2026年人教版中考英语一轮复习作文重点攻关（讲义）Lesson 1 四大写作文体

初中英语作文重点攻关（讲义） Lesson 1 四大写作文体 在初中英语学习中，有四种常见的英语写作文体，分别是应用文、记叙文、议论文和说明文。本部分将通过讲解和例文让读者对四种文体的不同特点有一个初步的认识。了解不同文体的特点有助于学生在写作时有的放矢，理清思路，写出好的文章。 应用文 应用文是人们传递信息、处理事务、交流感情的工具，有的应用文还用来作为凭证和依据。随着社会的发展，人们在工作和生活中的交往越来越频繁，事情也越来越复杂，因此应用文的功能也就越来越多。应用文是人们在生活、学习、工作中为了处理实际事务而使用的一种写作文体。它实用性强，并且有惯用的格式。 应用文的一大特点就是格式固定，因此在书信或是便条的写作教学中，格式是我们要求学生必背的内容。而在平时的考试中，只要学生书信的书写格式正确、完整，就给予一定的分数，以激励学生的积极性。 书信历史悠久，其格式也几经变化，加上当今社会电脑的普及、网络的便捷，英语书信的格式也越来越简化，有时甚至不再通过邮局寄送，而是上网用E-mail。由于本书是专门为初中学生学习英语写作而编写的，故我们会对书信格式做比较系统、正规的介绍，比如信封、信头、称呼、正文、结尾、署名等。 首先让我们来看看常用的书信格式。 信封 英语信封与汉语信封的写法是完全不同的。首先，英语信封与汉语信封上收发人的姓名和地址的位置是不同的。汉语信封将收信人的姓名和地址写在信封偏左或中央部位，寄信人的姓名和地址写在信封右下方；而英语信封将发信人的姓名和地址写在信封的左上方，收信人的姓名与地址写在信封偏右或中央部位。另外，英汉信封上收发信人的姓名、地址的顺序也完全不同：汉语信封是先写国家名称，然后再从大地方写到小地方直至路名、门牌号，再写收信人姓名；而英语信封则正好相反。 第一行：收信人姓名 第二行：住所门牌号，街道名称 第三行：市镇名称及所在地邮政编码 第四行：省州等大地区名称（如果第三行是大城市，这部分也可省去） 第五行：国家名称（寄往国外时需写） 在写英语姓名时注意：要先写名，再写姓，前面可以用Mr（男士），Mrs（已婚女士），Miss（未婚女士），Ms（不标明婚姻状况的女士），Dr（有博士学位的人），Professor(Prof.)（教授）。路名可用缩略形式：Rd.(Road),St.(Street),Ave.（Avenue大道）。有时在信封左下角可以写上“By Airmail（航空）”，“Printed Matter（印刷品）”，“Registered Mail（挂号信）”等词语，在左下角还可以写上“Please do not bend（请勿折叠）”等提示语。 私人信件格式 1）信头 发信人地址和日期。这部分中有时可省去发信人地址，但一般要写日期，放在信纸的右上方。 2）称呼 对收信人的尊称。最普通的是Dear，但与Mr，Mrs，Miss等不同的是：Dear后一般用名字，而Mr，Mrs，Miss后不能单独用名字，而只能是姓或姓与名，比如，对John Smith的称呼，应该是Mr Smith，Mr John Smith或Dear John。称呼后面可用逗号或者冒号。 3）结尾 发信人对收信人的谦称或敬语，放在信的右下方。这部分要特别注意英语习惯，不可根据汉语意思写上诸如“此致敬礼”、“祝您健康”之类的中国式的结尾语。常用的英语书信结尾语如下： 写给同龄人或年长的朋友：Yours sincerely,Sincerely yours,Yours等。 写给好朋友：Love,With love,Best wishes等。 写给亲戚：Love,With love,Affectionately yours,Your (ever) loving son(sister等）。 4）签名 签名一般在结尾语的下面一行。 事务信件格式与私人信件格式大致相同，只是在称呼和结尾上要比较正式一些。 常用的称呼有：Dear Sir（不知对方姓名时）；Dear Mr/Mrs/Miss X（知道对方姓名时）。 常用的结尾语有：Yours sincerely（知道对方姓名时用）；Yours truly/Yours faithfully（不知对方姓名时用）。 私人信件的正文 1）开头 常见的私人信件的开头方式有： 表示高兴：I was so glad/pleased/happy to receive your letter dated May 1st. 表示感谢：Thank you for your wonderful gift/your interesting letter. 表示关心与询问：How are you these days? /How are you getting on these days?/How are you getting on with your work/studies? 表示抱歉：I am sorry that I did not write to you sooner but I have been very busy these days./I am sorry that I have not written to you for such a long time,but let me assure you that you have always been in my thoughts. （一般在表示道歉没有及时给对方写信时，还要简述原因或写上安慰的话。） 表示遗憾：I was sorry to learn that you did not do well in the entrance examination./I was so upset to hear that you are ill these days. I do hope you are getting better. 2）主体 这部分内容是最自由的，与汉语书信没有什么区别。私人信件一般文体很随意，可以写任何你想写的内容。 3）结尾 常用的结语有： I am looking forward to hearing from you soon. I am afraid I have to stop now but I will write again. Please give my regards to your family. Take good care of yourself and keep in touch. 常用书信类型 1．邀请信 邀请信是一种社交信件。随着越来越多的外籍老师来我国学校执教，有时学生举行一些社交活动，常邀请外籍老师前来参加。因此，学会写英语邀请信是很有实际意义的。英语邀请信的要点是：①邀请对象；②活动时间；③活动地点；④活动内容；⑤询问是否接受邀请。下面是英语邀请信的实例： （1）发出邀请 例文1 （比较随便的邀请信） Dear Jane, We are giving a small party at Room 303 at 7 p. m. on December 25 to celebrate the Christmas Day. We shall be very pleased if you can come. Yours, Mingming 例文2 （比较正式的邀请信） June 5, 2010 Dear Mr Smith, If you have no other plans for Sunday,June 15,would you like to come to our dancing party? All the students of our class are coming. Mr Yang,our class teacher,is also joining us. And we shall be very pleased if you could manage to come,too. The party is at 7 p. m. in the school hall. We are sure that we would spend a very good time together. Yours sincerely, Mingming （2）接受邀请 例文 Dear Mingming, Thank you for inviting me to your dancing party. I would be only too glad to come. Do you want me to come earlier to help you arrange the party? I am always available and you can call me if you need any help. Looking forward to seeing you. Best regards! John Smith （3）拒绝邀请 例文 Dear Mingming, I am so happy to be invited to your dancing party. But I have made an appointment with Mr Zhang in advance. I'm afraid I could not join you. I feel really sorry to miss such an enjoyable moment. I hope you will have a wonderful time. Best regards to all of the students! John Smith 2．感谢信 感谢信主要包括感谢馈赠、感谢款待、感谢帮助、感谢送行和感谢探望等。感谢信一般包括以下几点：①收信人；②写信的目的；③致谢并叙述所得到的帮助；④结尾和谦称。 例文 My dearest mother, Mother's Day is coming and I would like to say "Happy Mother's Day" in this letter. I love you and thank you so much for everything you did for me. I know I will look after myself,so don't worry about me. I am doing very well in my study. My schoolmates and teachers are all very nice. Though I can't be at home, I hope you will have a wonderful Mother's Day. Love, Your son 3．祝贺信 祝贺信主要针对某人取得进步、获得奖项或者恢复健康等积极的经历而写。通常包括：①事件；②涉及的人员；③祝福内容。 例文 Dear Tom, I read in the papers that you have won the first prize in the international English competition. It is said that you are the first to win such an important award for the school. It is indeed a great success for you and your teacher since you have been working so hard for the competition. Extend my heartiest congratulations to you all. Best regards! Jane 4．通知和便条 通知和便条的目的都是为了传达信息，所以内容的表述上一定要简洁准确，相关的一些信息通常包括：①事件；②时间；③地点；④涉及的人员。 例文1 May 15th,2010 Dear friends, May I have your attention please? I have an announcement to make. A student touring group from Australia is coming to visit our school on Friday afternoon, April 12. Our guests will arrive at 2:00 p.m. and leave at 6:00 p.m. We are going to hold a meeting to welcome them on the playground at 2:10 p.m. Every one is required to attend it on time. After that, they will be shown around our classroom building, lab building, library, school-run factory and swimming pool. Last of all, a get-together will be given in the auditorium, and there singing, dancing, music, games and exchange of gifts will take place. Please take an active part in it. That's all. Thank you. 例文2 Dear Mr Eric, I came to see you this morning but it so happened that you were out. So I have to leave this note to you. I'm so glad to tell you that after raining so many days, it is said to be fine this Sunday. Therefore some of my friends and I have decided to go for an outing. We'll meet at the gate of the Forest Park at 8:30 a.m. Then we'll go climbing and have some games. We'll have a picnic. In the afternoon we'll go boating in the river nearby. If possible, we'll go to pick some wild fruits. I'm sure we'll take some photos, too. Will you join us? We'll be very happy if you will. Ring me up before 5 p.m., please. Yours, Peter 记叙文 通过生动形象的语言，把自己的亲身感受和经历展现给读者，并且以记叙和描写为主要表达方式的文章，就是记叙文。记叙文应以记叙为主，以议论和抒情为辅。写好一篇记叙文，特别需要注意的是：先交代清楚时间、地点、人物，然后再进一步叙述事件的起因、经过和结果。 不同主题的记叙文写作风格也不同。写人为主的记叙文，需要侧重写人物的外貌特征、神态举止、语言行为以及心理活动等；写物为主的文章，应遵照事物发展的先后顺序，通常以开端、发展、高潮和结尾为次序，围绕中心，突出重点；写景的记叙文，是结合上述写人、写事类记叙文各自的特点，有详有略地描绘人、物、景，凸显真正想要表达的中心思想。 值得一提的是，记叙文一般都是记叙过去已经发生的事情，所以作文常用的时态通常是与过去相关的时态。当然，也可以根据具体情况使用其他时态。 例文 An Interesting Lesson Last week, we had a special English lesson. It was really interesting and unforgettable. Our teacher asked us to make our own snacks in advance, introduce them in English and share the snacks with friends in class. I made some pieces of sushi by myself. To make them nice to eat, I put some salmon inside and made XO sauce all around them. To make them more beautiful, I even put some fruits next to sushi. To my joy, my sushi was popular and considered to be delicious. It ranked high and got the second prize as a result. The lesson was really interesting and unforgettable because it offered us a chance to make our own snacks and strengthen friendship among classmates besides improving our English. 好词好句 have a special English lesson 上了一堂特殊的英语课 in advance 预先 share the snacks with friends 和朋友们分享小吃 rank high and get the second prize 名列前茅并且获得了二等奖 strengthen friendship 加强友谊 The lesson was really interesting and unforgettable because it offered us a chance to make our own snacks and strengthen friendship among classmates besides improving our English. 这堂课真的很有趣并且令人难忘，因为除了提高我们的英语外，还为我们制作小吃和增强同学之间的友谊提供了机会。 议论文 对某种现象或某个问题进行议论，就是议论文的核心思想。一篇好的议论文，无非是能让读者信服并接受作者观点的文章。其中带给读者最直观感受的，就是作者对于某一问题的观点。因此选择正确的切入点是文章构思的首要核心。确立观点之后，通过理论依据和事实依据相结合的论证，即摆事实、讲道理，为自己的观点找到言之凿凿的支撑，给读者充分相信的理由，才能有根据地总结问题产生的原因和解决对策。因此，议论文要具备论点、论据和论证三个要素。 对于论点的基本要求是：观点正确，见解新鲜，概括全面，有实际意义。对于论据的基本要求是：证据真实可靠，充分典型。对于论证的基本要求是：符合逻辑，行文先后有序，辩论方式可以多样化。 例文 Shopping on the Internet Nowadays, shopping on the Internet has become fashionable, especially for young people. According to my experience of shopping online, I am for purchasing articles in e-stores. I can stay at home viewing all kinds of goods needed, and it saves me the time for going outside and the cost for the trip. Thanks to the price and quality-comparing tools provided by most e-shopping websites which make me easily decide the seller to buy from. What's more, many respectable third-party-payment companies like PayPal control the risk of online payment and ensure me the safety of shopping online. I think that e-shopping will become a widely-accepted way of purchasing some day. 好词好句 especially for young people 尤其对年轻人来说 I am for purchasing articles in e-stores 我赞成在网上商店购物 all kinds of goods needed 各种需要的东西 thanks to 多亏 price and quality-comparing tools 价格质量对比工具 decide the seller to buy from 选择卖家 What's more, many respectable third-party-payment companies like PayPal control the risk of online payment and ensure me the safety of shopping online. 此外，许多信誉良好的第三方支付公司如支付宝控制着在线支付的风险，确保我能够安全地在线购物。 说明文 从字面上就可以理解，说明文是对具体的事情或者抽象的概念、理论等进行说明阐释的文章。写作的根本目的是为了让不知道某件事、某个概念、某种理论的读者，根据作者的说明和解释，能够学习掌握文章所反映的主体。说明文可分为对具体事物的说明和对抽象观念的说明两种。具体事物的说明就是解释说明一件物品，介绍一些科技知识、物品的使用方法等；抽象观念的说明通常用来介绍某种观念或者解释某种科学原理和科学方法。 常见的英语说明文结构可以归纳为三个部分： 第一部分是文章的第一段，即全文的主题，要说明的对象。 第二部分是文章的主体，是具体的说明过程，通常有几个段落文字的说明论述。 第三部分是结尾段，是对文章的主题做归纳总结以及作者的思考。 从英语说明文的结构可以看出，写好英语说明文的关键在于第二部分如何对文章主题进行展开说明。 例文 How to Be a Good Student If you want to be a good student, first, you must be interested in your subjects because interest is the first teacher. With interest, you will study willingly without being pushed. In addition, a good student must have good habits, that is, listening carefully in class, going over lessons after class and asking questions if he has anything unknown instead of pretending to know it. Last but not least, a good student should respect teachers and get on well with classmates. A student only with these advantages can be regarded as a good one. 好词好句 with interest 有了兴趣 study willingly 自愿地学习 without being pushed 没有被强迫 pretend to know it 假装知道 respect teachers 尊敬老师 get on well with classmates 和同学相处得好 A student only with these advantages can be regarded as a good one. 只有拥有这些优点的学生才能被视为好学生。 文章点评 本文从三个方面详细地阐明了How to be a good student，文章句句紧扣主题，并用各种不同的连词将文章的脉络理顺，使文章的内容更为清晰地呈现在读者面前，为文章增色不少。最后，结尾总结句“A student only with these advantages can be regarded as a good one”简洁明了地点题，再一次重申了本文的中心。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$