话题32 地球与宇宙奥秘探索-【优化探究】2026高考英语一轮复习高考总复习话题课件

主题语境三　人与自然 主题(四)　宇宙探索 话题32　地球与宇宙奥秘探索 1 内容索引 NEIRONGSUOYIN 高考真题精研 基础知识达标 写作能力提升 课时作业 巩固提升 2 高考真题精研 Passage 1　阅读理解(2017·全国Ⅱ卷·D) 　　When a leafy plant is under attack，it doesn’t sit quietly.Back in 1983，two scientists，Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin，reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds，VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.It’s a plant’s way of crying out.But is anyone listening?Apparently.Because we can watch the neighbors react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive，the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.  In study after study，it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors.The damage is usually more serious on the first plant，but the neighbors，relatively speaking，stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.  Does this mean that plants talk to each other?Scientists don’t know.Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches，and so，in effect，was talking to itself.Perhaps the neighbors just happened to“overhear”the cry.So information was exchanged，but it wasn’t a true，intentional back and forth. Charles Darwin，over 150 years ago，imagined a world far busier，noisier and more intimate (亲密的) than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak.There’s a whole lot going on. 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了植物受到袭击时会释放出某种化学物质来保护自己并“告知”附近的植物。 32.What does a plant do when it is under attack? A.It makes noises. B.It gets help from other plants. C.It stands quietly. D.It sends out certain chemicals. 答案：D 32 33 34 35 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“...reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.”可知，植物受到伤害时会散发出一种特殊的气味，而这种特殊的气味就是某些化学物质，故选D项。 32 33 34 35 33.What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3? A.The attackers get attacked. B.The insects gather under the table. C.The plants get ready to fight back. D.The perfumes attract natural enemies. 答案：A 32 33 34 35 解析：句意理解题。根据第三段中的“They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.(它们散发出气味意在吸引不同的昆虫，这些昆虫是袭击者的天敌)”，以及画线部分后的“The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.(正在吃午餐的袭击者现在就变成了午餐)”可知，画线部分的意思是袭击者受到了它的天敌的袭击，故选A项。 32 33 34 35 34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can ________.  A.predict natural disasters B.protect themselves against insects C.talk to one another intentionally D.help their neighbors when necessary 答案：B 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.”和“They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.”可知，植物能保护自己免受昆虫的伤害，故选B项。 32 33 34 35 35.What can we infer from the last paragraph? A.The world is changing faster than ever. B.People have stronger senses than before. C.The world is more complex than it seems. D.People in Darwin’s time were more imaginative. 答案：C 32 33 34 35 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，Darwin设想了一个远比现实世界更繁忙、更喧嚣和更亲密的世界，而我们的感官却非常弱，我们还有很长的路要走。由此可知，世界似乎比它看上去的样子更复杂，故选C项。 32 33 34 35 Part 1　词汇 (一)词汇识记 1. __________ adj.多叶的；叶茂的；叶制的 2. __________ n.复合物 3. __________ adj.两倍的 4. __________ v.交换 5. _____________ adj.故意的 6.react vi.反应；回应；起反应→__________ n.反应；化学反应；反作用力 7.smell n.味道→__________ adj.有臭味的 leafy compound double exchange intentional reaction smelly (二)熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的词性和汉语意思) What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds，VOCs for short.(pump基本义：n.抽水机，泵v.抽) ___________________ v.喷出，释放 (三)词块积累 1.for short __________ 2.in effect __________ 3.back and forth _____________ 作为简称 事实上 来回；往返 18 Part 2　句型 长难句分析 The damage is usually more serious on the first plant，but the neighbors，relatively speaking，stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do. [结构分析]　本句是由but连接的并列句，第一个分句是简单句，第二个分句是复合句，其中relatively speaking是插入语，because 引导原因状语从句，what to do是what they should do的省略形式。 [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 通常最早遭受虫害的植物损失更严重，而周围的植物，相对来说安全得多，因为他们听到了警报而且知道该怎么做。 19 Passage 2　阅读理解(2017·江苏卷·B) 　　Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教)，birds could rule the roost.As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances， some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化).New-born chicks can then imitate their mom’s call within a few days of entering the world.  This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular “feed me!”call. To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes.A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity. 　　It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies’ begging calls.In addition the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food.  This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统的) strengths of children to parents.An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.“As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need?”Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.” 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇科普类的说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚的一位生物学家通过研究发现，鸟儿在孵化时会进行胎教，幼鸟会用胎教时学会的鸟叫声来引起鸟妈妈的关注。鸟儿在胎教方面比人类更出色。 58.The underlined phrase in paragraph 1 means “______”.  A.be the worst　　　　 B.be the best C.be just as bad D.be just as good 答案：B 解析：词义猜测题。画线部分前面的语境说，婴儿在出生之前就能分辨很大的声响与人的嗓音(tell the difference between loud sounds and voices)；画线部分后面的语境说，有些鸟妈妈在鸟儿被孵化出来之前，就可能教它们啼叫(teach their young to sing)。通过对比画线部分前后的语境可知，这里说的是与人类相比，鸟妈妈在胎教方面表现得最好(be the best)，因此选B。 58 59 60 59.What are Kleindorfer’s findings based on? A.Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks. B.The observation of fairy wrens across Australia. C.The data collected from Queensland’s locals. D.Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds. 答案：A 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段和第四段首句可知，鹪鹩幼鸟的叫声与鸟妈妈的声音也很相似。由此判断，他的发现基于A项(鸟妈妈与幼鸟叫声的相似之处)。 58 59 60 60.Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ________.  A.can receive quality signals B.are in need of training C.fit the environment better D.make the loudest call 答案：C 58 59 60 解析：推理判断题。文章最后两段说，研究结果发现，叫声与鸟妈妈的声音很接近的幼鸟得到的食物最多，这表明，有效的胎教能够把孩子神经系统的优点发信号给母亲。从这些信息判断，胎教能帮助鸟妈妈识别出更能适应环境的幼鸟，因此选C项。 58 59 60 Part 1　词汇 (一)词汇识记 1.__________ v.注意  2. __________ v.出现；暴露  3. __________ n.质量 4.similar adj.同样的；类似的→__________ n.相似；类似 5.serve v.端上(饭菜等)；起作用→__________ n.服务；兵役 6.strength n.力量；强度；实力；优势→__________ v.加强，巩固 observe emerge quality similarity service strengthen (二)词汇精研 1 emerge vi.& vt.出现；浮现；暴露 ①After a fierce thunderstorm， the moon emerged __________ the clouds. ②It __________ (emerge) that her past behavior towards the old lady was far from criticism. ③当她出现的时候，理查德正等候在门外。 Richard was waiting outside the door ________________.  from emerged as she emerged emerge from自……出现；从……显露出来 emerge in endlessly 层出不穷 It emerged that...暴露/显示出…… 31 ◎写作素材 A wonderful idea emerged in my mind.我的脑海里浮现出一个极妙的想法。 new evidence emerges新证据出现 32 ①To make members of a team perform better，the trainer first of all has to know their __________ (strong) and weaknesses. ②The new manager _________________ (strength) the side by bringing in several younger players recently.  ③练中国功夫不但能增强体质， 还能培养一个人的品性。 Practising Chinese kung fu can not only _____________________，but also develop one’s character.  2 strength n.强项；长处；力量 strengths has strengthened build up one’s strength 33 •have the strength to do...有做……的力气/意志力 build up one’s strength增强体质 •strong adj.坚强的；强壮的 •strengthen vt.加强 34 ◎写作素材 gather one’s strength积蓄力量 physical strength 体力 strength of will意志力 Part 2　句型 长难句分析 In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food. [结构分析]　本句是一个复合句。the team set up a separate experiment是主句；that suggested...是定语从句，修饰先行词a separate experiment；第二个that引导宾语从句，从句中的主语是the baby birds，谓语是were rewarded...；第三个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词the baby birds，that在从句中作主语，谓语部分是imitated their mom’s voice。 [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 此外，研究小组还做了另外一项实验，结果表明，模仿妈妈的声音最像的雏鸟获得的食物最多。 基础知识达标 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1.(教材改编，北师大选必三U7)Zhuge Liang served __________ the Prime Minister of the State of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. 2.Cultural __________ (exchange) are building bridges between different areas and countries. 3.It is said that carbon dioxide is heating the earth twice as quickly as __________ (previous) feared. as exchanges previously 4.The people __________ (rescue) from the burning bus were sent to hospital immediately. 5.The __________ (smell) man was forced to leave the restaurant. 6.The two expressions are，__________ effect，identical. 7.I think I should wind __________ this letter. 8.There is no doubt that we human beings should be responsible __________ the global warming. 9.There are three fundamental __________ (principle) of teamwork. 10.Therefore，let’s take the _____________ (responsible) to build up a low-carbon city by riding bicycles. rescued smelly in up for principles responsibility Ⅱ.完成句子 1. ___________________________________ (加强意志力的最好的方法) is to make it into a habit.  2.You must be able to stand for a period of time _________________ (多达八个小时) of work.  3.Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations _____________ __________ (被雇用) only since the mid-1980s.  4. _____________________________________ (直到河流被严重污染) did the local government realize the problem.  5. _________________________ (当谈到爱好的时候)， my favorite is brisk walking.  The best way to strengthen willpower up to eight hours have been employed Not until the river was seriously polluted When it comes to hobbies Ⅲ.语法填空 　　(教材改编，外研选必四U6)1.____________ (see) even further into the universe， many countries are now engaged in building ever more advanced telescopes.2.___________ (current)，China operates the world’s 3.___________ (large) and most powerful radio telescope，the FAST telescope， 4.___________ (complete) in 2016.The 500-metre dish (盘状物) of the “Eye of Heaven”，as it is known， is being used in the search for dark matter， thought to be 5._________ (compose) of subatomic particles (亚原子粒子)invisible to ordinary telescopes.This vast dish also has the 6.____________ (able) to explore regions of space billions of light years away， right at the edge of the visible universe.  1.答案：To see 解析：句中已有谓语are now engaged in，空处应用非谓语，表示目的应用动词不定式，故填 To see。 2.答案：Currently 解析：此处应用副词currently作时间状语，表示“目前，当前”。 3.答案：largest 解析：根据空后的“and most powerful”和语境可知，空处也应用最高级。 4.答案：completed 解析：空处在句中作定语，修饰the FAST telescope，应用非谓语动词形式，complete与其逻辑主语the FAST telescope之间为动宾关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。 5.答案：composed 解析：be composed of“由……组成”，为固定搭配，符合语境。 6.答案：ability 解析：空处作has的宾语，根据空前的 the 可知，空处应用名词，且have the ability to do sth.为固定搭配，表示“有能力做某事”，故空处填名词 ability。 写作能力提升 话题写作——应用文增分练 Step 1　写作要点(根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子) ①百慕大三角发生了许多神秘的事件，它被认为是世界上最变化莫测的地方之一。 _____________________________________ in Bermuda Triangle，which is considered to be _________________________________ in the world.  Many mysterious events have taken place one of the most unpredictable places ②1981年，载有6个人的一艘船在经过百慕大三角时突然消失了，这使得水手们很害怕。 In 1981，a boat with six people _____________________ when passing the Bermuda Triangle，and it ________________________.  ③每个人都怀疑他们是否足够幸运能活着。 Everyone _________________________________________________ __________.  suddenly disappeared made sailors very frightened is sceptical about whether they are fortunate enough to be alive ④八年后，这艘船在同一个地方再次出现，船上的六个人仍然活着。 The boat _________________ eight years later in the same spot，with all the six people still alive on board.  ⑤他们声称他们不可能失踪，因为对他们而言，八年只是很短的一 段时间。 They __________________________________________，because to them，eight years was just a minute.  ⑥直到现在仍没有任何证据能帮助弄清楚这个谜。 No evidence _____________________________ so far.  appeared again claimed that they were unlikely to have been lost has thrown light on the mystery ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Step 2　表达升级(改变所给句子的结构以使表达升级) ①用非限制性定语从句升级句② In 1981，a boat with six people suddenly disappeared when passing the Bermuda Triangle，which made sailors very frightened.  ②用主语从句升级句⑤ It’s claimed that they were unlikely to have been lost，because to them，eight years was just a minute. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Step 3　衔接成文(利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇) Many mysterious events have taken place in Bermuda Triangle，which is considered to be one of the most unpredictable places in the world.In 1981，a boat with six people suddenly disappeared when passing the Bermuda Triangle，which made sailors very frightened.Everyone is sceptical about whether they are fortunate enough to be alive.Surprisingly，the boat appeared again eight years later in the same spot，with all the six people still alive on board.It’s claimed that they were unlikely to have been lost，because to them，eight years was just a minute.No evidence has thrown light on the mystery so far. 读后续写——素材语料积累 【动作细节描写：笑(二)】 单词 laugh；grin；giggle；chuckle 词块 wear a bright smile 面带微笑；roar with laughter 哈哈大笑； burst into hearty laughter 尽情欢笑； laugh heartily 开怀大笑；burst out laughing 放声大笑；grin with delight 高兴地咧嘴而笑 句型 Wearing a smile， my mother watched Kelly welcoming this special guest and playing with his doll. 我妈妈面带微笑，看着凯利一边欢迎这位特殊的客人，一边摆弄着他的玩偶。 Our head teacher grinned with delight when he got the news that we got first place in the reciting contest. 当我们的校长得知我们在朗诵比赛中得了第一名时，他高兴得咧着嘴笑了。 句型 “Looked at him，” Fern chuckled softly， and her eyes grew wide. “看看他。”弗恩轻声笑着说，她的眼睛睁得大大的。 If you can’t stop giggling， you’ll have to leave the room. 如果你再咯咯地笑个不停，你将必须离开这间屋子。 课时作业 巩固提升 Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共20分) A 　　(2024·湖北武汉调研)If you live on this planet，there’s a decent chance you’ve seen the classic Star Trek episode，in which Captain Kirk and several members find themselves in what appears to be another universe. 　　These days，it seems the idea of the multiverse— many worlds— is having its Hollywood moment.Its appeal as a storytelling device is obvious—characters explore a multi-world with varying degrees of similarity to our own，as well as different versions of themselves.Hence，it has been fully established in mainstream pop culture. 　　While Hollywood can’t seem to get enough of the multiverse，it remains deeply controversial (有争议的) among scientists.Advocates on the two sides show no mercy toward each other in their books and on their blogs.But physicists didn’t pull the idea out of thin air—rather， several distinct lines of reasoning seem to point to the multiverse’s existence.However，critics warn that making the multiverse legal could make it harder for the public to distinguish speculative (推测性的) theories from established fact，making it more difficult to keep pseudoscience (伪科学) at bay.Giving credit to such speculation risks “turning fundamental physics into pseudoscience”.  　　The multiverse controversy is rooted in the idea of testability.If we can’t interact with these other universes，or detect them in any way，some experts insist that reduces them to mere philosophical speculation.But Carroll，an advocate for “many worlds”，argues that mathematics is the language describing our physical theories.If Schrödinger’s equation (方程)，on which quantum (量子) mechanics rests，predicts the existence of many worlds，so be it. 　　Could a more expansive view of the universe itself be the next breakthrough? As Siegfried puts it，“Every time in the past that we’ve thought，‘We’ve got it； this is what the whole universe is’—the people who’ve said，‘Maybe there’s more than one of those’ have always turned out to be right.” 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕多元宇宙在好莱坞电影中的流行，探讨了多元宇宙是否存在。 1.Why is Hollywood so occupied with the multiverse?(　　) A.It makes for engaging plots. B.It is a much-talked-about topic. C.It is helpful to popularize science. D.It dominates the mainstream pop culture. 1 2 3 4 A 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Its appeal as a storytelling device is obvious...different versions of themselves.”可知，好莱坞青睐多元宇宙题材的原因是其故事性强，故A项正确。 2.What do the underlined words in paragraph 3 probably mean?(　　) A.Out of date.　　　　　　 B.Out of place. C.Out of nowhere. D.Out of question. 1 2 3 4 C 解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词后面破折号的内容“rather，several distinct lines of reasoning seem to point to the multiverse’s existence”可知，有几种不同的推理线索似乎指向了多元宇宙的存在。由此可知，物理学家不是凭空提出这些想法的，故C项与画线词的意义最为接近。 3.According to the opponents，the basic standard of fundamental physics is that________.(　　)  A.it can be detected somehow B.it can be reasoned logically C.it can be interpreted philosophically D.it can be predicted by mathematics equations 1 2 3 4 A 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“If we can’t interact with these other universes， or detect them in any way，some experts insist that reduces them to mere philosophical speculation”可知，如果我们不能与这些其他宇宙互动，或者以任何方式检测到它们，一些专家坚持认为，这将使它们沦为纯粹的哲学推测。由此可以推断，反对者认为基础物理学不是建立在哲学推测上的，而是能实实在在以某种方式检测出来的，故A项正确。 1 2 3 4 4.What might be the author’s attitude toward the multiverse?(　　) A.Doubtful. B.Dismissive. C.Unclear. D.Approving. 1 2 3 4 D 解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段中对问题“对宇宙本身更广阔的认识会是下一个突破吗?”的回答可知，作者对于多元宇宙的看法是支持的、赞成的，故D项正确。 B 　　(2024·河南开封一模)Based on new data from the European Space Agency’s Gaia mission and other space science data sets，astronomers have created an animation to model dust in the Milky Way.The work was presented this week at the National Astronomy Meeting. 　　The animation shows the cumulative build-up of dust looking from Earth’s local neighbourhood to about 13，000 light years towards the galactic centre —around 10% of the overall distance across the Milky Way.Close by，dust swirls all around but，further out，the concentration of dust along the galactic plane (银道面) becomes clear.Two “windows”，one above and one below the galactic plane，are also revealed. 　　“Dust clouds are related to the birth and death of stars，so their distribution tells a story of how structures formed in the galaxy and how the galaxy evolves，” said Nick Cox，coordinator of the EXPLORE project which is developing the tools.“The maps are also important for cosmologists (宇宙学家) in revealing regions where there is no dust，allowing us to have a clear，unobstructed view out of the Milky Way.This helps in studying the universe beyond，such as to make deep-field observations with Hubble or the new James Webb Space Telescope.” 　　“State-of-the-art machine learning and visual analytics have the power to greatly enhance scientific return and discovery for space science missions，but their use is still relatively novel in the field of astronomy，” said Albert Zijlstra of the University of Manchester and the EXPLORE project.“With a constant stream of new data，we have an increasing wealth of information to mine—way beyond the scope of what humans could process in a lifetime.We need tools like the ones we are developing for EXPLORE to support scientific discovery，such as by helping us to characterise properties within the data，or to pick out the most interesting or unusual features and structures.” 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。天文学家基于新数据和其他太空科学数据集制作了一个动画来模拟银河系中的尘埃，并在国家天文学会议上展示了这一成果。文章介绍了动画所展示的内容和技术、数据对研究的作用等。 5.What can we learn about the animation from the first two paragraphs? (　　) A.It is created to replace the dust in the Milky Way. B.It shows dust in a long span of space. C.It employs space data from an individual database. D.The animation hasn’t been presented. 5 6 7 8 B 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The animation shows the cumulative build-up of dust...towards the galactic centre”可知，该动画显示了在广阔的空间跨度内的尘埃，故选B项。 6.What can we know from Nick Cox’s words?(　　) A.The distribution of dust clouds helps to dig into the past of the galaxy. B.Only Hubble and the new James Webb Space Telescope can help explore the galaxy. C.Cosmologists use maps to find where there are many precious dust clouds. D.Dust clouds are closely related to the formation and death of various kinds of galaxies. 5 6 7 8 A 解析：推理判断题。根据题干中的Nick Cox可将答案定位在第三段。根据该段中的“Dust clouds are related to the birth and death of stars，so their distribution tells a story of how structures formed in the galaxy and how the galaxy evolves”可知，尘埃云与恒星的诞生和消亡有关，因此它们的分布讲述了星系中的结构如何形成以及星系如何演变的故事，即尘埃云的分布有助于挖掘星系的过去，故选A项。 5 6 7 8 7.What does Albert think about the EXPLORE project?(　　) A.Fruitless. B.Controversial. C.Unrealistic. D.Challenging. 5 6 7 8 D 解析：观点态度题。 根据题干中的Albert可将答案定位在最后一段。根据该段中的“With a constant stream of new data，we have an increasing wealth of information to mine—way beyond the scope of what humans could process in a lifetime.”可知，源源不断的新数据使我们有越来越多的信息可挖掘——远远超出了人类一生所能处理的范围。由此可推知，Albert认为EXPLORE项目有一定的挑战性，故选D项。 74 8.What can be a suitable title for this text?(　　) A.An Open Invitation of the Wide Galaxy B.A Thrilling Project for the European Team C.Deep Dive into the Dusty Milky Way D.An Immersing Trip to the Grand Solar System 5 6 7 8 C 解析：标题归纳题。 通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了天文学家制作了一个动画来模拟银河系中的尘埃以便更深入地探索布满尘埃的银河系，故选C项。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五(每小题2.5分，共12.5分) 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。大脑通常被视为人类最重要的器官。它控制着我们的思想、情绪、记忆，甚至我们的行动。然而，大脑和身体是紧密相连的。研究表明，经常锻炼可以显著提高记忆力、注意力和解决问题的能力等认知功能。 　　(2024·山东济南质检)The brain is often seen as the most important organ of us humans.It controls our thoughts，emotions，memories and even our movements.However，what many people often forget is that the brain and the body are closely connected. 1( ) A.It even strengthens creativity. B.Actually the body deeply affects the brain. C.The brain also has great impacts on exercise. D.An exercise lover is unlikely to suffer from depression. E.Walking and jogging do good to mental functions too. F.Strength training has also been shown to benefit the brain. G.The links between the brain and the body cannot be overstated. 1.答案：B 解析：空前讲“然而，许多人经常忘记的是，大脑和身体是紧密相连的”。下文提到“经常锻炼可以显著提高记忆力、注意力和解决问题的能力等认知功能”，揭示了身体对大脑的影响，故B项“事实上，身体深深地影响着大脑”承上启下，符合语境。 Studies have shown that regular exercise can significantly improve cognitive functions such as memory，attention and problem-solving abilities. 2( ) How does this happen? Well，the answer lies in the way exercise affects the brain.  A.It even strengthens creativity. B.Actually the body deeply affects the brain. C.The brain also has great impacts on exercise. D.An exercise lover is unlikely to suffer from depression. E.Walking and jogging do good to mental functions too. F.Strength training has also been shown to benefit the brain. G.The links between the brain and the body cannot be overstated. 2.答案：A 解析：空前提到“研究表明，经常锻炼可以显著提高记忆力、注意力和解决问题的能力等认知功能”，A项“它甚至增强创造力”与上文内容构成递进关系，均描述了经常锻炼对大脑的影响。A项中的it指代空前的“regular exercise”。 Exercise increases the production of proteins that promote the growth and survival of neurons (神经元)，thus ensuring better brain functions.Moreover，exercise has a positive impact on moods and mental well-being.It helps release some natural mood boosters that make us feel more positive and happy. 3( ) A.It even strengthens creativity. B.Actually the body deeply affects the brain. C.The brain also has great impacts on exercise. D.An exercise lover is unlikely to suffer from depression. E.Walking and jogging do good to mental functions too. F.Strength training has also been shown to benefit the brain. G.The links between the brain and the body cannot be overstated. 3.答案：D 解析：空前的“exercise has a positive impact...feel more positive and happy”讲锻炼对情绪和精神健康有积极的影响。它有助于释放一些自然的情绪增进剂，这种情绪增进剂让我们感觉更积极和快乐。D项“一个运动爱好者不太可能患抑郁症”承接上文，符合语境。 As for the exercise variety，it’s not just about aerobic (有氧的) exercise like running or cycling.4( ) It improves concentration and decision-making abilities by enhancing the connectivity between different regions of the brain.  A.It even strengthens creativity. B.Actually the body deeply affects the brain. C.The brain also has great impacts on exercise. D.An exercise lover is unlikely to suffer from depression. E.Walking and jogging do good to mental functions too. F.Strength training has also been shown to benefit the brain. G.The links between the brain and the body cannot be overstated. 4.答案：F 解析：根据空前的“至于运动种类，不仅仅包括像跑步或骑自行车这样的有氧运动”，并结合常识可推知，空处内容应与无氧运动有关。故F项“力量训练也被证明对大脑有益”承接上文。空后的it指代F项中的“Strength training”。 5( ) Exercise isn’t just about keeping fit or losing weight； it’s about improving cognitive functions，boosting moods and even helping us think more creatively.So，the next time you feel lazy or unmotivated to exercise，remember that every step you take is one step closer to a healthier，happier and more intelligent you.  A.It even strengthens creativity. B.Actually the body deeply affects the brain. C.The brain also has great impacts on exercise. D.An exercise lover is unlikely to suffer from depression. E.Walking and jogging do good to mental functions too. F.Strength training has also been shown to benefit the brain. G.The links between the brain and the body cannot be overstated. 5.答案：G 解析：空处所在段是文章的总结段。上文具体描述了锻炼是如何积极地影响大脑的。下文讲“锻炼不仅仅是为了保持健康或减肥；它可以提高认知功能，提升情绪，甚至帮助我们更具创造性地思考”，再次强调了锻炼对大脑的积极影响。故G项“大脑和身体之间的联系怎么说也不为过”符合语境。 Ⅲ.语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分) 　　(2024·河北石家庄教学质量检测二)Dunhuang， an oasis (绿洲) in the Taklimakan Desert， used to be a major stop along the Silk Road， but is now mainly a fascinating tourist destination. Those interested 1 __________ Dunhuang’s colorful history will be attracted by the Mogao Caves， one of the city’s main attractions. The entrance to each cave 2 __________ (block) by a locked door， which can only be opened by expert guides. Behind these doors are in is blocked caves of all 3 __________ (size) —from very small to absolutely huge. The caves contain thousands of priceless manuscripts and silk paintings， which， upon their discovery， drew much 4 __________ (attend) to the area.  Also， there are few things as special as walking across the desert oasis at sunrise.5 __________ (catch) this incredible scene， you must rise early. It’s bitterly cold. But as the sun rises atop the golden dunes (沙丘) and paints a 6 __________ (true) picturesque scene， all your sizes attention To catch truly efforts pay off. Sunset is a popular time for a camel ride. Get off the camels 7 _________ walk up a rather steep dune overlooking Crescent Lake. From this position， 8 __________ (regard) as the best one， the incredible sunset is awe-inspiring.  No trip to Dunhuang is complete without visiting the Dunhuang Museum，9 __________ it’s possible to put all of the city’s historical sites into proper historical context. The museum is expansive， 10 __________ (contain) many original artworks. Here， you are bound to be amazed by Dunhuang’s rich culture. and regarded where containing 二次精读——溯原文，积语料，提素养 A篇 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 核心单词 Para.1：decent adj.像样的；相当不错的 Para.3：mercy n.仁慈；宽恕 核心短语 Para.3：keep...at bay不使……接近，遏制 give credit to 相信；给予……应有的承认 Para.5 put it表达，说 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 长难句分析 However，critics warn that making the multiverse legal could make it harder for the public to distinguish speculative theories from established fact，making it more difficult to keep pseudoscience at bay.(Para.3) 分析：句中that引导宾语从句，从句中making the multiverse legal为动名词短语作主语；making...at bay为现在分词短语作结果状语。 译文：然而，批评人士警告说，将多元宇宙合法化可能会使公众更难将推测性理论与既定事实区分开来，从而使阻止伪科学变得更加困难。 B篇 核心单词 Para.1：animation n.动画片 model v.模仿 Para.2：cumulative adj.积累的 galactic adj.银河的 Para.3：galaxy n.星系 evolve v.演变，进化 coordinator n.协调员 unobstructed adj.畅通无阻的 Para.4：analytics n.分析学 enhance v.提高，增强 characterise v.描述，刻画；使……具有特点(或最引人注目的特征) property n.性质 派生 词汇 Para.2：concentration n.聚集；浓度；专心→concentrate v.聚集；集中注意力 熟词 生义 Para.4：novel 常用义：n.小说　文章义：adj.新颖的 核心 短语 Para.1：be based on以……为根据 Para.3：be related to与……相关 长难句分析 The maps are also important for cosmologists in revealing regions where there is no dust，allowing us to have a clear，unobstructed view out of the Milky Way.(Para.3) 分析：where引导定语从句；allowing us to have...the Milky Way是现在分词短语作结果状语。 译文：这些地图对宇宙学家来说也是重要的，因为它揭示了没有尘埃的区域，使我们能够清晰、畅通无阻地观察银河系。 写作规范练(八) Ⅰ.应用文写作——演讲稿(满分15分) 　　(2024·山东济南二模)假定你是李华，你将参加一个以“Live a Green Life”为主题的英语演讲活动，现需写一篇英语演讲稿。内容包括： 1.绿色生活的意义和方式； 2.发出号召。 注意：写作词数应为80个左右。 Ladies and gentlemen， ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Green is the symbol of life and living green has become the priority of many people. To achieve a green life style，we must adjust our behavior.For example， we could sort out our trash for better recycling and use electricity only when needed.Other simple steps that make a big difference include using public transportation instead of driving private cars，which not only relieves traffic jams but also reduces gas emission. Let’s pull together to live in harmony with nature and contribute to the building of an ecological world. Ⅱ.读后续写——战胜自我(满分25分) 　　阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 (2024·浙江绍兴诊断)Ms.Johnson will never forget Chelsea，a wounded soul.Over the years Chelsea had always struggled，both academically and with self-confidence.Additionally，her mother had died after a heroic battle with a terminal illness when Chelsea was a fifth grader.As she began her sixth grade，Chelsea was still hurting. Ms.Johnson worried about her with good reason. Each fall，Ms.Johnson takes the students for a five-day adventure at Wolf Ridge，an environmental learning center in the woods of Northern Minnesota overlooking Lake Superior.The week is filled with learning，team building，and overcoming seemingly impossible challenges.They go in October，and the turning leaves of trees come to symbolize the changes happening to the students over the week.The steps and growth students make at Wolf Ridge become a metaphor Ms.Johnson uses throughout the year as her students face challenges in the classroom. The most difficult activity is the High Adventure Ropes Course， which stretches from tower to tower high among the treetops 25-30 feet above the ground.Ms.Johnson knew this experience would be particularly difficult for Chelsea. When it was time for her to fasten the harness (安全带)，Chelsea was already trembling.The harness offers physical protection，but not much mental comfort when nothing but a slippery board or an unsteady wire is between your feet and the ground far below.Chelsea stepped hesitantly onto the Swinging Wood Bridge，and only after the instructor’s encouragement，slowly made her way across its shaky boards up to the first tower.With the support of a chaperone (监护人) stationed there，she began her way across the Burma Bridge made of merely three wires and straps.Her trembling body added to its shaking. From down below，her ground partners shouted out supportively，“Come on， Chelsea； you’re doing great!” Chelsea finally reached the second tower and eventually stepped out onto the next challenge and slowly inched her way across. 注意：续写词数应为150个左右。 Now she faced what for many is the most difficult activity：the Single Wire.________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Thinking about the fact that there was only one wire，Chelsea was trembling again and afraid to take one more step.But hearing the cheers from her teacher and classmates below，she got to gain courage.Holding the harness tightly，Chelsea began to walk step by step carefully and cautiously.Finally，she made it.  　　The final challenge is a zip line (高空滑绳)，which requires leaping off the last tower and sliding to the ground.________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Staring at the zip line，Chelsea didn’t feel frightened any longer.Because she found it is much easier to slide to the ground with the line.She had experienced much tougher activities before，so she had the faith to go through it.Without hesitation，Chelsea slid along the zip line and landed on the ground safe and sound.All her teacher and classmates applauded her and there was a wide smile on her face.  $$