专题03 阅读理解说明文（知识清单）（全国通用）2026年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

专题03 阅读理解---说明文 ( 目录 01知识脑图·学科框架速建 02考点精析·知识能力全解 【知能解读 01 】 五年高考 说明 文考情统计 【知能解读 02 】 五年高考 说明 文考情解读 【知能解读 03 】 阅读理解 说明 文高频题型 【知能解读 04 】 阅读理解 说明 文选项特点 【知能解读 05 】 阅读理解 说明 文解题思路 【知能解读 0 6 】 阅读理解 说明 文 备考建议 03 攻坚指南·高频考点突破 【重难点突破 01 】 态度推断题 【重难点突破 0 2 】 段落大意题 04 避坑锦囊·易混易错诊疗 【易混易错 01 】 写作手法题 【易混易错 0 2 】 预测下段题 【易混易错 0 3 】 标题概括题 05 通法提炼·高频思维拆解 【方法技巧 0 1 】 阅读理解 说明 文答题误区 【方法技巧 0 2 】 阅读理解 说明 文误区应对 【方法技巧 0 3 】 阅读理解 说明 文满分策略 ) 01说明文五年高考考情统计 卷别 主题 话题 词数 细节 理解题 猜测 词义题 推理 判断题 主旨 大意题 2025全国一卷 人与自然 减少自来水微塑料污染新研究 331+135 2 2 2025全国二卷 人与自然 居家趋势推动了室内绿植产业 266+126 2 1 1 2025全国二卷 人与社会 餐厅创意改造丢弃食材引关注 340+135 1 2 1 2024新课标I卷 人与自然 引导公民科学记录生物多样性 364+122 3 1 2024新课标II卷 人与自然 介绍巴比伦微农场(BMF)优势 272+125 2 1 1 2024新课标II卷 人与社会 书评-阐述AI发展现状与前景 323+160 1 1 2 2024全国甲卷 人与自然 猫通过叫声嗅觉等来表达需求 311+124 2 1 1 2024全国甲卷 人与社会 医疗列车巡回服务于俄中东部 283+111 2 2 2023新课标I卷 人与社会 倡导过上简单的数字生活方式 322+107 1 2 1 2023新课标II卷 人与社会 印刷书籍和阅读对人类的意义 328+126 1 1 2 2023新课标II卷 人与自然 呼吁保护城市中的野生自然性 320+156 1 3 2023全国甲卷 人与社会 书评-倡导读者花时间去多读书 332+124 2 2 2023全国甲卷 人与自然 灰熊从濒危物种恢复遇新问题 295+103 2 2 2023全国乙卷 人与社会 烹饪节目鼓励尝试烹饪新习惯 319+149 2 2 2022新课标I卷 人与自然 科廷为解决食物浪费而的努力 344+130 3 1 2022新课标I卷 人与社会 减少孤独改善老人健康的项目 299+131 1 3 2022新课标I卷 人与社会 饮食的改变导致产生新的语言 339+153 2 1 1 2021新课标I卷 人与自然 发行鸭票促进水禽栖息地保护 300+127 1 1 1 1 2021新课标II卷 人与自然 开发一种机器监测放牧牛健康 307+133 4 2021全国甲卷 人与自然 保护区出生的部分黑犀牛现状 263+142 2 2 2021全国乙卷 人与社会 介绍澳大利亚用固定电话情况 315+120 1 2 1 2021全国乙卷 人与社会 塑料垃圾制作雕塑作品引关注 274+128 3 1 2021全国乙卷 人与社会 噪音与创造性思维关系的研究 338+112 3 1 02说明文五年高考考情解读 1.选材范围 高考英语阅读理解科普类文章思想性和时代感强，题材涉及发明创造、科技创新、科技与生活、科学研究等。文章体裁一般为说明文，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站，文章的遣词造句地道，思维逻辑独具英语语言的特点。例如，2024年新高考I卷D篇来自于斯坦福大学网站的推文，文中提到生物多样性观测数据（observational data）存在不准确的问题。2023年新高考全国I卷D篇选自美国全国公共广播电台NPR官网，文章介绍了“群体智慧（wisdom of crowds）”效应。 2.文体特征 科普说明文结构清晰，逻辑性强。根据说明对象的不同，可分为事物说明文和事理说明文。事物说明文的说明对象较为具体，主要通过描述事物的特质、功能来介绍事物；事理说明文的说明对象比较抽象，侧重于解释概念或现象的原理和影响，事理说明文难度较大，通常出现在阅读C、D篇。 3.设题规律 从命题来看，科普文阅读理解考查学生对语篇的整体理解能力及细节信息的提取和理解能力，题型包括细节理解题、词义猜测题、推理判断题、主旨大意题，其中细节理解题和推理判断题占比最高。 4.解题策略 ①分析语篇图式，使文章信息结构化 科普文语篇结构清晰，常见结构有总分式、递进式、并列式和连贯式。高考常见的是总分式和递进式。 总分式又分为三种：总分、总分总、分总。总分指的是先总体概括，再具体分述。若加上总结性语言，则属于总分总式。如2024年全国甲卷B篇，先总体概括了“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways”，即动物可以通过很多方式表达它们的需求，然后具体分述了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带礼物来表达不同的情绪需求。语篇结构图使文本信息更直观，从命题视角预测考查点包含概括信息和详述内容。 递进式往往见于事理说明文，通常表现为由表及里、由现象到本质、由原因到结果的逻辑推进。如2024年浙江卷1月C篇探讨了艾伯塔省的冰雹抑制项目——播云所引发的担忧。文章从农民、项目管理人、科学家的不同视角分别陈述观点，提出解决方法并展望前景。根据语篇结构图，核心信息及预测命题分布点包括：项目的起因，不同人群的观点以及项目的前景。 并列式结构中的各部分内容没有主次之分，是平行结构，常见于按空间顺序组织的说明文。连贯式指按事物发展的过程、时间、因果等关系安排层次，前后内容互相承接。 ②关注同义替换，让考点知识具象化 高考英语阅读中，同义替换常见于以下三种形式：同近义词/短语、词性的转换、上下义词。前两种形式相对简单。第三种上下义词中，上义词是抽象概述，下义词则是具体说明。 ③识别逻辑连接，让内容联系显性化 阅读中常见的逻辑连接包括：并列and/or/also ...、转折however/yet/but ...、因果because of / since ...、举例for example / for instance / such as / like ..、指代等。 ④谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文去伪存真 一般说来，正确选项为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”“偷梁换柱”“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。 “张冠李戴”是命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，或者把文中不同地方的信息拼接在一起从而改变了原文的意思。       “偷梁换柱”类型是用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个表示程度、限定的词汇，造成句意的改变。       “无中生有”类型往往是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点，貌似非常正确，但在原文中并无相关的信息支持，这种选项的设置往往与问题的设问毫不相干。       “以偏概全”则是以局部代替整体，进行不合理关联或者不准确的概括。在下文的例子中，同学们可以更加清楚直观地了解干扰项的特点，在解题时，绕开陷阱，去伪存真。 03阅读理解说明文高频题型 04阅读理解说明文选项特点 1.正确选项特征 同义替换 与原文关键信息相同含义的不同表达 信息归纳 对分散或复杂的信息进行概括或比较 正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达意思明了 原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项比较简单 2.干扰选项特征 张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容 无中生有 符合生活常识，但不是该文章的内容 曲解文意 极其相似但是细节处与原文有些出入 颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭或完全相反 正误参半 选项内容部分正确，部分和原文错误 05阅读理解说明文解题思路 1.细读文章重点 关注文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。 2.明确说明对象 通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的逻辑联系，加深对说明对象的理解。 3.弄清说明顺序 在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行有条不紊的解说。把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。 4.把握作者态度 说明文的首段一般借用生活中的某个场景事件引入说明的事物。一般穿插人们对被说明事物的看法和观点，要仔细体会观点的倾向性和情感色彩，来对比作者态度和写作情感。 5.吃透长难句子 学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。 6.学会适当放弃 无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。较长的人名、地名有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。 06阅读理解说明文备考建议 历年高考命题有许多相似和相通之处，在高三的复习中回顾和研究高考真题是非常必要的，对备考有很好的指导作用。如，2024 年高考新课标Ⅰ卷第33题 : What does Daru’s study focus on? 与 2023 年新课标Ⅰ卷第 34 题 : What did the follow-up study focus on? 都考查了语篇研究的重点，2024 年高考新课标Ⅰ卷第 35 题 : What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? 与 2023 年新课标Ⅰ卷第 31 题 : What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? 都考查了作者的建议。 1.夯实词汇基础，重视长难句分析 《普通高中英语课程标准》明确指出，学生需掌握约4 500个词汇及习惯用语、固定搭配。词汇是阅读基础，需重视新课标词汇，尤其是选择性必修教材中的词汇。历年高考阅读常出现高难度词汇，因此，扩大词汇量、注重词汇深度与广度至关重要。应引导学生在主题语境中积累专业词汇，关注词汇基本义与衍生义的联系，解开熟词生义的难题，并通过构词法的学习应对高考中日益增多的派生词和合成词。同时，句子也是阅读的基础，若无法准确把握各种句子的意义，便难以完成深度阅读，无法全面理解语篇。常用句式结构，如定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句等是语篇的黏合剂。因此，在教学中，应注重基本句型结构的分析，提高学生分析长难句子的能力。 2.培养语篇定位能力，发展高阶思维 获取和处理信息，理解文本逻辑关系是一项基本的阅读技能。科技说明文包含大量信息，要求学生快速定位、筛选和整合信息，以便准确理解文章主旨和细节。在巩固学生语言基础后，可将文本改编为七选五阅读练习，引导学生依据主题大意、文章结构思维导图定位关键信息点，培养细节理解和归纳整理能力。此外，科技说明文常含新发现与传统对比，要求学生具备明辨和批判性思维能力，能分析评估信息的可靠性和合理性，形成独立见解。英语教学应注重英语思维培养，尤其是批判性思维和创新能力，鼓励学生关注科技问题，去质疑、探究，并提出观点和建议。通过外刊阅读、思维练习、提问与讨论等多样化教学，激发学生语言能力，拓宽和深化思维，提高思辨能力，发展高阶思维。 3.关注跨学科融合，教学联系实际 科技说明文阅读的难点在于其话题涉及专业概念，所以增加科学知识储备对阅读大有裨益。在课堂讲解、案例分析中，应注重跨学科融合，将英语教学与物理、化学、生物等学科知识相结合，强化学生对科技说明文中科技概念、原理和应用的理解，扩大阅读量和知识面，建立扎实的科技知识基础，让学生在不同学科背景下学习和使用英语。同时，科技说明文与社会发展和生活实际紧密相连。在教学过程中，教师应提供丰富的英文原版科技说明文阅读材料，鼓励学生关注科技前沿动态；设计与学生生活和科技密切相关的情境模拟活动，提升阅读兴趣和语言运用能力；鼓励学生参与实际项目，如社区服务、社会实践，以在项目式学习中培养科学素养和科技思维，提高语言的实用价值。 4.重视培养中国情怀和多元视野 科技说明文常涉及国家科技最新成果和前沿动态。高考英语命题通过精选科技说明文，旨在引导学生关注新兴技术、社会趋势等，激发他们的探索精神和创新意识，增强民族自豪感和爱国情怀，提升科学素养和综合素质。在阅读过程中，教师应凸显教学情感价值，发挥英语课程思政功能，通过多角度选择阅读素材，运用阅读、讨论、实践等多维度方式，引导学生探讨科技语篇背后的文化内涵、价值观念和民族智慧，感受中国科技发展的独特魅力和文化底蕴，培养中国情怀和社会责任感。 01 态度推断题 1.命题方式 设问方式以“What is….attitude toward …?”等引出问题，注意把握好询问当事人或者作者立场态度。 31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? (2024全国甲卷) 28. What is the author’s attitude toward Carnegie’s understanding of argument? (2024九省联考卷) 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? (2023新课标I卷) 2.题型解读 类别 高频词汇 乐观支持类 optimistic乐观的；positive肯定的；favorable 支持的，赞同的；supportive支持的；approving赞成的；appreciative感激的 客观中立类 objective客观的；neutral中立的；cautious谨慎的 消极反对类 negative否定的；opposite相反的；unfair公正的；doubtful怀疑的；indifferent漠不关心的；critical批评的；ironic讽刺的；skeptical质疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不赞同的；pessimistic悲观的；dismissive轻蔑的，不屑一顾的 模棱两可类 ambiguous模棱两可的；unclear不清楚的 3.解题步骤 第一：结合题干人物和内容定位原文出现在哪一（些）段；然后仔细比对该句言外之意； 第二：区分不同人物态度。注意区分试题询问的是作者的态度还是作者引用别人的态度； 第三：态度没有明确提出时，要学会根据作者在文章中所运用词汇的褒贬性去判断作者的态度，尤其是动词、形容词和副词，如wonderfully, successfully, unfortunately, doubtfully 等。 跟踪训练1　(2024全国甲卷阅读C篇片段) … The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ” 31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious. 解析：第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词Ducke’s attitude，the Saint Lukas’ services。 第二步：根据关键词定位到最后一段的“I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. (“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度。关键词有very impressed, staying focused and very concerned, the best chance for many rural people等。 第三步：比对选项得出答案A。 跟踪训练2　(2023新课标II卷阅读D篇片段) … In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 解析：第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词the author’s attitude，Navajas’ studies。 第二步：根据关键词定位到根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。关键有resulted in a global reduction in error，the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous。 第三步：比对选项得出答案D。 02 段落大意题 1.命题形式 常见命题形式：What is Paragraph X mainly about? 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? (2025全国二卷) 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? (2024新课标I卷) 2.思维导图 3.解题策略 第一步：结合题干定位到相应段落。 第二步：寻找段落主题句。解答段落大意题的关键是抓住段落的主题句。总体来说，采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾；采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后举例子，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首，这种现象较多出现在说明文和议论文中；若作者采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。有时，作者没有写出明显的主题句，考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。 第三步：留意段落大意题干扰项四大特点：①过于笼统，不知所云。所概括的内容超出原文的范围②以偏概全，主次不分。以文章中的细节内容或个别词语做出选项内容③移花接木，偷换概念。选项中定语和状语影响语意范围，或者把属于A的内容放在B上④主观臆测，无中生有。选项中关键词也在文中提及，但选项的实际含义与文章主题无关。 第四步：确定段落关键词。段落中反复出现的词汇一般就是段落关键词，往往需要出现在正确选项中。 跟踪训练1 (2025全国二卷D篇片段) … It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. … 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 解析：第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词paragraph 5。 第二步：根据关键词定位到文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。 第三步：比对选项得出答案C。 跟踪训练 (2024新课标I卷B篇片段) … Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. … 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 解析：第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词paragraph 3。 第二步：根据关键词定位到第三段内容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，“行动更容易，乘车更舒服”。) ”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学有效性。 第三步：比对选项得出答案D。 01写作手法题 高考阅读理解主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一，其共同目的就是增强说服力，服务于段落或篇章的主旨。 1.命题形式 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? (2025全国一卷) 34. What is the function of the quoted statements in paragraph 4? (2024九省联考卷) 32. How is paragraph 3 mainly developed? 2.解题策略 ①根据文章题材来判断。 记叙文多采取以时间为序、以空间为序、以故事情节发展为序等叙事方式进行写作。 说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比等方式使说明更清晰或更具说服力。 议论文大多通过举例子、列数字、引名言、作对比是使得观点更可信，更有权威性。 ②根据“原文定位”来判断。 先根据题干判断是具体某段还是全文写作手法，然后寻找标志词，进而找到答案。 形式 含义 标志词 by giving examples 通过举例 for example, for instance by analyzing causes 通过分析原因 as a result/consequence by giving definitions 通过下定义 that is to say by listing data/statistics 通过列数字 increase by 13% by describing a process 通过描述过程 first, second, third, finally by following time order 遵循时间顺序 in 1920，in the 1940s, nowadays by making comparisons/contrast 通过对比 but, while by making classifications 通过分类 first, next, then by analyzing cause and effect 通过分析因果 That is because…. by following space order 遵循空间顺序 由近及远，由外到内 跟踪训练1 (2025全国一卷D篇片段) Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. … 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 解析：第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词How, present the issue, the first paragraph。 第二步：根据题干关键词定位到第一段内容“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.(微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类身体里。)”可推断，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。温馨提醒：关注破折号和冒号解释说明作用。 第三步：比对选项得出答案C。 跟踪训练2 (2024九省联考D篇片段) … Begin by helping your child learn sympathy (“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad?”), then suggest how he could resolve the problem (“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”). When your child shares or shows empathy (同理心) toward a friend, praise him (“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”). … 34. What is the function of the quoted statements in paragraph 4? A. Giving examples. B. Explaining concepts. C. Providing evidence. D. Making comparisons. 解析： 第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词function of the quoted statements，paragraph 4。 第二步：根据题干关键词定位到第四段“Begin by helping your child learn sympathy (“Ben is crying. What’s making him so sad?”)(首先帮助孩子学会同情-本在哭。是什么让他这么伤心?)”以及“then suggest how he could resolve the problem (“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”)(然后建议他如何解决这个问题(如果你让他打球，也许他会感觉好些。)可知，这些引用是通过举例说明这两个建议：帮助孩子学会同情并解决问题。 第三步：比对选项得出答案A。 02 下段预测题 1.命题设计 31. What might the author continue talking about? (2023全国乙卷) 63. What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? (2011安徽卷) 2.解题思路 ①从第一段入手。实用类说明文只要考生把握好第一段即主题段内容, 顺藤摸瓜, 即可推断下段内容应该是主题段中尚未提及的内容。 ②从最后一段入手。有时候, 作者在最后一段提到一个话题, 但是没有充分说明, 因此需要在下一段就此问题深入分析、论述或讨论。所以考生学会依据最后一段甚至最后一句话进行推断也不失为明智选择。 跟踪训练1 (2025全国一卷B篇片段) … According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. 31. What might the author continue talking about? A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 解析： 第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词the author, continue talking about。 第二步：根据题干定位到第三段(最后一段)的最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。 第三步：比对选项得出答案B。 跟踪训练2 (2025全国二卷B篇片段) For many centuries, people used windmills to grind (磨碎) wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground when electricity was discovered in the 1ate 1800s,people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity. This al1owed them to people in almost all1 areas of the United States, windmills were rarely used. During the course 1970s, people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity. People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever. Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher coasts. Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind. 63. What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A. The advantage of wind power. B. The design of wind power plants. C. The worldwide movement to save energy. D. The global trend towards producing power from wind. 解析： 第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词the author, probably discuss, in the paragraph that follows。 第二步：根据题干定位到文章最后一段的“During the course 1970s, people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity. People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever. Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher coasts. Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind . ( 在20世纪70年代，人们开始担心煤炭和天然气燃烧发电造成的污染。人们还意识到，煤炭和天然气的供应不会永远持续下去。然后，风能被重新发现，尽管这意味着更高的成本。今天，全球正在进行一场运动，希望通过使用风能提供越来越多的电力。)”可知，最后一段讲述了二十世纪七十年代，人们更加注重环保，而且认识到煤和气的短缺；而尽管成本较高，但是风能的特点是洁净并丰富的。如今，全球范围内正在发起利用风能发电的运动。因此推断下一段将会讲述全球利用风能发电的情况。 第三步：比对选项得出答案D。 03标题概括题 阅读理解说明文选标题这个类型出现几率高，难度也大，往往出现在最后一题，需要整体把控文章结构、关键词汇、选项特点做出自己的判断。 1.思维导图 2.解题思路 ①主题段法。标题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语即是文章的标题。 ②主题句法。解题的关键要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。 ③关键词法。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 3.解题策略 ①正面肯定法。在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 ②反面否定法。撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。 ③排除干扰法。研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括性等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。 跟踪训练1 (2025全国二卷C篇) When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 解析：第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词suitable title, for the text。 第二步：根据题干定位首尾段：文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。文中仅在最后提到 “如果植物死了可以再买一棵”，这是养植物的心态建议，并非倡导 “更换植物”，也不是文章核心内容，A项属于细节干扰；文章未提及任何 “选择植物的技巧”，既没有讨论如何挑选植物（如种类、形态、适应环境等），也没有相关建议，C项与原文内容无关；“照亮家居” 更多指植物的装饰作用，但文中重点是植物对情绪、健康、效率的影响，而非物理上的 “美化家居”，D项属于对植物作用的片面理解。 第三步：比对选项得出答案B。 跟踪训练2 (2024全国甲卷B篇) Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音)that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 27. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 解析：第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词suitable，title for the text。 第二步：根据题干定位到文章首段和尾段：根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章标题最为合适。文中未提及任何关于 “如何寻找聪明的猫” 的建议，既没有讨论判断猫聪明的标准，也没有提供挑选方法，A项与原文内容无关；文章仅客观描述猫的行为（如叫声、嗅觉、带礼物），未涉及 “与猫互动取乐” 的具体方式或建议，C项偏离文章的说明性主旨；文中完全没有提到与猫的健康相关的内容（如饮食、疾病预防等），D项与原文无关的干扰项。 第三步：比对选项得出答案B。 01 阅读理解说明文答题误区 1.细节理解偏差 考生容易因没有细心看选项和原文的细微差别，而做出错误判断。在判断选项时，忽略一些起限定作用的词语，如“大约”“可能”“所有”等，导致对原文信息的错误理解。在2024年新高考I卷D篇中，关于生物多样性记录的研究，选项中若对研究结果的范围、程度等表述与原文有细微差异，考生可能难以察觉，从而误选。 2.主旨把握不准 部分考生不能准确把握文章的核心主旨，容易受到文中细节的干扰，以偏概全。如 2024 年新高考 II 卷 C篇介绍巴比伦微农场（BMF），若考生只关注到其某一个优势，如减少运输排放，而忽略其他关键信息，就可能误判文章主旨。 3.推理判断过度 推理判断题中，考生可能会出现推理过度的情况，加入自己的主观想法，超出文章所给信息的范围；或者推理不足，未能充分挖掘文章的隐含信息。比如 2023年新高考II卷中关于保护城市野生自然的文章，在推断相关措施的影响时，考生可能过度推断其效果，或者没有从文章细节中推断出合理的结论。 4.答题方法不当 部分考生为节约时间，先看题再在文中找答案，这种方式可能导致答题片面不完整，因为对文章缺乏整体把握。还有的考生答题跟着感觉走，依据答案字数多少、是否能在原文找到词语等不科学的标准来判断答案。 02 阅读理解说明文误区应对 1.注重细节比对 采用原文定位法，根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关句子，仔细比对选项与原文的差异，尤其关注那些容易改变语义的关键词。在 2024 年全国一卷关于交通方式碳排放及绿色燃料的文章中，对于选项中关于某种交通方式特点或减排措施的描述，要在原文中精准定位并细致比对。 2.整体理解文章 通读全文，明确文章的说明对象、结构和逻辑顺序，从整体上把握文章主旨。可以通过分析文章的开头、结尾以及每段的关键句来提炼主旨。如2024年全国二卷介绍英国市场小镇的文章，需综合各小镇的特色描述来确定文章主旨。 3.合理推理判断 依据文章提供的信息进行推理，既不主观臆断，也不浅尝辄止。注意文章的逻辑关系和细节暗示，从多角度思考问题。以2024年新课标II卷关于人工智能书籍的文章为例，在推断作者观点或书籍意图时，要从书中观点、作者论述重点等方面综合推理。 4.运用科学方法 先快速浏览文章，了解大意和结构，再阅读题干，带着问题有针对性地阅读文章，最后结合文章内容和自己的理解进行答题。平时要通过练习，形成科学的答题思维，避免凭感觉答题。 03 阅读理解说明文满分策略 一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 二、态度推断题注重“原文定位”和“观点区分”，弄清来龙去脉再判断。 三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。 四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 五、说明文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。 七、满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 ( 阅读理解说明文 综合能力提升 ) 真题专区：研读高考真题，洞悉高考命题规律，探寻满分做题技巧和应试思维 01 (2025浙江1月卷) A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce storm water runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? (猜测词义题) A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from. C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of. 29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants. C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland. 30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? (活动评价题) A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? (标题概括题) A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS 【导读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了矩阵式种植方法的理念、起源、发展、原则及其带来的益处。这种种植方法通过精心规划植物组合，减少人工干预，发挥自然的最大作用，从而创建一个自给自足的生态系统，不仅美观，还能显著提升环境效益。 28. B。词义猜测题。根据首段第二句“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.”以及最后一句中的to garden more like nature does可知，矩阵式种植方法旨在减少人工干预，发挥自然在花园的生长和设计中的更大作用。故Eschewing 应该指减少、摒弃化肥以及园艺电动工具的使用，故选B。 29. D。事实细节题。根据第二段首句“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.”可知，矩阵式种植的目的是开发维护度极低的公园用地。develop low-maintenance parkland 是plant large areas of parkland ...need minimal maintenance 的同义表达，故选D。 30. C。推理判断题。根据第三段中的adding artistic flavors、playing with color and form、Beautiful、enjoy the smallest detail、the sound of grasses、the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads 可知，Piet Oudolf 的花园融入了艺术特色，巧妙运用色彩和形态，四季皆美，细节丰富，具有观赏价值。Tasteful意为“雅致的；有品位的”，是对artistic、Beautiful、enjoy的概括。 31. A。主旨大意题。文章首段开门见山，介绍矩阵式种植方法的理念：减少人工干预，发挥自然的作用。第二、三段介绍这种设计方法的起源和发展，第四段聚焦矩阵式种植的原则“适地适树”，末段分析这种设计方法带来的益处。据此可知，文章旨在介绍一种新型园艺设计方法“矩阵式种植”，A项中WILD 意为“自然生长的”，契合矩阵式种植的理念，故选A。 02 (2024浙江1月卷) In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? (推理判断题) A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 32.细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。 33.细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。 34.细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。 35.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。 03 (2023新课标I卷) On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? (段落大意题) A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? (态度推断题) A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 【答案】32. B 33. D 34. C 35. D 【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。 32.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 33.细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。 34.推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。 35.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。 04 (2023全国乙卷) What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists. It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking. According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. 28. What do people usually think of British food? A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition. C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation. 29. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV? (事件评价题) A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential. 30. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now? A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%. 31. What might the author continue talking about? (预测下段题) A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 【答案】28. A 29. D 30. D 31. B 【导语】本篇是一篇说明文，介绍英国人在英国烹饪节目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试新的烹饪习惯。 28.细节理解题。根据第一段的“What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting?”（当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此无趣吗？）可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物平平无奇。故选A项。 29.推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.”（正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两菜”和速食餐，而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。）和“It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.”（似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。）可知，英国的烹饪节目能够改变英国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节目具有很大的影响力。故选D项。 30.细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.”（几乎三分之一的人表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更好。）可知，三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故选D项。 31.推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。故选B项。 模拟专区：精选名校真题好题，帮你锤炼做题技巧，助力冲刺备考圆梦高考 05（24-25高三下·河北秦皇岛·阶段练习） Bering Sea snow crabs (蟹) are well suited for Arctic (北极的) conditions. But the southeastern Bering Sea is changing to more subarctic conditions through a process called borealization (北方化), according to a report released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. It’s a process that’s also happening in ecosystems on land in Alaska. As a result, cold-water species like snow crabs move away or struggle to survive, while species typically found in warmer regions may spread into borealized areas. “Like an Arctic ecosystem on land around Kotzebue is traditionally tundra and frozen, you don’t have plants. But as you borealize, you get more plants, even trees. So you can imagine what a huge transformation it is to go from treeless areas to forests. And it’s the same type of thing going from ice-associated to ice-free all year,” Mike Litozov, the lead author of the report, said. This borealization, brought on by human-caused climate change, has more negative effects on snow crabs in the southeastern Bering Sea. That includes shifts in food availability for snow crabs, which means the species may face starvation, and an increased incidence of bitter crab disease. These were all evident in 2018–2019 when the special barrier — a cold pool of water in the Bering Sea — disappeared, bringing on extreme ecosystem changes that allowed different species of groundfish to move further north. Litozov and his team had previously confirmed that a combination of these factors caused the crash of snow crab populations between the years 2018 and 2019, when the species decreased by more than 90%. The population still hasn’t recovered. After the last two back-to-back years without a commercial fishery, fishermen have also not fully recovered. The new report indicates the fishery may be entirely displaced in the coming decades. “The recent changes are not part of a one-off event and ecosystem-wide changes are expected to continue to affect snow crab populations in the future,” Litozov said. 1．What can be learned about borealization? (推理推断题) A．It is unique to the Bering Sea. B．It is usually a natural process. C．It can cause biodiversity changes. D．It has a negative worldwide effect. 2．Why does Litozov mention Kotzebue’s ecosystem? A．To show the pace of Arctic warming. B．To explain the impact of borealization. C．To illustrate the value of the ecosystem. D．To discuss features of Arctic conditions. 3．What challenge do snow crabs face? A．The food shortage. B．The fishery development. C．The threat from fish. D．The delay of cold pools. 4．What’s the best title of the text? (标题概括题) A．Climate Change Hits Arctic Wildlife B．Borealization Is Becoming a New Trend C．Bering Sea Will Lose Snow Crabs Soon D．Ecological Shifts Drive Snow Crab Decline 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍白令海雪蟹因北方化这一生态变化数量锐减及面临的生存挑战。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“As a result, cold-water species like snow crabs move away or struggle to survive, while species typically found in warmer regions may spread into borealized areas.(结果，像雪蟹这样的冷水物种要么迁移，要么难以生存，而通常生活在较温暖地区的物种可能会扩散到北方化的区域。)”可知，北方化会导致生物多样性发生变化。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Like an Arctic ecosystem on land around Kotzebue is traditionally tundra and frozen, you don’t have plants. But as you borealize, you get more plants, even trees. So you can imagine what a huge transformation it is to go from treeless areas to forests. And it’s the same type of thing going from ice-associated to ice-free all year(就像科策布周围的北极陆地生态系统传统上是冻原和冰封的，没有植物。但随着北方化的进行，会出现更多的植物，甚至树木。所以你可以想象从无树地区到森林是一个多么巨大的转变。而从与冰相关到全年无冰也是同样的情况)”可知，Litozov提到科策布的生态系统是为了解释北方化带来的影响。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“That includes shifts in food availability for snow crabs, which means the species may face starvation, and an increased incidence of bitter crab disease. (这其中包括雪蟹食物可获得性的变化——这意味着该物种可能面临饥饿——以及苦蟹病发病率的上升。)”可知，雪蟹面临食物短缺的挑战。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段中的 “Litozov and his team had previously confirmed that a combination of these factors caused the crash of snow crab populations between the years 2018 and 2019, when the species decreased by more than 90%.(Litozov和他的团队此前证实，这些因素的综合作用导致了2018至2019年间雪蟹种群的崩溃，当时该物种数量减少了 90% 以上。)”可知，文章主要讲述了由于北方化等生态变化，白令海雪蟹的生存受到威胁，种群数量大幅下降，因此 “生态变化导致雪蟹数量减少” 最能概括全文主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选D项。 06（2025·浙江宁波·模拟预测） Do you know which letter was the last one to be added to the English alphabet? Or what is the name of the galaxy that our planet Earth is part of? In 2009, Colin Camerer and his colleagues were among the first ones to study how our brains respond to trivia (琐事) questions like these, because they wanted to see what happens in our brains when we feel curious. To do this, they ran a brain imaging study that allowed researchers to see which brain regions are activated as people engage in mental activities like seeing, thinking, selecting, and so on. They found that for questions about which participants had reported high curiosity, parts of the brain typically associated with reward lit up. These areas usually light up when we are expecting that something good or rewarding is about to happen. Imagine how you feel just before watching a concert or a movie you’ve been eager to see. Next came the Reveal. When participants finally got the answers to the questions, the parts of their brains that are typically associated with memory and learning became active. Even more telling was that these areas were more strongly activated when the initial guess was incorrect than when it was correct. Simply put, what these findings suggest is that curiosity sets up an anticipation of a reward (for the correct answer), and once we receive the reward (the correct answer), the brain acts to consolidate (巩固) our memory so that we learn the correct answer. This learning is stronger if we have initially failed rather than succeeded. And such learning from failure is also stickier. Even after ten days, Camerer and colleagues found that participants could remember the correct answers to the questions they had initially guessed incorrectly, showing that failure can make us curious to learn the correct answer, and once we learn it, it sticks for longer as well. 1．Which aspect of the human brain does Colin Camerer’s study focus on? A．Its response to curiosity. B．Its state during learning. C．Its function development. D．Its development with age. 2．The brain’s reward system will be activated when ________. A．the imagination goes wild B．people engage in leisure activities C．anticipation levels increase D．people witness something good 3．According to the Reveal part, what may make our brains more eager to learn? (细节理解题) A．Incorrect choices. B．A better reward. C．An active atmosphere. D．Confusing questions. 4．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? (标题概括题) A．The Art from Trivia Questions B．Must-Have Abilities of Successful People C．Unsolved Mysteries in the World D．The Secrets to Being a Super Learner 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了好奇心如何影响大脑活动、记忆巩固以及从失败中学习的科学知识。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“In 2009, Colin Camerer and his colleagues were among the first ones to study how our brains respond to trivia (琐事) questions like these, because they wanted to see what happens in our brains when we feel curious. (2009年，Colin Camerer和他的同事们率先研究了我们的大脑对这类琐事问题会做出怎样的反应，因为他们想弄清楚当我们感到好奇时，大脑内部会发生什么。)”可知，Colin Camerer的研究聚焦于人类大脑对好奇心的反应。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“They found that for questions about which participants had reported high curiosity, parts of the brain typically associated with reward lit up. These areas usually light up when we are expecting that something good or rewarding is about to happen. Imagine how you feel just before watching a concert or a movie you’ve been eager to see. (他们发现，对于那些参与者表示极感兴趣的问题，大脑中通常与奖励相关的部分会变得活跃。这些区域在我们期待好事或有回报的事情即将发生时，往往会呈现出活跃状态。想象一下，在即将观看一场你期盼已久的音乐会或电影前，你的那种感受。)”可知，大脑的奖励系统在人们产生期待时会被激活。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Even more telling was that these areas were more strongly activated when the initial guess was incorrect than when it was correct. (更能说明问题的是，当初始猜测错误时，这些区域的活跃程度要比初始猜测正确时高得多。)”可知，在答案揭晓阶段，初始选择错误会让大脑中与学习相关的区域更活跃，即错误的选择可能使我们的大脑更渴望学习。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，文章围绕好奇心如何影响大脑活动展开，重点阐述了好奇心会引发对奖励的期待，而在得知答案后，大脑中与记忆和学习相关的区域会活跃，尤其是当初始猜测错误时，学习效果更强且记忆更持久。这些内容核心是揭示学习过程中大脑的反应机制以及如何更好地学习。选项D“The Secrets to Being a Super Learner (超级学习者的秘诀)”与此相符，因此文章最可能选自《超级学习者的秘诀》。故选D。 07（2025·浙江宁波·模拟预测） CPR and basic first aid care are skills that millions acquire. Now this same type of training is available for mental health. Sigma Theta Alpha (STA), a professional health organization at UConn (University of Connecticut), has taken the lead to bring the program to campus, ensuring each student can benefit from it. Mental Health First Aid training is a national initiative that is performed locally by Mental Health Connecticut, a statewide non-profit organization. The group has come to UConn three times for training. “We introduce information on mental illness with the basic facts. We don’t teach how to diagnose — we do the opposite. Labeling and jumping to conclusions based on symptoms and behaviors are harmful and dangerous, because that is for professionals,” says Valerie Cooper, a community educator for the organization. Like CPR, Mental Health First Aid is a universal experience taught the same way everywhere. The program is split into classroom-style work, watching videos, and simulation of real-life issues. The action plan taught works under the acronym of ALGEE — Assess for risk of harm, Listen non-judgmentally, Give reassurance and information, Encourage appropriate professional help, and Encourage self-help and other support strategies. “Being a mental health first aider is to listen non-judgmentally and create a space of trust,” says Cooper. “We teach people that listening will be more important than anything they say.” UConn nursing major Lisa Iwanicki, 18, is a member of Sigma Theta Alpha. Iwanicki says she got a lot out of the simulation activities. “It was cool to be in a room with people who wanted to help make a change. It was not just about learning the signs of mental illness, but what someone can do in the community to help,” says Iwanicki. “Recovery is possible. The most important thing is to keep people hopeful. You have to try and try.” 1．What is the aim of Sigma Theta Alpha? (细节理解题) A．To evaluate students’ behaviors. B．To teach students basic first aid skills. C．To treat students’ health issues. D．To enhance students’ mental well-being. 2．What should be stressed in communication according to Valerie Cooper? A．Giving personal suggestions. B．Avoiding rush judgement. C．Creating a private space. D．Reducing interaction. 3．What did Lisa Iwanicki learn according to the last paragraph? A．The best way to treat mental illness. B．The key to providing assistance. C．The benefits of helping the community. D．The different signs of body recovery. 4．What is the passage mainly about? (文章大意题) A．A student care project at UConn. B．Development of CPR skills. C．A professional health organization. D．Campus activities of UConn. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍康涅狄格大学的专业健康组织STA引入心理健康急救培训项目，助力学生掌握相关技能，提升心理健康。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Sigma Theta Alpha (STA), a professional health organization at UConn (University of Connecticut), has taken the lead to bring the program to campus, ensuring each student can benefit from it.(康涅狄格大学的专业健康组织Sigma Theta Alpha（STA）率先将该项目引入校园，确保每个学生都能从中受益。)”以及第二段中对“Mental Health First Aid training”的介绍，可知STA的目标是提升学生的心理健康。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“We don’t teach how to diagnose — we do the opposite. Labeling and jumping to conclusions based on symptoms and behaviors are harmful and dangerous, because that is for professionals.(我们不教如何诊断——恰恰相反。根据症状和行为贴标签并仓促下结论是有害和危险的，因为那是专业人士的工作。)”以及第三段中的“Being a mental health first aider is to listen non-judgmentally and create a space of trust.(成为一名心理健康急救员就要不带偏见地倾听，创造一个信任的空间。)”可知，Valerie Cooper认为在交流中应强调避免仓促判断。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Iwanicki says she got a lot out of the simulation activities. “It was cool to be in a room with people who wanted to help make a change. It was not just about learning the signs of mental illness, but what someone can do in the community to help,” says Iwanicki. “Recovery is possible. The most important thing is to keep people hopeful. You have to try and try.”(Iwanicki说她从模拟活动中收获颇丰。“和一群想要帮助做出改变的人在一个房间里感觉很棒。这不仅仅是学习精神疾病的迹象，还包括人们在社区中可以做些什么来提供帮助，”Iwanicki说。“康复是可能的。最重要的是让人们保持希望。你必须不断尝试。”)”可知，Lisa Iwanicki学到了提供帮助的关键所在。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章主要围绕康涅狄格大学的Sigma Theta Alpha组织引入心理健康急救培训项目展开，介绍了该项目的内容、目的以及学生的收获等，因此“康涅狄格大学的一个学生关爱项目”最能概括文章主旨。故选A项。 08（25-26高三上·湖北·开学考试） It’s a problem that has annoyed many horror movie makeup artists: How do you give someone the appearance of having a second head? Seemingly to fake out hunters, many butterflies have found their own solutions to this problem, with complicated patterns and structures on their wings that create what look like second heads on their backsides. Now, in a new study, researchers at the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) dive deeper into the origins of these “false heads”. Previous studies have shown these false heads help confuse hunters: Damage to the back end of a butterfly’s wings near the false head has less impact on vital behaviors such as flying and mating than damage to the butterfly’s real head. Scientists had long theorized that butterflies’ false heads arose because five key traits (特征) — namely false feelers, noticeable coloration, wing patterns that contain special lines, large spots, and head like shapes — evolve (进化) together to redirect predator attention. But no one had traced the evolutionary history of these traits. Evolutionary ecologists at IISER began by analyzing images of nearly 1,000 species of butterflies and marking how many of the false head traits each species exhibited. The researchers then constructed a phylogenetic tree (系统树), which allowed them to visualize how closely related false-headed species were to one another, as well as how each of the traits evolved over time. Computational modeling of this tree revealed that four of the five false head traits all evolved in a correlated manner, while also showing the order in which the traits first appeared within butterflies. The researchers propose that the separate traits integrated into a single, complex false head trait because of a common selective force: attacks from hunters. However, questions remain on the exact advantages that these distinctive defense mechanisms provide to the butterflies that use them. 1．Why is “makeup artist” mentioned in the first paragraph? (推理推断题) A．To support a scientific theory. B．To illustrate a filming technique. C．To introduce an evolutionary trick. D．To justify a long-held assumption. 2．What might previous studies focus on? A．The development of the five traits. B．The special behaviors of butterflies. C．The defensive function of false heads. D．The evolution theories of butterflies. 3．What did IISER scientists do in the new study? A．They classified wing patterns of butterflies. B．They reconstructed history of trait evolution. C．They innovated methods of studying butterflies. D．They analyzed the survival benefits of false heads. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? (标题概括题) A．To survive? False a Second Head B．Confused? Phylogenetic Tree Helps C．Do Key traits Enhance Insects’ Survival? D．Does Evolution Reshape Butterflies’ Bodies? 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了蝴蝶进化出假头迷惑捕食者，研究者通过分析蝴蝶物种、构建系统树，追溯假头特征的进化历程，揭示其为生存的进化适应。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“It’s a problem that has annoyed many horror movie makeup artists: How do you give someone the appearance of having a second head? Seemingly to fake out hunters, many butterflies have found their own solutions to this problem, with complicated patterns and structures on their wings that create what look like second heads on their backsides. (这是一个令许多恐怖电影化妆师头疼的问题：如何让一个人看起来像是长着第二个脑袋呢？似乎是为了骗过捕食者，许多蝴蝶找到了应对这一问题的自身解决方案。它们的翅膀上有着复杂的图案和结构，从而在它们的背部形成了看起来像第二个脑袋的形状。)”可知，在第一段中提到了“化妆师”这个概念是为了介绍一种进化上的技巧。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Previous studies have shown these false heads help confuse hunters: Damage to the back end of a butterfly’s wings near the false head has less impact on vital behaviors such as flying and mating than damage to the butterfly’s real head. (此前的研究表明，这些假头会干扰猎食者：蝴蝶翅膀后端（靠近假头的部分）受到损伤对诸如飞行和交配等关键行为的影响要小于蝴蝶真实头部所受的损伤。)”可知，以往的研究会关注假头的防御功能。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Evolutionary ecologists at IISER began by analyzing images of nearly 1,000 species of butterflies and marking how many of the false head traits each species exhibited. The researchers then constructed a phylogenetic tree (系统树), which allowed them to visualize how closely related false-headed species were to one another, as well as how each of the traits evolved over time. (印度科学研究院的进化生态学家们首先对近1000种蝴蝶的图片进行了分析，并记录了每种蝴蝶表现出的假头部特征的数量。随后，他们构建了一个系统树，借此能够直观地看出假头部特征的蝴蝶种类之间的亲缘关系有多紧密，以及这些特征是如何随时间演变而形成的。)”可知，印度科学研究院的研究人员在此次研究中重建了特征演变的历史。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Seemingly to fake out hunters, many butterflies have found their own solutions to this problem, with complicated patterns and structures on their wings that create what look like second heads on their backsides. Now, in a new study, researchers at the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) dive deeper into the origins of these “false heads”. (似乎是为了骗过捕食者，许多蝴蝶找到了应对这一问题的自身解决方案。它们的翅膀上有着复杂的图案和结构，从而在它们的背部形成了看起来像第二个脑袋的形状。如今，在一项新的研究中，印度科学研究院（IISER）的研究人员进一步探究了这些“假脑袋”的起源。)”以及文章主要说明了蝴蝶进化出假头迷惑捕食者，研究者通过分析蝴蝶物种、构建系统树，追溯假头特征的进化历程，揭示其为生存的进化适应。可知，A选项“为了生存？伪造第二头”最符合文章标题。故选A。 09（25-26高三上·湖北·开学考试） The Caspian Sea, the world’s largest inland water body, is declining, according to a new study published in Communications Earth & Environment. The study reports the water sources that typically feed the sea are contributing less and less water. So much so that these sources cannot keep up with evaporation (蒸发). If global temperatures rise by 2°C, the sea’s water levels could drop by 16-32 feet, which means 4 out of 10 ecosystem types unique to the Caspian Sea would disappear completely. The Caspian Sea is home to a variety of life. Six sturgeon (鲟鱼) species live within the sea. In the Caspian Sea, sturgeon typically reside in shallower waters during the summer and fall and lay eggs in the rivers that flow into the sea. A drop in water levels would prevent them from accessing these grounds, which could lead to population decline. The sea is also a hot spot for some seabirds. They usually take shelter in the coastal wetlands, but it’s possible those could dry up as well. The Caspian Sea touches five countries — Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan — and a drop in water levels could seriously impact trade routes vital to the economies of these countries, as low water levels could prevent ships from docking (入港). Besides, the exposed dry seabed is likely to release dust containing industrial pollutants and salt, posing serious threats to human health. A dropping water level could also alter the climate of the region, thus impacting the area’s agriculture. But all hope is not lost. “Some Caspian Sea level decline appears unavoidable,” Simon Goodman from the University of Leeds said in a press release. “However, with the anticipated effects unfolding over a few decades, it should be possible to find ways to protect biodiversity while safeguarding human interests and well being. That might sound like a long timescale, but, given the immense political, legal and practical challenges involved, it is advisable to start action as soon as possible to give the best chance of success.” 1．What is a fundamental driver for the Caspian Sea’s water crisis? A．Reduced inflow of feeder rivers. B．Industrial pollution of coastal plants. C．Increased evaporation of the Caspian Sea. D．Sudden disappearance of the ecosystems. 2．Why are sturgeon populations threatened by the decline of water levels? A．Seabirds compete for their food. B．They lose access to coastal wetlands. C．They can’t reach rivers to reproduce. D．The shallower summer habitats dry up. 3．What could be a likely consequence of the drying process? (推理推断题) A．Establishment of trade routes. B．Release of seabed pollutants. C．Expansion of local agriculture. D．Alteration of regional integration. 4．What does Simon Goodman’s suggest to address the problem? (细节理解题) A．Local community relocation. B．Resignation to biodiversity loss. C．Emphasis on economic interests. D．Urgent cross-border cooperation. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究显示里海因补给水源减少、蒸发失衡水位下降，威胁鲟鱼等生物及沿岸贸易、健康与农业，专家建议尽早跨境行动应对挑战。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The study reports the water sources that typically feed the sea are contributing less and less water. So much so that these sources cannot keep up with evaporation (蒸发). (该研究报告称，通常为海洋提供水源的那些水体，其供水量正在逐渐减少。以至于这些水源已经无法满足蒸发的需求了。)”可知，造成里海水资源危机的根本原因是来源河流的水量减少。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“The Caspian Sea is home to a variety of life. Six sturgeon (鲟鱼) species live within the sea. In the Caspian Sea, sturgeon typically reside in shallower waters during the summer and fall and lay eggs in the rivers that flow into the sea. A drop in water levels would prevent them from accessing these grounds, which could lead to population decline. (里海是众多生物的栖息地。这里有六种鲟鱼种类在里海中繁衍生息。在里海中，鲟鱼通常在夏季和秋季生活在较浅的水域，并在流入海中的河流中产卵。如果水位下降，它们将无法到达这些产卵地，这可能会导致其种群数量减少。)”可知，鲟鱼群体会受到水位下降的影响是因为他们无法到达河流去繁衍后代。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Besides, the exposed dry seabed is likely to release dust containing industrial pollutants and salt, posing serious threats to human health. (此外，裸露的干燥海床可能会释放出含有工业污染物和盐分的粉尘，对人类健康构成严重威胁。)”可知，干涸过程可能会产生导致海底污染物的释放。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“That might sound like a long timescale, but, given the immense political, legal and practical challenges involved, it is advisable to start action as soon as possible to give the best chance of success. (这听起来可能是一个很长的时间跨度，但考虑到其中涉及的巨大的政治、法律和实际方面的挑战，尽早采取行动才是明智之举，这样才能最大程度地增加成功的可能性。)”可知，西蒙·古德曼建议紧急开展跨境合作。故选D。 10（25-26高三上·广东·阶段练习） Regardless of how famous they are, and despite the star treatment they receive, many celebrities make it a point to give back to charities. Some have even set up their own private foundations. Their widely publicised visits to troubled areas of the world help to raise awareness of issues such as famine and poverty. According to Jane Cooper of Unicef UK, celebrities have a unique ability to reach huge numbers of people, many of whom might not otherwise be engaged in charitable causes. She pointed out that famous faces had played a significant role in raising funds in recent years, and their energies had produced tangible results, such as enabling millions of children in poorer countries to attend school. But in spite of these successes, there is evidence to suggest that celebrity endorsement (代言) may be overrated. In a survey of members of the public to find out if celebrity involvement would encourage people to donate, researchers found that the impact was not as great as previously thought. When shown a list of well-known organisations and famous people who represent them, over half of respondents were unable to match the celebrity with the cause. What’s more, three quarters claimed that they didn’t respond to celebrity endorsement in any way. The survey also showed that a few names did stand out as being associated with particular charities. But the presence of a celebrity in a campaign, was not a significant factor when it came to a decision to donate time or money. Instead, the majority of people contribute because of personal connections in their lives and families which make a charity important to them. In another study aimed at young people, most participants cited a compelling (无法抗拒的) mission as their main motivation to give. The second most important drive was if a friend or peer recommended supporting a particular cause. Only two percent of respondents said they were motivated by celebrity endorsement. This seems to contradict the general assumption that teenagers are particularly influenced by famous people. One possible explanation is that there is a general fatigue (疲倦) with celebrity culture. There is also a suspicion that the stars are the ones who benefit most when they offer to do charity work. Some critiques have accused that celebrities might actually take attention away from issues by attracting more attention than the causes they represent. So taking all these issues into account, is it time for charities to rethink their campaign strategies and look for alternative ways to reach new audiences? Whichever point of view you favour, there seems to be opportunities for more research into how charity campaigns might develop relationships with celebrities to maximise their potential. This in turn will open up more engagement, and better targeted campaigns — which can only benefit those who really matter — the people and animals that are in need of assistance. 1．What does the underlined word “tangible” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? (猜测词义题) A．Controversial. B．Celebrated. C．Definite. D．Temporarily. 2．Which of the following statements is correct according to Paragraph 2? A．Celebrity involvement is key to motivating people to donate. B．All people are not influenced by celebrities in charity donations. C．Most people contribute to charities because they are inspired by the family. D．None of the people believe celebrities make any difference to their donation. 3．The third paragraph is mainly about ________. (段落大意题) A．how young people react to celebrity culture B．who is to blame for taking attention away from charities C．what mainly motivates young people to be engaged in charitable giving D．why young people are rarely influenced by celebrities in charity donations 4．What is the author’s attitude towards celebrity doing charities? (态度推断题) A．Objective. B．Positive. C．Negative. D．Unclear. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章探讨名人参与慈善的情况，既提及其在筹款等方面的作用，也指出其影响被高估，还分析相关研究，最后建议优化合作策略。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“such as enabling millions of children in poorer countries to attend school(例如，能让贫困国家的数百万儿童能够上学)”可知，“让儿童上学”是具体、明确的成果，故划线词意思是“明确的”。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“But in spite of these successes, there is evidence to suggest that celebrity endorsement (代言) may be overrated. In a survey of members of the public to find out if celebrity involvement would encourage people to donate, researchers found that the impact was not as great as previously thought. When shown a list of well- known organisations and famous people who represent them, over half of respondents were unable to match the celebrity with the cause. What’s more, three quarters claimed that they didn’t respond to celebrity endorsement in any way.(尽管取得了这些成功，但仍有证据表明名人代言可能被高估了。在一项针对公众的调查中，旨在了解名人参与是否能鼓励人们捐款，研究人员发现其影响并不像之前认为的那样大。当向受访者展示一系列知名组织以及代表这些组织的著名人物名单时，超过一半的受访者无法将名人与相关事业匹配起来。此外，四分之三的人表示他们不会以任何方式对名人代言做出反应)”可知，四分之三的人表示不会因名人代言而改变捐赠行为，说明并非所有人都会受名人在慈善捐赠中的影响，故B选项“并非所有人在进行慈善捐赠时都会受到名人影响”正确。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“In another study aimed at young people, most participants cited a compelling (无法抗拒的) mission as their main motivation to give. The second most important drive was if a friend or peer recommended supporting a particular cause. Only two percent of respondents said they were motivated by celebrity endorsement. This seems to contradict the general assumption that teenagers are particularly influenced by famous people. One possible explanation is that there is a general fatigue (疲倦) with celebrity culture. There is also a suspicion that the stars are the ones who benefit most when they offer to do charity work. Some critiques have accused that celebrities might actually take attention away from issues by attracting more attention than the causes they represent.(在另一项针对年轻人的研究中，大多数参与者都将一个极具吸引力的使命视为他们捐赠的主要动机。其次是如果朋友或同龄人推荐支持某个特定的事业，这会成为他们捐赠的主要动力。仅有 2% 的受访者表示他们的动机是受到名人推荐的影响。这似乎与普遍认为青少年尤其受名人影响的假设相矛盾。一种可能的解释是，人们对名人文化普遍感到厌倦。还有一种怀疑是，当明星们自愿参与慈善工作时，他们自己往往受益最多。一些批评指出，名人可能会通过吸引更多的关注而分散人们对相关问题的关注，而不是专注于他们所代表的事业)”可知，第三段提到在针对年轻人的研究中，只有2%的受访者受名人代言影响，还分析了可能的原因（对名人文化的疲倦、怀疑名人获益更多等），因此第三段主要讲述了为何年轻人很少会受到名人在慈善捐赠方面的影响。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据作者既提到名人参与慈善的积极作用（提高关注度、筹款、产生实际成果），也指出其局限性（影响被高估、调查显示大众反应平淡、对年轻人影响小等），最后提出应研究如何优化名人与慈善的合作。由此推断，作者对名人参与慈善活动持客观态度。故选A。 11（24-25高三下·山东青岛·阶段练习） Last September, several hundred tomato lovers gathered on a sunny, breezy day in Portland, Oregon for Tomato Fest. Agricultural researcher Matt Davis was handing out samples of experimental tomatoes which were dry-farmed. Dry-farming, a form of agriculture that doesn’t require irrigation, has roots stretching back millennia. But in the 20th century, the practice largely fell out of widespread use. Today, however, farmers are once again experimenting with dry farming as they struggle with water shortages, which are being exacerbated by rising temperatures and more frequent and intense droughts linked to climate change. It’s a common misconception that dry farming means growing plants without water. Instead, dry-farmed plants take up moisture stored in the ground rather than sprinkled (洒) from above. Thus, sites must generally receive more than 50 centimeters of annual precipitation (降水量) to create moisture in the soil, and the soil must be composed of fine grains that help preserve that water over time. Dry-farming won’t solve all of agriculture’s woes (问题), but it offers a way forward. Farmers have noticed that dry-farmed plots contain only about a fifth of the weeds that grow in irrigated plots. Not having to pull up as many weeds can translate into labor savings. Coupled with not having to manage irrigation facilities, dry-farming can simplify a growing operation. In 2016 and 2017, Alex Stone and Jennifer Wetzel from Oregon State University grew different varieties of winter squash in Corvallis. The pair irrigated some vegetable fields and dry-farmed others. After harvesting the squash and leaving them in storage for four months, they found that about 80% of the roughly 1,250 dry-farmed winter squash were still marketable while the number dropped to 50% out of the roughly 1,150 irrigated winter squash. “You get to really learn what the environment gives you, and you learn to respond accordingly.” Michael Johnson, a specialist at the University of Arizona says, “A relationship develops between the cropping system and the farmer.” 1．What does the underlined word “exacerbated” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? (猜测词义题) A．Highlighted. B．Improved. C．Worsened. D．Relieved. 2．What can we know about dry-farming? A．It helps grow plants without water. B．It is an effective method to address environmental problems. C．It enjoyed great popularity in the 20th century. D．It has requirements for the composition of soil. 3．What did Stone and Wetzel discover about dry-farming in their experiment? A．It makes the growing process simpler. B．Its produce contains less water. C．It tends to produce longer-preserved crops. D．Its overall harvests tend to be higher. 4．What might be Johnson’s attitude towards dry farming? (态度推断题) A．Supportive. B．Neutral. C．Conservative. D．Skeptical. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了旱作农业的历史以及种植特点。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“they struggle with water shortages(他们正在与水资源短缺作斗争)”以及后文“by rising temperatures and more frequent and intense droughts linked to climate change(由于气温上升和与气候变化有关的更频繁和更强烈的干旱)”可知，农民在努力解决水资源短缺问题，而气温上升和与气候变化有关的更频繁和更严重的干旱使得水资源短缺问题更糟糕了。故划线词意思是“更糟”。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Thus, sites must generally receive more than 50 centimeters of annual precipitation (降水量) to create moisture in the soil, and the soil must be composed of fine grains that help preserve that water over time.(因此，这些地点通常每年必须有超过50厘米的降水来为土壤创造水分，而且土壤必须由细颗粒组成，以帮助长期保存水分)”可知，旱作农业对土壤成分有一定的要求。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“After harvesting the squash and leaving them in storage for four months, they found that about 80% of the roughly 1,250 dry-farmed winter squash were still marketable while the number dropped to 50% out of the roughly 1,150 irrigated winter squash.(在收获南瓜并将其储存四个月后，他们发现大约1250个旱作南瓜中约有80%仍然可以销售，而在大约1150个灌溉南瓜中，这一数字下降到50%)”可知，斯通和韦策尔在他们的实验中发现了旱作农业常常可以生产保存时间更长的农产品。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““You get to really learn what the environment gives you, and you learn to respond accordingly.” Michael Johnson, a specialist at the University of Arizona says, “A relationship develops between the cropping system and the farmer.” (“你会真正了解环境能给予你什么，也会学着做出相应的应对。” 亚利桑那大学的专家迈克尔・约翰逊表示，“耕作体系和农民之间会逐渐形成一种联系。”)”结合前文提及的旱作农业与环境的良好适应性可推知，约翰逊对旱作农业的态度是支持。故选A。 12（25-26高三上·广西·开学考试） Why did the cow go to Hollywood? Because it wanted to be in the moo-vies! Get it? Because “moo” is the sound a cow makes! This is an example of a dad joke. Anyone can make a dad joke — you don’t have to be a parent. Most of the time it’s just a joke that uses a very obvious and predictable pun (双关语). Dad jokes are usually thought to be pretty harmless, and maybe even cause feelings of love. And researchers have found that humor may actually be an important tool for parents. A team from the US wanted to find out more about the effect humor can have when it is used by parents when raising their children. More than 300 people aged between 18 and 45 took part in a survey. They were asked to say whether they agreed or disagreed with a number of statements about humor in parenting. These included their memories of whether humor was used by their own parents, and if they might use it with their own children. More than 70% of the participants said they believed humor can be a useful tool in parenting. And 55% said that they had been raised by parents who used humor in their parenting. The study also found that people whose parents used humor were more likely to say they had a good relationship with their parents. Many participants even said they’d like to take a course to learn about how they could use humor in parenting. So why does it work? The researchers said family life can be stressful, and humor can be a good way to reduce stress levels in the home. But that doesn’t just mean telling more dad jokes—humor could be used instead of anger to relieve a stressful situation, for example. 1．How did the author introduce the phrase “dad joke”? A．By giving an example. B．By making a definition. C．By explaining where to use it. D．By showing its hidden meaning. 2．In which aspect do researchers plan to figure out the function of humor? A．Family harmony. B．Social gatherings. C．Parenting skills. D．Parenting stress. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? (段落大意题) A．The benefits of using humor in education. B．Different types of humor used by parents. C．The disadvantages of humor in family relationships. D．Participants’ views on the use of humor in parenting. 4．What might be talked about in the following paragraph? (下段预测题) A．How humor deals with pressure. B．What effect humor has on home. C．Which humor should be stressed. D．Why humor makes people happy. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍“爸爸笑话”及幽默在父母养育孩子过程中的作用和相关研究发现。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Why did the cow go to Hollywood? Because it wanted to be in the moo-vies! Get it? Because ‘moo’ is the sound a cow makes!(为什么奶牛要去好莱坞？因为它想参演‘牛影’（moo-vies与movies同音）！明白了吗？因为‘moo’是奶牛发出的声音！)”以及第二段中的“This is an example of a dad joke.(这就是一个‘爸爸笑话’的例子)”可知，作者通过举例介绍了“爸爸笑话”这一短语。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“A team from the US wanted to find out more about the effect humor can have when it is used by parents when raising their children.(美国的一个研究小组想进一步了解父母在养育孩子时使用幽默所产生的影响)”可知，研究人员计划弄清楚幽默在育儿技巧方面的作用。故选C项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段中的“More than 70% of the participants said they believed humor can be a useful tool in parenting. And 55% said that they had been raised by parents who used humor in their parenting. The study also found that people whose parents used humor were more likely to say they had a good relationship with their parents. Many participants even said they’d like to take a course to learn about how they could use humor in parenting. (超过70%的参与者表示，他们认为幽默可以成为育儿过程中的一个有用工具。55%的人说，他们的父母在养育自己时就使用过幽默。研究还发现，父母使用幽默的人更有可能表示自己与父母关系融洽。许多参与者甚至表示，他们愿意参加相关课程，学习如何在育儿中运用幽默。)”可知，第四段主要讲述了参与者对在育儿中使用幽默的看法。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The researchers said family life can be stressful, and humor can be a good way to reduce stress levels in the home. But that doesn’t just mean telling more dad jokes—humor could be used instead of anger to relieve a stressful situation, for example.(研究人员表示，家庭生活可能充满压力，而幽默是减轻家庭压力的好方法。但这不仅仅意味着讲更多的‘爸爸笑话’——例如，幽默可以用来代替愤怒来缓解紧张的局面)”可知，接下来的段落可能会谈论幽默是如何应对压力的。故选A项。 13（2025·陕西安康·模拟预测） A team of scientists at Columbia University has developed an artificial intelligence model called general expression transformer (GET) to predict how genes within a cell influence its behavior. This breakthrough has the potential to deepen our understanding of cancer and genetic diseases. Inspired by the approach used to train ChatGPT, GET learns the rules of gene regulation — how genes are turned on or off or adjusted in activity — a process known as gene expression. This process determines which proteins are produced and in what quantities, which is critical since proteins are involved in nearly every bodily function. While still in its early stages, GET could follow in the footsteps of AlphaFold2, the AI system that predicts protein structures and was honored with the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Both gene regulation and protein structure are pivotal to life, and disturbance in either can lead to disease. Raul Rabadan, one of the study’s authors, described this as part of a broader revolution (革命) in biology, transforming it into a predictive science. The GET model was trained using data from over 1.3 million normal human cells across 213different cell types, a departure from previous efforts that often focused on abnormal cells like those found in cancers. Remarkably, the model could predict the behavior of a specific cell type, such as astrocytes (星状细胞组织) in the central nervous system, even when data from that cell type was left out during training. Experts like Mark Gerstein of Yale School of Medicine and Jian Ma of Carnegie Mellon University have praised the model’s ability to tackle one of biology’s greatest challenges: understanding how the same genome (基因组) can drive diverse behaviors in different cell types. Humans have about 20,000 genes, but their expression varies widely across cell types, such as neurons, muscle cells, or skin cells. While much of this regulatory “grammar” remains unclear, GET represents a significant step toward decoding it. This advancement could ultimately lead to new insights into health and disease, offering hope for more precise and effective treatments. 1．What do the scientists probably expect from GET? A．Changing proteins’ structure and quantity. B．Helping uncover gene regulation rules. C．Predicting human behaviors by genes. D．Improving human psychological health. 2．What does the underlined word “pivotal” mean in Paragraph 3? (猜测词义题) A．Fundamental. B．Permanent. C．Unpredictable. D．Beneficial. 3．What sets the GET model apart from previous ones? A．It included the central nervous system. B．It involved a larger amount of cell types. C．It concentrated more on human behaviors. D．It employed data from normal human cells. 4．What will probably be talked about in the following paragraph? (下段预测题) A．The potential applications of GET in medicine. B．The technical limitations of the GET model. C．The challenges the GET model will face. D．The different opinions on the GET model. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了哥伦比亚大学科学家开发的一种名为general expression transformer (GET) 的人工智能模型。该模型能够预测细胞内基因如何调控其行为，这一突破性进展有望增强我们对癌症和遗传疾病的理解。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Inspired by the approach used to train ChatGPT, GET learns the rules of gene regulation — how genes are turned on or off or adjusted in activity — a process known as gene expression. This process determines which proteins are produced and in what quantities, which is critical since proteins are involved in nearly every bodily function.(受ChatGPT训练方法的启发，GET学会了基因调控的规则——基因如何开启或关闭或调节活性——这一过程被称为基因表达。这个过程决定了产生的蛋白质种类和数量，这是至关重要的，因为蛋白质几乎涉及到所有的身体功能)”可知，科学家希望GET能解密基因调控，进而了解相关的遗传疾病及癌症，故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“and disturbance in either can lead to disease(任何一方受到干扰都可能导致疾病)”可知，基因调控及蛋白质结构任何一个出现问题都会导致疾病的产生，因此这两者对生命来说都是很根本的东西，故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“The GET model was trained using data from over 1.3 million normal human cells across 213different cell types, a departure from previous efforts that often focused on abnormal cells like those found in cancers.(GET模型使用来自213种不同细胞类型的130多万个正常人类细胞的数据进行训练，这与以前的研究不同，以前的研究通常集中在癌症中发现的异常细胞上)”可知，GET和以前其他研究不同的地方是它用的都是正常细胞的数据，故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“This advancement could ultimately lead to new insights into health and disease, offering hope for more precise and effective treatments.(这一进步最终可能会带来对健康和疾病的新见解，为更精确、更有效的治疗提供希望)”可知，GET可能会产生健康和疾病相关的新观点，为更加精确有效的治疗带来希望，故接下来可能会继续此话题，进一步说明它在医学上的潜在应用。故选A。 14（25-26高三上·广东·阶段练习） Soaring above a desert expanse in an aircraft, two scientists looked down with trained eyes at trees and bushes. After an hour’s flight, one of the scientists jotted in his book, “Look here for probable metal”. Meanwhile, aboard another plane cruising over a mountainous terrain, scientists sent a message to other counterparts on the ground, “Gold possible.” Walking across hilly ground, four scientists documented their findings,” This ground should be searched for metals. “From an airplane hovering over a hilly wasteland, a scientist sent back by radio one word,” Uranium.” None of the scientists possessed X-ray eyes: they had no supernatural powers for looking down below the earth’s surface. They were merely employing one of the most cutting- edge methodologies for locating minerals in the ground-using trees and plants as indicative markers that certain minerals may lie beneath the ground on which the trees and plants take root and flourish. This approach to mineral exploration is predicated upon the principle that minerals deep in the earth may affect the kind of bushes and trees that grow on the surface. At Watson Bar Creek, a brook six thousand feet high in the mountains of British Columbia, Canada, a mineral search group gathered bags of tree seeds. Boxes were filled with small branches from the trees. Roots were dug and put into boxes. Each bag and box was carefully marked. In a scientific laboratory the parts of the forest trees were burned to ashes and tested. Each small part was examined to learn whether there were minerals in it. Analysis of the roots, branches, and seeds disclosed an absence of silver. But small amounts of gold were detected in the roots, with lower gold concentrations present in the branches and seeds. The seeds growing nearest to the tree trunk had more gold than those growing on the ends of the branches. Had the trees not provided indications of gold in the ground, the scientists would not have allocated funds for digging into the depths. They did excavate and uncovered additional gold reserves below the surface. Further digging revealed substantial quantities of the precious metal. 1．Why could scientists tell possible mineral existence from plants? A．Scientists are trained to see through the earth’s surface and detect minerals. B．Some minerals deep in the earth can influence the type of surface vegetation. C．The roots can absorb and transport minerals to branches and seeds in large quantities. D．Plants growing in mineral- rich areas have unique shapes easy to identify from the air. 2．The study of the plants’ roots, branches, and seeds suggests that ________. A．branches tend to hold more gold than roots B．roots contain less gold than seeds near the trunk C．gold content in branches far from the trunk is higher than in seeds D．seeds closer to the trunk likely have more gold than those at branch ends 3．How does the writer support trees and plants indicate minerals? (写作手法题) A．By presenting a case study. B．By listing different types of minerals. C．By making a comparison. D．By explaining the chemical mechanism. 4．What would be the best title for the passage? (标题概括题) A．Scientists Study Tree Components for Gold. B．Trees and Plants: Clues to Underground Minerals. C．New Ways of searching for Underground Minerals. D．The Process of Gold Exploration in Trees and Plants. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍科学家利用树木植物作为指示标记勘探地下矿物的方法，并举加拿大Watson Bar Creek通过树木发现金矿的例子说明。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“This approach to mineral exploration is predicated upon the principle that minerals deep in the earth may affect the kind of bushes and trees that grow on the surface.(这种矿产勘探的方法基于这样一个原则：地球深处的矿产会影响地表植被的种类)”可知，科学家能够从植物中推断出是否存在矿物质是因为地球深处的一些矿物质会影响地表植被的类型。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The seeds growing nearest to the tree trunk had more gold than those growing on the ends of the branches.(靠近树干的那些种子所含的黄金量比长在树枝末端的种子要多)”可知，对植物的根、枝和种子的研究表明，靠近树干的种子通常比位于树枝末端的种子含有更多的黄金。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“At Watson Bar Creek, a brook six thousand feet high in the mountains of British Columbia, Canada, a mineral search group gathered bags of tree seeds. Boxes were filled with small branches from the trees. Roots were dug and put into boxes.(在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省山区海拔六千英尺处的沃森巴里克溪，一个矿物勘探小组收集了成袋的树种种子。箱子中装满了树木的小树枝。根部也被挖出并放入了箱子中)”可知，作者在第三、四、五段以加拿大 Watson Bar Creek 的研究为例，详细描述了科学家通过分析树木的根、枝、种子发现金矿的过程，以此支持 “植物可指示矿物” 的观点，属于案例研究。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“None of the scientists possessed X-ray eyes: they had no supernatural powers for looking down below the earth’s surface. They were merely employing one of the most cutting- edge methodologies for locating minerals in the ground-using trees and plants as indicative markers that certain minerals may lie beneath the ground on which the trees and plants take root and flourish. This approach to mineral exploration is predicated upon the principle that minerals deep in the earth may affect the kind of bushes and trees that grow on the surface.(这些科学家都没有拥有透视的能力：他们也没有任何超自然的本领能够穿透地表深入地下观察。他们只是在运用一种最先进的技术来寻找地下的矿产——利用树木和植物作为指示标志，因为某些矿产可能就位于树木和植物生长的土壤之下。这种矿产勘探的方法基于这样一个原则：地球深处的矿产会影响地表植被的种类)”结合文章介绍科学家利用树木植物作为指示标记勘探地下矿物的方法，并举加拿大Watson Bar Creek通过树木发现金矿的例子说明。可知，B选项“树木与植物：地下矿物质的线索”最符合文章标题。故选B。 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第26页，共41页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题03 阅读理解---说明文 ( 目录 01知识脑图·学科框架速建 02考点精析·知识能力全解 【知能解读 01 】 五年高考 说明 文考情统计 【知能解读 02 】 五年高考 说明 文考情解读 【知能解读 03 】 阅读理解 说明 文高频题型 【知能解读 04 】 阅读理解 说明 文选项特点 【知能解读 05 】 阅读理解 说明 文解题思路 【知能解读 06 】 阅读理解 说明 文 备考建议 03 攻坚指南·高频考点突破 【重难点突破 01 】 态度推断题 【重难点突破 0 2 】 段落大意题 04 避坑锦囊·易混易错诊疗 【易混易错 01 】 写作手法题 【易混易错 0 2 】 预测下段题 【易混易错 0 3 】 标题概括题 05 通法提炼·高频思维拆解 【方法技巧 0 1 】 阅读理解 说明 文答题误区 【方法技巧 0 2 】 阅读理解 说明 文误区应对 【方法技巧 0 3 】 阅读理解 说明 文满分策略 ) 01说明文五年高考考情统计 卷别 主题 话题 词数 细节 理解题 猜测 词义题 推理 判断题 主旨 大意题 2025全国一卷 人与自然 减少自来水微塑料污染新研究 331+135 2 2 2025全国二卷 人与自然 居家趋势推动了室内绿植产业 266+126 2 1 1 2025全国二卷 人与社会 餐厅创意改造丢弃食材引关注 340+135 1 2 1 2024新课标I卷 人与自然 引导公民科学记录生物多样性 364+122 3 1 2024新课标II卷 人与自然 介绍巴比伦微农场(BMF)优势 272+125 2 1 1 2024新课标II卷 人与社会 书评-阐述AI发展现状与前景 323+160 1 1 2 2024全国甲卷 人与自然 猫通过叫声嗅觉等来表达需求 311+124 2 1 1 2024全国甲卷 人与社会 医疗列车巡回服务于俄中东部 283+111 2 2 2023新课标I卷 人与社会 倡导过上简单的数字生活方式 322+107 1 2 1 2023新课标II卷 人与社会 印刷书籍和阅读对人类的意义 328+126 1 1 2 2023新课标II卷 人与自然 呼吁保护城市中的野生自然性 320+156 1 3 2023全国甲卷 人与社会 书评-倡导读者花时间去多读书 332+124 2 2 2023全国甲卷 人与自然 灰熊从濒危物种恢复遇新问题 295+103 2 2 2023全国乙卷 人与社会 烹饪节目鼓励尝试烹饪新习惯 319+149 2 2 2022新课标I卷 人与自然 科廷为解决食物浪费而的努力 344+130 3 1 2022新课标I卷 人与社会 减少孤独改善老人健康的项目 299+131 1 3 2022新课标I卷 人与社会 饮食的改变导致产生新的语言 339+153 2 1 1 2021新课标I卷 人与自然 发行鸭票促进水禽栖息地保护 300+127 1 1 1 1 2021新课标II卷 人与自然 开发一种机器监测放牧牛健康 307+133 4 2021全国甲卷 人与自然 保护区出生的部分黑犀牛现状 263+142 2 2 2021全国乙卷 人与社会 介绍澳大利亚用固定电话情况 315+120 1 2 1 2021全国乙卷 人与社会 塑料垃圾制作雕塑作品引关注 274+128 3 1 2021全国乙卷 人与社会 噪音与创造性思维关系的研究 338+112 3 1 02说明文五年高考考情解读 1.选材范围 高考英语阅读理解科普类文章思想性和时代感强，题材涉及发明创造、科技创新、科技与生活、科学研究等。文章体裁一般为说明文，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站，文章的遣词造句地道，思维逻辑独具英语语言的特点。例如，2024年新高考I卷D篇来自于斯坦福大学网站的推文，文中提到生物多样性观测数据（observational data）存在不准确的问题。2023年新高考全国I卷D篇选自美国全国公共广播电台NPR官网，文章介绍了“群体智慧（wisdom of crowds）”效应。 2.文体特征 科普说明文结构清晰，逻辑性强。根据说明对象的不同，可分为事物说明文和事理说明文。事物说明文的说明对象较为具体，主要通过描述事物的特质、功能来介绍事物；事理说明文的说明对象比较抽象，侧重于解释概念或现象的原理和影响，事理说明文难度较大，通常出现在阅读C、D篇。 3.设题规律 从命题来看，科普文阅读理解考查学生对语篇的整体理解能力及细节信息的提取和理解能力，题型包括细节理解题、词义猜测题、推理判断题、主旨大意题，其中细节理解题和推理判断题占比最高。 4.解题策略 ①分析语篇图式，使文章信息结构化 科普文语篇结构清晰，常见结构有总分式、递进式、并列式和连贯式。高考常见的是总分式和递进式。 总分式又分为三种：总分、总分总、分总。总分指的是先总体概括，再具体分述。若加上总结性语言，则属于总分总式。如2024年全国甲卷B篇，先总体概括了“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways”，即动物可以通过很多方式表达它们的需求，然后具体分述了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带礼物来表达不同的情绪需求。语篇结构图使文本信息更直观，从命题视角预测考查点包含概括信息和详述内容。 递进式往往见于事理说明文，通常表现为由表及里、由现象到本质、由原因到结果的逻辑推进。如2024年浙江卷1月C篇探讨了艾伯塔省的冰雹抑制项目——播云所引发的担忧。文章从农民、项目管理人、科学家的不同视角分别陈述观点，提出解决方法并展望前景。根据语篇结构图，核心信息及预测命题分布点包括：项目的起因，不同人群的观点以及项目的前景。 并列式结构中的各部分内容没有主次之分，是平行结构，常见于按空间顺序组织的说明文。连贯式指按事物发展的过程、时间、因果等关系安排层次，前后内容互相承接。 ②关注同义替换，让考点知识具象化 高考英语阅读中，同义替换常见于以下三种形式：同近义词/短语、词性的转换、上下义词。前两种形式相对简单。第三种上下义词中，上义词是抽象概述，下义词则是具体说明。 ③识别逻辑连接，让内容联系显性化 阅读中常见的逻辑连接包括：并列and/or/also ...、转折however/yet/but ...、因果because of / since ...、举例for example / for instance / such as / like ..、指代等。 ④谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文去伪存真 一般说来，正确选项为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”“偷梁换柱”“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。 “张冠李戴”是命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，或者把文中不同地方的信息拼接在一起从而改变了原文的意思。       “偷梁换柱”类型是用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个表示程度、限定的词汇，造成句意的改变。       “无中生有”类型往往是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点，貌似非常正确，但在原文中并无相关的信息支持，这种选项的设置往往与问题的设问毫不相干。       “以偏概全”则是以局部代替整体，进行不合理关联或者不准确的概括。在下文的例子中，同学们可以更加清楚直观地了解干扰项的特点，在解题时，绕开陷阱，去伪存真。 03阅读理解说明文高频题型 04阅读理解说明文选项特点 1.正确选项特征 同义替换 与原文关键信息相同含义的不同表达 信息归纳 对分散或复杂的信息进行概括或比较 正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达意思明了 原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项比较简单 2.干扰选项特征 张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容 无中生有 符合生活常识，但不是该文章的内容 曲解文意 极其相似但是细节处与原文有些出入 颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭或完全相反 正误参半 选项内容部分正确，部分和原文错误 05阅读理解说明文解题思路 1.细读文章重点 关注文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。 2.明确说明对象 通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的逻辑联系，加深对说明对象的理解。 3.弄清说明顺序 在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行有条不紊的解说。把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。 4.把握作者态度 说明文的首段一般借用生活中的某个场景事件引入说明的事物。一般穿插人们对被说明事物的看法和观点，要仔细体会观点的倾向性和情感色彩，来对比作者态度和写作情感。 5.吃透长难句子 学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。 6.学会适当放弃 无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。较长的人名、地名有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。 06阅读理解说明文备考建议 历年高考命题有许多相似和相通之处，在高三的复习中回顾和研究高考真题是非常必要的，对备考有很好的指导作用。如，2024 年高考新课标Ⅰ卷第33题 : What does Daru’s study focus on? 与 2023 年新课标Ⅰ卷第 34 题 : What did the follow-up study focus on? 都考查了语篇研究的重点，2024 年高考新课标Ⅰ卷第 35 题 : What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? 与 2023 年新课标Ⅰ卷第 31 题 : What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? 都考查了作者的建议。 1.夯实词汇基础，重视长难句分析 《普通高中英语课程标准》明确指出，学生需掌握约4 500个词汇及习惯用语、固定搭配。词汇是阅读基础，需重视新课标词汇，尤其是选择性必修教材中的词汇。历年高考阅读常出现高难度词汇，因此，扩大词汇量、注重词汇深度与广度至关重要。应引导学生在主题语境中积累专业词汇，关注词汇基本义与衍生义的联系，解开熟词生义的难题，并通过构词法的学习应对高考中日益增多的派生词和合成词。同时，句子也是阅读的基础，若无法准确把握各种句子的意义，便难以完成深度阅读，无法全面理解语篇。常用句式结构，如定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句等是语篇的黏合剂。因此，在教学中，应注重基本句型结构的分析，提高学生分析长难句子的能力。 2.培养语篇定位能力，发展高阶思维 获取和处理信息，理解文本逻辑关系是一项基本的阅读技能。科技说明文包含大量信息，要求学生快速定位、筛选和整合信息，以便准确理解文章主旨和细节。在巩固学生语言基础后，可将文本改编为七选五阅读练习，引导学生依据主题大意、文章结构思维导图定位关键信息点，培养细节理解和归纳整理能力。此外，科技说明文常含新发现与传统对比，要求学生具备明辨和批判性思维能力，能分析评估信息的可靠性和合理性，形成独立见解。英语教学应注重英语思维培养，尤其是批判性思维和创新能力，鼓励学生关注科技问题，去质疑、探究，并提出观点和建议。通过外刊阅读、思维练习、提问与讨论等多样化教学，激发学生语言能力，拓宽和深化思维，提高思辨能力，发展高阶思维。 3.关注跨学科融合，教学联系实际 科技说明文阅读的难点在于其话题涉及专业概念，所以增加科学知识储备对阅读大有裨益。在课堂讲解、案例分析中，应注重跨学科融合，将英语教学与物理、化学、生物等学科知识相结合，强化学生对科技说明文中科技概念、原理和应用的理解，扩大阅读量和知识面，建立扎实的科技知识基础，让学生在不同学科背景下学习和使用英语。同时，科技说明文与社会发展和生活实际紧密相连。在教学过程中，教师应提供丰富的英文原版科技说明文阅读材料，鼓励学生关注科技前沿动态；设计与学生生活和科技密切相关的情境模拟活动，提升阅读兴趣和语言运用能力；鼓励学生参与实际项目，如社区服务、社会实践，以在项目式学习中培养科学素养和科技思维，提高语言的实用价值。 4.重视培养中国情怀和多元视野 科技说明文常涉及国家科技最新成果和前沿动态。高考英语命题通过精选科技说明文，旨在引导学生关注新兴技术、社会趋势等，激发他们的探索精神和创新意识，增强民族自豪感和爱国情怀，提升科学素养和综合素质。在阅读过程中，教师应凸显教学情感价值，发挥英语课程思政功能，通过多角度选择阅读素材，运用阅读、讨论、实践等多维度方式，引导学生探讨科技语篇背后的文化内涵、价值观念和民族智慧，感受中国科技发展的独特魅力和文化底蕴，培养中国情怀和社会责任感。 01 态度推断题 1.命题方式 设问方式以“What is….attitude toward …?”等引出问题，注意把握好询问当事人或者作者立场态度。 31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? (2024全国甲卷) 28. What is the author’s attitude toward Carnegie’s understanding of argument? (2024九省联考卷) 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? (2023新课标I卷) 2.题型解读 类别 高频词汇 乐观支持类 optimistic乐观的；positive肯定的；favorable 支持的，赞同的；supportive支持的；approving赞成的；appreciative感激的 客观中立类 objective客观的；neutral中立的；cautious谨慎的 消极反对类 negative否定的；opposite相反的；unfair公正的；doubtful怀疑的；indifferent漠不关心的；critical批评的；ironic讽刺的；skeptical质疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不赞同的；pessimistic悲观的；dismissive轻蔑的，不屑一顾的 模棱两可类 ambiguous模棱两可的；unclear不清楚的 3.解题步骤 第一：结合题干人物和内容定位原文出现在哪一（些）段；然后仔细比对该句言外之意； 第二：区分不同人物态度。注意区分试题询问的是作者的态度还是作者引用别人的态度； 第三：态度没有明确提出时，要学会根据作者在文章中所运用词汇的褒贬性去判断作者的态度，尤其是动词、形容词和副词，如wonderfully, successfully, unfortunately, doubtfully 等。 跟踪训练1　(2024全国甲卷阅读C篇片段) … The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ” 31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious. 跟踪训练2　(2023新课标II卷阅读D篇片段) … In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 02 段落大意题 1.命题形式 常见命题形式：What is Paragraph X mainly about? 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? (2025全国二卷) 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? (2024新课标I卷) 2.思维导图 3.解题策略 第一步：结合题干定位到相应段落。 第二步：寻找段落主题句。解答段落大意题的关键是抓住段落的主题句。总体来说，采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾；采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后举例子，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首，这种现象较多出现在说明文和议论文中；若作者采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。有时，作者没有写出明显的主题句，考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。 第三步：留意段落大意题干扰项四大特点：①过于笼统，不知所云。所概括的内容超出原文的范围②以偏概全，主次不分。以文章中的细节内容或个别词语做出选项内容③移花接木，偷换概念。选项中定语和状语影响语意范围，或者把属于A的内容放在B上④主观臆测，无中生有。选项中关键词也在文中提及，但选项的实际含义与文章主题无关。 第四步：确定段落关键词。段落中反复出现的词汇一般就是段落关键词，往往需要出现在正确选项中。 跟踪训练1 (2025全国二卷D篇片段) … It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. … 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked. C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought. 跟踪训练 (2024新课标I卷B篇片段) … Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. … 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 01写作手法题 高考阅读理解主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一，其共同目的就是增强说服力，服务于段落或篇章的主旨。 1.命题形式 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? (2025全国一卷) 34. What is the function of the quoted statements in paragraph 4? (2024九省联考卷) 32. How is paragraph 3 mainly developed? 2.解题策略 ①根据文章题材来判断。 记叙文多采取以时间为序、以空间为序、以故事情节发展为序等叙事方式进行写作。 说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比等方式使说明更清晰或更具说服力。 议论文大多通过举例子、列数字、引名言、作对比是使得观点更可信，更有权威性。 ②根据“原文定位”来判断。 先根据题干判断是具体某段还是全文写作手法，然后寻找标志词，进而找到答案。 形式 含义 标志词 by giving examples 通过举例 for example, for instance by analyzing causes 通过分析原因 as a result/consequence by giving definitions 通过下定义 that is to say by listing data/statistics 通过列数字 increase by 13% by describing a process 通过描述过程 first, second, third, finally by following time order 遵循时间顺序 in 1920，in the 1940s, nowadays by making comparisons/contrast 通过对比 but, while by making classifications 通过分类 first, next, then by analyzing cause and effect 通过分析因果 That is because…. by following space order 遵循空间顺序 由近及远，由外到内 跟踪训练1 (2025全国一卷D篇片段) Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. … 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 跟踪训练2 (2024九省联考D篇片段) … Begin by helping your child learn sympathy (“Ben is crying. What's making him so sad?”), then suggest how he could resolve the problem (“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”). When your child shares or shows empathy (同理心) toward a friend, praise him (“Ben stopped crying! You made him feel better.”). … 34. What is the function of the quoted statements in paragraph 4? A. Giving examples. B. Explaining concepts. C. Providing evidence. D. Making comparisons. 02 下段预测题 1.命题设计 31. What might the author continue talking about? (2023全国乙卷) 63. What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? (2011安徽卷) 2.解题思路 ①从第一段入手。实用类说明文只要考生把握好第一段即主题段内容, 顺藤摸瓜, 即可推断下段内容应该是主题段中尚未提及的内容。 ②从最后一段入手。有时候, 作者在最后一段提到一个话题, 但是没有充分说明, 因此需要在下一段就此问题深入分析、论述或讨论。所以考生学会依据最后一段甚至最后一句话进行推断也不失为明智选择。 跟踪训练1 (2025全国一卷B篇片段) … According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. 31. What might the author continue talking about? A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 跟踪训练2 (2025全国二卷B篇片段) For many centuries, people used windmills to grind (磨碎) wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground when electricity was discovered in the 1ate 1800s,people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity. This al1owed them to people in almost all1 areas of the United States, windmills were rarely used. During the course 1970s, people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity. People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever. Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means higher coasts. Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind. 63. What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A. The advantage of wind power. B. The design of wind power plants. C. The worldwide movement to save energy. D. The global trend towards producing power from wind. 03标题概括题 阅读理解说明文选标题这个类型出现几率高，难度也大，往往出现在最后一题，需要整体把控文章结构、关键词汇、选项特点做出自己的判断。 1.思维导图 2.解题思路 ①主题段法。标题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语即是文章的标题。 ②主题句法。解题的关键要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。 ③关键词法。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 3.解题策略 ①正面肯定法。在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 ②反面否定法。撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。 ③排除干扰法。研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括性等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。 跟踪训练1 (2025全国二卷C篇) When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 跟踪训练2 (2024全国甲卷B篇) Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音)that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 27. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 01 阅读理解说明文答题误区 1.细节理解偏差 考生容易因没有细心看选项和原文的细微差别，而做出错误判断。在判断选项时，忽略一些起限定作用的词语，如“大约”“可能”“所有”等，导致对原文信息的错误理解。在2024年新高考I卷D篇中，关于生物多样性记录的研究，选项中若对研究结果的范围、程度等表述与原文有细微差异，考生可能难以察觉，从而误选。 2.主旨把握不准 部分考生不能准确把握文章的核心主旨，容易受到文中细节的干扰，以偏概全。如 2024 年新高考 II 卷 C篇介绍巴比伦微农场（BMF），若考生只关注到其某一个优势，如减少运输排放，而忽略其他关键信息，就可能误判文章主旨。 3.推理判断过度 推理判断题中，考生可能会出现推理过度的情况，加入自己的主观想法，超出文章所给信息的范围；或者推理不足，未能充分挖掘文章的隐含信息。比如 2023年新高考II卷中关于保护城市野生自然的文章，在推断相关措施的影响时，考生可能过度推断其效果，或者没有从文章细节中推断出合理的结论。 4.答题方法不当 部分考生为节约时间，先看题再在文中找答案，这种方式可能导致答题片面不完整，因为对文章缺乏整体把握。还有的考生答题跟着感觉走，依据答案字数多少、是否能在原文找到词语等不科学的标准来判断答案。 02 阅读理解说明文误区应对 1.注重细节比对 采用原文定位法，根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关句子，仔细比对选项与原文的差异，尤其关注那些容易改变语义的关键词。在 2024 年全国一卷关于交通方式碳排放及绿色燃料的文章中，对于选项中关于某种交通方式特点或减排措施的描述，要在原文中精准定位并细致比对。 2.整体理解文章 通读全文，明确文章的说明对象、结构和逻辑顺序，从整体上把握文章主旨。可以通过分析文章的开头、结尾以及每段的关键句来提炼主旨。如2024年全国二卷介绍英国市场小镇的文章，需综合各小镇的特色描述来确定文章主旨。 3.合理推理判断 依据文章提供的信息进行推理，既不主观臆断，也不浅尝辄止。注意文章的逻辑关系和细节暗示，从多角度思考问题。以2024年新课标II卷关于人工智能书籍的文章为例，在推断作者观点或书籍意图时，要从书中观点、作者论述重点等方面综合推理。 4.运用科学方法 先快速浏览文章，了解大意和结构，再阅读题干，带着问题有针对性地阅读文章，最后结合文章内容和自己的理解进行答题。平时要通过练习，形成科学的答题思维，避免凭感觉答题。 03 阅读理解说明文满分策略 一、阅读理解说明文细节理解题注意落实“定位原文”和“同义替换”技巧。 二、态度推断题注重“原文定位”和“观点区分”，弄清来龙去脉再判断。 三、重视说明文“倒三角形”结构，特别是首段和段首的独特引领作用。 四、标题概括题重视三性：概括性、简洁性和新颖性；同时联系首段和关键词。 五、说明文长难句落实“括号法”--（从句）（非谓语）（介词短语）（名词短语）。 七、满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 ( 阅读理解说明文 综合能力提升 ) 真题专区：研读高考真题，洞悉高考命题规律，探寻满分做题技巧和应试思维 01 (2025浙江1月卷) A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce storm water runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? (猜测词义题) A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from. C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of. 29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants. C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland. 30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? (活动评价题) A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? (标题概括题) A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS 02 (2024浙江1月卷) In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? (推理判断题) A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 03 (2023新课标I卷) On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? (段落大意题) A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? (态度推断题) A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 04 (2023全国乙卷) What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists. It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking. According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. 28. What do people usually think of British food? A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition. C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation. 29. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV? (事件评价题) A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential. 30. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now? A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%. 31. What might the author continue talking about? (预测下段题) A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 模拟专区：精选名校真题好题，帮你锤炼做题技巧，助力冲刺备考圆梦高考 05（24-25高三下·河北秦皇岛·阶段练习） Bering Sea snow crabs (蟹) are well suited for Arctic (北极的) conditions. But the southeastern Bering Sea is changing to more subarctic conditions through a process called borealization (北方化), according to a report released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. It’s a process that’s also happening in ecosystems on land in Alaska. As a result, cold-water species like snow crabs move away or struggle to survive, while species typically found in warmer regions may spread into borealized areas. “Like an Arctic ecosystem on land around Kotzebue is traditionally tundra and frozen, you don’t have plants. But as you borealize, you get more plants, even trees. So you can imagine what a huge transformation it is to go from treeless areas to forests. And it’s the same type of thing going from ice-associated to ice-free all year,” Mike Litozov, the lead author of the report, said. This borealization, brought on by human-caused climate change, has more negative effects on snow crabs in the southeastern Bering Sea. That includes shifts in food availability for snow crabs, which means the species may face starvation, and an increased incidence of bitter crab disease. These were all evident in 2018–2019 when the special barrier — a cold pool of water in the Bering Sea — disappeared, bringing on extreme ecosystem changes that allowed different species of groundfish to move further north. Litozov and his team had previously confirmed that a combination of these factors caused the crash of snow crab populations between the years 2018 and 2019, when the species decreased by more than 90%. The population still hasn’t recovered. After the last two back-to-back years without a commercial fishery, fishermen have also not fully recovered. The new report indicates the fishery may be entirely displaced in the coming decades. “The recent changes are not part of a one-off event and ecosystem-wide changes are expected to continue to affect snow crab populations in the future,” Litozov said. 1．What can be learned about borealization? (推理推断题) A．It is unique to the Bering Sea. B．It is usually a natural process. C．It can cause biodiversity changes. D．It has a negative worldwide effect. 2．Why does Litozov mention Kotzebue’s ecosystem? A．To show the pace of Arctic warming. B．To explain the impact of borealization. C．To illustrate the value of the ecosystem. D．To discuss features of Arctic conditions. 3．What challenge do snow crabs face? A．The food shortage. B．The fishery development. C．The threat from fish. D．The delay of cold pools. 4．What’s the best title of the text? (标题概括题) A．Climate Change Hits Arctic Wildlife B．Borealization Is Becoming a New Trend C．Bering Sea Will Lose Snow Crabs Soon D．Ecological Shifts Drive Snow Crab Decline 06（2025·浙江宁波·模拟预测） Do you know which letter was the last one to be added to the English alphabet? Or what is the name of the galaxy that our planet Earth is part of? In 2009, Colin Camerer and his colleagues were among the first ones to study how our brains respond to trivia (琐事) questions like these, because they wanted to see what happens in our brains when we feel curious. To do this, they ran a brain imaging study that allowed researchers to see which brain regions are activated as people engage in mental activities like seeing, thinking, selecting, and so on. They found that for questions about which participants had reported high curiosity, parts of the brain typically associated with reward lit up. These areas usually light up when we are expecting that something good or rewarding is about to happen. Imagine how you feel just before watching a concert or a movie you’ve been eager to see. Next came the Reveal. When participants finally got the answers to the questions, the parts of their brains that are typically associated with memory and learning became active. Even more telling was that these areas were more strongly activated when the initial guess was incorrect than when it was correct. Simply put, what these findings suggest is that curiosity sets up an anticipation of a reward (for the correct answer), and once we receive the reward (the correct answer), the brain acts to consolidate (巩固) our memory so that we learn the correct answer. This learning is stronger if we have initially failed rather than succeeded. And such learning from failure is also stickier. Even after ten days, Camerer and colleagues found that participants could remember the correct answers to the questions they had initially guessed incorrectly, showing that failure can make us curious to learn the correct answer, and once we learn it, it sticks for longer as well. 1．Which aspect of the human brain does Colin Camerer’s study focus on? A．Its response to curiosity. B．Its state during learning. C．Its function development. D．Its development with age. 2．The brain’s reward system will be activated when ________. A．the imagination goes wild B．people engage in leisure activities C．anticipation levels increase D．people witness something good 3．According to the Reveal part, what may make our brains more eager to learn? (细节理解题) A．Incorrect choices. B．A better reward. C．An active atmosphere. D．Confusing questions. 4．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? (标题概括题) A．The Art from Trivia Questions B．Must-Have Abilities of Successful People C．Unsolved Mysteries in the World D．The Secrets to Being a Super Learner 07（2025·浙江宁波·模拟预测） CPR and basic first aid care are skills that millions acquire. Now this same type of training is available for mental health. Sigma Theta Alpha (STA), a professional health organization at UConn (University of Connecticut), has taken the lead to bring the program to campus, ensuring each student can benefit from it. Mental Health First Aid training is a national initiative that is performed locally by Mental Health Connecticut, a statewide non-profit organization. The group has come to UConn three times for training. “We introduce information on mental illness with the basic facts. We don’t teach how to diagnose — we do the opposite. Labeling and jumping to conclusions based on symptoms and behaviors are harmful and dangerous, because that is for professionals,” says Valerie Cooper, a community educator for the organization. Like CPR, Mental Health First Aid is a universal experience taught the same way everywhere. The program is split into classroom-style work, watching videos, and simulation of real-life issues. The action plan taught works under the acronym of ALGEE — Assess for risk of harm, Listen non-judgmentally, Give reassurance and information, Encourage appropriate professional help, and Encourage self-help and other support strategies. “Being a mental health first aider is to listen non-judgmentally and create a space of trust,” says Cooper. “We teach people that listening will be more important than anything they say.” UConn nursing major Lisa Iwanicki, 18, is a member of Sigma Theta Alpha. Iwanicki says she got a lot out of the simulation activities. “It was cool to be in a room with people who wanted to help make a change. It was not just about learning the signs of mental illness, but what someone can do in the community to help,” says Iwanicki. “Recovery is possible. The most important thing is to keep people hopeful. You have to try and try.” 1．What is the aim of Sigma Theta Alpha? (细节理解题) A．To evaluate students’ behaviors. B．To teach students basic first aid skills. C．To treat students’ health issues. D．To enhance students’ mental well-being. 2．What should be stressed in communication according to Valerie Cooper? A．Giving personal suggestions. B．Avoiding rush judgement. C．Creating a private space. D．Reducing interaction. 3．What did Lisa Iwanicki learn according to the last paragraph? A．The best way to treat mental illness. B．The key to providing assistance. C．The benefits of helping the community. D．The different signs of body recovery. 4．What is the passage mainly about? (文章大意题) A．A student care project at UConn. B．Development of CPR skills. C．A professional health organization. D．Campus activities of UConn. 08（25-26高三上·湖北·开学考试） It’s a problem that has annoyed many horror movie makeup artists: How do you give someone the appearance of having a second head? Seemingly to fake out hunters, many butterflies have found their own solutions to this problem, with complicated patterns and structures on their wings that create what look like second heads on their backsides. Now, in a new study, researchers at the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) dive deeper into the origins of these “false heads”. Previous studies have shown these false heads help confuse hunters: Damage to the back end of a butterfly’s wings near the false head has less impact on vital behaviors such as flying and mating than damage to the butterfly’s real head. Scientists had long theorized that butterflies’ false heads arose because five key traits (特征) — namely false feelers, noticeable coloration, wing patterns that contain special lines, large spots, and head like shapes — evolve (进化) together to redirect predator attention. But no one had traced the evolutionary history of these traits. Evolutionary ecologists at IISER began by analyzing images of nearly 1,000 species of butterflies and marking how many of the false head traits each species exhibited. The researchers then constructed a phylogenetic tree (系统树), which allowed them to visualize how closely related false-headed species were to one another, as well as how each of the traits evolved over time. Computational modeling of this tree revealed that four of the five false head traits all evolved in a correlated manner, while also showing the order in which the traits first appeared within butterflies. The researchers propose that the separate traits integrated into a single, complex false head trait because of a common selective force: attacks from hunters. However, questions remain on the exact advantages that these distinctive defense mechanisms provide to the butterflies that use them. 1．Why is “makeup artist” mentioned in the first paragraph? (推理推断题) A．To support a scientific theory. B．To illustrate a filming technique. C．To introduce an evolutionary trick. D．To justify a long-held assumption. 2．What might previous studies focus on? A．The development of the five traits. B．The special behaviors of butterflies. C．The defensive function of false heads. D．The evolution theories of butterflies. 3．What did IISER scientists do in the new study? A．They classified wing patterns of butterflies. B．They reconstructed history of trait evolution. C．They innovated methods of studying butterflies. D．They analyzed the survival benefits of false heads. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? (标题概括题) A．To survive? False a Second Head B．Confused? Phylogenetic Tree Helps C．Do Key traits Enhance Insects’ Survival? D．Does Evolution Reshape Butterflies’ Bodies? 09（25-26高三上·湖北·开学考试） The Caspian Sea, the world’s largest inland water body, is declining, according to a new study published in Communications Earth & Environment. The study reports the water sources that typically feed the sea are contributing less and less water. So much so that these sources cannot keep up with evaporation (蒸发). If global temperatures rise by 2°C, the sea’s water levels could drop by 16-32 feet, which means 4 out of 10 ecosystem types unique to the Caspian Sea would disappear completely. The Caspian Sea is home to a variety of life. Six sturgeon (鲟鱼) species live within the sea. In the Caspian Sea, sturgeon typically reside in shallower waters during the summer and fall and lay eggs in the rivers that flow into the sea. A drop in water levels would prevent them from accessing these grounds, which could lead to population decline. The sea is also a hot spot for some seabirds. They usually take shelter in the coastal wetlands, but it’s possible those could dry up as well. The Caspian Sea touches five countries — Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan — and a drop in water levels could seriously impact trade routes vital to the economies of these countries, as low water levels could prevent ships from docking (入港). Besides, the exposed dry seabed is likely to release dust containing industrial pollutants and salt, posing serious threats to human health. A dropping water level could also alter the climate of the region, thus impacting the area’s agriculture. But all hope is not lost. “Some Caspian Sea level decline appears unavoidable,” Simon Goodman from the University of Leeds said in a press release. “However, with the anticipated effects unfolding over a few decades, it should be possible to find ways to protect biodiversity while safeguarding human interests and well being. That might sound like a long timescale, but, given the immense political, legal and practical challenges involved, it is advisable to start action as soon as possible to give the best chance of success.” 1．What is a fundamental driver for the Caspian Sea’s water crisis? A．Reduced inflow of feeder rivers. B．Industrial pollution of coastal plants. C．Increased evaporation of the Caspian Sea. D．Sudden disappearance of the ecosystems. 2．Why are sturgeon populations threatened by the decline of water levels? A．Seabirds compete for their food. B．They lose access to coastal wetlands. C．They can’t reach rivers to reproduce. D．The shallower summer habitats dry up. 3．What could be a likely consequence of the drying process? (推理推断题) A．Establishment of trade routes. B．Release of seabed pollutants. C．Expansion of local agriculture. D．Alteration of regional integration. 4．What does Simon Goodman’s suggest to address the problem? (细节理解题) A．Local community relocation. B．Resignation to biodiversity loss. C．Emphasis on economic interests. D．Urgent cross-border cooperation. 10（25-26高三上·广东·阶段练习） Regardless of how famous they are, and despite the star treatment they receive, many celebrities make it a point to give back to charities. Some have even set up their own private foundations. Their widely publicised visits to troubled areas of the world help to raise awareness of issues such as famine and poverty. According to Jane Cooper of Unicef UK, celebrities have a unique ability to reach huge numbers of people, many of whom might not otherwise be engaged in charitable causes. She pointed out that famous faces had played a significant role in raising funds in recent years, and their energies had produced tangible results, such as enabling millions of children in poorer countries to attend school. But in spite of these successes, there is evidence to suggest that celebrity endorsement (代言) may be overrated. In a survey of members of the public to find out if celebrity involvement would encourage people to donate, researchers found that the impact was not as great as previously thought. When shown a list of well-known organisations and famous people who represent them, over half of respondents were unable to match the celebrity with the cause. What’s more, three quarters claimed that they didn’t respond to celebrity endorsement in any way. The survey also showed that a few names did stand out as being associated with particular charities. But the presence of a celebrity in a campaign, was not a significant factor when it came to a decision to donate time or money. Instead, the majority of people contribute because of personal connections in their lives and families which make a charity important to them. In another study aimed at young people, most participants cited a compelling (无法抗拒的) mission as their main motivation to give. The second most important drive was if a friend or peer recommended supporting a particular cause. Only two percent of respondents said they were motivated by celebrity endorsement. This seems to contradict the general assumption that teenagers are particularly influenced by famous people. One possible explanation is that there is a general fatigue (疲倦) with celebrity culture. There is also a suspicion that the stars are the ones who benefit most when they offer to do charity work. Some critiques have accused that celebrities might actually take attention away from issues by attracting more attention than the causes they represent. So taking all these issues into account, is it time for charities to rethink their campaign strategies and look for alternative ways to reach new audiences? Whichever point of view you favour, there seems to be opportunities for more research into how charity campaigns might develop relationships with celebrities to maximise their potential. This in turn will open up more engagement, and better targeted campaigns — which can only benefit those who really matter — the people and animals that are in need of assistance. 1．What does the underlined word “tangible” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? (猜测词义题) A．Controversial. B．Celebrated. C．Definite. D．Temporarily. 2．Which of the following statements is correct according to Paragraph 2? A．Celebrity involvement is key to motivating people to donate. B．All people are not influenced by celebrities in charity donations. C．Most people contribute to charities because they are inspired by the family. D．None of the people believe celebrities make any difference to their donation. 3．The third paragraph is mainly about ________. (段落大意题) A．how young people react to celebrity culture B．who is to blame for taking attention away from charities C．what mainly motivates young people to be engaged in charitable giving D．why young people are rarely influenced by celebrities in charity donations 4．What is the author’s attitude towards celebrity doing charities? (态度推断题) A．Objective. B．Positive. C．Negative. D．Unclear. 11（24-25高三下·山东青岛·阶段练习） Last September, several hundred tomato lovers gathered on a sunny, breezy day in Portland, Oregon for Tomato Fest. Agricultural researcher Matt Davis was handing out samples of experimental tomatoes which were dry-farmed. Dry-farming, a form of agriculture that doesn’t require irrigation, has roots stretching back millennia. But in the 20th century, the practice largely fell out of widespread use. Today, however, farmers are once again experimenting with dry farming as they struggle with water shortages, which are being exacerbated by rising temperatures and more frequent and intense droughts linked to climate change. It’s a common misconception that dry farming means growing plants without water. Instead, dry-farmed plants take up moisture stored in the ground rather than sprinkled (洒) from above. Thus, sites must generally receive more than 50 centimeters of annual precipitation (降水量) to create moisture in the soil, and the soil must be composed of fine grains that help preserve that water over time. Dry-farming won’t solve all of agriculture’s woes (问题), but it offers a way forward. Farmers have noticed that dry-farmed plots contain only about a fifth of the weeds that grow in irrigated plots. Not having to pull up as many weeds can translate into labor savings. Coupled with not having to manage irrigation facilities, dry-farming can simplify a growing operation. In 2016 and 2017, Alex Stone and Jennifer Wetzel from Oregon State University grew different varieties of winter squash in Corvallis. The pair irrigated some vegetable fields and dry-farmed others. After harvesting the squash and leaving them in storage for four months, they found that about 80% of the roughly 1,250 dry-farmed winter squash were still marketable while the number dropped to 50% out of the roughly 1,150 irrigated winter squash. “You get to really learn what the environment gives you, and you learn to respond accordingly.” Michael Johnson, a specialist at the University of Arizona says, “A relationship develops between the cropping system and the farmer.” 1．What does the underlined word “exacerbated” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? (猜测词义题) A．Highlighted. B．Improved. C．Worsened. D．Relieved. 2．What can we know about dry-farming? A．It helps grow plants without water. B．It is an effective method to address environmental problems. C．It enjoyed great popularity in the 20th century. D．It has requirements for the composition of soil. 3．What did Stone and Wetzel discover about dry-farming in their experiment? A．It makes the growing process simpler. B．Its produce contains less water. C．It tends to produce longer-preserved crops. D．Its overall harvests tend to be higher. 4．What might be Johnson’s attitude towards dry farming? (态度推断题) A．Supportive. B．Neutral. C．Conservative. D．Skeptical. 12（25-26高三上·广西·开学考试） Why did the cow go to Hollywood? Because it wanted to be in the moo-vies! Get it? Because “moo” is the sound a cow makes! This is an example of a dad joke. Anyone can make a dad joke — you don’t have to be a parent. Most of the time it’s just a joke that uses a very obvious and predictable pun (双关语). Dad jokes are usually thought to be pretty harmless, and maybe even cause feelings of love. And researchers have found that humor may actually be an important tool for parents. A team from the US wanted to find out more about the effect humor can have when it is used by parents when raising their children. More than 300 people aged between 18 and 45 took part in a survey. They were asked to say whether they agreed or disagreed with a number of statements about humor in parenting. These included their memories of whether humor was used by their own parents, and if they might use it with their own children. More than 70% of the participants said they believed humor can be a useful tool in parenting. And 55% said that they had been raised by parents who used humor in their parenting. The study also found that people whose parents used humor were more likely to say they had a good relationship with their parents. Many participants even said they’d like to take a course to learn about how they could use humor in parenting. So why does it work? The researchers said family life can be stressful, and humor can be a good way to reduce stress levels in the home. But that doesn’t just mean telling more dad jokes—humor could be used instead of anger to relieve a stressful situation, for example. 1．How did the author introduce the phrase “dad joke”? A．By giving an example. B．By making a definition. C．By explaining where to use it. D．By showing its hidden meaning. 2．In which aspect do researchers plan to figure out the function of humor? A．Family harmony. B．Social gatherings. C．Parenting skills. D．Parenting stress. 3．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? (段落大意题) A．The benefits of using humor in education. B．Different types of humor used by parents. C．The disadvantages of humor in family relationships. D．Participants’ views on the use of humor in parenting. 4．What might be talked about in the following paragraph? (下段预测题) A．How humor deals with pressure. B．What effect humor has on home. C．Which humor should be stressed. D．Why humor makes people happy. 13（2025·陕西安康·模拟预测） A team of scientists at Columbia University has developed an artificial intelligence model called general expression transformer (GET) to predict how genes within a cell influence its behavior. This breakthrough has the potential to deepen our understanding of cancer and genetic diseases. Inspired by the approach used to train ChatGPT, GET learns the rules of gene regulation — how genes are turned on or off or adjusted in activity — a process known as gene expression. This process determines which proteins are produced and in what quantities, which is critical since proteins are involved in nearly every bodily function. While still in its early stages, GET could follow in the footsteps of AlphaFold2, the AI system that predicts protein structures and was honored with the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Both gene regulation and protein structure are pivotal to life, and disturbance in either can lead to disease. Raul Rabadan, one of the study’s authors, described this as part of a broader revolution (革命) in biology, transforming it into a predictive science. The GET model was trained using data from over 1.3 million normal human cells across 213different cell types, a departure from previous efforts that often focused on abnormal cells like those found in cancers. Remarkably, the model could predict the behavior of a specific cell type, such as astrocytes (星状细胞组织) in the central nervous system, even when data from that cell type was left out during training. Experts like Mark Gerstein of Yale School of Medicine and Jian Ma of Carnegie Mellon University have praised the model’s ability to tackle one of biology’s greatest challenges: understanding how the same genome (基因组) can drive diverse behaviors in different cell types. Humans have about 20,000 genes, but their expression varies widely across cell types, such as neurons, muscle cells, or skin cells. While much of this regulatory “grammar” remains unclear, GET represents a significant step toward decoding it. This advancement could ultimately lead to new insights into health and disease, offering hope for more precise and effective treatments. 1．What do the scientists probably expect from GET? A．Changing proteins’ structure and quantity. B．Helping uncover gene regulation rules. C．Predicting human behaviors by genes. D．Improving human psychological health. 2．What does the underlined word “pivotal” mean in Paragraph 3? (猜测词义题) A．Fundamental. B．Permanent. C．Unpredictable. D．Beneficial. 3．What sets the GET model apart from previous ones? A．It included the central nervous system. B．It involved a larger amount of cell types. C．It concentrated more on human behaviors. D．It employed data from normal human cells. 4．What will probably be talked about in the following paragraph? (下段预测题) A．The potential applications of GET in medicine. B．The technical limitations of the GET model. C．The challenges the GET model will face. D．The different opinions on the GET model. 14（25-26高三上·广东·阶段练习） Soaring above a desert expanse in an aircraft, two scientists looked down with trained eyes at trees and bushes. After an hour’s flight, one of the scientists jotted in his book, “Look here for probable metal”. Meanwhile, aboard another plane cruising over a mountainous terrain, scientists sent a message to other counterparts on the ground, “Gold possible.” Walking across hilly ground, four scientists documented their findings,” This ground should be searched for metals. “From an airplane hovering over a hilly wasteland, a scientist sent back by radio one word,” Uranium.” None of the scientists possessed X-ray eyes: they had no supernatural powers for looking down below the earth’s surface. They were merely employing one of the most cutting- edge methodologies for locating minerals in the ground-using trees and plants as indicative markers that certain minerals may lie beneath the ground on which the trees and plants take root and flourish. This approach to mineral exploration is predicated upon the principle that minerals deep in the earth may affect the kind of bushes and trees that grow on the surface. At Watson Bar Creek, a brook six thousand feet high in the mountains of British Columbia, Canada, a mineral search group gathered bags of tree seeds. Boxes were filled with small branches from the trees. Roots were dug and put into boxes. Each bag and box was carefully marked. In a scientific laboratory the parts of the forest trees were burned to ashes and tested. Each small part was examined to learn whether there were minerals in it. Analysis of the roots, branches, and seeds disclosed an absence of silver. But small amounts of gold were detected in the roots, with lower gold concentrations present in the branches and seeds. The seeds growing nearest to the tree trunk had more gold than those growing on the ends of the branches. Had the trees not provided indications of gold in the ground, the scientists would not have allocated funds for digging into the depths. They did excavate and uncovered additional gold reserves below the surface. Further digging revealed substantial quantities of the precious metal. 1．Why could scientists tell possible mineral existence from plants? A．Scientists are trained to see through the earth’s surface and detect minerals. B．Some minerals deep in the earth can influence the type of surface vegetation. C．The roots can absorb and transport minerals to branches and seeds in large quantities. D．Plants growing in mineral- rich areas have unique shapes easy to identify from the air. 2．The study of the plants’ roots, branches, and seeds suggests that ________. A．branches tend to hold more gold than roots B．roots contain less gold than seeds near the trunk C．gold content in branches far from the trunk is higher than in seeds D．seeds closer to the trunk likely have more gold than those at branch ends 3．How does the writer support trees and plants indicate minerals? (写作手法题) A．By presenting a case study. B．By listing different types of minerals. C．By making a comparison. D．By explaining the chemical mechanism. 4．What would be the best title for the passage? (标题概括题) A．Scientists Study Tree Components for Gold. B．Trees and Plants: Clues to Underground Minerals. C．New Ways of searching for Underground Minerals. D．The Process of Gold Exploration in Trees and Plants. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共29页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$