotzebue’s ecosystem? A．To show the pace of Arctic warming. B．To explain the impact of borealization. C．To illustrate the value of the ecosystem. D．To discuss features of Arctic conditions. 3．What challenge do snow crabs face? A．The food shortage. B．The fishery development. C．The threat from fish. D．The delay of cold pools. 4．What’s the best title of the text? A．Climate Change Hits Arctic Wildlife B．Borealization Is Becoming a New Trend C．Bering Sea Will Lose Snow Crabs Soon D．Ecological Shifts Drive Snow Crab Decline 11（24-25高二下·山西大同·期末） Blumberg, a senior lecturer in the math department at University of Houston Downtown, sold her mother’s place in favor of something smaller. While packing up, she found her late mother’s three knit sweaters in various stages of construction. She knew exactly who they were intended for: the first, a blue and white garment, was for her mother; the second, all purple, was for Blumberg; and the third was for Blumberg’s daughter. She brought them to a local knitting store to be finished. The employees there, in turn, put her in contact with another shop, where a worker asked her, “Have you ever heard of Loose Ends?” Blumberg hadn’t. She would learn Loose Ends is a nonprofit organization that matches people who have unfinished work from loved ones, who have either passed away or become disabled, with crafters in their area who can finish quilting, knitting and other projects, all at no charge. It has 30,000 volunteer “finishers” who have taken over about 3,500 projects since its launch. Blumberg contacted Loose Ends, and they linked her up with a nearby finisher, Anna, to take over her mother’s work. “All I could do when I met Anna was give her a big hug,” Blumberg said, tearing up. “It’s unbelievable how special this project is. Otherwise, I would have spent a fortune to get this done.” Anna spent months on the sweaters, and said she’s happy to have a part in what she saw as a beautiful story that could bind generations. The project reminded her of her own family: her grandmother was a knitter as well, until arthritis made it hard to complete those delicate knitting movements. “It’s making sure people have these physical objects that you can hug when you’re missing a person. That’s a big deal,” said she. 1．How were her mother’s knit sweaters when Blumberg found them? A．Uncleaned. B．Unfinished. C．Undecorated. D．Uncoloured. 2．What do we know about Loose Ends? A．It comforts those who lost loved ones. B．It repairs valued personal possessions. C．It matches crafters with those in need. D．It makes individually tailored sweaters. 3．What can be inferred from what Blumberg said? A．She regretted asking volunteers for help. B．She expected to learn more from Anna. C．She disliked the organization’s project. D．She’s grateful for Anna’s generous help. 4．Which one can be the best title for the text? A．A Tight-Knit Community B．The Knitting Skills C．An Enthusiastic Volunteer D．The Knit Sweaters 21 / 28 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $