话题23 重大政治、历史事件，文化渊源-【优化探究】2026高考英语一轮复习高考总复习话题课件

主题语境二　人与社会 主题(三)　历史、社会与文化 话题23　重大政治、历史事件，文化渊源 1 内容索引 NEIRONGSUOYIN 高考真题精研 基础知识达标 写作能力提升 课时作业 巩固提升 2 高考真题精研 Passage 1　阅读理解(2020·全国Ⅱ卷·A) The Lake District Attractions Guide Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens History， Culture & Landscape (景观).Discover and enjoy 4 centuries of history， 5 acres of celebrated and award-winning gardens with parkland walk.Owned by the Hasell family since 1679， home to the International Marmalade Festival.Gifts and antiques， plant sales， museums & Mediaeval Hall Tearoom. Open：29 Mar.-29 Oct.，Sun to Thurs. Tearoom，Gardens & Gift Shop：10：30-17：00(16：00 in Oct.). House：11：15-16：00 (15：00 in Oct.). Town： Pooley Bridge & Penrith Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum Those viewing the quality of Abbot Hall’s temporary exhibitions may be forgiven for thinking they are in a city gallery.The impressive permanent collection includes Turners and Romneys and the temporary exhibition programme has Canaletto and the artists from St Ives.  Open：Mon to Sat and Summer Sundays.10：30-17：00 Summer.10：30-16：00 Winter. Town：Kendal Tullie House Museum & Art Gallery Discover， explore and enjoy award-winning Tullie House， where historic collections， contemporary art and family fun are brought together in one impressive museum and art gallery.There are four fantastic galleries to visit from fine art to interactive fun， so there’s something for everyone!  Open： High Season 1 Apr.-31 Oct.： Mon.to Sat.10：00-17：00， Sun.11：00-17：00. Low Season 1 Nov.-31 Mar.： Mon.to Sat.10：00-16：30， Sun.12：00-16：30. Town： Carlisle Dove Cottage & The Wordsworth Museum Discover William Wordsworth’s inspirational home.Take a tour of his Lakeland cottage， walk through his hillside garden and explore the riches of the collection in the Museum.Visit the shop and relax in the café.Exhibitions， events and family activities throughout the year. Open： Daily， 09：30-17：30 (last admission 17：00). Town： Grasmere 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了英国湖区四个景点的概况，包括开放时间和所在城镇。 21.When is the House at Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens open on Sundays in July? A.09：30-17：30.　　　 B.10：30-16：00. C.11：15-16：00. D.12：00-16：30. 答案：C 21 22 23 解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens可知，答案信息来自第一个景点。再根据其中的when和open判断，是询问开放时间。由此定位到原文中“Open：29 Mar.-29 Oct.，Sun to Thurs.”以及“House：11：15-16：00 (15：00 in Oct.).”。由此可知，七月份星期日的开放时间是11：15-16：00，故选C项。 21 22 23 9 22.What can visitors do at Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum? A.Enjoy Romney’s works. B.Have some interactive fun. C.Attend a famous festival. D.Learn the history of a family. 答案：A 21 22 23 10 解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum可知，答案信息来自第二个景点。再根据其中的“The impressive permanent collection includes Turners and Romneys...”可知，在Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum我们可以欣赏到Romney的作品，故选A项。 21 22 23 11 23.Where should visitors go if they want to explore Wordsworth’s life? A.Penrith. B.Kendal. C.Carlisle. D.Grasmere. 答案：D 解析：细节理解题。根据第四个景点标题Dove Cottage & The Wordsworth Museum以及下文中的“Discover William Wordsworth’s inspirational home.”和Town：Grasmere可知，如果想要探求Wordsworth的生活，应该去Grasmere，故选D项。 21 22 23 12 Part 1　词汇 (一)词汇识记 1. __________ adj.历史著名的 2. __________ adj.长久的，永久的 3. __________ n.展览 4. __________ adj.好极了；极好的；了不起的；怪诞的 5. _______________ adj.当代的；现代的；同一时代的 n.同代人；同龄人；同辈人 6. __________ n.事件，项目 7.explore v.探索→____________ n.探索 historic permanent exhibition fantastic contemporary event exploration (二)熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的词性和汉语意思) 1.Discover and enjoy 4 centuries of history，5 acres of celebrated and award-winning gardens with parkland walk.(celebrate基本义v.庆祝) __________ 2.Take a tour of his Lakeland cottage，walk through his hillside garden and explore the riches of the collection in the Museum.(rich基本义adj.富有的) _______________________ adj.著名的 n.财富；好东西 (三)词块积累 1.be home to ______________________ 2.take a tour of his Lakeland cottage _____________________ 是……的故乡/所在地 参观他在莱克兰的小屋 15 Part 2　句型 (一)长难句分析 　Those viewing the quality of Abbot Hall’s temporary exhibitions may be forgiven for thinking they are in a city gallery. [结构分析]　主语是those，指those people；谓语是may be forgiven。viewing the quality...exhibitions是现在分词短语作定语修饰those； they are in a city gallery是宾语从句，作thinking的宾语。 [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 观看艾博特大厅临时展出的人们可能会觉得他们身处城市美术馆里，这是情有可原的。 16 (二)句型精析 [句型公式]　本句使用了there be句型，表示“有，存在”。there不是主语，句子真正的主语是谓语动词be后面的名词。 There are four fantastic galleries to visit from fine art to interactive fun，so there’s something for everyone!有四个很棒的画廊可以参观，既有精美的艺术品也有互动乐趣，所以每个人都能找到适合自己的东西!  ①This is the only home of the red Colobus monkey but there are very few __________ (leave). ②__________ is no doubt that good health is very important for whoever wants to be successful in his career. ③There was nothing I could do __________ (make) her happy，it seemed.  ④我们已经没有时间来仔细考虑这个问题了。 _________________________ for us to think over the problem.  left There to make There has been no time left •该句型中的be可以有多种时态，也可以放在情态动词后面，或者用部分不及物动词代替。 •根据句型中名词的不同，此句型中的名词后面常常用到非谓语动词短语、从句、介词短语等作补语。 ◎写作素材 Where there is a will， there is a way!有志者，事竟成! Passage 2　阅读理解(2020·全国Ⅲ卷·A) Journey Back in Time with Scholars Classical Provence (13 days) Journey through the beautiful countryside of Provence，France，with Prof.Ori Z.Soltes.We will visit some of the best-preserved Roman monuments in the world.Our tour also includes a chance to walk in the footsteps of Van Gogh and Gauguin.Fields of flowers， tile-roofed (瓦屋顶) villages and tasty meals enrich this wonderful experience. Southern Spain (15 days) Spain has lovely white towns and the scent (芳香) of oranges，but it is also a treasury of ancient remains including the cities left by the Greeks，Romans and Arabs.As we travel south from Madrid with Prof.Ronald Messier to historic Toledo，Roman Mérida and into Andalucia， we explore historical monuments and architecture. China’s Sacred Landscapes (21 days) Discover the China of “past ages”，its walled cities，temples and mountain scenery with Prof.Robert Thorp.Highlights (精彩之处) include China’s most sacred peaks at Mount Tai and Hangzhou’s rolling hills，waterways and peaceful temples.We will wander in traditional small towns and end our tour with an exceptional museum in Shanghai. Tunisia (17 days) Join Prof.Pedar Foss on our in-depth Tunisian tour.Tour highlights include the Roman city of Dougga，the underground Numidian capital at Bulla Regia， Roman Sbeitla and the remote areas around Tataouine and Matmata，unique for underground cities.Our journey takes us to picturesque Berber villages and lovely beaches. 24 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了由学者带领的探索法国、西班牙、中国和突尼斯的物质文化遗产的旅游活动。在这些活动中人们不仅可以参观古代建筑、村落与著名的旅游景点，还可以聆听专业的讲解。 21.What can visitors see in both Classical Provence and Southern Spain? A.Historical monuments. B.Fields of flowers. C.Van Gogh’s paintings. D.Greek buildings. 答案：A 21 22 23 解析：细节理解题。根据Classical Provence (13 days)部分中的“We will visit some of the best-preserved Roman monuments in the world.”和Southern Spain (15 days) 部分中的“...we explore historical monuments and architecture.”可知，游客在这两个地方都可以看到historical monuments。 21 22 23 22.Which country is Prof.Thorp most knowledgeable about? A.France.　　　　　　 B.Spain. C.China. D.Tunisia. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。根据China’s Sacred Landscapes (21 days)中的首句“Discover the China of ‘past ages’， its walled cities，temples and mountain scenery with Prof.Robert Thorp.”可知，罗伯特·索普教授会陪大家一起探索古代中国的带围墙的城市、寺庙和山景，由此可知罗伯特·索普教授最了解中国。 21 22 23 23.Which of the following highlights the Tunisian tour? A.White towns. B.Underground cities. C.Tile-roofed villages. D.Rolling hills. 答案：B 21 22 23 解析：细节理解题。根据Tunisia (17 days)部分中的第二句“Tour highlights include the Roman city of Dougga，the underground Numidian capital at Bulla Regia，Roman Sbeitla and the remote areas around Tataouine and Matmata，unique for underground cities.”可知，地下城市是突尼斯之旅的精彩之处。 21 22 23 词汇 (一)词汇识记 1. ____________ adj.杰出的 2. __________ v.徘徊；漫步于 3. __________ vt.保存，腌制；保护 n.腌菜；保护区 4. __________ n.寺庙 5. __________ n.景色 exceptional wander preserve temple scenery (二)词汇精研 ①His music deserved ______________ (preserve) in the family.  ②With the limited natural resources，we should take action to preserve them from _______________ (waste).  preserve vt.保存；保留n.保护区；腌菜 to be preserved being wasted ③在这个自然保护区中，所有的稀有植物都保存良好，两个寺庙也保存得很好。 In this nature __________，all the rare plants are ______________， and the two temples are also in a good state of _____________. preserve well-preserved preservation 33 •preserve...from...保护……免受…… •well-preserved adj.保存良好的 •preservation n.维护；保护；保养 34 ◎写作素材 preserve our eyesight保护我们的视力 preserve his reputation维护他的名声 preserve endangered species from extinction保护濒危物种不致灭绝 nature preserve 自然保护区 Passage 3　阅读理解(2016·全国甲卷·D) 　　A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life. Frank Hurley’s pictures would be outstanding—undoubtedly first-rate photo-journalism—if they had been made last week.In fact，they were shot from 1914 through 1916，most of them after a disastrous shipwreck (海难)，by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival.Many of the images were stored in an ice chest，under freezing water，in the damaged wooden ship. The ship was the Endurance， a small，tight，Norwegian-built three-master that was intended to take Sir Ernest Shackleton and a small crew of seamen and scientists，27 men in all，to the southernmost shore of Antarctica’s Weddell Sea.From that point Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dog sled (雪橇) across the continent.The journey was intended to achieve more than what Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done.Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back. As writer Caroline Alexander makes clear in her forceful and well-researched story The Endurance， adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort.Scott’s last journey，completed as he lay in a tent dying of cold and hunger，caught the world’s imagination，and a film made in his honor drew crowds.Shackleton，a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908，started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.Frank Hurley，a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic，was hired to make the images，most of which have never before been published.  　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。1914年到1916年间，一群海员和科学家踏上了南极探险之路。结果他们在回来的路上发生海难，其中一个摄影师在临死之前拍摄了大量的照片，并把照片封存在破损的木船的冰箱里。通过这些照片我们可以了解到那次不太成功的探险经历。 13.What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley? A.They were made last week. B.They showed undersea sceneries. C.They were found by a cameraman. D.They recorded a disastrous adventure. 答案：D 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，Hurley的照片拍摄于1914年到1916年，大多数照片是在经历海难后，在没有生存希望的情况下拍摄的。由此可判断，它们记录了一次海难。 13 14 15 14.Who reached the South Pole first according to the text? A.Frank Hurley.　　　　　 B.Ernest Shackleton. C.Robert Falcon Scott. D.Caroline Alexander. 答案：C 解析：推理判断题。由题干中的“第一个到达南极”这条信息定位到第三段。被发现的照片所展示的这次旅行是为了获得比Robert Falcon Scott船长先前的探险更大的收获，该船长在1912年就到达了南极。由此推断，Robert Falcon Scott是最先到达南极的人，故选C项。 13 14 15 15.What does Alexander think was the purpose of the 1914 voyage? A.Artistic creation. B.Scientific research. C.Money making. D.Treasure hunting. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。题干的“Alexander”在最后一段出现，“the 1914 voyage”指本文谈到的Endurance这艘船的探险，该段开头说，这个作家在她的小说The Endurance中说，在那时，探险就已经是纯商业活动(a thoroughly commercial effort)了，因此1914年航行的目的是赚钱(money making)，故选C项。A项“艺术创作”，B项“科学调研”，D项“寻宝”，均未体现。 13 14 15 Part 1　词汇 (一)词汇识记 1. __________ adj.木制的 2. __________ n.海岸 3. __________ n.大陆 4. _____________ adj.商业的 5. __________ n.航行，旅行 6. __________ n.影像 wooden shore continent commercial voyage image 7. __________ n.同伴；伴侣 v.(与……)同行；(跟……)搭伴儿去 8.freeze v.(使)冻结，结冰；严寒→__________ adj.严寒的，极冷的→__________ adj.(河、湖等)结冰的；冷冻的，冷藏的 9.expect v.预期→_____________ n.期望 10.disaster n.灾难→__________ adj.灾难性的 11.reason n.原因，理由→__________ adj.合情理的 12.thorough adj.彻底的→____________ adv.彻底地 companion freezing frozen expectation disastrous reasonable thoroughly (二)熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的词性和汉语意思) 1.The ship was the Endurance，a small，tight，Norwegian-built three-master that was intended to take Sir Ernest Shackleton and a small crew of seamen and scientists，27 men in all，to the southernmost shore of Antarctica’s Weddell Sea.(master基本义：n.大师，师傅vt.掌握；控制；精通) __________ 2.From that point Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dog sled across the continent.(passage基本义：n.段落) __________ n.桅杆 n.穿过 45 (三)词块积累 1.27 men in all __________ 2.a film made in his honor drew crowds _______________________________________ 总共27人 为纪念他而拍摄的电影吸引了大批观众 46 (四)词汇精研 1 companion n.同伴，伴侣 ①She was such __________ good travelling companion that we felt anything but tired all the way. ②Plants make such good ____________ (companion)： they breathe，they bloom，they respond to care and love. ③我的朋友比尔和他的新朋友一起来看我。 My friend Bill is coming to see me ______________ his new friend.  a companions in company with •a dinner/travelling companion饭友/旅伴 •company n.公司；陪伴；宾客 for company做伴 in company with与……一起 keep sb.company陪伴某人 ◎写作素材 enjoy each other’s company享受彼此的陪伴 have our smartphones to keep us company at the table在餐桌上有手机陪伴我们 ①These __________ (freeze) foods are the most convenient of all. ②The temperatures remained below __________ (freeze) point throughout the day. ③听到这个消息，他的笑容凝固了，难以置信地摇着头。 Hearing the news，_____________，shaking his head in disbelief.  2 freezing adj.冰冷的；极冷的 frozen freezing his smile froze 50 •freeze vt.(使)结冰；(使)冻住；惊呆；吓呆 freeze (sb./sth.) to death (把某人/物)冻死 •below/above freezing point冰点以下/上 the freezing point冰点 •frozen adj.(河、湖等)结冰的；冷冻的，冷藏的 51 ◎写作素材 wear a frozen smile on one’s face面带冰冷的微笑 be frozen to death冻死 52 Part 2　句型 长难句分析 1.Scott’s last journey，completed as he lay in a tent dying of cold and hunger，caught the world’s imagination，and a film made in his honor drew crowds. [结构分析]　本句由and连接的两个并列分句构成。前面分句的主语是Scott’s last journey，谓语部分是caught the world’s imagination，completed是过去分词作定语，as he lay in a tent dying of cold and hunger是状语从句修饰completed。后一个分句的主语是a film，谓语部分是drew crowds； made in his honor为过去分词短语作定语，修饰film。 [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 以斯科特躺在帐篷里因饥寒交迫而奄奄一息的结果而结束的最后一次旅程，引发了世人的想象力，为向其表达敬意而拍摄的一部电影吸引了大量观众。 2.Shackleton，a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908，started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography. [结构分析]　主语是Shackleton，谓语部分是started a business，其后都是状语；主语后面的a onetime...是名词短语作同位语，说明Shackleton的身份，who had got ...是定语从句，修饰officer。 [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 沙克尔顿曾是一名英国商船队军官。1908年，他到达了距离南极不到100英里的地方。在1914年出航前，他就已经开始做生意，从电影和静物摄影中赚钱了。 基础知识达标 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1.(教材原句，人教选必二U4)Edmonton is __________ (freeze) cold in winter， with daily temperatures averaging -10 ℃. 2.We should make good use of the existing __________ (equip) in our lab. 3.Thanks to the __________ (advance) technology，we live in an age of better communication. 4.With the stadium set up，a wide range of sports __________ (event) are now able to be held. freezing equipment advanced events 5.Newly-built __________ (wood) cottages line the street，turning the old town into a dreamland. 6. __________ all，from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor to the time they can be implanted in the patient，we’ve got 72 hours at most. 7.Tom was made __________ (stand) at the front of the class because of his bad behaviour.  8.Always bear in mind that your main task is to get this company running __________ (smooth). wooden In to stand smoothly 9.It was a remarkable _______________ (achieve) for such a young player. 10.They were unanimous that Chortlesby Manor must _____________ (preserve).  achievement be preserved Ⅱ.完成句子 1. __________________ (让我高兴的是)，the cat jumped up in panic when seeing the cucumber.  2. _________________________________________ (配备了新的科学耕作方法)，they have been able to use less farmland to produce more crops.  3.The boy pretended to be concentrating on his lesson，but in fact ________________________ (他走神了 ).  To my entertainment Equipped with new scientific farming methods his mind was wandering 4. _________________________________ (我很荣幸有机会) to introduce our new product.  5. _______________________ (现在外面很冷)，and more snow is falling on already frozen streets.  I am honored to have the opportunity It is freezing outside now Ⅲ.完形填空 　　(教材改编，译林选必三U3)The Industrial Revolution started in England in the 18th century.The factory system was one 　1　 change of the Industrial Revolution.This began with improvements in textile (纺织品) production in northern England.Machine designs were reformed and the textile output 　2　 considerably.Steam power was another important 　3　.In 1712，Thomas Newcomen 　4　 the first practical steam engine.James Watt then greatly improved Newcomen’s engine， making it more 　5　 for industrial use in the late 18th century.Through further improvement， the steam engine was widely used in factories and transport to power all types of machines.  1 2 3 4 5 1.A.fundamental　　　　 B.ancient C.puzzling D.legal 显示原文 答案：A 解析：工厂制度是工业革命的一个十分重大的变化。根据语境和常识可知，fundamental“十分重大的，根本的”符合语境。故选A。 1 2 3 4 5 2.A.happened B.battled C.remained D.increased 答案：D 解析：机器设计被改良后，纺织品产量应该是大大地提高了。故选D。 显示原文 1 2 3 4 5 3.A.evidence B.change C.issue D.means 答案：B 解析：根据下文中的“Through further improvement，the steam engine was widely used...machines.”可知，蒸汽机被广泛地用于工厂和交通运输系统，给各种类型的机器提供动力。由此可知，蒸汽动力是另一个重要的变化。故选B。 显示原文 1 2 3 4 5 4.A.achieved B.created C.sensed D.charged 答案：B 解析：根据常识和空后的“first”可知，此处指Thomas Newcomen发明了第一台实用蒸汽机，故选B。 显示原文 1 2 3 4 5 5.A.current B.military C.powerful D.suitable 答案：D 解析：James Watt随后大大地改进了Newcomen的发动机，使其更适合18世纪后期的工业使用。根据语境，应选D。 显示原文 1 2 3 4 5 写作能力提升 话题写作——应用文增分练 Step 1　写作要点(根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子) ①作为中国最重要的传统节日，春节是中国农历的第一天，标志着新年的开始。 As the most important traditional festival，the Spring Festival is the first day in Chinese lunar year and it ___________________________ __________.  marks the beginning of the new year ②为了庆祝这个节日，各家各户打扫房屋、贴对联、准备各种美味的饭菜。 ___________________________，houses are cleaned，red couplets are put on the doors and ________________________________.  ③除夕夜，人们和家人团聚在一起吃年夜饭。 On New Year’s Eve，people _____________________________ to enjoy a feast.  In celebration of the festival various tasty dishes are prepared get together with their families ④新年期间，人们穿着盛装互相拜年。 During the New Year，people __________ and say “Happy New Year” to each other.  ⑤孩子们非常高兴得到红包，这是一个追溯到很多年前的传统。 Children are delighted at getting lucky money，and it is a tradition ____________________________.  dress up dating back to many years ago ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Step 2　表达升级(改变所给句子的结构以使表达升级) ①用动词-ing形式作定语升级句① As the most important traditional festival，the Spring Festival is the first day in Chinese lunar year，marking the beginning of the new year.  ②用what引导主语从句和which引导定语从句升级句⑤ What makes children delighted is getting lucky money，which is a tradition dating back to many years ago.  ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Step 3　衔接成文(利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇) As the most important traditional festival，the Spring Festival is the first day in Chinese lunar year，marking the beginning of the new year.In celebration of the festival，houses are cleaned，red couplets are put on the doors and various tasty dishes are prepared.On New Year’s Eve，people get together with their families to enjoy a feast.During the New Year，people dress up and say “Happy New Year” to each other.In addition，what makes children delighted is getting lucky money，which is a tradition dating back to many years ago.  读后续写——素材语料积累 【动作细节描写：动“腿”】 单词 leg； knee；shake；buckle 词块 tired legs 疲惫的双腿；cross one’s legs盘腿；drag one’s heavy legs 拖着沉重的双腿 句型 He ran towards the finish line， his mouth dry and his legs trembling. (独立主格) 他跑向终点线，嘴发干，腿发颤。 Finally， he crossed the finish line on trembling legs. 最终，他双腿颤抖着越过了终点线。 He fell over， flat on his back with his legs wide.(with复合结构) 他摔倒了，背部着地，双腿叉开。 句型 He dragged his heavy legs back home， tired out. 他疲惫不堪，拖着两条沉重的腿回到了家。 He sank in the sofa， crossed his legs and rested his chin on one fist， lost in deep thought. 他跌坐在沙发中，盘起双腿，用拳头支撑着下巴，陷入沉思。 课时作业 巩固提升 Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共20分) A 　　(2024·浙江1月卷)The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat，selected by the child，was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat，they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room.Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. 　　As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats，but by our computers，phones，and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. 　　We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world，and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we’ve reshaped the world around us，dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories，we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago，and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. 　　A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information-poor，so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.Therefore，just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption，we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption，resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇议论文。文章通过20世纪60年代一项针对孩子的棉花糖实验引出作者观点——身处网络时代，我们每天都受到大量信息的诱惑，要学会做有选择的信息消费者。 1.What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test?(　　) A.Take an examination alone. B.Show respect for the researchers. C.Share their treats with others. D.Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 1 2 3 4 D 解析：细节理解题。 根据第一段对Mischel的棉花糖实验的介绍中的“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat，they would be given a second treat.”可知，孩子们如果等待15分钟再吃糖，就会得到第二份奖励，故选D项。 1 2 3 4 2.According to paragraph 3，there is a mismatch between________. (　　)  A.the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B.the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C.the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D.the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 1 2 3 4 C 解析：细节理解题。根据题干中“mismatch”这一关键词将答案定位在第三段的最后一句话“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us， dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories，we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago，and this mismatch is at the heart...we shouldn’t eat.”。由此句可知，我们获取热量所需付出的成本和努力大大减少，也就是说现在我们能够轻易获取充足的食物了，但是我们的大脑仍然和数千年前一样，因此这两者之间是不匹配的，故选C项。 1 2 3 4 3.What does the author suggest readers do?(　　) A.Absorb new information readily. B.Be selective information consumers. C.Use diverse information sources. D.Protect the information environment. 1 2 3 4 B 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Therefore...we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption，resisting the temptation of the mental ‘junk food’ in order to manage our time most effectively.”可知，作者建议我们要谨慎地对待信息消费，抵制那些对我们的精神健康有害的信息诱惑，以达到高效管理时间的目的。因此可推断出，作者建议读者要做有选择的信息消费者，故选B项。 1 2 3 4 4.Which of the following is the best title for the text?(　　) A.Eat Less，Read More B.The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C.The Later，the Better D.The Marshmallow Test for Grown-ups 1 2 3 4 D 解析：标题归纳题。本文围绕棉花糖实验展开，从最初针对幼儿园孩子的测试引入，说明棉花糖对孩子的影响；再类比到成人身上，阐述了在充斥着各类信息的信息大环境下，我们成年人也应该要学会抵制不良信息带来的诱惑，做一个有选择的信息消费者。因此文章重点介绍了成人面临的“棉花糖实验”，故选D项。 1 2 3 4 B 　　(2024·江西南昌三模)The goal of this book is to introduce some of the cognitive (认知的) prejudices we have—and how misunderstandings can cloud our judgment and affect the people around us.This book also guides us on how to do our best to correct these thinking traps.Here are some examples. 　　The first one is that we tend to be overconfident in our abilities without enough evidence.This can lead us，for example，to mess up career-changing presentations because of lacking preparation，or greatly underestimate the time we may spend in completing the projects. 　　We can correct this propensity by trying it out ourselves.This will quickly put any feelings of overconfidence to rest or fight this trend by over-preparing and considering potential problems in advance.For example，if we’re decorating our homes and have no idea how long it will take，talk to friends who went through a recent case or consult with a few experts to understand the time the project takes and what problems may arise.　　 Another，which can be dangerous，is that we are likely to focus a lot more of our attention on negative events than positive ones.It explains why a friend’s unenthusiastic review of a well-known movie might lead us to watch something else.This tendency can hold us back from making a decision about something，say a big purchase like a house，out of fear there was once a negative event associated with an otherwise good choice. 　　There are several suggestions here.Initially，when making a choice，stress the positive aspects of our options.Sellers use this approach all the time.For example，instead of saying the beef contains 11% fat，they label it as 89% lean (瘦肉).These are both true and accurate descriptions of the same product but describing it from the opposite can make it a more attractive choice for buyers concerned with fat intake. 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章重点阐述了人们存在的认知偏见以及如何纠正这些偏见，从而帮助人们更理性地看待问题和作出决策。 5.What is the book aimed at?(　　) A.Teaching social skills. B.Changing thinking modes. C.Solving physical problems. D.Promoting reflective learning. 5 6 7 8 B 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The goal of this book is to...This book also guides us on how to do our best to correct these thinking traps.”可知，这本书旨在介绍认知偏见并指导人们纠正思维陷阱，也就是帮助改变思维方式。故选B。 5 6 7 8 6.What does the underlined word “propensity” mean in paragraph 3? (　　) A.Tradition.　　　　　　 B.Over-preparation. C.Collection. D.Tendency. 5 6 7 8 D 解析：词义猜测题。 第二段提到“The first one is that we tend to be overconfident in our abilities without enough evidence.”，表明我们往往对自身的能力过度自信，这是一种倾向。再结合第三段中的“We can correct this propensity by trying it out ourselves... considering potential problems in advance.”可知，这里的“propensity”指的就是上文提到的这种倾向，所以画线词的意思与D项最为接近，故选D。 5 6 7 8 7.What is the harm of prejudices according to paragraph 4?(　　) A.Buying useless things. B.Messing up presentations. C.Missing big opportunities. D.Avoiding making decisions. 5 6 7 8 C 解析：推理判断题。 根据第四段中的“This tendency can hold us...an otherwise good choice.”可知，偏见会使我们因过于关注消极事件而不敢作出决策，从而错失重大机会，故选C。 98 8.What will be talked about in the following paragraph?(　　) A.Analyzing reasons. B.Giving examples. C.Adding suggestions. D.Making contrasts. 5 6 7 8 C 解析：推理判断题。 最后一段开头提到“There are several suggestions here.”，接着给出了一个做选择时的建议，因此后续应该会继续给出建议，故选C。 Ⅱ.完形填空(每小题1分，共15分) 　　(2025·江苏南京、盐城调研)In 2008，Calvin Lowe’s four-year-old son Tyler needed to have a serious operation. 　　On the appointed day of the　1　，he and his wife brought Tyler to Children’s Hospital Colorado in Denver.“As we sat in the waiting room，waiting for someone to　2　us back to the surgery area，there was a lot of　3　 in our hearts，” Lowe remembered.  1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 　　When a nurse called the family back，Lowe’s fears　4　.A young doctor walked into the room and told the couple that he would be 　5　 the surgery.As the doctor began to 　6　 how the surgery would proceed，Lowe’s mind went to the worst possible 　7　.But then the doctor did something　8　.He looked both Lowe and his wife in the eye，put a(n) 　9　 hand on each of their shoulders，and said，“Today，your son is my son.” 　　 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 　　After the surgery was over，the 　10　 came back to the family with a big smile and said，“Our son is just fine，and you can 　11　. him here in a few minutes.”  　　Tyler is now 19 years old and hopes to become a professional photographer.All these years after the surgery，Lowe still 　12　 the young doctor’s kindness.“I will never forget that，”Lowe said.“Because that was indeed a 　13　 of stress then.I can’t tell you how 　14　 we both were for what he said to us that day.It was very 　15　 and meaningful.”  1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。4岁的Tyler因为需要做一个大手术，其父母非常担心、害怕，善良的医生告诉他们，他会把Tyler当作自己的儿子对待。医生那充满善意的话语安抚了当时焦虑的父母。即使15年过去了，Tyler的父亲依然对医生的善举充满感激。 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 1.A.injury　　　　　　　　 B.accident C.operation D.examination 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：C 解析：根据上文中的“Tyler needed to have a serious operation”可知，到了和医生预约好的手术那天了，故选C。injury“损伤”；accident“事故”；operation“手术”；examination“考试”。 2.A.call B.drive C.move D.rush 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：A 解析：根据下文中的“When a nurse called the family back”可知，此处考查词汇call的原词复现，故选A。 3.A.shock B.anxiety C.sadness D.anger 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：B 解析：根据下文中的“Lowe’s fears”以及儿子需要动手术的生活常识可知，等待室里的父母的心情应该是焦虑的，故选B。 4.A.faded B.grew C.appeared D.stopped 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：B 解析：根据下文可知，医生要对孩子做手术。因此，丈夫Lowe的害怕应该是增加的，故选B。fade“逐渐消失”；grow“增加，增强”；appear“出现”；stop“停止”。 5.A.receiving B.recording C.missing D.performing 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：D 解析：根据下文可知，这位年轻的医生要对孩子做手术，故选D项。perform the surgery“做手术”。receive“收到”；record“记录”；miss“错过，想念”。 6.A.learn B.discover C.explain D.guess 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：C 解析：根据下文“how the surgery would proceed”可知，医生开始解释手术将如何进行，故选C。 7.A.option B.reaction C.approach D.outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：D 解析：根据生活经验以及空前的“worst possible”可知，当医生解释手术将如何进行时，父亲的脑海里想到了可能出现的最坏结果，故选D。option“选择”；reaction“反应”；approach“方法”；outcome“结果”。 8.A.unexpected B.confusing C.necessary D.excellent 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：A 解析：根据空前的but以及后面医生说的话“Today，your son is my son.”可知，医生做的事情是出乎意料的，故选A。unexpected“出乎意料的”；confusing“令人迷惑的”；necessary“必要的”；excellent“优秀的”。 9.A.exciting B.surprising C.comforting D.convincing 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：C 解析：这里指的是医生是在安慰Tyler的父母，所以应该是把手放在了他们的肩膀上以示安慰，故选C。 10.A.nurse B.doctor C.patient D.photographer 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：B 解析：根据空前的“After the surgery was over”可知，医生做完手术后来到了Tyler的父母身边，故选B。 11.A.leave B.see C.catch D.train 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：B 解析：根据上文中的“Our son is just fine”可知，手术是成功的，所以此处是说在等待室等待的父母一会儿就可以看到(see) Tyler了，故选B。 12.A.passes on B.replies to C.pays off D.thinks of 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：D 解析：根据下文中的“I will never forget that”可知，尽管15年过去了，Tyler的父亲Lowe依然能够记起那位年轻医生的善举，故选D。pass on“传递”；reply to“回复”；pay off“偿清，奏效”。 13.A.relief B.reminder C.secret D.source 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：A 解析：根据上文医生说的话“Today，your son is my son.”可知，医生把病人Tyler当成自己的儿子。这样的话语，对于处于焦虑状态的父亲而言，确实是一种压力的缓解，故选A。relief“宽慰，解脱；减轻，缓和”；reminder“提醒人的事物”；secret“秘密”；source“来源”。 14.A.eager B.proud C.grateful D.regretful 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：C 解析：根据上文“the young doctor’s kindness”可知，Tyler的爸爸对医生所说的话表示感激，故选C。eager“热切的”；proud“骄傲的”；grateful“感激的”；regretful“后悔的”。 15.A.helpful B.successful C.typical D.educational 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：A 解析：根据上下文可知，空格前面的代词it指的是医生所说的话，这对于处于焦虑状态的夫妇来说是有帮助的，故选A。successful“成功的”；typical“典型的”；educational“有教育意义的”。 二次精读——溯原文，积语料，提素养 A篇 核心单词 Para.1：follow-up adj.进一步的obtain v.(尤指经努力)获得 Para.2：version n.版本 delivery n.传送 Para.3：dramatically adv.显著地，大幅地 resist v.抵制；抵挡 第3题B选项：selective adj.有选择的 派生词汇 Para.1：form n.形式；种类，类型v.形成→formative adj.有持续重大影响的 Para.3：mismatch n.不匹配→match v.匹配 n.相配的人(或物) Para.4：ceaselessly adv.无休止地，不断地→cease v.停止→ceaseless adj.不停的，无休止的 consumption n.消耗，消费→consume v.消耗，消费 熟词生义 Para.4：prize 常用义：n.奖赏　文章义：v.珍视，高度重视 核心短语 Para.3：at the heart of是……的核心 长 难 句 分 析 We’re not tempted by sugary treats，but by our computers，phones，and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(Para.2) 分析：句中第一个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词devices；第二个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词information，从句中包含“A is to B what C is to D”结构，意为“A之于B犹如C之于D”。 译文：我们并不是被甜食所诱惑，而是被我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑所诱惑——所有这些设备将我们与各种类型信息的全球传递系统连接起来，这些信息对我们产生的影响就像棉花糖对读幼儿园的孩子产生的影响一样。 B篇 核心单词 Para.1：introduce v.把……介绍(给)；使初次了解；使尝试 misunderstanding n.误解，误会；意见不一，争执 Para.2：overconfident adj.过分自信的；自负的 underestimate v.低估；对……估计不足 Para.4：unenthusiastic adj.不热心的，缺乏热情的 派生词汇 Para.5：suggestion n.建议；提议→suggest v.建议；提议；暗示 description n.描写(文字)；形容；说明→describe v.描述；形容；把……称为 attractive adj.吸引人的；令人愉快的→attract v.吸引；使喜爱；引起……的好感(或爱慕)→attraction n.向往的地方；有吸引力的事 核心短语 Para.3：in advance预先，事先 go through经历；通读；检查 长难句分析 For example，if we’re decorating our homes and have no idea how long it will take，talk to friends who went through a recent case or consult with a few experts to understand the time the project takes and what problems may arise.(Para.3) 分析：句中if引导条件状语从句；who引导定语从句，修饰先行词friends；the project takes为省略关系代词的定语从句，修饰先行词the time；what引导宾语从句，作动词understand的宾语。 译文：例如，如果我们正在装修我们的家并且不知道这会花费多长时间，那就和近期经历过这种情况的朋友交流或者咨询一些专家，以了解这个项目所花费的时间以及可能出现的问题。 $$