第2讲 第1节 名词和数词-【优化探究】2026高考英语一轮复习高考总复习配套课件（译林版）

板块一　词法 专项提能 语法篇 第二讲　需“变形”的名词、数词、形容词和副词 第1节　名词和数词 【真题试做】——感悟高考中的语法 一、名词 1.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)These plants included modern Western ________ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. 2.(2024·全国甲卷) They all agreed and vowed (承诺) to promote the idea at the (complete) of their journey. 3.(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)They also need to be ready to give __________ (interview) in English with international journalists. favourites completion interviews 4.(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate (population) and homes of giant pandas... 5.(2021·浙江1月卷)It is calculated by dividing a (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared... populations person’s 二、数词 1.(2023·全国甲卷)Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well-­known Aesop’s fables date to the (six) century B.C. 2.(2021·新高考Ⅱ卷) In the (seven) grade,I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California. sixth seventh 一、名词 考点 1　名词的单复数 1.名词复数的规则变化 规则 例词 一般在词尾直接加-s student→students;teacher→teachers;doctor→doctors;table→tables 以-s,-x,-sh,-ch结尾的名词,多数情况下在词尾加-es glass→glasses;dish→dishes;box→boxes; watch→watches(例外:stomach→stomachs) 规则 例词 以“辅音字母+-y”结尾的名词,需把y变为i再加-es family→families;baby→babies;army→armies;body→bodies 以“元音字母+-y”结尾的名词,直接加-s toy→toys;valley→valleys 以-o结尾 的名词 加-s radio→radios;video→videos;zoo→zoos 加-es hero→heroes;potato→potatoes;tomato→tomatoes 规则 例词 以-o结尾的部分名词的复数形式有两种,既可加-s也可加-es volcano→volcanos/volcanoes 以-f或 -fe结尾 的名词 把f或fe变成v,再加-es half→halves;knife→knives; leaf→leaves;thief→thieves; wife→wives;wolf→wolves 直接加-s proof→proofs;roof→roofs;chief→chiefs;belief→beliefs 2.名词复数的不规则变化 规则 例词 自身有特殊变化的名词 child→children;man→men;tooth→teeth;foot→feet; mouse→mice;phenomenon→phenomena;medium→ media 单复数同形 Chinese;sheep;deer;series;means (方式,方法);works (工厂);species 合成名词的复数 passer-by→passers-by;looker-on→lookers-on;grown-up→grown-ups;stand-by→stand-bys 规则 例词 man,woman构成的复合名词 gentleman→gentlemen;policeman→policemen; chairwoman→chairwomen;craftsman→craftsmen(例外:German→ Germans;human→ humans) man, woman作定语修饰名词 a man cook→men cooks a man driver→men drivers [特别提醒]　有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式。如thanks、clothes、congratulations、shoes、trousers、glasses (眼镜)等。 考点2　不可数名词 抽象名词具体化 1.表示抽象的特征、状态、行为的一场、一次、一种及多种、多场等,如a big fire、a heavy rain、a strong wind、a thick fog、have a look、make an apology、take a deep breath、live a(n)...life、have a good time、a wonderful lunch、a need、a discovery、a love、a collection of、a history of、a population of、an area of、an understanding of等。 A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. 掌握英语在国际贸易中是必不可少的。 It is a waste of time reading such a novel. 读这种小说就是浪费时间。 2.表示情感、情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事： Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。 He is a failure as a businessman. 作为一名商人,他是一个失败者。 3.有些物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类时,可以用作可数 名词。如some coffee一些咖啡、a coffee一杯咖啡、three coffees 三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料、a drink一杯饮料、three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发、a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃、a glass一个玻璃杯等。 考点 3　形不同，意各异 考点 4　名词所有格 情况 构成 例词 表示有生命的名词的所有格 在词尾加-’s the boy’s bag; men’s rooms 若名词已有复数词尾-s 只在词尾加-’ the workers’ struggle 如果两个名词并列,且分别加-’s,则表示“分别有……”;若只有后一个名词加-’s,则表示两个 “共有” - John’s and Mary’s rooms (两间);John and Mary’s room (一间) 情况 构成 例词 在表示店铺、教堂、诊所的名称或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词 - at the doctor’s在诊所; at my sister’s在我姐姐/妹妹的家 表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价值、国家、城市等无生命名词的所有格 在词尾加-’s或-’来表示所属关系,意为“……的” a twenty minutes’ walk;a ten miles’ journey;two pounds’ weight; ten dollars’ worth 情况 构成 例词 无生命的名词的所有格用of结构 - a map of China;the end of this term;the capital of our country;the colour of the flowers 双重所有格 of+名词-’s/of+名词性物主代词 a friend of my father’s;an experience of hers 考点 5　常见名词后缀 动词变名词 -al survive→survival;arrive→arrival; approve→approval -ance/ -ence appear→appearance;annoy→annoyance;exist→existence -tion/ -ation/ -sion compete→competition;explain→explanation; discuss→discussion 动词变名词 -ment achieve→achievement;argue→argument;judge→ judg(e)ment -ture/ -ure press→pressure;mix→mixture;depart→departure; fail→failure -y discover→discovery;recover→recovery;deliver→ delivery 其他 choose→choice;vary→variety 形容词变名词 -age short→shortage -cy efficient→efficiency;fluent→fluency -dom free→freedom;wise→wisdom -ce different→difference;silent→silence -ness weak→weakness;careless→carelessness -th young→youth;warm→warmth; true→truth -ty/-ity safe→safety;cruel→cruelty; disable→disability 二、数词 数词分为两种： 基数词(表示数目)和序数词(表示顺序)。 考点 1　年龄的表达法 　表示某人的确切年龄, 用“基数词＋year(s) old” 或者“at the age of＋基数词”, 也可直接用基数词；表示某人几十多岁的大概年龄时, 用“in one’s＋整＋的基数词的复数(如twenties、thirties等)”来表达。 She is still in her twenties. 她才二十几岁。 考点2　年代的表达法 表示“多少世纪多少年代”时, 在年份后加“­-s”或“­-’s”。 My grandpa was born in the 1930s/1930’s. 我爷爷出生于20世纪30年代。 考点3　分数的表达法 分子用基数词, 分母用序数词, 若分子大于1, 则分母用复数。如one-­fourth/a quarter四分之一、two­-fifths五分之二等。 Two­-thirds of the money was spent on food. 三分之二的钱都花在了食物上。 考点 4　hundred/score/dozen等的用法 具体数字＋dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million 等词时,后面直接加名词复数；表示笼统数目时,用dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands /millions of＋名词复数。如two dozen eggs两打鸡蛋、many dozen pencils好多打铅笔、dozens of eggs几十个鸡蛋、scores of pencils几十支铅笔、thousands of people成千上万的人等。 考点 5　序数词的使用 1.序数词在句中主要作定语,一般情况下序数词前要加定冠词。 Monday is the second day of a week. 星期一是一周的第二天。 2.序数词前有时加不定冠词,表示“又一、再一”,相当于another。 Would you like a second cup of tea? 你还想再来一杯茶吗？ I had a fourth apple. 我(吃了三个苹果后)又吃了一个苹果。 3.有时序数词作状语,不加冠词。 He came out first in the contest. 他在比赛中获得了第一名。 [特别提醒]　表示数词的顺序往往用序数词。大部分是在基数词的基础上加-­th。以-­y结尾的基数词变序数词,把y变成ie再加­-th。如fourth第四、sixth第六、thirtieth 第三十、fortieth 第四十。下面的词例外,需特别铭记：first第一、second第二、third第三、fifth第五、eighth第八、ninth第九、twelfth第十二。 考点针对训练 Ⅰ.语法与教材 1.(人教必修三)Festivals are an important part of society. They reflect people’s wishes, (belief), faiths, and attitudes towards life. 2.(北师大选必一)I can’t even imagine going without social networking for a week—think of all the important appointments, invitations and news (update) you would miss! 3.(人教必修一)Written Chinese has also become an important means by which (China) present is connected with its past. beliefs updates China’s 4.(译林选必二)It is advisable to remember that journalists may have different (priority),which would influence how they report an event. 5.(外研选必一)How to protect the delicate ecosystem was among the top (concern). 6.(人教必修一)Two (third) of the people who lived there were dead or injured. (thousand) of children were left without parents. 7.(人教必修二)Finally,in the (twenty) century, the southern part of Ireland broke away form the UK, which resulted in the full name we have today. priorities concerns thirds Thousands twentieth Ⅱ.语法与高考 [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章首先介绍了大运河的地理位置和历史背景,然后阐述了它作为人类历史上最伟大的水利工程之一的意义和价值,最后强调了它对中国的经济繁荣和稳定所起的重要作用。 1.____________ (construct) from the 5th century BCE, the Grand Canal was a means of communication for the Empire for the first time in the Sui Dynasty. 1.答案：Constructed 解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：它从公元前5世纪开始建造，大运河在隋朝第一次成为这个帝国的交通工具。分析句子结构可知，本句已有谓语动词was，所以construct用非谓语动词形式，和逻辑主语the Grand Canal之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词表示被动，位于句首，首字母应大写。 Before the foundation of the Sui Dynasty, China had 2._____ _________(continuous) evacuated several canals, 3.____________ had been suspended due to changes in the natural environment. Some needed to be repaired but were still navigable, but were too separated from each other to form large-­scale water transport nationwide. 2.答案：continuously 解析：考查词性转换。句意：隋朝建立之前，中国曾连续开挖了几条沟渠，这些沟渠因自然环境的变化而终止。空处修饰动词，应用副词作状语。 3.答案：which 解析：考查定语从句。句意见上一题解析。分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为canals，关系词在从句中作主语，故用关系代词which。 The establishment of the Sui Dynasty 4.____________ (declare) the end of long-­lasting split situation. In 605 CE, Emperor Yang Guang, the 5.____________ (two) emperor of the Sui Dynasty, ordered excavation of the Grand Canal to meet the political, 6.____________ (economy) and military needs of a unified nation. 4.答案：declared 解析：考查动词的时态。句意：隋朝的创建宣布了长期分裂局面的结束。declare作谓语，描述过去发生的事情用一般过去时。 5.答案：second 解析：考查数词。句意：公元605年，隋朝第二位皇帝杨广下令开凿大运河，以满足统一国家的政治、经济和军事需要。定冠词修饰序数词，作定语。 6.答案：economic 解析：考查词性转换。句意见上一题解析。空处修饰名词needs，与political和military并列作定语，用形容词economic，表示“经济的”。 The Grand Canal reached a new peak in the Yuan Dynasty (13th century), providing a unified inland navigation network consisting 7.____________ more than 2,000 km of artificial waterways, linking five of the most important river basins in China, 8.____________ (include) the Yellow River and the Changjiang River. 7.答案：of 解析：考查介词。句意：大运河在元朝(13世纪)达到了一个新的高峰，提供了一个由2 000多公里人工水道组成的统一的内陆航行网络，连接了中国五个最重要的河流流域，包括黄河和长江。consist of意为“由……组成”，是固定短语，故填of。 8.答案：including 解析：考查介词。句意见上一题解析。空后是名词，故填介词including“包括”，构成介词短语，作状语。 As 9.____________ major means of internal communication today, it has played an important role in ensuring the prosperity and 10.____________ (stable) of China over the ages. 9.答案：a 解析：考查冠词。句意：作为当今国内交流的主要手段，它在确保中国历代繁荣稳定方面发挥了重要作用。means“手段”，可数名词，此处泛指“一种主要的手段”，应用不定冠词来修饰，且major的发音以辅音音素开头，应用a。 10.答案：stability 解析：考查词性转换。句意见上一题解析。此处应用名词形式与prosperity并列作宾语，stable的名词形式是stability，为不可数名词。 Ⅲ.语法与写 根据中文提示补全作文,并注意其中名词的使用。 To whom it may concern： 1.________________________ (我是你的其中一个顾客).I ordered a set of Bookworm Series on your website two weeks ago,but I didn’t receive them until yesterday.And 2._____________________ _____________(令我十分失望的是),the books were so poorly packed up that 3._________________________ (其中一本书的书皮破损了).To make matters worse,it is not a complete set,as I found one book missing. I’m one of your customers disappointment much to my the cover of one book was torn I’m sorry to have received such poor service,and I believe I have every right to ask you to deal with this problem.I hope that you either return my money 4.________________________________ (或者给我派送一套新书).Besides,I’d like to be informed of the process of your dealing with my complaint. 5. (期待你的回复). Yours sincerely, Li Hua or deliver a new set of books to me Looking forward to your reply $$