2025届高三二轮复习阅读理解专题之说明文的解题技巧 课件

Reading Strategies in Expositions 说明文解题技巧 --以研究报告类为例 祁阳市第四中学 张晓方 1 Analysis of Gaokao 考情介绍 STEP ONE 近三年新高考阅读理解CD篇 时间 篇目 主题语境 内容 体裁 说明对象 2024.6 新高考I卷 C 人与社会 纸质阅读、数字阅读及音视频阅读 说明文 社会现象 D 人与社会 生物样本数据 说明文 研究报告 2023.6 新高考I卷 C 人与自我 数字极简主义 说明文 新理论 D 人与社会 集体商议的智慧 说明文 研究报告 2022.6 新高考I卷 C 人与社会 关爱养老院老人的养鸡项目 说明文 新做法 D 人与社会 人类语音产生变化原因的探索 说明文 研究报告 2022.6 新高考II卷 C 人与社会 司机开车习惯发短信 说明文 社会现象 D 人与社会 锻炼对于心脏的好处 说明文 研究报告 Exposition to introduce to describe an object a natural phenomenon a social phenomenon What is expository essay? purpose Subject(说明对象） Research Report/Finding 4 Do you find the research reports difficult to deal with? Why is it difficult? Difficulties too many technical terms 专有名词，专业术语多 too many complex sentences 句式复杂，长难句多 unfamiliar with the structure 语篇结构不熟 unfamiliar with the subject 说明对象陌生，难理解 5 What is the structure of an exposition like? in your eyes in the author’s eyes 6 To be a structure master STEP TWO (2023年全国I卷D篇)①On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. ②This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. ③But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. ④In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. Activity 1 To learn and understand Task 1. Circle some key words and match the main idea of each paragraph A finding:The effect of “Wisdom of crowds” The principle of the effect A new study with further finding Follow-up study &Evaluation ①On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. Activity 1 To learn and understand Topic sentence A finding:The effect of “Wisdom of crowds” Tip:要准确把握研究报告类说明文的主题，首段是关键，阅读过程要特别留意语篇标志词（如Though,however,but等）的含义，还要留意 “new research/recent study/survey/evidence/scientists”以及 believe/find/think/show/suggest/indicate/reveal等引出观点与研究的标志词。 ③But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. ②This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. The principle of the effect A new study with further finding Activity 1 To learn and understand Tip: 关注段落主题句，有助于理清文章脉络。常见说明方法有：解释，分析过程法，列事实，举例子，做调查，试验，对比分析，列数据，引用之前研究等。 ④In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. Follow-up study &Evaluation Activity 1 To learn and understand Tip: 研究类说明文通常在文章最后一段（或段中）说明研究意义，并在结尾重申研究结论，或展望未来，或提出建议，或后续研究，或呼吁行动等 Task2:Summarize the text structure and locate the answer to each quesion. Para1: A finding:The effect of “Wisdom of crowds” 1.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? 2.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. 3.What did the follow-up study focus on? 4.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’studies? Structure Questions 题目命在语篇结构的主线上 Para2:The principle of the effect Para3:A new study with further finding Para4:Follow-up study &Evaluation SUMMARY 研究目的（purpose） 研究发现（finding） 研究对象（subject/focus） 研究过程（methods/process/principle/analysis） 研究结论(conclusion/suggestions/prediction/ evaluation/significance) Research Report/Finding To be a question researcher STEP THREE 2024 年新高考I卷D篇 ①In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. ② “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” ③Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. ④“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. ⑤Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. ⑥What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? ⑦“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” P1:A New Finding P6-7: Suggestions Activity 2 To apply and practice Task1. Read the text quickly and grasp the text structure P2:Purpose P3:Method P4-5:Further analysis of Findings on data bias ①In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. P1: New Finding P3: Method P4-5: Analysis P6-7: Suggestions P2: Purpose Task 2:Find the answer to each question. ② “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” 2024 年新高考I卷D篇 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. P1: New Finding P3: Method P4-5: Analysis P6-7: Suggestions P2: Purpose ④“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. ⑤Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. 2024 年新高考I卷D篇 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling。 D. Unreliable data collection devices. P1: New Finding P4-5: Analysis P6-7: Suggestions P2: Purpose P3: Method ⑥What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? ⑦“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 2024 年新高考I卷D篇 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. P1: New Finding P4-5: Analysis P6-7: Suggestions ⑤...This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. P2: Purpose P3: Method SUMMARY 研究目的（purpose） 研究发现（finding） 研究对象（subject/focus） 研究过程（methods/process/ principle/analysis） 研究结论(conclusion/suggestions/ prediction/evaluation/significance) Research Report/Finding 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? 题目命在语篇结构的主线上 To be a test designer STEP FOUR (2022年全国新高考Ⅱ卷·D) As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner. “Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. “We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise. ” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says. “The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all. ” Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. Task1. Read the text quickly and grasp the text structure 1 2 3 4 5 6 Activity 3 To apply and create Finding process conclusion Suggestion Task 2 : Each group come up with three questions according to the above structure and give your answers. Activity 3 To apply and create Test items 信息点考察 Possible questions 常见设问方式 Your questions Your answers 1.研究目的（purpose） 2.研究发现（finding） 3.研究对象（subject/focus） 4.研究过程（methods/ process/principle/analysis） 5.研究结论(conclusion/ suggestions/prediction/ evaluation/significance) 1.Which of the following is the best title for the text? 2. What is paragraph 1/5 mainly about? 3.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? 4. What’s the function(功能) of sth? 5. What did the follow-up study focus on? 6. What is the author’s attitude towards sth.? ... ①____________ ②___________ ③________________ Activity 3 To apply and create 1. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band? A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack. C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart. 2. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design? A. Diet plan. B. Professional background. C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition. Compare your questions with the original questions in GaoKao.（真题再现） （para.1-2 Finding） （para.3 Process） 3. What does Levine’s research find? A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise. B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young. C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise. D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get. 4. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest? A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants. C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study. （para.5 Conclusion） （para6:Suggestion） SUMMARY 研究目的（purpose） 研究发现（finding） 研究对象（subject/focus） 研究过程（methods/process/principle/anlysis） 研究结论(conclusion/suggestions/prediction/ evaluation/significance) Research Report/Finding 题目命在语篇结构的主线上 See the Forest first, then the Trees 先见森林，再见树木 Finish three reading comprehension passages in your handouts and summarize their structure. 01 Locate answers in the passages and analyze the test items. 02 Homework $$