话题10 良好的人际关系与社会交往-【优化探究】2026高考英语一轮复习高考总复习话题课件

主题语境二　人与社会 主题(一)　社会服务与人际沟通 话题10　良好的人际关系与社会交往 1 内容索引 NEIRONGSUOYIN 高考真题精研 基础知识达标 写作能力提升 课时作业 巩固提升 2 高考真题精研 Passage 1　阅读理解(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·D) 　　On March 7，1907，the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases，the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate，and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons，people’s errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion，the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance，the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.  In a follow-up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time，but it wasn’t the dominant response.Most frequently，the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow，these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇议论文。作者从几个角度探讨了群体智慧，指出群体讨论的结果比个人思考的结果更准确。 32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A.The methods of estimation. B.The underlying logic of the effect. C.The causes of people’s errors. D.The design of Galton’s experiment. 答案：B 解析：段落大意题。通读第二段的内容可知，本段解释了“群体智慧”效应的潜在逻辑。故选B项。 32 33 34 35 33.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.  A.the crowds were relatively small B.there were occasional underestimates C.individuals did not communicate D.estimates were not fully independent 答案：D 32 33 34 35 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.”和第三段中的“when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion...independent individuals”可知，Navajas的研究发现，即使团队成员的估计不是完全独立的，平均正确度依旧会提升。故选D项。 32 33 34 35 34.What did the follow-up study focus on? A.The size of the groups. B.The dominant members. C.The discussion process. D.The individual estimates. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段的内容可知，在后续的研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论过程中做了什么。故可推 知，后续研究的重点是小组讨论的过程。 32 33 34 35 35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A.Unclear.　　　　 B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful. D.Approving. 答案：D 解析：观点态度题。最后一段作者说，虽然Navajas的研究有局限性，但是从他的研究看，团队讨论和做决定的潜在影响是巨大的，由此判断，作者对Navajas的研究持支持态度。 32 33 34 35 Part 1　词汇 (一)词汇识记 1. __________ adj.相互关联的 2. __________ adj.占优势的，占支配地位的 3. ___________ n.可能的影响；暗示 4. __________ adj.巨大的 5. __________ v.获得；存在；(尤指经努力)赢得 correlated dominant implication enormous obtain 6. __________ adj.轻蔑的；鄙视的 7. __________ adj.后续的 8.respond vi.& vt.回应，回复→__________ n.回应，回复 9.argue v.争论；辩论→__________ n.论点；论据 10.reduce vt.减少；降低；缩小→__________ n.减少；降低 dismissive follow-up response argument reduction (二)熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的词性和汉语意思) 　When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate.(average基本 义：adj.平均的n.平均数)_____________________________ v.计算出……的平均数 16 (三)词块积累 1.capitalize on the fact __________ 2.cancel each other out __________ 3.result in a more accurate estimate _______________________ 4.for instance __________ 利用事实 互相抵消 产生更准确的判断 例如 17 ①They argued __________ the right to strike. ②It’s no use arguing __________ the question with him for he won’t change his opinion. ③They argued him into __________ (cycle) instead of driving there. 1 argue vi.争论，争吵vt.证明；表明 (四)词汇精研 for about/over cycling 18 ④Few people can argue __________ the need for improved quality of life. ⑤No one can get the better of her in an __________ (argue). ⑥我和他争论了一整天，但没能说服他。 ________________________________________ but failed to convince him.  against argument I argued with him about/over it the whole day •argue with sb.about/over sth.与某人争论某事 argue for/against (doing) sth.为支持/反对(做)某事而辩论 argue sb.into/out of doing sth.说服某人做/不做某事 •argument n.理由；论据；争论 20 ◎写作素材 argue them into changing their plan说服他们改变计划 argue for the right to be educated据理力争受教育的权利 have the last word in any argument最后说了算 21 ①The number of employees was reduced __________ 40 to 25. ②The workforce has been reduced __________ half. ③All the shirts in my shop have been reduced __________ ￥50. ④地震后，这个村庄变成了废墟。 The village ___________________ after the earthquake.  2 reduce vt.减少；降低；缩小；使陷入……境地 from by to was reduced to ruins 22 reduce sth.from...to...某物从……减少到…… reduce to...减少到…… reduce by...减少了…… be reduced to沦落为(某种情况或状态) ◎写作素材 reduce the speed减速 be reduced to tears 流下眼泪 the reduction in unemployment失业人数减少 ①The fire resulted __________ eleven people being killed and the destruction of the factory. ②His illness mainly resulted __________ eating bad food. ③He was injured as __________ result of a traffic accident. ④Hard work resulted in his success. →His success _____________ hard work.  3 result in导致，引起 in from a resulted from 25 result from 意为“由于……而造成后果”，后接导致某事的原因；result in意为“引起；导致”，后接导致某事的结果。 as a result意为“结果，因此”，后面跟句子。 as a result of...意为“因为；由于；作为……的结果”，后面跟名词或代词。 ◎写作素材 result in excellent grades取得优异的成绩 injuries resulting from a fall因摔倒而受的伤 ①__________ average，boys like playing football better than girls. ②He is working hard and his grades are __________ the average in his class. ③The average of 3，8 and 10 __________ (be) 7. ④__________ average of ten students haven’t passed the exam in each class. ⑤父母买玩具的花费每年平均为220美元。 →Parents spend _______________ $220 on toys every year.  →Parents spend $220 on toys ____________ every year.  4 average adj.平庸的，普通的n.平均水平；平均数vt.平均为 On above is An an average of on average 28 on (the) average平均来看 above (the) average高于平均水平 below (the) average低于平均水平 an average of...平均有……(后跟数词) the average of...……的平均数 ◎写作素材 at an average speed of 100 miles per hour以平均每小时100英里的速度 children of above/below average intelligence高于/低于一般智力的儿童 walk for an hour at an average speed以平均速度走一小时 Part 2　句型 长难句分析 The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion，the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. [结构分析]　句中的第一个that引导表语从句，而这个表语从句的主句是the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals，这个表语从句中有一个when引导的时间状语从句。that were allowed to have a discussion是先行词为smaller groups的定语从句。those指代的是前文提到的相同类别事物the averages。 31 [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 该项研究的核心发现是，当人群被进一步分成允许进行讨论的更小的组的时候，这些小组得出的平均估计比同样数量的独立个体的平均估计更准确。 32 Passage 2　阅读七选五(2022·全国乙卷) 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了维持远距离友谊的5种方法。 33 　　Friendship needs care and attention to keep it in good health.Here are five ways to sustain (保持) long-distance friendships. ·Set a regular date Long-lasting friendships share the characteristic that both sides equally contact (联系) and share with one another.With busy schedules，squeezing in phone calls can be a challenge.　36　.  34 A.Remember important dates B.Compensate by writing letters C.It is also helpful for you to be a friendship keeper D.Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it E.Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication F.It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media G.You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind 36.答案：D 解析：空前提到双方忙碌，可能会难以找到时间打电话。根据该段小标题“Set a regular date”可知，此段主要建议朋友间设定一个固定的时间来联系，对应选项D中的“Try to find a time that works for both of you”，故选D。 ·More isn’t always merrier  Make sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants to be contacted and what method works best for you both.　37　.There are alternatives to constant written communication，such as leaving voice messages or having a group chat.  37 A.Remember important dates B.Compensate by writing letters C.It is also helpful for you to be a friendship keeper D.Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it E.Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication F.It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media G.You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind 37.答案：E 解析：根据空前的“Make sure you have communicated...for you both.”以及空后的“There are...a group chat.”可知，空处内容应与交流方式相关。空前的“what method works best for you both”与选项E中的their preferred methods of communication对应，故选E。 ·Practise empathy (共情) 　38　.The friend who is remaining needs to be sensitive to all the additional time demands placed on the friend who has moved.The one in the new environment should be sympathetic to the fact that your friend may feel abandoned.  40 A.Remember important dates B.Compensate by writing letters C.It is also helpful for you to be a friendship keeper D.Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it E.Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication F.It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media G.You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind 38.答案：G 解析：该段中的“The friend who is remaining”“the friend who has moved”分别对应选项G中的“the one who was left behind”“the friend who left”，故选G。 ·　39　_ Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long-distance friendships.Although technology might make day-to-day communication possible，extra effort goes a long way on special days.Simply keeping a diary that keeps track of friends’ birthdays and other important dates will make sure nothing slips by you.  43 A.Remember important dates B.Compensate by writing letters C.It is also helpful for you to be a friendship keeper D.Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it E.Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication F.It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media G.You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind 39.答案：A 解析：根据语境和常识可知，anniversaries and birthdays均为重要的日子，再结合该段中的“keeps track of friends’ birthdays and other important dates”可知，选A。 ·Don’t rely on technology alone 　40　，but long-distance friendships—even close ones—may require more conscious effort to sustain.Try to seek out chances to renew friendships.How to do it? Just spend face-to-face time together whenever possible.  46 A.Remember important dates B.Compensate by writing letters C.It is also helpful for you to be a friendship keeper D.Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it E.Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication F.It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media G.You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind 40.答案：F 解析：空后“long-distance friendships—even close ones—may require more conscious effort to sustain”表示“长距离友谊，即使是亲密的朋友之间，也可能需要更有意识的努力来维持”，又根据空后的but可知，空处内容应与空后内容形成转折，F项“通过社交媒体获得联系感是很容易的”符合语境。 Part 1　词汇 (一)词汇识记 1. ____________ n.特征，特点 2. __________ adj.可替代的；另外的 n.可供选择的事物 3. __________ adj.固定不变的，不断的 4. __________ v.重新开始；重新建立 characteristic alternative constant renew (二)熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的词性和汉语意思) 1.Simply keeping a diary that keeps track of friends’ birthdays and other important dates will make sure nothing slips by you.(slip基本义：v.滑倒；溜；滑落) _______________________________ 2.Don’t rely on technology alone.(alone基本义：adj.& adv.单独；独自) __________ v.(想法或事实)被遗忘，被忽略 adv.仅仅 (三)词块积累 1.long-distance friendships _______________________ 2.set a regular date __________ 3.be sympathetic to the fact ___________________________ 4.seek out chances to renew friendships _________________ 5.stick to _____________ 远距离的友谊/异地友谊 定期约会 对这个事实表示同情或体谅 寻找机会重续友谊 遵守，坚持 51 ①It shows bamboo can provide a low-carbon，renewable alternative __________ wood，steel and cement. ②The most recent analysis indicated the higher cost of coal has left it as one of the last ___________ (alternative) of fuel. ③大部分学生别无选择，只能服从父母的命令或者安排。 Most students __________________________ our parents’ orders or arrangements.  alternative adj.可替代的；另外的n.可供选择的事物 (四)词汇精研 to alternatives had no alternative but to obey 52 alternative energy可替代能源 an alternative to...……的替代品 have no alternative but to do sth.别无选择只好做某事 there is no alternative...别无选择 53 ◎写作素材 have an alternative solution有一个另外的解决办法 have no alternative but to work hard只有努力工作，别无他法 54 Part 2　句型 长难句分析 1.With busy schedules，squeezing in phone calls can be a challenge. [结构分析]　本句是一个简单句。with busy schedules是介词短语作状语；squeezing in phone calls是动名词作主语。 [尝试翻译]　____________________________________________ 在忙碌的日程中，挤出时间打电话可能是个挑战。 2.More isn’t always merrier. [结构分析]　否定句中，系动词和always连用，表示不完全否定，意为“不总是”。 [尝试翻译]　_____________________ 并不总是多多益善。 56 3.The friend who is remaining needs to be sensitive to all the additional time demands placed on the friend who has moved. [结构分析]　本句是主从复合句。含有两个who引导的定语从句，都修饰其前面的先行词friend，placed on the friend...为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the additional time demands。 [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ __________________ 留下来的朋友需要对已经搬走的朋友的所有额外时间要求体察入微。 57 4.The one in the new environment should be sympathetic to the fact that your friend may feel abandoned. [结构分析]　in the new environment 是the one的定语；that your friend may feel abandoned是the fact 的同位语从句。 [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ __________________ 身处新环境的人应该对你的朋友可能会感到被抛弃的事实感到同情。 58 5.Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long-distance friendships. [结构分析]　本句是一个简单句。谓语是carry，more weight是宾语；carry even more weight 在本句中的含义是“更为重要”。 [尝试翻译]　________________________________________ 纪念日和生日在异地友谊中显得更为重要。 6.Although technology might make day-to-day communication possible，extra effort goes a long way on special days. [结构分析]　although technology might make day-to-day communication possible是让步状语从句；goes a long way的意思是“起重要的作用，有很大的帮助”。例如“A little kindness goes a long way.”意为“小小的善意也可以起重要的作用/也有很大的帮助。” [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ _______________________________ 虽然科技可能使日常交流成为可能，但在特殊的日子里，额外的努力会大有帮助。 Passage 3　阅读理解(2019·全国Ⅰ卷·D) 　　During the rosy years of elementary school (小学)，I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes，which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground.Then came my tweens and teens，and mean girls and cool kids.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes，breaking rules and playing jokes on others，among whom I soon found myself.  Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology.Mitch Prinstein，a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers.The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships，jump-start interpersonal skills and，when tapped early，are employed ever after in life and work.Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed，Dr.Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences.Those who were highest in status in high school，as well as those least liked in elementary school，are “most likely to engage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”  In one study，Dr.Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents，scoring the least liked，the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys (调查研究).“We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates.But so had those who were high in status.It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment，high status has just the opposite effect on us.” Dr.Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing，kindness，openness—carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others. In analyzing his and other research，Dr.Prinstein came to another conclusion：Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes，but it is also responsible for those outcomes，too.“Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage，” he said.  　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇议论文。文章从社会心理学视角讨论了青少年小学与中学阶段的成长经历，论述了个体受欢迎程度这一青少年心理健康话题。 32.What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school? A.Unkind.　　　　　　 B.Lonely. C.Generous. D.Cool. 答案：C 32 33 34 35 解析：推理判断题。根据题干中的关键信息early years of elementary school可定位到第一段的第一句“During the rosy years of elementary school，I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes...”，根据句意和sharing一词可推知，作者上小学的时候是一个慷慨大方的人，故选C项。注意不要受本段后几句话尤其是最后一句话的影响而错选A项，因为那是作者青少年时期的情况。 32 33 34 35 33.What is the second paragraph mainly about? A.The classification of the popular. B.The characteristics of adolescents. C.The importance of interpersonal skills. D.The causes of dishonorable behavior. 答案：A 32 33 34 35 解析：段落大意题。根据第二段的内容以及第二句的句式特点(句中有冒号)，可暂时断定第二句是本段的主旨句。而第三句和第四句分别用“The likables’...”和“Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence...”引出下文内容，恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时我们发现本段第二句中的关键词sort...into...(把……分成……)与A项中的classification相呼应，所以A项可以概括本段大意。 32 33 34 35 34.What did Dr.Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids? A.They appeared to be aggressive. B.They tended to be more adaptable. C.They enjoyed the highest status. D.They performed well academically. 答案：B 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段的最后一句“It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment...”可知，Prinstein博士的研究发现，最讨人喜欢的孩子往往适应性强。B项中的adaptable与第四段中的adjustment相呼应。 32 33 34 35 35.What is the best title for the text? A.Be Nice—You Won’t Finish Last B.The Higher the Status，the Better C.Be the Best—You Can Make It D.More Self-Control，Less Aggressiveness 答案：A 32 33 34 35 解析：标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了研究者发现，讨人喜欢与积极的人生结果有关，因此，A项作为标题最合适。注意A项中的be nice与原文中的likability，popularity，kindness等词相呼应。“Be Nice—You Won’t Finish Last”从意义上类似于汉语的“与人为善，于己为善”。这里的finish本义是“获得(名次)；排名”。 32 33 34 35 Part 1　词汇 (一)词汇识记 1. __________ n.法律地位；(尤指在社会中的)地位，身份 2. __________ adj.不善良的；刻薄的 3. __________ n.社会地位 4. ____________ n.心理学 5. __________ n.种类；范畴 status mean rank psychology category 6. ____________ n.后果 consequence 7. __________ adj.好斗的；挑衅的 8. __________ n.善良 9. __________ n.结果，效果 10.popular adj.普及的；受欢迎的→__________ n.流行；普及；受欢迎 11.adolescence n.青春期→__________ n.青少年 12.adjust v.调整；调节→____________ n.调整 13.relate v.相联系，有关联→________ adj.相联系的→_________ n.联系，关联 aggressive kindness outcome popularity adolescent adjustment related relation (二)熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的词性和汉语意思) 1.During the rosy years of elementary school，I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes，which allowed me to keep my high social status.(rosy基本义：adj.粉红色的) _________________________ 2.The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships，jump-start interpersonal skills and，when tapped early，are employed ever after in life and work.(tap基本义：n.水龙头；龙 头；轻敲) __________ adj.美好的；乐观的 vt.发掘 75 (三)词块积累 1.play jokes on others _______________ 2.have the opposite effect on us ______________________ 3.be responsible for those outcomes _________________ 开别人的玩笑 对我们有相反的影响 对这些结果负责 76 ①He was sure that other drivers looked at him __________ envy. ②He saw the __________ (envy) look in the other boy’s eyes. ③He is in the __________ (envy) position of having two job offers to choose from. ④He __________ (envy) her─she seemed to have everything she could possibly want. ⑤不少同学嫉妒和羡慕她漂亮的外表和智慧。 ____________________________ and admired her for her good looks and intelligence.  1 enviable adj.令人羡慕的；引起嫉妒的 (四)词汇精研 with envious enviable envied Quite a few schoolmates envied 77 •envy vt.羡慕，妒忌n.庆幸(不必做别人非做不可的事)；羡慕，妒忌 envy sb.(sth.)羡慕某人(某事) envy sb.doing sth.羡慕某人做某事 out of envy出于嫉妒 with envy羡慕地 be the envy of...成为……嫉妒/羡慕的对象 •envious adj.羡慕的；嫉妒的 be envious of...羡慕…… 78 ◎写作素材 envy him his good looks羡慕他的英俊面容 look with envy at her dress羡慕地看着她的裙子 79 ①I wonder if parents should always tell the truth no matter what the _____________ (consequent) are. ②As __________ consequence，children become so reliant on their parents that they have no independent thought or creative ideas. ③Drunk driving has been banned. ______________ (consequent)，the traffic accidents are decreasing. ④(普通表达)All flights have been delayed as a result of the heavy fog. (高级表达)All flights have been delayed________________________ _________________ the heavy fog.  2 consequence n.后果；重要性 consequences a Consequently as a consequence of/in consequence of 80 •as a consequence=in consequence结果，因此 as a consequence of=in consequence of由于；因为……的缘故 be of no consequence (to sb.)(对某人)无关紧要 •consequent adj.随之发生的；必然的 consequently adv.因此；结果 ◎写作素材 answer for the consequences对后果负责 take/suffer/bear the consequences承担后果 the consequent environmental problems also increasingly become the focus随之而来的环境问题也日益成为人们关注的焦点 ①He has now taken __________ (effect) control of the country. ②The new law will come __________ effect next month. ③__________ effect，the state decides how many students will go to university. ④他热情洋溢的演讲对我们学校的学生产生了很大的影响。 His passionate speech _________________ the students in our school.  3 have an effect on对……产生影响 effective into In had a great effect on 83 •effect n.效应；功效；影响 come into effect开始实施 in effect实际上；事实上 •effective adj.有效的，产生预期效果的 efficiency n.效率；功效 ◎写作素材 have an actual effect 有了实效 have a negative effect产生负面影响 highly effective treatment效果非常显著的治疗方法 ①We must relate these principles __________ our everyday work. ②I am not __________ (relate) to him in any way. ③It’s unfortunate when a father and son can’t relate _____ each other. ④你应该把与这个问题有关的所有信息都写下来。 →You should write down all the information __________ the problem.(relate)  →You should write down all the information _____________ the problem.(relation)  4 relate v.相联系，有关联；使有联系；把……联系起来；叙述；讲述 to related to related to in relation to 86 •relate...to...向……讲述；把……联系起来 relate to...和……有关联 •related adj.有关系的，相关的 be related to 与……有关系 •relation n.联系，关系 in relation to与……有关；关于；与……相比 ◎写作素材 have some comments to make in relation to this matter关于这件事有几点看法 Part 2　句型 (一)长难句分析 1.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes，breaking rules and playing jokes on others，among whom I soon found myself. [结构分析]　本句是一个复合句。among whom I soon found myself为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词they，而not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes，breaking rules and playing jokes on others为not...but...“不是……而是……”结构，在句中作方式状语。 [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 他们地位的提升不是通过待人友善，而是通过吸烟、违反规则和捉弄别人，不久我也成为那些人当中的一员。 89 2.Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage... [结构分析]　本句是一个复合句。句中being liked是动词-ing形式的被动形式作主语，that help somebody gain an advantage是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词experiences。 [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ ___________________________ 被人喜欢会给人的学习和有助于一个人获得优势的新生活体验创造机会。 90 (二)句型精析 Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed，Dr.Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences.尽管这些酷孩子们或许看起来是令人羡慕的，但是普林斯坦博士的研究显示的却是不尽如人意的结果。  [句型公式]　enviable as the cool kids may have seemed是由as引导的让步状语从句，其中enviable as the cool kids may have seemed=although the cool kids may have seemed enviable。 91 ①Cheap __________ this mobile phone is，many people refuse to buy it because it’s out of date. ②Try __________ you may，you won’t be able to persuade him. ③Child __________ he is，he likes to be treated like an adult. ④尽管他们尽力了，但还是没能使她改变主意。 ________________________，they couldn’t make her change her mind.(倒装)  as/though as/though as/though Hard as/though they tried 92 as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装，此时as也可用though代替。其结构为： •单数可数名词(无冠词)/形容词+as/though+主语+be+其他成分 •动词原形+as/though+主语+助动词/情态动词+其他成分 •形容词/副词+as/though+主语+谓语动词+其他成分 ◎写作素材 Happy as they were，there was something missing.尽管他们很快乐，但总缺少点什么。 基础知识达标 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1.(教材原句，外研选必四U1)Whether big or small，what all our choices have in common is that they lead to specific _____________ (consequence). 2.(教材原句，译林必修一U4)Current medicines for weight control do not work very well because they can have serious side __________ (effect)，such as heart problems. 3.I have given the matter much thought，examining all the possible _____________ (alternative). consequences effects alternatives 4.You have the right to make a choice，but you should be responsible __________ it. 5.The salesman has to make an appropriate ____________ (adjust) to his strategy to make more profits. 6.I am really __________ (envy) of your good luck—it is a blessing to be offered help by a stranger when in trouble. 7.She __________ (seek) for her children，but they were nowhere to be found. for adjustment envious sought 8.Our English teacher insisted that we _______________ (imitate) the pronunciation of broadcasters. 9.It is his lack of self-discipline that is related __________ his being fired by the company. 10.We want to know whether the drug has an effect __________ people’s health. (should)imitate to on Ⅱ.完成句子 1.The bus driver must __________________________________ (为乘客的安全负责).  2. ______________________________________ (我对设计做出了一些调整)，and now you can make the final decision.  3. ______________________________ (尽管她被发现有罪)，the young lady continued to insist on her innocence.  4. _________________________ (他们互相争论) about the best place for a holiday.  5.Many species have died out _______________________________ (由于人类的活动).  be responsible for the passengers’ safety I have made a few adjustments to the design Guilty as/though she was found They argued with each other as a consequence of man’s activities Ⅲ.语法填空 　　(教材改编，北师大选必一U1)I constantly feel depressed，1.____________ (dissatisfy) and alone.Since I spend so much time 2.____________ (socialise) online，I keep 3.____________ (delay) things that are important in my real life：homework，tasks，connecting with my friends and family members in a 4.____________ (meaning) way.It’s funny that my friends and I chatter away online so much，but we end up 5.____________ (have) nothing to say when we meet.A few days ago，I went out for a dinner get-together with some friends.My best friend 6.____________ (leave) the table for 30 minutes because he had to take a call.Some spent the dinner bending over their phones，texting friends online but ignoring the ones who sat right in front of them.And the extraordinary thing is nobody thought this was rude； it’s just how life is nowadays.  1.答案：dissatisfied 解析：分析句子结构可知，空处与depressed、alone并列作表语，描述人的感受，故填dissatisfied。 2.答案：socialising 解析：spend time doing sth.表示“花时间做某事”，符合语境，故填socialising。 3.答案：delaying 解析：keep doing sth.意为“一直做某事”，符合语境，故填delaying。 4.答案：meaningful 解析：空处作定语，修饰后面的名词way，需要用形容词，表示“有意义的”，故填meaningful。 5.答案：having 解析：此处为固定搭配end up doing sth.，故填having。end up表示“最终成为，最后处于”。 6.答案：left 解析：根据上句中的“A few days ago”可知，空处谓语应用一般过去时，故填left。 写作能力提升 话题写作——应用文增分练 Step 1　写作要点(根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子) ①得知你交友有困难我非常遗憾。 I’m sorry to hear that you _________________________________.  ②每个人都渴望友谊，因此懂得如何交友很重要。 Everyone has a thirst for friendship and __________________，it is of great significance to know ___________________.  are having difficulty in making friends as a consequence how to make friends ③为了交朋友，你可以加入一个俱乐部，这是与有共同兴趣的人相识的最好的方法。 _____________________________，you should join a club，for it is the best way to meet people with common interests.  ④为了给人留下良好的印象，衣着整洁、谈吐礼貌和自信是个好办法。 It would be a great idea to dress neatly and _______________________ to create a favorable impression.  For the purpose of making friends talk politely and confidently ⑤记住：当你和他人谈话时，你就是在创造机会建立一份永恒的友谊。 Bear in mind that when you talk to someone，you are creating _____________________________________________.  an opportunity to build up an everlasting friendship Step 2　表达升级(改变所给句子的结构以使表达升级) ①用it作形式主语升级句① It’s a pity to hear that you are having difficulty in making friends.  ②用非限制性定语从句升级句③ For the purpose of making friends，you should join a club，which is the best way to meet people with common interests.  _____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Step 3　衔接成文(利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇) 　　It’s a pity to hear that you are having difficulty in making friends. Everyone has a thirst for friendship and as a consequence，it is of great significance to know how to make friends.First of all，for the purpose of making friends，you should join a club，which is the best way to meet people with common interests.In addition，it would be a great idea to dress neatly and talk politely and confidently to create a favorable impression.Last but not least，bear in mind that when you talk to someone，you are creating an opportunity to build up an everlasting friendship.  _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 读后续写——素材语料积累 【情感细节描写：紧张】 单词 nervous； uneasy； tense； anxious； nervously； tension； anxiety； tremble； shake 词块 a flood/wave of tension 一阵紧张；with/have butterflies in one’s stomach 心里发慌；tremble with anxiety 焦虑不安 句型 When I was standing backstage，nervousness/tension came flooding over me.(无生命名词作主语) 当我站在后台的时候，我紧张极了。 When my name was called I could feel butterflies in my stomach. (名词+介词短语) 当叫到我的名字时，我感到心里忐忑不安。 My trembling legs brought me on stage，and I could feel my palms sweating and heart racing.(无生命名词作主语) 我颤抖着双腿来到了舞台上。我手心冒汗，心跳加速。 句型 The hall crowded with audience made me even more uneasy.My heart was pounding/thumping hard，as if it were about to pop.(夸张) 挤满观众的大厅让我更加紧张起来，我的心扑通扑通地好像要跳出来了。 I stood there so nervously that I felt my throat tight，wondering what to do next.(so...that...) 我紧张地站在那里，喉咙发紧，不知道下一步怎么办。 课时作业 巩固提升 Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共20分) A 　　(2025·八省联考)Jim Johnson，a mail carrier，was an institution in the leafy Westmoreland，Westhaven and Westover Hills neighborhoods，just north of downtown Wilmington，where he delivered much more than the mail.He knew all the kids and their pets by name； he carried in the groceries； he took note of unlocked doors，offered gardening advice，and taught more than a few young boys the art of the curveball.When he wasn’t doing all that，Jim was running across a checkerboard of green lawns (草坪) to ensure the local postal service did not fall short of its daily promise. Though the postal service is often disparaged now，the trust in local postal service lives on.In many communities，that trust is won every day when life-saving medicine，greeting cards，social security checks，college acceptance letters—even the bills—appear in mailboxes in front of the houses. After more than three decades，Jim approached his final days on the job much like any other.He drove a boxy postal truck to North DuPont Road for the first unofficial stop of the day.Butch，a dog who belonged to one of the neighbors，was waiting just like every day before.And just like every day before，he got into the jump seat and they were off.On the route，Jim and Butch had become inseparable. Now，the dog and the mailman would ride off to retirement together.At every stop，Jim accepted the parting good wishes of families that had become his own.There were tears and laughter，and hugs filled with warm memories. It’s been 33 years since Jim left the route，but we are still reminded of the deep bond established between community and letter carrier.That’s what the postal service means to us. 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。邮递员Jim Johnson在工作中热心帮助邻里，与大家建立了深厚感情。在他退休33年后，作者依然记得他，并表达了对他的怀念。 1.What do we know about Jim Johnson from the first paragraph?(　　) A.He’s open-minded.　　 B.He’s sharp-eyed. C.He’s warm-hearted. D.He’s strong-willed. 1 2 3 4 C 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中“He knew all the kids and their pets by name； he carried in the groceries； he took note of unlocked doors，offered gardening advice，and taught more than a few young boys the art of the curveball.When he wasn’t doing all that，Jim was running across a checkerboard of green lawns to ensure the local postal service did not fall short of its daily promise.”可推知，Jim Johnson是一个热心肠的人。故选C项。 2.What does the underlined word “disparaged” in paragraph 2 mean? (　　) A.Refused.　　　　 B.Criticized. C.Investigated. D.Suspended. 1 2 3 4 B 解析：词义猜测题。根据画线单词所在句“Though the postal service is often disparaged now，the trust in local postal service lives on.”可知，前后句是转折关系，后半句说对当地邮政服务的信任依然存在，那么前半句应该是说邮政服务现在常被批评，由此表明，邮政服务经常被批评。由此可知，画线词disparaged与“criticized(批评)”意思相近。故选B项。 3.What did Jim do besides daily delivery on his final days of work? (　　) A.He drove Butch to its owner. B.He sent presents to his friends. C.He prepared a retirement party. D.He said goodbye to the neighbors. 1 2 3 4 D 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中“At every stop，Jim accepted the parting good wishes of families that had become his own.There were tears and laughter，and hugs filled with warm memories.”可知，Jim在工作的最后几天除了每日投递，还向邻居们告别。故选D项。 1 2 3 4 4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?(　　) A.To remember a respected mail carrier. B.To record an unforgettable experience. C.To raise funds for the postal service. D.To call for harmony in the community. 1 2 3 4 A 解析：推理判断题。根据文章大意以及最后一段“It’s been 33 years since Jim left the route，but we are still reminded of the deep bond established between community and letter carrier.That’s what the postal service means to us.”可知，文章主要讲述了Jim Johnson这位邮递员在工作中热心帮助邻里，与大家建立了深厚感情，在他退休33年后，作者依然记得他，并表达了对他的怀念。由此可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是纪念一位受人尊敬的邮递员。故选A项。 1 2 3 4 B 　　(2024·九省联考)For lots of kids toddlerhood (幼儿期) is an important time for friendship.Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships，the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults.Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors，such as kindness，sharing，and cooperation. Even so，how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament (性格).Some toddlers are very social，but others are shy.In addition，the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship.Research at The Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler’s way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend’s behavior. This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior.Regardless of how much they like a playmate，they may still grab his toys，refuse to share，and get bossy.But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids of this age.Through play experiences，toddlers learn social rules.That’s why it’s so important to take an active role in your toddler’s social encounters by setting limits and offering frequent reminders of what they are.When you establish these guidelines，explain the reasons behind them. Begin by helping your child learn sympathy (“Ben is crying. What’s making him so sad?”)，then suggest how he could resolve the problem (“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”). When your child shares or shows empathy (同理心) toward a friend，praise him (“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”). Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words—not fists—to express how they feel.It’s also important to be mindful of how your child’s personality affects playtime.Kids are easy to get angry when they’re sleepy or hungry，so schedule playtime when they’re refreshed. 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，儿童越早学会建立积极的人际关系，长大以后就会越擅长与人交往。家长要了解孩子的特征，在玩耍中、交往中引导孩子去培养同情心、去解决问题、学会去爱。 5 6 7 8 5.What does it indicate when toddlers copy their playmates’ behavior? (　　) A.They are interested in acting. B.They are shy with the strangers. C.They are fond of their playmates. D.They are tired of playing games. C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“a toddler’s way of saying ‘I like you’ during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend’s behavior”可知，当蹒跚学步的孩子模仿玩伴的行为时，这意味着他喜欢他的玩伴。故C项正确。 5 6 7 8 6.What does the author suggest parents do for their kids?(　　) A.Design games for them. B.Find them suitable playmates. C.Play together with them. D.Help them understand social rules. 5 6 7 8 D 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“That’s why it’s so important to...setting limits and offering frequent reminders of what they are.”可知，在你孩子的社交活动中扮演一个积极的角色，通过设置限制和频繁地提醒他们的身份是非常重要的。由此可见，作者建议父母帮助孩子理解社交规则，故选D。 7.What is the function of the quoted statements in paragraph 4?(　　) A.Giving examples. B.Explaining concepts. C.Providing evidence. D.Making comparisons. 5 6 7 8 A 132 解析：推理判断题。结合生活常识和逻辑关系可知，第四段中引用的表述“Ben is crying.What’s making him so sad? (Ben哭了，什么让他如此伤心?)”是“helping your child learn sympathy”的具体方式；“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball. (如果你让他玩球，他可能会好受点)”是“resolve the problem”的具体方式；“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.(Ben不哭了!你让他感觉好多了)”是“praise him”的具体方式。由此可见，每个引用的表述都起到了举例的作用，故A项正确。 5 6 7 8 133 8.Which of the following is the best title for the text?(　　) A.How Children Adapt to Changes B.How to Be a Role Model for Children C.How Your Baby Learns to Love D.How to Communicate with Your Kid 5 6 7 8 C 解析：标题归纳题。第一段指出儿童越早学会建立积极的人际关系，他们长大后就会越擅长与人交往；第二段中讲到了儿童的性格特征和表达差异；第三段则讲到了在孩子的社交活动中扮演一个积极的角色是很重要的；第四、五段则讲到了鼓励孩子积极交际的方式。综上可知，本文主要讲了父母要在孩子成长的过程中教会孩子如何与人建立积极的人际关系，故C项适合作为本文的标题。 5 6 7 8 Ⅱ.阅读七选五(每小题2.5分，共12.5分) 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何掌握闲聊艺术的四种方法。 　　 (2024·甘肃高考诊断)As our lives become more closely connected with the digital age，it’s more important than ever to keep the spark of human connections，a key part of which is making small talk.1(　　) Here’s how to master the art of small talk.  A.Instead，let your true self shine through. B.Some accessible topics are great for small talk. C.Active listening involves fully engaging with the speaker. D.Focus on understanding their viewpoints beyond simply hearing words. E.The signals provide valuable insights into their emotions and intentions. F.Small talk may be a gateway to building rich and meaningful relationships. G.By expressing authentic curiosity you make the other person feel seen and heard. 1.答案：F 解析：空前提到人际交往的很重要的一部分是闲聊，空后则讲到了掌握闲聊艺术的方式，由此可见，空处承上启下，应该会讲到闲聊的作用或重要性，故F项“闲聊可能是建立丰富而有意义的关系的途径”符合语境。 The cornerstone of effective small talk lies in developing genuine interest.Genuine interest is about actively seeking to understand the other person，valuing their perspectives and appreciating the uniqueness they bring to the conversation.2(　　) A.Instead，let your true self shine through. B.Some accessible topics are great for small talk. C.Active listening involves fully engaging with the speaker. D.Focus on understanding their viewpoints beyond simply hearing words. E.The signals provide valuable insights into their emotions and intentions. F.Small talk may be a gateway to building rich and meaningful relationships. G.By expressing authentic curiosity you make the other person feel seen and heard. 2.答案：G 解析：本段第一句讲到有效闲聊的基础是培养真诚的兴趣，第二句则讲了什么是真诚的兴趣。因此，空处应该会讲到真诚的兴趣(好奇心)的作用以承接上文，故选G。 Small talk extends beyond spoken words； it includes the art of observation.As you engage in conversation，pay attention to the speaker’s body language，facial expressions and tone of voice.3(　　) Being familiar with them not only helps you navigate the conversation with sensitivity but also enables you to establish a deeper connection by respecting the slight differences of the other person’s communication style.  A.Instead，let your true self shine through. B.Some accessible topics are great for small talk. C.Active listening involves fully engaging with the speaker. D.Focus on understanding their viewpoints beyond simply hearing words. E.The signals provide valuable insights into their emotions and intentions. F.Small talk may be a gateway to building rich and meaningful relationships. G.By expressing authentic curiosity you make the other person feel seen and heard. 3.答案：E 解析：根据空后的“Being familiar with them”可知，空处应该会讲到一个表示物的复数名词；再结合空前的“pay attention to the speaker’s body language，facial expressions and tone of voice”可知，空处涉及的复数名词指的应该是这些名词的统称，E项中的“signals”与之对应，且E项的意思“这些信号对他们的情绪和意图提供了有价值的见解”也符合语境。 Actually listening and connecting with someone are essential for a conversation.By providing your undivided attention，you convey respect and interest in what the other person has to say.4(　　) Ask follow-up questions to show that you value their insights.This depth of engagement lays the foundation for a more meaningful connection.  A.Instead，let your true self shine through. B.Some accessible topics are great for small talk. C.Active listening involves fully engaging with the speaker. D.Focus on understanding their viewpoints beyond simply hearing words. E.The signals provide valuable insights into their emotions and intentions. F.Small talk may be a gateway to building rich and meaningful relationships. G.By expressing authentic curiosity you make the other person feel seen and heard. 4.答案：D 解析：结合空后的“Ask follow-up questions”可知，此处讲的是闲聊的时候不仅要听他们说的话，还要全神贯注去理解他们的观点并问问题以表示对他们见解的重视，故D项“专注于理解他们的观点，而不仅仅是简单地听听(他们说的)话”符合语境。 At the heart of successful small talk lies the authenticity (真实性) of your engagement.Authenticity fosters a sense of trust and connection，making the conversation more meaningful and memorable.Avoid the temptation to project an image or use scripted responses.5(　　)In the world of small talk，authenticity is the key that unlocks the door to deeper connections and more fulfilling interactions.  A.Instead，let your true self shine through. B.Some accessible topics are great for small talk. C.Active listening involves fully engaging with the speaker. D.Focus on understanding their viewpoints beyond simply hearing words. E.The signals provide valuable insights into their emotions and intentions. F.Small talk may be a gateway to building rich and meaningful relationships. G.By expressing authentic curiosity you make the other person feel seen and heard. 5.答案：A 解析：结合本段的第一句话可知，真实性是闲聊成功的关键。结合空前的“避免表现出某种形象或使用事先精心准备的回应的诱惑”可知，空处应该会讲到怎么做才能展示真实性，故A项“相反，让你真正的自我闪耀光芒”符合语境。 Ⅲ.语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分) 　　(2024·九省联考)Whenever you have to write a paper，a letter，or any other document for work or school，you probably head toward the computer.Now，most people reach for 1 __________ (keyboard) faster than they pick up pens.In a Scottish primary school，however，Mr.Norman Lewis is taking a different approach.He feels that neat handwriting 2 _____ (be) still an important skill，so he has his students write not only by hand but also 3 ______ old-fashioned fountain pens. keyboards is with 　　Fountain pens 4 __________ (use) in schools long ago and have been regaining popularity lately because they are refillable.Today，a writer 5 __________ (simple) throws an empty pen away and gets 6 __________ new one.  were used simply a 　　So far，Mr.Lewis is pleased with the results of his experiment.He reports that his students are taking more care with their work，and their self-confidence has improved as well.He is happy with the 7 _____________ (improve) he sees in his students’ writing 8 _______ in his own writing.He knows that computers are here 9 __________ (stay) and that they will not disappear.However，he believes that the practice with fountain pens helps students to focus，to write faster， and they can feel proud of 10 ____________ (they).  improvement and to stay themselves 二次精读——溯原文，积语料，提素养 A篇 核心单词 Para.1：unlocked adj.未上锁的 checkerboard n.国际跳棋棋盘 Para.2：disparage v.轻视，贬低 life-saving adj.救命的 Para.3：jump seat n.(汽车上的)折叠座椅 parting adj.离别的 Para.4：bond n.纽带，关系 派生词汇 Para.1：leafy adj.树木茂密的，绿树成荫的→leaf n.叶；叶片；叶子 Para.3：retirement n.退休→retire v.退休 inseparable adj.形影不离的→separate v.分离→separable adj.可分离的 boxy adj.盒/箱状的；四四方方的→box n.盒子；箱子 熟词生义 Para.1：institution 常用义：n.机构　文章义：n.出名的人 核心短语 Para.1：carry in sth. 把某物带进来 take note of 留意，将……铭记在心 fall short of 未到达，不符合 Para.2：live on 继续存在 ride off to 驶向 Para.4：remind sb. of...使某人想起…… B 篇 核心单词 Para.2：markedly adv.显著地，明显地 Para.3：bossy adj.好指挥人的；专横的 guideline n.指导方针；指导原则；准则 Para.4：resolve v.解决(问题或困难) 派生词汇 Para.2：demonstrate v.证明；示范，演示→demonstration n.演示，展示；游行示威 Para.5：refreshed adj.清爽的；恢复精神的→refresh v.使恢复精力；使凉爽→refreshing adj.令人耳目一新的；使人精神振作的→refreshment n.恢复活力；焕发精神 熟词生义 Para.5：schedule 常用义：n.工作计划；日程安排　文章义：v.安排；为……安排时间 核心短语 Para.1：relate to能够理解并同情 Para.2：come in the form of 以……的形式出现 Para.5：be mindful of 注意，留意，谨慎处理 长难句 分析 In addition，the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship.(Para.2) 分析：句中第一个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词the way；第二个that引导宾语从句，作动词demonstrate的宾语；what引导宾语从句，作介词from的宾语。 译文：此外，蹒跚学步的孩子展示他们喜欢其他孩子的方式明显不同于成年人所认为的友谊的表达方式。 $$