内容正文:
中考英语语法复习—谓语动词讲义
一、谓语动词的分类
初中阶段谓语动词主要分为四类,需明确每类的功能和搭配特点:
1. 实义动词
定义:表示具体动作或状态的动词,是最常见的谓语动词,能独立作谓语(需根据时态、人称变化)。
分类:按是否需要跟宾语,分为及物动词和不及物动词。
· 及物动词:必须跟宾语才能表达完整意思,宾语可以是名词、代词、从句等。
▶ 教材常见例词:like(喜欢)、eat(吃)、teach(教)、finish(完成)
▶ 例句:
· She likes English.(like 后接宾语 English,否则句意不完整)
· He finished his homework yesterday.(finished 后接宾语 his homework)
· 不及物动词:不能直接跟宾语,本身意思完整;若需接宾语,需加介词。
▶ 教材常见例词:run(跑)、sleep(睡)、arrive(到达)、happen(发生)
▶ 例句:
· The children are running fast.(run 后无宾语,句意完整)
· They arrived at the station at 7 o'clock.(arrive 是不及物动词,接宾语 the station 时需加介词 at)
2. 系动词
定义:本身无完整动作意义,主要起 “连接主语和表语” 的作用,表语通常是形容词、名词、介词短语等,构成 “主系表” 结构。
初中阶段需掌握的系动词分类:
· be 动词:am/is/are(现在时)、was/were(过去时),最基础的系动词,表 “是 / 存在”。
▶ 例句:He is a student.(表语:a student);The room was clean.(表语:clean)
· 感官系动词:表示 “看 / 听 / 闻 / 尝 / 摸起来”,后接形容词作表语(不能用副词)。
▶ 常见词:look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、smell(闻起来)、taste(尝起来)、feel(摸起来)
▶ 例句:The music sounds beautiful.(√,用形容词 beautiful;× 不能说 sounds beautifully);The cake tastes good.
· 变化系动词:表示 “变得 / 变成”,后接形容词或名词作表语。
▶ 常见词:become(变成,强调结果)、get(变得,强调过程)、turn(变成,常接颜色 / 职业,表 “突然变化”)
▶ 例句:He became quiet after the lesson.(表语:quiet);The leaves turn yellow in autumn.(表语:yellow)
· 保持系动词:表示 “保持”,后接形容词作表语。
▶ 常见词:keep(保持)、stay(保持)
▶ 例句:Please keep silent in the library.(表语:silent);She stays healthy by exercising.(表语:healthy)
3. 助动词
定义:不能独立作谓语,需配合实义动词、系动词等使用,帮助构成时态、否定句、疑问句或强调语气。
初中核心助动词及用法:
· do/does/did:
· 用于一般现在时(do/does)、一般过去时(did)的否定句和疑问句,后接动词原形。
▶ 否定句:She doesn't like coffee.(does+not + 动词原形 like);They didn't go to school yesterday.(did+not + 动词原形 go)
▶ 疑问句:Do you often read books?(do + 主语 + 动词原形 read);Did he finish the work?(did + 主语 + 动词原形 finish)
· 用于肯定句强调动作(口语中):I do love my parents.(do 强调 “确实”)
· have/has/had:
· 帮助构成完成时(现在完成时:have/has + 过去分词;过去完成时:had + 过去分词)。
▶ 例句:I have lived here for 5 years.(现在完成时:have + 过去分词 lived);She said she had seen the film.(过去完成时:had + 过去分词 seen)
· will/would/shall/should:
· will/shall(现在将来时)、would/should(过去将来时),帮助构成将来时,后接动词原形。
▶ 例句:I will go to Beijing tomorrow.(一般将来时:will + 动词原形 go);He said he would come back soon.(过去将来时:would + 动词原形 come)
· be 动词(am/is/are/was/were):
· 帮助构成进行时(be + 现在分词)或被动语态(be + 过去分词)。
▶ 进行时:They are playing basketball now.(are + 现在分词 playing)
▶ 被动语态:The kite was made by my sister.(was + 过去分词 made)
4. 情态动词
定义:表示 “能力、许可、推测、义务” 等语气,后接动词原形,不能单独作谓语(需配合实义动词)。
初中高频情态动词及核心用法:
· can/could:表 “能力”(can = 能;could 是过去式 / 委婉语气);表 “许可”(口语中)。
▶ 例句:I can swim.(能力);Could you pass me the pen?(委婉请求,用 could 更礼貌)
· may/might:表 “许可”(may = 可以,might 更委婉);表 “推测”(可能,might 可能性更低)。
▶ 例句:You may go now.(许可);He might be late.(推测)
· must/have to:must 表 “必须”(主观义务);have to 表 “不得不”(客观要求)。
▶ 例句:I must study hard.(主观);She has to leave because of the rain.(客观)
· should:表 “应该”(建议、义务)。
▶ 例句:You should listen to your parents.
二、谓语动词的时态变化
时态是谓语动词的核心特征,需根据 “时间状语” 或 “语境” 判断时态,进而确定谓语动词的形式。初中重点掌握以下 6 种时态:
时态
时间标志(常见)
谓语动词形式
例句
一般现在时
always, usually, often, every...
原形(主语为三单时用 “三单形式”)
He plays football every weekend.
一般过去时
yesterday, last..., ...ago
过去式(规则动词 + ed;不规则需记忆)
She went to the park yesterday.
一般将来时
tomorrow, next..., in + 时间段
will + 动词原形;be going to + 动词原形
We will have a party tomorrow.
现在进行时
now, at the moment, look! listen!
am/is/are + 现在分词(doing)
They are watching TV now.
过去进行时
at 8 o'clock yesterday, when 引导的时间状语从句
was/were + 现在分词(doing)
I was reading when he came in.
现在完成时
already, yet, ever, never, for + 时间段,since + 时间点
have/has + 过去分词(done)
I have known him for 3 years.
三、谓语动词的语态(主动语态 vs 被动语态)
主动语态:主语是动作的执行者(常用,结构:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语)。
▶ 例句:The students clean the classroom.(学生 “执行” 打扫动作)
被动语态:主语是动作的承受者(需用 “be + 过去分词”,时态通过 be 动词变化体现)。
▶ 适用场景:不知道动作执行者、强调动作承受者或语境需要。
▶ 例句:The classroom is cleaned by the students.(教室是 “被打扫” 的对象)
初中被动语态核心结构(以实义动词 do 为例):
· 一般现在时:am/is/are+done → The work is done every day.
· 一般过去时:was/were+done → The letter was written yesterday.
· 一般将来时:will be+done → The book will be published next month.
四、主谓一致(谓语动词与主语的单复数匹配)
谓语动词的单复数需与主语保持一致,初中常考规则:
1. 单数主语→单数谓语;复数主语→复数谓语:
▶ The boy is tall.(单数主语 the boy→is);The boys are tall.(复数主语→are)
2. 第三人称单数主语(三单):一般现在时中,谓语动词用 “三单形式”(加 s/es,如 play→plays,teach→teaches)。
▶ He likes reading.(he 是三单→likes)
3. there be 句型:谓语动词单复数遵循 “就近原则”(与最近的主语一致)。
▶ There is a pen and two books on the desk.(最近主语 a pen 是单数→is)
4. 并列主语:and 连接两个主语→复数谓语;but/except 等连接→按前面主语单复数判断。
▶ Tom and Jim are friends.(and 连接→复数);Tom, except Jim, is here.(按 Tom 单复数→is)
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$$