Unit 5 Section Ⅱ LESSON 2 & LESSON 3（教用Word）-【金榜题名】2025-2026学年高二英语选择性必修第二册高中同步学案（北师大版）

Section 2　Lesson 2 & Lesson 3 Ⅰ.知识体系图解 重点词汇 写作词汇 1.gain vt.获得，赢得，取得；受益 2.pursue vt.追求 3.insight n．洞察力；顿悟 4.educate vt.教育；教导，指导 5.economics n．经济学 6.circumstance n．境况，状况；情况， 　　　　　情形 7.citizen n．公民；市民 8.stimulate vt.刺激，促使，促进 9.brilliant adj.聪颖的，才华横溢的 重点词汇 10.demonstrate vt.展示；说明 11.analysis n．分析 12.rank n．等级 13.church n．教会；教堂 14.universe n．宇宙 15.prison n．监狱 16.abandon vt.放弃；抛弃 17.owe vt.有……是由于；把……归功于 18.shadow n．阴影 19.kingdom n．王国 20.vital adj.极其重要的，必不可少的 重点词汇 阅读词汇 21.objective n. 目的，目标 adj. 客观的 22.wellrounded adj. 多面的，全面的 23.cognition n. 认识，认知 24.core adj. 核心的 25.integrity n. 正直，诚实；完整 26.Latin n. 拉丁语 27.uncritically adv. 无鉴别力地； 　　　　不加批评地 28.definition n. 定义，释义 29.respectively adv. 各自地 30.priority n. 优先处理的事；优先权 31.initiative n. 主动性 32.autonomous adj. 自主的；自治的 33.royal adj. 皇家的；王室的 34.primitive adj. 原始的 35.mankind n. 人类 拓展词汇 36.criticise vt.批评；评论→critical adj.批评的，批判的 37.civil adj.文明的，有礼貌的；公民的→civilise v．使文明→civilisation n．文明 38.moral adj.道德(上)的→morally adv.道德(上)地 39.acquire v．获得；习得→acquisition n．获得，习得 40.contribute vi.& vt.奉献，捐献→contribution n．捐献；贡献；投稿 41.finance n．金融；财政→financial adj.财政的；金融的 42.expose vt.使接触；使体验；使暴露；揭露→exposed adj.暴露的→exposure n．暴露 重点词汇 43.surround vt.包围；围绕→surrounding adj.四周的，附近的→surroundings n．(复数)周围的事物；环境 44.judge v．判断；评价；判决→judgement n．判断力；意见，评价；判决 45.behave vi.表现→behaviour n．行为；举止；习性 46.conclude v．得出结论；结束→conclusion n．结论 47.responsible adj.负责任的，有责任的→responsibility n．责任 48.assess vt.评价→assessment n．评定；估价 49.obvious adj.显然的，明显的；易理解的→obviously adv.显然，显而易见地 50. efficient adj.效率高的→inefficient adj.效率低的 51.worth adj.(指行动)值得，有价值 n．价值→worthy adj.有价值的；值得尊敬的 52.approve vt.赞成；赞许；批准→approval n．赞成，同意→approving adj.赞成的，同意的→disapprove v．不赞成，不同意 53.urge vt.强烈要求；敦促→urgent adj.紧急的；急迫的→urgency n．紧急 54.assume vt.假定；设想→assumption n．假定，假设 55.respect vt.尊敬；尊重→respected adj.受尊敬的，受敬重的 重点词汇 56.wise adj.聪明的；明智的→wisdom n．智慧 57.convention n．传统→conventional adj.守旧的；传统的→conventionally adv.传统地 58.benefit v．使受益；得益于→beneficial adj.有利的，有帮助的 重点短语 1.give__insight__into 使顿悟，猛醒 2.expose__sb.__to... 使某人暴露在…… 3.urge__sb.__to__do__sth. 敦促某人做某事 4.make__an__assumption 作出假设 5.owe...to__sb. 将……归功于某人 重点短语 6.in__conclusion 最后 7.regardless__of 不管；不顾 8.make__contributions__to... 为……做 　　　　　出贡献 9.tend__to__do__sth. 往往会做某事 10.approve__of 赞成，认可，承认 11.be__beneficial__to 对……有益处 12.put__forward 提出 Ⅱ.阅读导学 A.阅读P36—37课文，判断正(T)误(F)。 1．Galileo Galilei proved that the Earth was not the centre of the universe.(T) 2．The writer's attitude to acquiring knowledge is to accept answers from authority.(F) 3．The writer illustrates his/her points by using examples of Galilei and ideas from great thinkers like Bacon.(T) 4．From the last sentence of the text，we know that knowledge and understanding are more important than money.(T) B.阅读P36—37课文，选出最佳选项。 1．What's the very first step of Francis Bacon's type of thinking? A．Thinking over the possible answers. B．Testing for a right answer. C．Observing the world. D．Raising questions. 答案　D 2．What do we know from the passage? A．At that time，people believed more in religion than in facts. B．Both Bacon and Galilei were punished for their scientific ideas. C．Before Galilei，Aristotle's theory had influenced people for 1，000 years. D．The church was against the great philosopher Aristotle for his theory of the universe. 答案　A 3．What's the main idea of the passage? A．Francis Bacon was going against the views of his day. B．Galileo Galilei was great to prove the Earth was not the centre of the universe. C．People should question more because great men，even Aristotle and Galilei，might make mistakes. D．The Earth is not the centre of the universe and it doesn't move round the sun in a perfect circle，either. 答案　C 4．What is the correct order to acquire knowledge and understanding according to the article? A．Observe，study，consider，find the right answers B．Question，find the right answers，observe，test C．Question，observe and study，consider and test，find the right answers D．Acquire the knowledge and understanding，find the right answers，consider and test 答案　C 5．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A．Knowledge is got by learning not by believing. B．Civilisation is built on the kingdom of knowledge. C．People tend to believe everything that the person they respect says. D．Galileo proved “the Earth is not the centre of the universe” and he never made mistakes. 答案　D Ⅲ.语篇结构 阅读P36—37课文，完成下列表格。 The method to acquire knowledge Three stages To start with，we need questions. Then，1.to__find(find) answers，we observe the world around us and study the facts. After that，we consider possible answers and test each to find the right ones. The situations in the 17th century The early pioneers & convention Bacon suggested this type of thinking was the way to gain knowledge，but he was going 2.against the views of the day.Although 3.holding(hold) an important rank in the royal court of England，his true interest was to search for knowledge.But at that time，people believed 4.more(much) in the church than in facts. Galilei put forward the idea that “the Earth 5.is(be) not the centre of the universe”．He was punished by the church with no one coming to his 6.defence(defend).The church and many people tended 7.to__ignore(ignore) the facts and didn't want to challenge what they had always comfortably believed. People wanted to believe the primitive ideas put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle，8.who said that the Earth must be the centre of the universe.When Galilei proved Aristotle wrong，people grew angry and put him in prison.Until today，people make the 9.assumption(assume) that if someone important and respected says that something is right，then it must be so. Conclusions Our understanding of the world around us is 10.constantly(constant) growing and changing.We need to thank the great men of the past for their wisdom. People like Bacon and Galilei were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought to find the kingdom of knowledge that today's civilisation is built upon. [重点词汇] 1．contribute vi.&vt.奉献，捐献 (教材P110)Obviously, certain kinds of knowledge are necessary not only to pursue certain careers but also to contribute to the world. 显然，某些知识不仅是从事某些职业所必需的，而且也是对世界作出贡献所必需的。 [归纳拓展] [语境感悟] I hope I can contribute to your team. 希望我能为你们的团队做出贡献。 He contributed a lot of money to our school library. 他捐赠了很多钱给我们学校的图书馆。 We should make a great contribution to our country. 我们应该为我们的国家作出巨大贡献。 [佳句背诵] Only in this way can we make great contributions to our family and our society. 只有用这种方法我们才能为我们的家庭和社会作出巨大贡献。 ►即学活用 单句语法填空 ①Your contribution (contribute) will certainly make the event a huge success. ②In conclusion, everyone should make contributions to protecting (protect) the environment. 2．expose vt.使接触；使体验；使暴露；揭露 (教材P110)We need to be able to read，so that we are able to communicate and expose ourselves to new things. 我们要能够阅读，这样我们才能交流并能使我们自己接触到新事物。 [归纳拓展] (1)expose...to...暴露…… 　　　给……；使……接触…… expose oneself to...　　使自己暴露 　　　于……；使自己接触…… (2)be exposed to　遭受到；(使)接触到 [语境感悟] Many students choose to study abroad for they want to expose themselves to another culture. 许多学生选择出国留学，因为他们想要体验另一种文化。 Via the Internet，we are exposed to infinite information. 通过互联网，我们接触到无限的信息。 [佳句背诵] Being exposed to strong sunlight will do harm to your skin. 暴露在强烈的阳光下会伤害你的皮肤。 ►即学活用 单句语法填空 ①Children, when exposed (expose) to an English­speaking atmosphere，will pick up the language much more easily. ②And the more birds are__exposed (expose) to light，the more active they are at night. ③Some people think we shouldn't expose the children to playing (play) computer games. 3．regardless adv.不管；不顾 (教材P111)It helps you to understand what is wrong and what is right，explore the truth and develop cognition，regardless of whether it's easy or what other's opinions are. 它有助于你理解什么是错的什么是对的，探索真理和发展认知，而不管它是否简单或者别人的意见是什么。 [归纳拓展] regardless of　　　　尽管；不管 with regard to 关于；至于 [语境感悟] At our hotel，services are available to all，regardless of income or social status. 在我们酒店，无论收入或社会地位如何，所有人都可以享受服务。 We must deal with threats to our national security regardless of the cost. 我们要不惜一切代价来应对损害我们国家安全的威胁。 [佳句背诵] The Internet makes surveying and voting easy and convenient，regardless of time and space. 网络使调查和投票无论在时间上还是空间上变得容易、方便了。 ►即学活用 单句语法填空 ①She is determined to do it regardless of all consequences. ②With regard to my favorite Chinese poet，I'd like to introduce Du Fu to you. 4．behave vi.表现 (教材P111)It makes people behave with integrity，regardless of background and circumstances. 它使人们不论背景和环境如何，都能保持正直。 [归纳拓展] (1)behave well/badly to/towards sb. 　　　　　对待某人好/差 behave oneself　　守规矩；表现得体 (2)well­behaved adj. 表现好的 badly­behaved adj. 表现差的 (3)behavio(u)r n. 行为；举止 [语境感悟] How could they behave in such a fashion? 他们怎么能这样行事呢？ If he really cared for you，he wouldn't behave like that. 如果他真的在乎你，就不会那样表现。 What if we want to test more complex behavio(u)r? 如果我们要测试更复杂的行为怎么办？ [佳句背诵] Meanwhile，it is necessary for the government to encourage people to be well­behaved in public places. 与此同时，政府有必要鼓励人们在公共场所举止行为要表现良好。 ►即学活用 单句语法填空 ①They behaved badly to/towards the guests，which made us very disappointed. ②Much to my surprise，he behaved as if nothing had happened.In general，I was quite pleased with his behavio(u)r(behave). 5．circumstance n．境况，状况；情况，情形 (教材P111)It makes people behave with integriry，regardless of background and circumstances. 它使人们不论背景和环境如何，都能保持正值。 [归纳拓展] under/in the circumstances　在此情况下 under/in no circumstances 决不；无论如何都不(位于句首时，句子要用部分倒装) [语境感悟] How does one know what to do in a particular circumstance? 一个人如何知道在特定的环境中该怎么做？ She made it clear that under no circumstances would she cancel the trip. 她明确表示，无论如何她都不会取消旅行。 [佳句背诵] Under these circumstances，what matters most is not only our persistence but also our attitudes. 在这种情况下，最重要的不仅是我们的坚持，还有我们的态度。 ►即学活用 单句语法填空 ①Under no circumstances (circumstance) did I expect that I would meet so many problems when I decided to take the job. ②It might not be a perfect solution，but it's the best I can do under/in the circumstances. 6．approve vt.赞成；赞许；批准 (教材P37)In fact，when Galilei proved that the Earth was not the centre of the universe，instead of believing him，people chose to believe views that were almost 2，000 years old! 事实上，当伽利略证明地球不是宇宙的中心时，人们不但不相信他，反而选择了相信有近2000年历史的观点！ [归纳拓展] (1)approve sth.　批准/通过某事 approve of (sb./one's) doing sth. 赞同/同意(某人)做某事 (2)approval n. 赞成；同意；批准；通过 get one's approval　得到某人的同意 give one's approval to...　同意/批准 　　　　　　　　　　…… [语境感悟] She doesn't approve of me leaving school this year. 她不同意我今年离校。 Do you approve of my idea? 你同意我的想法吗？ The course is approved by the Department for Education. 课程已获教育部核准。 His son had an obsessive drive to get his father's approval. 他儿子非常渴望得到父亲的嘉许。 [佳句背诵] The teacher approved of us making a video to record our experiences at school. 老师同意我们制作视频来记录我们在校的经历。 ►即学活用 单句语法填空 ①A survey done recently shows that not all parents approve of their children taking (take) part in the weekend classes. ②I would appreciate it if my application could get your approval (approve). 7．urge vt.强烈要求；敦促 (教材P37)At first，people approved of his studies and urged him to continue，but later when he proved Aristotle wrong they grew angry and put him in prison. 起初，人们赞成他的研究，并敦促他继续下去，但后来当他证明亚里士多德错了，他们就生气了并把他关进了监狱。 [归纳拓展] (1)urge sb. to do sth.　催促某人做某事 urge/it is urged that ...(should) do sth.　极力主张…… (2)have an urge to do sth. 　渴望做某事 (3)urgent adj.　紧急的；迫切的；急迫的 urgently adv. 紧急地 urgency n. 紧急；催促 [语境感悟] She urged him to stay. 她力劝他留下。 The report urged that all children be taught to swim. 这份报告呼吁教所有的孩子游泳。 He had an urge to open a shop of his own. 他很想自己开一家店。 [佳句背诵] It is strongly urged by students that the library (should) be kept open during the weekend. 学生们强烈要求图书馆在周末开放。 ►即学活用 单句语法填空 ①Parents should actively urge their children to take (take) advantage of the opportunity to join sports teams. ②I never felt an urge to learn any sign language before. 8．abandon vt.放弃；抛弃 (教材P37)They didn't want to abandon what they'd always thought as true. 他们不想放弃他们一直认为是对的观点。 [归纳拓展] (1)abandon oneself to...沉湎于……；纵情于…… abandon doing sth.放弃做某事 (2)abandoned adj. 被遗弃的；放纵的 be abandoned to 沉湎于…… [语境感悟] The baby had been abandoned by its mother. 这个婴儿被母亲遗弃了。 The study showed a deep fear among the elderly of being abandoned to the care of strangers. 研究表明，老人十分害怕被丢给陌生人照管。 We are scared to abandon ourselves to our feelings in case we seem weak or out of control. 我们不敢放纵自己的情感，以免显得太过软弱或缺乏自制。 [佳句背诵] I was about to abandon hope when my father came and encouraged me to keep going. 我正要放弃希望，就在这时，我的爸爸过来鼓励我要继续下去。 ►即学活用 单句语法填空 ①They abandoned carrying (carry) out the plan because of the lack of money. ②Soon they reached an abandoned (abandon) temple，where there once lived an old monk. 9．owe vt.有……是由于；把……归功于 (教材P37)We owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei，who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that tody's civilisation is built upon. 我们对这个世界的认识和理解，很大程度上要归功于培根和伽利略这样的人，他们勇敢地从传统思想的阴影中走出来，以便找到今天文明赖以建立的知识王国。 [归纳拓展] owe sth. to sb.　 　把某事归功于某人 owe it to sb. that... 把……归功于某人 owing to 因为；由于 [语境感悟] She still owes ￡ 3，000 to her father. 她还欠她父亲3000英镑。 The country owes billions of dollars to foreign creditors. 这个国家欠外国债权人数十亿美元。 He owes his success to hard work. 他的成功是靠勤奋工作。 The play owes much to French tragedy. 这部戏颇受法国悲剧的影响。 [佳句背诵] I must say I owe all the achievements to the encouragement and help from my colleagues and friends. 我必须说，我所有的成就都归功于同事和朋友的鼓励和帮助。 ►即学活用 单句语法填空 ①My English teacher is such a great soul，to whom I owe many thanks. ②He owed his survival to his strength as a swimmer. 10．vital adj.极其重要的，必不可少的 (教材P37)...more vital to a man，and more beneficial to mankind. 对人更重要，对人类更有益。 [归纳拓展] be vital for/to sth.　对……极为重要 It is vital that...(should) do sth. ……是十分重要的 It is vital to do sth. 做某事很重要 [语境感悟] It is vital that you keep accurate records when you are self­employed. 干个体的要准确记录账目，这十分重要。 Reading is of vital importance in language learning. 阅读在语言学习中至关重要。 The police play a vital role in our society. 警察在我们的社会中起着极其重要的作用。 It was vital to show that he was not afraid. 最重要的是要表现出他毫无畏惧。 [佳句背诵] It's vital that we (should) learn something from failure. 重要的是我们应从失败中吸取教训。 ►即学活用 单句语法填空 ①What's more，some drivers，cyclists and pedestrians do not think it vital to__obey (obey) traffic rulers. ②As we all know，water is vital to/for keeping every living thing alive，without which the world would be a dead place. [重点句型] (教材P37)It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these primitive ideas as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle. 这并不奇怪，人们乐意去相信这些最初的观点，因为这些观点是伟大的哲学家亚里士多德提出的。 [句式分析] (1)It＋be＋形容词(possible，obvious，important...)＋that从句 (2)It＋be＋名词短语(a pity，a fact，a wonder，an honour，an idea，no wonder...)＋that从句 (3)It＋be＋动词­ed形式(said，thought，believed，supposed, reported...)＋that从句 [温馨提示]　(1)在句型“It is/was strange/important/necessary/essential...＋that从句”中，从句常用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词为“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 (2)it作形式主语引导主语从句时容易和what引导的主语从句、which引导的定语从句混淆，使用时要注意三种句式的差别。[语境感悟] It's obvious that the earth is round. 很明显地球是圆的。 It is important that you (should) arrive on time. 准时到达很重要。 It is necessary that he (should) come next Monday. 他有必要下周来。 It is natural that he change his mind. 他改变主意很正常。 [佳句背诵] It's necessary that you (should) know about table manners of China. 你有必要了解中国的餐桌礼仪。 ►即学活用 单句语法填空 ①It is obvious that without the help of the whole society，there would be no new school today. ②It's a pity that you've missed such a good chance. Ⅰ.根据首字母或汉语意思写出正确的单词 1．The company's main objective(目标) is to maximize profits. 2．Their efforts helped the villages gain (获得)their wealth. 3．She came to England to pursue__(追求)an acting career. 4．Environmentalists made some critical (批评的)comments on the city's pollution. 5．His work offers an insight(洞察力) into an alien culture. 6．It is necessary for parents to educate(教育) their children properly. 7．They contributed(捐献) food and clothing for the refugees. 8．The surrounding(周围的) villages have been absorbed into the growing city. 9．I respect his judgement (判断)and I'll follow any advice he gives me. 10．Due to circumstances (情况)beyond our control, the lecture was cancelled. 11．They drew different conclusions from the facts. 12．Our teacher has a high degree of responsibility． 13．It's obvious that he doesn't like the movie at all. 14．This problem is worthy to be considered by all. 15．The constitution of a primitive society is not necessarily simple. 16．His parents didn't approve of his going abroad alone. 17．Despite some difficulties, they're not going to abandon the plan. 18．He urged his teammates to carry out the plan as soon as possible. 19．The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions． 20．We usually owe our success to our parents. 21．I am interested in reading books about ancient civilisations． 22．You can use it to make more beneficial choices in your life. Ⅱ.用恰当的介、副词填空 1．To start with,__we should make full preparations for the coming exam. 2．Having been taken good care of for a time, the injured bird got used to the little girl. 3．We stayed indoors for a whole day instead of going out shopping. 4．The suggestions put forward by citizens were taken into consideration by the government. 5．She really feels like having a talk with him about his study at school. 6．Galilei was known as father of astronomy but sometimes he also made mistakes. 7．He went to the badminton club at times during his school days. 8．We owed the success of our experiment to our teacher. 9．In ancient times, people must fight for their freedom. 10．Learning a foreign language is beneficial to almost all teenagers. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$