话题5 语言学习的规律、方法等-【优化探究】2026高考英语一轮复习高考总复习话题课件

主题语境一 人与自我 主题(一) 生活与学习 话题5　语言学习的规律、方法等 1 内容索引 NEIRONGSUOYIN 高考真题精研 基础知识达标 写作能力提升 课时作业 巩固提升 2 高考真题精研 第一组 Passage 1　阅读理解(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷·D) 　　Human speech contains more than 2，000 different sounds，from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages.But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking，five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.  More than 30 years ago，the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals，such as “f” and “v”，were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods.Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich，Switzerland，has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐)，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.Later，our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构)，making it easier to produce such sounds.  The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period.Food became easier to chew at this point.The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. 　　Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age，with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years.These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300，000 years ago.“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings，but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution，” said Steven Moran，a member of the research team.  　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类语音的演变与人类的饮食变化之间的关联研究。 32.Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? A.Its variety.　　　 B.Its distribution. C.Its quantity. D.Its development. 答案：D 解析：推理判断题。通读全文尤其是最后一段的内容可知，Damián Blasi的研究集中在语音的发展上。故选D项。 32 33 34 35 33.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B.They could not open and close their lips easily. C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D.Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 答案：C 32 33 34 35 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的内容“他们发现古代成年人的上下门牙是对齐的，很难产生唇齿音，而唇齿音由下唇接触上牙产生。之后，我们下巴的结构变成了覆咬合结构，这让我们更容易产生这样的声音”可知，古代人的下巴构造使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。 32 33 34 35 34.What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A.Supporting evidence for the research results. B.Potential application of the research findings. C.A further explanation of the research methods. D.A reasonable doubt about the research process. 答案：A 解析：段落大意题。根据第五段的内容“对语言数据库的分析也证实，新石器时代之后，国际语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，‘f’和‘v’的使用在过去几千年中显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然找不到”可知，第五段主要列出了一些可以使研究结果更令人信服的证据。故选A项。 32 33 34 35 35.What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A.It is key to effective communication. B.It contributes much to cultural diversity. C.It is a complex and dynamic system. D.It drives the evolution of human beings. 答案：C 解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段中Steven Moran所说的话“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，今天我们发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等事物相互作用的产物”可知，Steven Moran认为人类语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。 32 33 34 35 Part 1　词汇 (一)词汇识记 1. ________________ adj.开拓性的，突破性的 2. __________ n.结构 3. __________ n.分析(__________ pl.) 4. __________ n.数据库 5. __________ v.推翻 6. __________ adj.复杂的 ground-breaking structure analysis analyses database overturn complex 7. __________ adj.生物的 8. __________ adj.潜在的；可能的 9. __________ adj.动态的；发展变化的 10. __________ v.指出；特别提到 11. __________ adv.惊人地 12. __________ adj.共同的；常见的；普通的 13. __________ n.趋势 biological potential dynamic note remarkably common trend 14.evidence n.证据，证明→__________ adj.明显的→__________ adv.明显地，显然地 15.evolve v.进化；进步；发展→__________ n.进化 16.vary vi.不同；变化→__________ n.多样化，变化→__________ adj.各种各样的；千差万别的→__________ adj.各种各样的；形形色色的 evident evidently evolution variety various varied 16 (二)熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的词性和汉语意思) 　It drives the evolution of human beings.(drive基本义：v.驾驶) __________ v.推动 17 (三)词块积累 1.at this point _______________ 2.the huge variety of speech sounds ______________________ 3.be connected with the development of agriculture __________________________ 在这个时期 种类繁多的语音 与农业发展紧密相连 ①There are __________ (variety) of plants in the forest. ②The menu varies __________ the season. ③人们会由于种种原因改变主意。 People change their mind for _____________________ reasons.   variety n.多样化；变化 (四)词汇精研 varieties with a variety of/varieties of 19 •a variety of=varieties of各种各样的 •vary vt.& vi.改变，变化；不同 vary with...随着……而变化 vary from...to...在……与……之间变化 •various adj.各种各样的 20 ◎写作素材 collect data from various sources从各种渠道收集资料 21 Part 2　句型 长难句分析 1.A ground-breaking，five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. [结构分析]　本句为主从复合句。第一个that引导宾语从句，宾语从句的谓语为led to，在此宾语从句中有一个that 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词speech sounds。 [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 一项为期五年的突破性研究表明，由于饮食改变，人类咬合发生了变化，从而产生了一些新的语音，这些语音目前存在于世界上一半的语言中。 2.They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. [结构分析]　本句为主从复合句。They discovered 为主句，that引导宾语从句，making it hard...为现在分词短语作状语，which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词labiodentals。 [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 他们发现古代成年人的上下门牙是对齐的，很难产生唇齿音，而唇齿音由下唇接触上牙产生。 3.“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings，but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution，” said Steven Moran，a member of the research team. [结构分析]　本句是一个并列句，为not...but...的并列结构。前半句的主干为The set of speech sounds has not necessarily remained stable，后半句的主干为the huge variety of speech sounds is the product of...things。 [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 研究组成员史蒂芬·莫兰说：“自从人类出现后，我们使用的这套语音并不是一成不变的。相反，我们今天发现的大量种类的语音正是多种事物复杂的相互作用下的产物，如生物进化与文化演变。” Passage 2　语法填空(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷) 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在柏林动物园教熊猫饲养员学习英语的经历。 　　Whenever I tell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo，I almost always get a questioning look.Behind it，the person is trying to figure out who exactly I teach...the animals? Since June 2017，right before the 56.____________ (arrive) of the two new pandas，Meng Meng and Jiao Qing，I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and 57.____________ (confidence) speaking English. And who do they speak English 58.____________?  56.答案：arrival 解析：考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，空处作介词before的宾语，跟在定冠词the的后面，需要用名词，arrive的名词形式是arrival。故填arrival。 57.答案：confident 解析：考查词性转换。根据空前的并列连词and可知，空处与空前的形容词comfortable并列，同作feel的表语，因此，空处也需要填形容词。故填confident。 58.答案：to/with 解析：考查介词。根据下文中的“Not the pandas...They talk to the flood of international tourists”可知，此处的意思是“他们和谁说英语呢”。故填to或者with。 Not the pandas，even though 59.____________ language used for the medical training instructions is actually English.They talk to the flood of international tourists and to 60.____________ (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas，which are on loan from China.They also need to be ready to give 61.____________ (interview) in English with international journalists.This is 62.____________ they need an English trainer.  32 59.答案：the 解析：考查冠词。空后为可数名词单数language，因此，空处考虑使用冠词起限定作用，根据language后的“used for the medical training instructions”可知，此处表示特指，所以空处应该填定冠词the。 60.答案：visiting 解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处作前置定语，修饰空后的“Chinese zookeepers”，visit与Chinese zookeepers之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，此处意为“来访的中国动物园管理员”，所以空处需要填visiting。 61.答案：interviews 解析：考查名词的单复数。分析句子结构可知，空处作动词give的宾语，需要用名词。根据空后的“with international journalists” 可知，空处表示复数意义，所以空处需要填interviews。 62.答案：why 解析：考查表语从句的引导词。根据句意“他们还需要随时准备好接受国际记者的英文采访。这就是他们需要一个英语培训师的原因”可知，此处考查固定句型“This is why...”，所以空处需要填why。 So，what are they learning? 63.____________ (basic)，how to describe a panda’s life. It’s been an honor to watch the panda programme develop 64.____________ to see the pandas settle into their new home.As a little girl，I 65.____________ (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up.Now，I’m living out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English.  37 63.答案：Basically 解析：考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，空处作副词修饰整个句子。由于本空位于句首，首字母需要大写，所以空处需要填Basically。 64.答案：and 解析：考查连词。分析句子结构可知，空前的“to watch...develop”和空后的“to see...home”结构相似，空处考虑使用连词。结合句意“能够关注大熊猫项目的发展并看着大熊猫在新的住处安顿下来是一种荣幸”可知，空处前后是语意上的并列关系，所以空处应该填and。 65.答案：wished 解析：考查动词的时态。根据空前的“As a little girl”和空后的“when I grew up”“Now，I’m living out that dream”可知，空处讲的是作者小时候的愿望，故时态应用一般过去时，所以空处需要填wished。 词汇 (一)词汇识记 1. __________ n.指令；用法说明 adj.说明用法的；操作指南的 2.honor n.荣誉；荣幸 v.尊敬；给予……的光荣→__________ adj.光荣的；诚实的；正直的；尊敬的 3.directly adv.直接地 conj.一……就……→__________ adv.间接地；不诚实；迂回地 instruction honorable indirectly (二)熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的词性和汉语意思) 　They talk to the flood of international tourists and to visiting Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas，which are on loan from China.(flood基本义：n.洪水) _______________________ n.大量(的人或事物) (三)词块积累 1.figure out ___________________________ 2.check on the pandas __________ 3.on loan __________ 4.live out that dream __________ 解决；算出；想出；理解 检查熊猫 借用中 实现梦想 (四)词汇精研 figure out弄明白；计算 ①How does she manage to keep __________ (she) figure when she eats so much? ②How do you figure __________ what you want to see? ③We figure on your __________ (come) early to help us. ④我们花了大约一个小时才找到回家的路。 It took us approximately one hour______________________________ __________.  her out coming to figure out how to find the way home figure n.人像，人形；数字；身材；人物 v.计算；认为 keep one’s figure保持身材 figure on计划；打算；指望 figure sth.in将某物包括/计算在内 ◎写作素材 figure out how to start the equipment搞清楚如何启动设备 take pride in your health and your figure为你的健康和身材感到自豪 the two sets of figures 两组数据 第二组 Passage 1　阅读理解(2019·全国Ⅰ卷·B) 　　For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue，N.Y.，today is speech day，and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn.The 8-year-old is the joker of the class.With shining dark eyes，he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking. But he’s nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...” Chris trips on the “-ld，” a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.His teacher，Thomas Whaley，is next to him，whispering support.“...Vote for...me...”Except for some stumbles，Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion，Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. A son of immigrants，Chris started learning English a little over three years ago.Whaley recalls (回想起) how at the beginning of the year，when called upon to read，Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom. Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.“It takes a lot for any student，” Whaley explains，“especially for a student who is learning English as their new language，to feel confident enough to say，‘I don’t know，but I want to know.’”  Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast (夸耀) about themselves. “Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities，”Whaley says，“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.” 50 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了小学教师惠利通过组织学生演讲来帮助学生增强自信的教学实践。 24.What made Chris nervous? A.Telling a story.　 B.Making a speech. C.Taking a test. D.Answering a question. 答案：B 24 25 26 27 解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词nervous可定位到第二段第一句，然后再到上文中找使他紧张的原因。根据第一段中的“...today is speech day，and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn.”以及“...he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.”可知，今天是演讲日，现在轮到了Chris，虽然他看起来像那种喜欢在公共场合讲话的孩子，但是他很紧张。由此可知，演讲使Chris紧张。 24 25 26 27 25.What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to? A.Improper pauses. B.Bad manners. C.Spelling mistakes. D.Silly jokes. 答案：A 解析：词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“...you should...should...”以及“...Vote for...me...”这样的语句特点可知，Chris的演讲不流畅，也就是说有不适当的停顿。这是他表现不好的地方，与画线词后的句意“他完成得非常好”构成转折关系，与短语except for的语意相呼应。 24 25 26 27 26.We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to ________.  A.help students see their own strengths B.assess students’ public speaking skills C.prepare students for their future jobs D.inspire students’ love for politics 答案：A 24 25 26 27 解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves.”可知，Whaley创办这个项目的目的不仅仅是让学生学会阅读和在公共场合演讲，他还希望这些学生学会自夸。A项意为“帮助学生看到自己的长处”，与原文意思相符。 24 25 26 27 27.Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher? A.Humorous. B.Ambitious. C.Caring. D.Demanding. 答案：C 解析：推理判断题。通读全文可知Whaley老师通过创办“总统竞选项目”，组织学生演讲来帮助学生增强自信。且根据第二段中的“His teacher，Thomas Whaley，is next to him，whispering support.”以及“...Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.”等细节也可看出Whaley老师是一个关心学生的老师。 24 25 26 27 Part 1　词汇 (一)词汇识记 1. __________ n.& v.耳语；暗示；私下说 2. __________ n.& v.投票，选举；表决 3. __________ n.移民 4. __________ v.请求准许离开；找借口；原谅，宽恕 n.借口，理由 5. __________ v.暂停，停顿，中止；踌躇 n.暂停；间歇 whisper vote immigrant excuse pause 6. __________ adj.发光的，闪亮的；(成就)辉煌的 7. __________ vt.增加，提高；抚养；筹款；饲养 n.上升；加薪；高地 8. __________ n.方式，方法；举止；态度 9. ____________ adj.要求严格的；费力的 10. ____________ adj.总统的；与总统有关的 11. ____________ n.运动；战役 vi.参加运动；从事竞选活动 shining raise manner demanding presidential campaign 12.except prep.除……之外→__________ n.例外→__________ adj.杰出的，非凡的；特别的→_____________ adv.极其，非常 13.amaze vt.使吃惊→__________ adj.吃惊的；惊讶的→__________ adj.令人吃惊的；令人惊讶的→__________ n.吃惊，惊愕 →__________ adv.令人惊讶地；惊奇地 14.proper adj.适当的→__________ adj.不正确的；不适当的 →__________ adv.适当地；正确地 exception exceptional exceptionally amazed amazing amazement amazingly improper properly 60 (二)熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的词性和汉语意思) 　Chris trips on the “-ld，” a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.(trip基本义：n.旅途) __________ v.磕巴 61 (三)词块积累 1.except for some stumbles ___________________ 2.bring the speech to a nice conclusion __________________________ 3.call upon __________________________________ 4.in public ______________ 除了一些失误 使演讲有一个圆满的结束 呼吁；要求；号召；(短暂)拜访 当众；公开地 ①The teacher told the students to work out the problem __________ a different manner. ②It is bad __________ (manner) to give feedback by chattering away constantly. ③以下是我对在中国如何注意餐桌礼仪的建议。 The following are my suggestions______________________________ __________.  1 manner n.方式；方法；举止；态度；礼貌；礼仪；习俗 (四)词汇精研 in manners on how to mind your table manners in China 63 in a/an...manner以……的方式 It’s bad/good manners to do sth.做……是没有/有礼貌的。 table manners餐桌礼仪 64 ◎写作素材 try to adopt a more relaxed manner试着采取一种更加放松的方式 conduct myself in a professional manner 以专业的态度行事 65 ①He smiled suddenly，exposing a set of __________ (amazing) white teeth. ②To her __________ (amaze)，she found a stream that flowed down the hill. ③这个可怜的男孩还捐赠了一些硬币给这个项目，这让我们很惊 讶。 The poor boy also donated some coins to the project，______________ __________.  2 amazingly adv.惊人地，了不起地 amazingly amazement which made us amazed 66 •amaze vt.使惊讶 amazed adj.大为惊奇的；惊讶的 amazing adj.令人惊奇的；令人惊喜的 •amazement n.惊奇，惊愕 to one’s amazement让某人惊讶的是 ◎写作素材 look at him in amazement惊愕地望着他 have amazing powers of recall有惊人的记忆力 Part 2　句型 长难句分析 “It takes a lot for any student，”Whaley explains，“especially for a student who is learning English as their new language，to feel confident enough to say，‘I don’t know，but I want to know.’” [结构分析]　本句的基本结构是：“It takes a lot for any student to feel confident enough to say，‘I don’t know，but I want to know.’”。who is learning English as their new language是定语从句，修饰先行词a student。 [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 惠利解释道：“对于任何一个学生来说，要有足够的信心说，‘我不知道，但我想知道。’都需要付出很多，尤其是对于一个把英语作为新语言来学习的学生来说。” 70 Passage 2　阅读理解(2018·全国Ⅰ卷·C) 　　Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers，small，tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10，000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12，000 languages between them. 71 Soon afterwards，many of those people started settling down to become farmers，and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over. 72 At present，the world has about 6，800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages，often spoken by many people，while hot，wet zones have lots，often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages； the Americas about 1，000； Africa 2，400； and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3，200，of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6，000，which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.  Already well over 400 of the total of 6，800 languages are close to extinction (消亡)，with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick，at random，Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers)，Chiapaneco in Mexico (150)，Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one，with a question-mark)：none of these seems to have much chance of survival. 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。 28. What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times? A.They developed very fast. B.They were large in number. C.They had similar patterns. D.They were closely connected. 答案：B 28 29 30 31 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Some language experts believe that 10，000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12，000 languages between them.”可知，一些语言专家认为，一万年前，当世界上只有500万到1 000万人时，他们之间可能说12 000种语言。由此可推断，采猎文明时期的语言种类很多，B项表示语言的种类很多，符合语境。A项曲解文义，文中提到采猎文明时期语言很多，但这不代表语言发展快。C、D两项颠倒是非，根据第一段中的“small，tightly knit groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other”可知，这些语言是相互独立的，不具有相似模式，语言间也没有密切联系。 28 29 30 31 29.Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2? A.Complex.　　　　 B.Advanced. C.Powerful. D.Modern. 答案：C 28 29 30 31 解析：词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“...all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.”可知，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐渐被如英语、西班牙语、汉语等语言取代，这就暗示出这些语言是“占优势的”，故选C项powerful (强大的，有影响力的)。complex复杂的；advanced先进的；modern现代的。 28 29 30 31 30.How many languages are spoken by less than 6，000 people at present? A.About 6，800. B.About 3，400. C.About 2，400. D.About 1，200. 答案：B 28 29 30 31 解析：数字计算题。根据第三段中的“At present，the world has about 6，800 languages.”可知，目前世界上有大约6 800种语言；再根据本段中最后一句“The median number of speakers is a mere 6，000，which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前世界上一半的语言的使用人数少于6 000，也就是说有大约3 400种语言的使用人数少于6 000。 28 29 30 31 31.What is the main idea of the text? A.New languages will be created. B.People’s lifestyles are reflected in languages. C.Human development results in fewer languages. D.Geography determines language evolution. 答案：C 解析：主旨大意题。文章介绍了语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象，故C项概括全面。A项颠倒是非，文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。B、D两项无中生有，文中没有提到人们的生活方式会反映到语言上，也没有提到地理决定语言的发展。 28 29 30 31 Part 1　词汇 (一)词汇识记 1. __________ vt.生活于，居住于 2. __________ adv.紧紧地；坚固地 3. _______________ n.工业化 4. __________ adj.普遍的；共同的；全世界的；普遍存在的 5. ____________ adj.必须做的，强制的，强迫的；义务的 6. ____________ n.全球化 populate tightly industrialisation universal compulsory globalisation 7. __________ adv.越来越多地；不断增加地 8. __________ adv.相对地；相当地；相当程度上 9. _________ adj.总的；完全的 n.总额；总数；合计；总计 vt.共计 10. __________ adj.上了年纪的 n.老人 11.distribute vt.分发，分配，分送→__________ n.经销商；分销商 →___________ n.分发，分配 12.survive vi.& vt.幸存；活下来→__________ n.幸存→__________ n.幸存者 increasingly relatively total elderly distributor distribution survival survivor 13.depend v.依靠；取决于→__________ adj.依赖的→___________ n.依赖，依靠→______________ n.独立→______________ adj.独立的；单独的→______________ adv.独立地；单独地 dependent dependence independence independent independently 85 (二)词块积累 1.settle down _________________ 2.account for well over 800 ____________________ 3.take over __________ 4.at random _________________ 5.have much chance of survival ____________________________ 安定下来；定居 数量上超过了八百 接管 随机地，随便地 有很大的机会存活/保留下来 86 ①Some of the victims are complaining loudly about the uneven __________ (distribute) of emergency aid. ②The money was distributed __________ schools in the area. ③我告诉那些国际学生，茶在全国各地都有广泛的分布。 I told those international students that___________________________ __________.  1 distribute vt.分发，分配，分送 (三)词汇精研 distribution among tea is widely distributed all over the country 87 •distribute...to...把……分发给…… distribute...among...在……中分发…… •distribution n.分配，分发；分布状态 88 ◎写作素材 distribute food to the earthquake victims向地震灾民分发食品 distribute the topping evenly over the fruit将配料均匀地撒在水果上 89 ①It is said that body language accounts __________ 55 percent of a first impression while what you say just 7 percent. ②He had to leave his beloved basketball team __________ account of his injured legs. ③__________ no account can we ignore the value of knowledge，as well as practical experience. ④如果你能考虑我的申请，我将不胜感激。 I would appreciate it if you could ____________________________.  2 account for说明；作出解释；占……(比例) for on On take my application into account 90 account n.描述，报道；账户；解释，说明vt.认为是，视为 on account of由于，因为 take...into account/consideration考虑到……，把……考虑进去 on no account决不(置于句首时，句子用部分倒装) ◎写作素材 open/close an account开/销户 give a full account of the incident 详尽地叙述所发生的事情 ①Technology is here to help us，but we should not allow it to take __________ our lives. ②These promises are a trap and I won’t be taken __________. ③Don’t take __________ more responsibilities than you can handle. ④我知道你一定很忙，当然我不想占用你太多时间。 I know how busy you must be and naturally I wouldn’t want to_______ ____________________.  3 take over接管 over in on take up too much of your time 93 take in吸收；收留；欺骗；领会 take on雇用；承担 (工作、责任)；呈现 take...for granted认为……理所当然 take up 占据；拿起；开始从事；继续 ◎写作素材 take up a position in the centre of the room占据了房间中心的位置 take it for granted that they would approve of the idea想当然地认为他们一定会同意这个想法 offer to take in the poor homeless stranger 愿意收留这个可怜的无家可归的陌生人 ①A plane crashed yesterday，and there were no _________ (survive). ②Amy’s only chance of __________ (survive) was a liver transplant. ③生活不在于如何在风暴中幸存而在于学会在风雨中翩翩起舞。 Life isn’t about _________________________；it’s about learning to dance in the rain.  4 survive vi.& vt.活下来；幸存；比……活的时间长 survivors survival how to survive the storm 96 •survive sth.在……中幸免于难，挺过…… survive on sth.靠……存活 survive sb.by...years比某人多活了……年 •survivor n.幸存者 survival n.幸存，幸免 ◎写作素材 Life is not just about survival，but also about poetry and distant places.生活不仅仅是为了生存，还有诗和远方。 Part 2　句型 (一)长难句分析 Europe has only around 200 languages；the Americas about 1，000；Africa 2，400；and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3，200，of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. [结构分析]　本句为主从复合句。of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800是定语从句，修饰3 200。 [尝试翻译]　______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 欧洲只有大约200种语言；美洲约有1 000种；非洲有2 400种；亚洲和太平洋地区可能有3 200种，其中，仅巴布亚新几内亚独立国就有远远超过800种。  (二)句型精析 The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages，often spoken by many people，while hot，wet zones have lots，often spoken by small numbers.一般规律是，温和地区的语言相对较少，通常有很多人说，而炎热潮湿地区的语言较多，通常只有少数人说。 [句型公式]　while在句中是并列连词，表示对比。 100 ①Americans are still texting while __________ (drive)，as well as using social networks and taking photos. ②The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients，__________ a cheater might use it to control potential victims. ③有些运动通常在室内进行，而另一些则在室外进行。 Some sports are usually done indoors，_________________________.  driving while while others are done outdoors 101 •while作并列连词，表示对比或转折，意为“然而；可是”； •while引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管；虽然”； •while可作从属连词，引导时间状语从句，表示“当……的时候”。 102 ◎写作素材 Peace of mind can make you think quickly while anger can make you lose your mind.心平气和可以使你思维敏捷，然而，愤怒却会使你失去理智。 103 基础知识达标 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1.(教材改编，人教选必二U2)Leonis ______________ (amaze) by the convenience of cashless payments in China at that time.  2.(教材改编，外研选必三U2)The main body of an expository (说明性的)essay comprises paragraphs with supporting __________ (evident) and facts. 3.While __________ (do) the business she is having two young children to care for. was amazed evidence doing 4.If he couldn’t find his way out of the forest，there would be little chance of __________ (survive). 5. __________ conclusion，we should thank all those who have worked so hard to bring about this result. 6.I was __________ (total) engaged in my study and seldom paid attention to my mother’s feelings. 7.About 500 varieties __________ trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest. 8.Several difficulties __________ (arise) when we began to work on the new design. survival In totally of arose Ⅱ.完成句子 1.When Mr. Green retired，_________________________________ (由他的儿子接管他的生意).  2.Girls ________________________________ (占全班的百分之四十).  3. ___________________ (那是不礼貌的) to talk with your mouth full.  4. _______________________ (没人能弄清楚) how he got to be so wealthy.  5.We hoped that the matter can be _____________________________ (得到满意的结果).  his son took over the business from him account for forty per cent of the class It is not good manners No one could figure out brought to a satisfactory conclusion Ⅲ.语法填空 　　(教材改编，北师大选必二U5)Helen Keller was an exceptionally special girl. By the time she was seven years old，she was 1.____________ (able) to speak，read or write and needed to have everything done for her.This was because she couldn’t see or hear. With these severe 2.____________ (restriction) to her communication，the girl tended to lose temper when she couldn’t make herself 3.____________ (understand).  1.答案：unable 解析：根据下文中的“This was because she couldn’t see or hear.”可知，因为她看不见也听不见，所以在她七岁的时候，她不会说话、阅读和写字。故填unable，表示“不能，无法”。 2.答案：restrictions 解析：restriction在此表示“制约因素”，为可数名词，且由空前的these可知，此处应用其复数形式。 3.答案：understood 解析：此处为“make+宾语+宾补”结构，understand与其逻辑主语herself之间为动宾关系，故用过去分词作宾补。 4.____________ (lucky)，Helen’s life came to a great change when she met a superb teacher Anne Sullivan. Anne was a teacher and former student at a school for the blind in Boston. She’d had eyesight problems early in life as well so she could relate to Helen’s difficulties. Anne 5.____________ (invite) to Helen’s home to educate the little girl. Anne’s technique to teach Helen language was simple and straightforward.6.____________ (help) the girl learn words，Anne first got the little girl to touch the real object and then taught her the word. However，it wasn’t easy for her to teach the abstract words，like 5.答案：was invited 解析：此处表示Anne被邀请到海伦的家里教导Helen，描述的是发生在过去的事情且表示被动，故填was invited。 6.答案：To help 解析：分析句子结构并根据语境可知，空处应用非谓语动词作目的状语，故填动词不定式。 4.答案：Luckily 解析：由语境可知，此处表示“幸好”，修饰整个句子，故用副词Luckily。 “love” and “think”，7.____________ Helen cannot touch. There was a time when Helen thought how to fix some mistakes，and Anne took the chance to teach her the abstract concept “think”. It was the first time Helen 8.____________ (realise) the meaning of such a complicated word. For the word “love”，the teacher explained it by giving an example of the relationship between the clouds 9.__________ the rain. With the help of 10.____________ patient teacher，Helen finally grasped those complex words.  7.答案：which 解析：分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作touch的宾语，先行词为“love”and “think”，指物，故用关系代词which。 8.答案：had realised 解析：此处为“It was the first time...”句型，主句中的be动词是was，从句用过去完成时。 9.答案：and 解析：此处为relationship between...and...的用法，表示“……与……之间的关系”。 10.答案：the 解析：此处特指Anne Sullivan这位有耐心的老师，故用定冠词the。 写作能力提升 话题写作——应用文增分练 Step 1　写作要点(根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子) ①我知道你在努力学习中文，并寻找提高中文口语水平的办法。 I know that _______________________________ and seeking ways to improve your spoken Chinese.  ②我非常高兴地向你提出如何提高中文口语的建议。 I am more than delighted to _____________________ how to improve your spoken Chinese.  you are attempting to learn Chinese present some advice on ③与其他语言相比，中文更令人困惑，会导致学习的过程中出现很多疑惑。 Chinese is _________________________________________，and it may ________________________ while learning.  ④在学习汉语的过程中，兴趣、决心和努力有很大影响。 In the process of learning Chinese，your interest，determination and hard work __________________________.  more confusing compared with other languages lead to a lot of confusion will make a great influence ⑤和朋友们用中文在线交流是一个好办法，这会让你很容易在中文口语方面快速取得进步。 It’s a good idea to communicate in Chinese with online friends，___________________________________________ in your spoken Chinese.  ⑥尽管你学习中文时可能会有一些困难，但是永远不要放弃练习。 Although you may ___________________________________，never give up practising.  which makes it easy for you to make rapid progress have some difficulties in learning Chinese Step 2　表达升级(改变所给句子的结构以使表达升级) ①用分词短语作状语合并升级句①和句② Knowing that you are attempting to learn Chinese and seeking ways to improve your spoken Chinese，I am more than delighted to present some advice on how to improve it.  ②用which引导的定语从句升级句③ Compared with other languages，Chinese is more confusing，which may lead to a lot of confusion while learning.  ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Step 3　衔接成文(利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇) 　　Knowing that you are attempting to learn Chinese and seeking ways to improve your spoken Chinese，I am more than delighted to present some advice on how to improve it.Obviously，compared with other languages，Chinese is more confusing，which may lead to a lot of confusion while learning.Therefore，in the process of learning Chinese，your interest，determination and hard work will make a great influence.In addition，it’s a good idea to communicate in Chinese with online friends，which makes it easy for you to make rapid progress in your spoken Chinese.Although you may have some difficulties in learning Chinese，never give up practising.  ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 读后续写——素材语料积累 【情感细节描写：喜悦与快乐(二)】 单词 dance； beam； grin 词块 sparkle/twinkle/shine/dance with joy/delight/happiness闪烁着/跳跃着喜悦的光芒；be filled with delight/happiness/joy满心欢喜； thump/pound/hammer with joy/happiness高兴得心怦怦跳；well up in one’s heart涌上心头；dance/jump for/with joy高兴地雀跃/跳起来 句型 A flood of joy/pleasure welled up in him.(无生命名词作主语) 喜悦顿时涌上了心头。 Both Mark and I are feeling on the top of the world.(夸张) 马克和我都感觉自己站在世界之巅。 She hummed and skipped in the forest like a bird.(比喻) 她像一只鸟一样在森林里哼着跳着。 The smile on her face shone like a diamond.(比喻) 她脸上的微笑像钻石一样闪闪发光。 课时作业 巩固提升 Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共20分) A 　　(2024·山东济南高考针对性训练)Language gives us the power to describe countless actions，properties and relations that compose our experiences，real or imagined.As for how languages were created，scientists found iconicity might play a key role. People can’t bridge the language gap and understand each other without iconicity.When playing a game of charades (打哑谜猜字游戏)，we act out our meaning，using our hands and bodies to describe the sizes and shapes of objects.The key to this process of forming new symbols is the use of iconicity.Not limited to gesturing，iconicity appears in our visual communication too.Traffic signs，food packaging，maps...wherever there are people communicating，you will find iconicity. According to our research，iconicity might also exist in our voices. We organized a contest in which we invited contestants to record a set of sounds to express different meanings.The winner of the contest was determined by how well listeners could guess the intended meanings of the sounds based on a set of written options.Critically，the sounds that contestants submitted couldn’t include actual words or onomatopoeic words (拟声词). Listeners were remarkably good at interpreting the meanings of the sounds.Yet，all of the contestants and listeners were speakers of English.Thus，it was possible that listeners’ success relied on some cultural knowledge that they shared with the speakers.Did the listeners also understand the speakers from completely different cultural backgrounds? Later，an Internet survey translated into 25 different languages was carried out.Participants listened to each sound from the English speakers and guessed the meaning by choosing from six written words. Guessing accuracy for the different groups ranged from 74 percent for English speakers to 34 percent for Portuguese speakers.It is far from perfect，but well above the chance rate of eight percent expected by us. Taken together，these studies show that our capacity for iconic communication has played a critical role.Without this special talent，language would likely never have gotten off the ground. 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家们认为象似性是语言兴起的关键，并介绍了什么是象似性以及实验是如何证明这一点的。 1 2 3 4 1.Which of the following can explain “iconicity”?(　　) A.A skill in foreign language learning. B.The process of acting out our meanings. C.The connection between form and meaning. D.A barrier between different language speakers. C 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The key to this process of...iconicity appears in our visual communication too.”可知，形成新符号的过程的关键是iconicity的使用。iconicity不局限于手势，也出现在我们的视觉交流中，由此可见，iconicity是手势、视觉符号等形式和意义间的关联。故C项正确。iconicity“象似性”。 2.What can we know about the contest?(　　) A.It required sounds containing meanings. B.Its winners were creative in recordings. C.It aimed to prove iconicity in words. D.Its entries were familiar to listeners. 1 2 3 4 A 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“We organized a contest in which...to express different meanings.”可知，我们组织了一场比赛，邀请参赛者录制一组声音来表达不同的含义。由此可见，在比赛中，声音需包含意义。故A项正确。 3.What can be inferred from paragraph 4?(　　) A.English pronunciations differ. B.The research has a limitation. C.The cultural gap is narrowing. D.Listening skills vary in cultures. 1 2 3 4 B 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Yet，all of the contestants and listeners...different cultural backgrounds?”可知，所有的参赛者和听者都说英语。因此，有可能听者的成功依赖于他们与说话者共享的一些文化知识。听者是否也能理解来自完全不同文化背景的说话者呢?由此可推知，这个研究是存在一定局限性的。故选B。 4.What is the significance of the research?(　　) A.Clarifying the influence of sounds. B.Proving the necessity of exchanges. C.Uncovering the origin of languages. D.Identifying the function of gestures. 1 2 3 4 C 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“these studies show that our capacity...have gotten off the ground”可知，这些研究表明，我们的象征性沟通能力发挥了关键作用。如果没有这种特殊的天赋，语言可能永远不会起步。据此可以推断，这些研究实际上发现了语言是如何兴起的。故选C。 B 　　(2025·辽宁沈阳质量监测一)Parrots consistently top the charts of the world’s smartest animals.A new discovery published by the Royal Society Open Science reveals to us what sets the intelligent individual monk parakeet (和尚鹦鹉) apart in a group. 　　Previously，it was thought that these birds introduced themselves to others with a sort of “catchphrase” that distinguished their identity. However，after running the vocalizations (声音) collected in this study through a machine learning program，a team led by Simeon Smeele，a doctoral student at Aarhus University in Denmark，found that the birds actually had “voiceprints” like humans that identify themselves in the group. 　　The researchers studied thousands of monk parakeet vocalizations from hundreds of birds in Barcelona across two years and ran these recordings through the program that identifies small differences in their calls. 　　 “The voiceprint is the underlying quality of a voice that you can recognize in humans，and this is the first time that it has been shown in another vocal learner，”Smeele said.For example，the voiceprint of your father is how you know it’s his voice，even if he isn’t present. “This is what I think could explain how they recognize each other，because it can be stable over very long periods of time，” he added. 　　“This shows that these birds also have that sort of information that they might be using in their complicated social interactions，” said Emily DuVal，Ph.D.，a behavioral ecologist at Florida State University.“Research into animal communication has the potential to motivate the public into action to conserve animals.Recognizing who each other is and understanding how they interact with one another are important for human life，” she said. 　　This model can potentially be applied to other animals with vocal recognition like bottlenose dolphins，bats and elephants.Future research will look into whether these voiceprints are recognized by all parakeets in the community or only a circle of close relatives. 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。鹦鹉一贯被人们认为世界上最聪明的动物之一。一项新的研究发现，聪明的和尚鹦鹉使用与人类一样的“声纹”来使自己在群体之中有别于其他和尚鹦鹉。 5.What helps the monk parakeets recognize each other?(　　) A.The catchphrase. B.The intelligence. C.The voiceprint. D.The communication. 5 6 7 8 C 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段的“found that the birds actually had ‘voiceprints’ like humans that identify themselves in the group”可知，研究发现，这些鸟实际上有与人类一样的“声纹”，可以识别自己在该群体中的身份，故选C项。本题易错选A项。根据第二段的“Previously，it was thought...‘catchphrase’ that distinguished their identity.However”可知，“和尚鹦鹉使用类似于‘流行语’的语言去识别彼此的身份”这一观点是之前被人们假定的，however后才是现在研究发现的结果，故排除A项。 5 6 7 8 6.How did the researchers conduct the study?(　　) A.By combining “catchphrases” with “voiceprints”. B.By keeping track of the monk parakeets’ relatives. C.By collecting vocalizations and identifying their differences. D.By comparing humans’ voiceprints with monk parakeets’. 5 6 7 8 C 解析：细节理解题。 根据文章第二段中的“after running the vocalizations collected in this study through a machine learning program”和第三段中的“ran these recordings through the program that identifies small differences in their calls”可知，本研究中的研究者先收集了和尚鹦鹉的声音，然后将其输入一个能够区分这类鸟叫声的细微差别的机器学习程序中。故C项“通过收集声音并识别它们的差异”正确。 5 6 7 8 7.What will the future study focus on?(　　) A.The information that voiceprints can express. B.The potential influence that voiceprints can bring. C.The animals among which voiceprints are identified. D.The range where monk parakeets’ voiceprints are recognized. 5 6 7 8 D 解析：细节理解题。 根据文章最后一段中的“Future research will look into whether these voiceprints are recognized by...close relatives.”可知，未来的研究将着眼于这些声纹是被社群中的所有长尾鹦鹉识别，还是只被一圈近亲识别，故D项正确。 143 8.What can be the best title for the text?(　　) A.Monk Parakeets Are Great Vocal Learners B.Monk Parakeets Resemble Humans in Communication C.“Voiceprints” Are Found in Animals’ Social Interactions D.“Voiceprints” Help Monk Parakeets Identify Themselves 5 6 7 8 D 解析：标题归纳题。根据文章内容尤其是第二段最后一句中的“found that the birds actually had ‘voiceprints’ like humans that identify themselves in the group”可知，研究发现，这些鸟实际上有与人类一样的“声纹”，可以识别自己在该群体中的身份，故选D项。 Ⅱ.完形填空(每小题1分，共15分) 　　(2024·河北石家庄教学质检二)Anytime I travel on my bicycle across the country，I’m always amazed by how kind people can be to strangers. 　　One night，my friends and I were camping in a town in Missouri. There was a severe storm and we were getting　1　.A complete stranger came by to 　2　 us that there were tornadoes (龙卷风) heading in our way.The stranger invited us to his home.We were surprised by his 　3　 for our safety.Later we learned that there had been a lightning strike near the place where we had camped and several cattle had been 　4　.  1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 　　Fortunately，we spent the night in a nice dry home.We were　5　 given the opportunity to take a shower.The next morning we had breakfast with the family and 　6　 contact information.In a way we felt like the family had become a part of our journey.This was one of the most heartwarming 　7　 of my life because this family had nothing to 　8　 by being so kind to us.We were 　9　 not the type they could usually 　10　 but they treated us with respect and kindness.  1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 　　The kindness of a stranger always　11　 my faith in humanity. Whatever the person 　12　 always comes with no strings attached and that’s the most 　13　 part.That family 　14　 us so much that during the rest of the trip，we 　15　 others out every chance we got.We even bought food with our busking (街头卖艺) tips for the homeless.It’s always heartwarming when giving feels as good as receiving.  1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。作者和朋友们在露营时遭遇了猛烈的暴风雨。一位好心的陌生人警告他们龙卷风即将来临，并邀请他们到他家避难。作者和朋友们在陌生人家里过夜，得到了很好的照顾。这次经历让作者增强了对人性的信心，并激发了作者和朋友们帮助他人的善举。 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 1.A.annoyed　　　　　　 B.impatient C.excited D.nervous 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：D 解析：根据空前的“There was a severe storm”可知，因为那里有猛烈的暴风雨，所以作者他们变得紧张了。故选D。annoyed“恼怒的”；impatient“不耐烦的”；excited“兴奋的”；nervous“神经紧张的，焦虑的”。 2.A.warn B.show C.convince D.guarantee 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：A 解析：根据下文的“there were tornadoes heading in our way”可知，一个陌生人告诉他们龙卷风正在向他们袭来，所以这个陌生人是在好心警告他们。故选A。warn“警告”；convince“使确信，使相信，使信服”；guarantee“保证，担保，保障”。 3.A.demand B.concern C.desire D.responsibility 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：B 解析：这个陌生人告诉作者和朋友们有龙卷风在向他们袭来，并邀请他们去他家避难，所以此处指他关心作者和朋友们的安全，这让作者他们很惊讶。故选B。demand“(坚决的)要求，所需之物”；concern“(尤指许多人共同的)担心，忧虑，关心”；desire“愿望，欲望，渴望”；responsibility“责任”。 4.A.drowned B.deserted C.killed D.trapped 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：C 解析：根据上文的“there had been a lightning strike near the place where we had camped”可知，露营地附近发生了雷击事件，所以几头牛应是被杀死了。故选C。drown“(使)淹死，溺死”；desert “抛弃，离弃，遗弃”；trap“使落入险境，使陷入困境”。 5.A.even B.merely C.often D.simply 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：A 解析：根据空前的“we spent the night in a nice dry home”以及空后的“given the opportunity to take a shower”可知，作者和朋友们不仅受到陌生人的邀请去家里休息，甚至还有机会洗澡。故选A。merely“仅仅，只不过”。 6.A.submitted B.exchanged C.checked D.updated 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：B 解析：根据语境可知，作者以及他的朋友们和这个好心人原本是不认识的，因此此处指这次事情后他们交换了联系信息。故选B。submit“提交，呈递(文件、建议等)”；exchange“交换，交流”；check“检查，审查”；update“更新”。 7.A.experiences B.messages C.traditions D.comments 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：A 解析：根据上文陌生人对作者和朋友们的帮助可知，在某种程度上他们觉得那家人是他们旅程中的一部分，同时这也是作者一生中最温馨的经历之一，因为这家人对他们很好却没有获得什么。故选A。experience“(一次)经历，体验”；message“信息，消息，音信”；tradition“传统，传统的信仰(或风俗)”；comment“议论，评论，解释”。 8.A.fear B.order C.gain D.offer 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：C 解析：参见上题解析。故选C。gain“获得，得到(好处)”；offer“提供，主动提出”。 9.A.especially B.officially C.occasionally D.definitely 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：A 解析：根据语境可知，作者和朋友们是外出露营的，与这家人互为陌生人；再根据空后的“but they treated us with respect and kindness”可知，此处是说作者和朋友们尤其不是这家人会经常交往的人，但他们被这家人待以尊重以及善良。故选A。especially“尤其，特别，格外”；officially“正式地，官方地，公开地”；occasionally“偶然，偶尔”；definitely“肯定，没问题，当然”。 10.A.ask about B.complain about C.agree with D.associate with 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：D 解析：参见上题解析。故选D。associate with“交往”。 11.A.reveals B.shakes C.strengthens D.shapes 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：C 解析：根据上文陌生人对作者他们的帮助和常识可知，此处指陌生人的善意增强了作者对人性的信心。故选C。reveal“揭示，显示，透露”；shake“动摇”；strengthen“增强”；shape“塑造”。 12.A.states B.wishes C.saves D.gives 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：D 解析：根据上文可知，作者和朋友们遇到的陌生人让他们去自己家休息、洗澡并与他一家人一起吃饭，对他们展示的是尊重和善意，且并没有要求回报，所以此处指陌生人总是给予，没有附加条件。故选D。state“陈述，说明，声明”。 13.A.impressive B.practical C.satisfactory D.evident 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：A 解析：陌生人付出却不要求回报，这是最令人敬佩的部分。故选A。impressive“令人赞叹的，令人敬佩的”；practical“切实可行的”；satisfactory“令人满意的，够好的，可以的”；evident“清楚的，显而易见的，显然的”。 14.A.funded B.inspired C.owed D.delighted 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：B 解析：结合下文的“We even bought food with our busking tips for the homeless.”可知，在这件事情后，作者和朋友们也开始帮助他人，甚至用他们街头卖艺换来的小费给无家可归的人买吃的，所以此处指那家人深深地启发了他们，以至于他们在接下来的旅途中一有机会就帮助(help)别人。故选B。fund“为……提供资金，拨款给”；inspire“启发思考，激励，鼓舞”；owe“欠”；delight“使高兴，使愉快”。 15.A.drove B.sought C.helped D.pointed 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 显示原文 答案：C 解析：参见上题解析。故选C。seek“寻找”。 二次精读——溯原文，积语料，提素养 A篇 核心单词 Para.1：countless adj.无数的，数不胜数的，数不尽的 property n.(常用pl.)性质，特性 compose v.组成，构成 Para.2：bridge v.消除(隔阂) packaging n.包装材料，外包装 Para.3：option n.选择；选择权 critically adv.极为重要地，很大程度上，批判性地 submit v.呈递，提交；屈服 派生词汇 Para.3：contestant n.比赛者，竞争者→contest n.比赛，竞争 v.争取赢得(比赛、选举等) Para.5：participant n.参与者，参加者→participate v.参加，参与→participation n.参加，参与 accuracy n.准确(性)；精确(程度)→accurate adj.精确的，准确的 核心短语 Para.1：play a...role扮演……角色，发挥……作用 Para.4：rely on依赖，依靠 Para.5：carry out实行 B 篇 核心单词 Para.1：consistently adv.一贯地 Para.2：distinguish v.区分，辨别 identify v.确认；找到，发现；说明身份 Para.3：recording n.录音 Para.4：recognize v.认出，辨别出 stable adj.稳定的；稳固的；牢固的 Para.5：complicated adj.复杂的；难懂的 potential n.潜力，潜质 adj.潜在的；可能的motivate v.激发，激励 核心短语 Para.1：set...apart突出，使显眼；使分开 Para.6：look into调查，研究 长难句 分析 However，after running the vocalizations collected in this study through a machine learning program，a team led by Simeon Smeele，a doctoral student at Aarhus University in Denmark，found that the birds actually had “voiceprints” like humans that identify themselves in the group.(Para.2) 长难句 分析 分析：句中collected in this study为过去分词短语作后置定语；第一个that引导宾语从句，作found的宾语；第二个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词voiceprints。 译文：然而，在将此研究中被收集起来的和尚鹦鹉的声音通过一个机器学习程序运行之后，一个由丹麦奥胡斯大学博士生Simeon Smeele领导的团队发现这些鸟实际上有与人类一样的“声纹”，可以识别自己在这一群体中的身份。 $$