内容正文:
Unit 2 Saving the Earth
核心语法精练(一般过去式与现在完成时、不定代词和连词)
目录
A 考点概览·知识回顾 1
B 考点夯基·专项突破 2
一、单词拼写 2
二、完成句子 5
三、单项选择 6
C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 12
题型一 语法选择 12
题型二 语法填空 12
现在完成时与一般过去时区别
1. 侧重点不同
现在完成时和一般过去时所表示的动作都发生在过去,但它们所强调的重点不同:现在完成时侧重于对现在的影响;而一般过去时侧重于某一动作发生在过去某个时间或某段时间,即现在完成时侧重于现在的结果,而一般过去时侧重于动作发生的时间。如:
I have seen the film.
我看过这部电影。(现在我仍记得电影的内容)
I saw the film three days ago.
三天前我看了这部电影。(强调是三天前,而不是别的什么时候看的电影)
Mr Green has bought a new computer.
格林先生买了一台新电脑。(着重点是格林先生现在有了一台新电脑)
Mr Green bought a new computer yesterday.
格林先生昨天买了一台新电脑。(强调的是格林先生买新电脑的时间是昨天)
2. 时间状语不同
现在完成时常与already,yet,just,ever,never,before等副词以及"for+段时间","since+过去时间/从句"等时间状语连用;而一般过去时则常与"时间段+ago",just now,yesterday,last week等表示过去的时间状语连用。如:
She has lived here since two years ago. 她两年前就住在这里了。
She lived here two years ago. 两年前她住在这里。
He has been in the League for three years. 他入团已经三年了。
Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 昨晚汤姆给他的父母写了封信。
不定代词
不明确指代某个人、某个事物、某些人、某些事物的代词叫不定代词。不定代词可以代替名称和形容词,表示不同的数量概念。不定代词没有主格和宾格之分,在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语等。
1. 不定代词的句法功能
不定代词
成分
all,both,each,neither,either,much,little,many,few,other,some,any,one
在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语
everyone,everybody,everything,someone, somebody,something,anyone,anybody,anything,no one,nobody,nothing,none
在句中可作主语、宾语和表语
every,no
在句中只能作定语
1. 不定代词的基本语法
(1)some、any的用法
用法
例句
some和any作定语时既可以修饰可数名词,又可以修饰不可数名词
Some rice in the bag has been sold out. 袋子里的一些大米已经卖出去了。(修饰不可数名词)
Do you have any brothers or sisters? 你有兄弟姐妹吗?(修饰可数名词)
some多用于肯定句;在表示请求、劝告、邀请、或不希望对方拒绝的疑问句中用some而不用any
Some of the boys are good at swimming. 一些男孩擅长游泳。
Will you give me some water? 请给我一些水好吗?
any多用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中;用于肯定句中,表示"任何"
If you have any questions, please ask me. 如果你有问题,可以问我。
Any child needs love. 任何一个孩子都需要爱。
some和any可以用来修饰单数名词,some表示"某一";any表示"任何的"
Any student can answer this question. 任何学生都可以回答这个问题。
Someday Chinese people will fly to the moon. 某天中国人将会飞上月球。
(2)few,a few,little,a little的用法
用法
用于可数名词
用于不可数名词
表示肯定概念
a few虽少,但有几个
a little虽少,但有一点
表示否定概念
few不多,几乎没有
little不多,没有什么
(3)other,the other,others,the others,another的用法
用法
例句
other
某一个,另一些,其他的。不能单独使用,后面要跟单数名词或复数名词,泛指别的
Where are his other books? 他的另一些书在哪里?
others
其他。必须单独使用,泛指别人或别的东西,常用于"some... others"结构
Some are red, and others are black. 一些是红的,另一些是黑的。
the other
两个中的另一个,剩下的一个。特指,常用于"one... the other..."结构
She has two sisters — one is a nurse, and the other is a teacher. 她有两个姐姐,一个是护士,另一个是老师。
the others
其他全部,其余的。表示在一个范围内的其他全部
In our class only Tommy is English, and the others are Chinese. 我们班除了汤米是英国人外,其他都是中国人。
another
另一个(指多个中的任何一个),可单独用,也可接单数名词或名词复数,表示"另几个,再几个"
You can see another ship in the sea, can’ t you? 你能看见另一艘船在海里,不是吗?
(4)all,both,none,either,neither的用法
用法
例句
all
①侧重指三者或三者以上"都,全部,一切",在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语;
all于否定句时,表示部分否定;表示全部否定使用none。
All the students are on the playground. 所有的学生都在操场上。
Not all books are good.(= All books are not good. 不是所有的书都是好书。
both
①表示"两者都",可以作主语、宾语、定语和同位语;
②用于否定句表示部分否定,全部否定使用neither;
③both... and"两者都,既……又……"。
They both are not workers. 他们两个不都是工人。
Both Carl and Jeff are good at playing football. 卡尔和杰夫都擅长踢足球
none
①意为"没有人,没有一个,一点儿也没有,作主语和宾语,不作定语;
②none指代可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数或复数形式均可,而指代不可数名词时,谓语动词必须使用单数形式。
None of the books are mine. 这些书都不是我的。
None of the rubbish has been removed. 垃圾一点也没运走。
either
①表示"两者中任何一个",可作主语、宾语和定语;
②either作主语时,谓语动词应使用单数形式;作定语时,修饰单数名词。
You can park on either side of the street. 你在街道的哪边停车都可以。
The two guests have arrived and either is welcome. 两个客人都到了,而且都受欢迎。
【知识拓展】
(1)either可用于搭配"either... or...",意为"或者……或者……;要么……要么……"。
Either he or I am to blame. 或者他或者我将受到责备。
(2)either可作为副词,意为"也",用于否定句的句末。
He won’ t go and I won’ t go either. 他不去,我也不去。
neither
①意为"两者都不",可作主语、宾语和定语;
②neither... nor..."既不……也不……"。
Neither answer is correct. 两个答案都不对。
Neither he nor I am a doctor. 他和我都不是医生。
【易错警示】neither作主语时,谓语动词使用单数形式;作定语时,修饰单数名词。
(5) 复合不定代词的用法
由some,any,every,no与one,body,thing一起构成的代词叫复合不定代词,如something,everybody,anyone,nothing等。由one和body构成的复合不定代词可相互换用。
初中阶段常见的复合不定代词有:
somebody (某人)
anybody(任何人)
nobody(没有人)
everybody(每人)
someone (某人)
anyone(任何人)
no one(没有人)
everyone (每人)
something (某事)
anything(任何事)
nothing (没有东西)
everything (每一件事)
用法
例句
复合不定代词一般用作单数,在句中作主语、宾语或表语
Nobody is aliment. 没有人缺席。(主语)
Do you need anything? 你需要点什么吗?(宾语)
Grammar is not everything. 语法不是全部。(表语)
复合不定代词被定语修饰时,定语须放在它们后面
There is nothing wrong with the radio. 收音机没有什么问题。
由some构成的复合不定代词用法与some类似,而由any构成的复合不定代词用法与any类似。当any构成的复合不定代词用于肯定句时,常表示"无论什么东西,随便什么东西/事情"
There’ s always somebody at home in the evenings. 晚上总有人在家。
Is there anything interesting in the newspaper? 报纸上有什么有趣的东西吗?
连词
英语里用来连接单词、短语或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词,在句子中不能单独使用,但可以起连接的作用。两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起而构成的句子叫作并列复合句。
其基本结构:简单句+并列连词+简单句。
1.并列复合句中的并列连词
and
①“和,而且”,表并列、递进或顺承: He is a good teacher, and we all like him.
②“祈使句,and+陈述句”表结果: Work hard, and you will get better grades next time.
but
“但是,可是,而”,表转折: I don’t want to go there, but Mom said I must.
so
“因此,所以”,表因果: I don’t have enough money, so I won’t buy the toy.
or
①“或者,还是”,表选择:Do it yourself or ask somebody else to do it.
②“否则”,用于“祈使句,or+陈述句”: Work hard, or you will fail the exam.
for
“因为”,表原因: The plane won’t take off today, for a heavy rain is on the way.
while
“然而”,表转折,用来表示对比: Some kids like running in the wild while others prefer to stay at home reading.
【注意】
①其他并列连词(词组)
有的并列连词(词组)可连接除分句之外的并列结构(并列的主语、谓语动词、宾语、表语等),如and(和,与),or(或者,还是,表选择),both...and...,not only...but also...,either...or..., neither...nor...。
★表并列关系时,and/or区分:肯定句用and,否定句用or。如:
I can read and write./I can’t read or write.
2.常见的并列连词短语有:
连词短语
意义
例句
neither…nor…
既不……也不……(谓语动词遵循就近原则)
Neither he nor I am well-educated.
他和我都没有受到良好教育。
either…or…
或者……或者……(谓语动词遵循就近原则)
Either you or I am wrong.
不是你错就是我错。
not only…but also…
不但……而且……(谓语动词遵循就近原则)
Not only you but also she has to attend the meeting.
不只是你,她也得参加会议。
both…and…
两者都……(谓语动词用复数)
Both Mary and I are going to do the cleaning.
我和Mary都要打扫卫生。
一、单词拼写
1.Would you please ____________ (not disturb) me when I sleep?
【答案】not disturb
【详解】句意:我睡觉的时候,你能不打扰我吗?Would you please后接动词原形,表示请求别人做什么,其否定形式要在动词前面加not,故填not disturb。
2.On Nov. 11 many people buy a lot online, but few are able to make full use of them, resulting in a big (浪费).
【答案】waste
【详解】句意:11月11日,许多人在网上买了很多东西,但很少有人能够充分利用它们,导致了巨大的浪费。根据中文提示可知,“浪费”对应的英文是waste,它作可数名词时,意为“浪费的行为、造成浪费的事物”,“a big”后面需要接一个可数名词单数,故填waste。
3.I have to prepare food for seven people i me.
【答案】(i)ncluding
【详解】句意:我要为包括我在内的七个人准备食物。根据“prepare food for seven people ...me”及首字母可知,应是“包含我在内”的七个人,including“包含”符合语境,故填(i)ncluding。
4.Lucy has changed a lot . (最近)
【答案】recently
【详解】句意:露西最近变化很大。recently“最近”,时间副词,其所在的句子常用现在完成时。故填recently。
5.Strong light our eye sight, so please don’t read in the sun. (伤害、损害)
【答案】is harmful to/does harm to
【详解】句意:强光会对我们的视力有害,所以请不要在阳光下看书。根据汉语提示可知,be harmful to/do harm to均意为“伤害、损害”,固定搭配,因是陈述事实,时态为一般现在时,主语为Strong light,be动词用is或谓语动词用第三人称单数does。故填is harmful to/does harm to。
6.Who breaks traffic rules should be p .
【答案】(p)unished
【详解】句意:违反交通规则的人应该受到惩罚。根据“Who breaks traffic rules”以及首字母提示可知,违反交通规则的人应该受到惩罚。punish“惩罚”,主语与punish构成被动关系,此处应用含有情态动词的被动语态:should be done。故填(p)unished。
7.The company is spending too much money, so it is trying to r costs.
【答案】(r)educe
【详解】句意:公司花费太多钱,所以试图削减成本。根据“The company is spending too much money”和“costs”可知,公司需要减少成本,应用动词reduce“减少”,空前有动词不定式符号to,动词用原形。故填(r)educe。
8.—How’s your interview?
—I’m still waiting for the reply. P the manager will call today.
【答案】(P)erhaps
【详解】句意:——你的面试怎么样?——我还在等答复。也许经理今天会打电话来。此处用副词修饰整个句子,根据“I’m still waiting for the reply.”可推出是也许会打来电话,用perhaps表示“也许”。故填(P)erhaps。
9.You should be more careful to (避免) making the same mistake.
【答案】avoid
【详解】句意:你应该更加小心,避免犯同样的错误。更加小心的目的是为了避免犯同样的错误,此处是动词不定式作目的状语。故填avoid。
10.Paper cutting is a traditional art f .
【答案】(f)orm
【详解】句意:剪纸是一种传统艺术形式。根据“Paper cutting”可知是指传统艺术形式。a修饰名词单数form“形式”。故填(f)orm。
11.—Why haven’t they made the final decision?
—They are still in (agree) about the details.
【答案】disagreement
【详解】句意:——他们为什么还没有做出最后的决定?——他们在细节问题上仍有分歧。此处in后要接名词;根据“Why haven’t they made the final decision?”可知他们还未做出最后的决定,说明他们还有分歧,disagreement“分歧”,符合题意。故填disagreement。
12.Learning a language well r (需要) a lot of hard work.
【答案】(r)equires
【详解】句意:学好一门语言需要大量的辛勤工作。根据汉语提示和首字母可知本题考查单词require“需要”,动词作谓语,由语境可知句子时态为一般现在时,而主语Learning a language well为第三人称单数,故填(r)equires。
13.When we do some shopping, we ought to use instead of plastic ones. (布袋)
【答案】cloth bags
【详解】句意:当我们购物时,我们应该使用布袋而不是塑料袋。根据汉语提示和空格前“we ought to use”可知,空格处缺少名词复数,指代一类物品。cloth“布”,名词;bag“袋子”,名词,其复数形式为bags。故填cloth bags。
14.Never studying, believe in yourself and you’ll succeed one day. (放弃)
【答案】give up
【详解】句意:永远不要放弃学习,相信自己,总有一天你会成功的。“放弃”是动词短语give up,这里是一个祈使句,否定词never后接动词原形,故填give up。
15.As parents, we need to help our children realize the p of learning is much more important than the result of it.
【答案】(p)rocess
【详解】句意:作为父母,我们需要帮助我们的孩子意识到学习的过程比结果重要得多。根据“the p... of learning is much more important than the result of it”可知,填入的词与“result”形成对比,比学习的结果重要的是学习的过程,process意为“过程”,无需变形。故填(p)rocess。
二、完成句子
1.它(在公共场合制造噪音)不仅打扰别人,而且对人们的听力造成了很大的损害。
It not only disturbs others but also to people’s hearing.
【答案】 does great harm
【详解】根据中英文对照可知,do harm to“对……造成伤害”,动词短语;great“很大的”,形容词,来修饰名词harm;句子时态为一般现在时,It作主语,谓语动词应用动词的第三人称单数形式;not only…but also…“不但……而且……”,固定搭配,常用于连接两个并列的成分,第一个空应用do的三单形式,即does。故填does;great;harm。
2.许多美国青少年的听力几乎和65岁老人的听力一样差。
Many teenagers in America can hear 65-year-old people do.
【答案】 no better than
【详解】根据中英文对照可知,此处应用短语“no+形容词比较级/副词比较级+than”,表示“和……一样不……”;第一个空前为动词hear,应用副词来修饰动词,第二个空应用副词well的比较级,即better。故填no;better;than。
3.在嘈杂的环境中工作和生活的人常常耳聋。
People who work and live in noisy conditions often .
【答案】 go deaf
【详解】根据中英文对照可知,go deaf“变聋”,动词短语;此句时态为一般现在时,People作主语,谓语动词应用动词原形。故填go;deaf。
4.——你像这样多久了?
——自上周以来我一直都是这样。
— have you been like this?
—I’ve like this last week.
【答案】 How long been since
【详解】根据中英文对照可知,第一二空处意为“多久”,how long“多久”符合语境;第三空处意为“是(某种状态)”,be动词表状态,本句是现在完成时,空前有have,be动词用过去分词;第四空意为“自从”,since“自从”,符合语境。故填How;long;been;since。
5.看,有几家化工厂正往小河里排放废水。
Look, there are several chemical factories waste water the stream.
【答案】 pouring into
【详解】本句型为There be sb./sth. doing sth.表示“有某人或某物正在做某事”;“pour...into...”表示“把……倒入”。故填pouring;into。
6.经过多年的努力,一些沙漠变成了绿洲。(完成译句)
With many years’ hard working, people have the deserts oases (绿洲).
【答案】 changed/turned into
【详解】根据中英文对照可知,把……变成……:change/turn...into;句子时态是现在完成时,过去分词changed/turned符合句意,故填changed/turned;into。
7.吉姆总是把他的东西放得到处都是。
Jim always puts his things and .
【答案】 here there
【详解】对比所给中英文可知,设空处为“到处”;here and there“到处;各处”,是固定搭配。故填here;there。
8.我们应该尽一切努力保护环境。(完成译句)
We should do to protect the environment.
【答案】 everything/our possible/best
【详解】do everything possible/do one’s best“尽一切努力”,主语是We,第二空用形容词性物主代词our。故填everything/our;possible/best。
9.我们应该尽一切努力保护环境。
We should do we can the environment.
【答案】 everything to protect
【详解】根据中英文对比可知,缺少“一切”和“保护”的意思,其英文表达是“everything”和“protect”,保护环境是目的,用动词不定式。故填everything;to;protect。
10.每个人都应该关爱野生动物,并且多种树。
Everyone should wild animals and plant more trees.
【答案】 care for
【详解】“关爱” care for,固定搭配,情态动词should后接动词原形。故填care;for。
11.别生气,毕竟他不是故意打碎玻璃的。
Don’t be angry. , he didn’t break the glass on purpose.
【答案】After all
【详解】毕竟:after all,副词短语。故填After all。
12.在我空闲时间,我就只想让大脑停止工作,不想太多。
In my spare time, I just want to my brain and not think too much.
【答案】 shut off
【详解】根据中英文对照可知,此处缺少“停止”。shut off“停止”,动词短语,前边有不定式符合to,用动词原形。故填shut;off。
13.当你离开教室的时候,应该随手关灯。(完成译句)
You turn off the lights when you leave the classroom.
【答案】 ought to
【详解】“应该做某事”ought to do sth,固定短语。故填ought;to。
14.回收利用能够保护环境,也能省钱。
can protect the environment, it can save money, too.
【答案】 Recycling and
【详解】对比中英文可知,空处缺少“回收利用”;结合英文题干和汉语提示可知,此处考查recycle“回收利用”,动词,此处应用动名词形式recycling,作句子的主语,位于句首,首字母要大写;“recycling can protect the environment”和“it can save money”为并列关系,应用and“和,又”连接。故填Recycling;and。
15.快点儿,不然你就上学迟到了。
up, you’ll be late for school.
【答案】 Hurry or
【详解】根据题干可知,空①缺少“快点”,此处为固定短语hurry up,该句为祈使句,动词应用原形,位于句首首字母大写;空②缺少“不然”,用连词or表示。故填Hurry;or。
三、单项选择
1.—Would you like to watch the 3D film Nezha with me?
—Certainly. I don’t mind seeing it again although I ________ it twice.
A.saw B.was seeing C.have seen D.will see
【答案】C
【详解】句意:——你愿意和我一起看3D电影《哪吒》吗? ——当然愿意。虽然我已经看过两次了,但我不介意再看一次。考查动词时态。根据“twice”可知,“看电影”这一动作在过去发生过,且对现在有影响 ——我不介意再看一次,因此句子时态需用现在完成时,其结构为have/has done;主语为“I”,助动词需用have,动词see的过去分词为seen,即have seen。故选C。
2.Judy ________ this toy bear in 2017. She ________ it for nine years.
A.bought; has had B.bought; has bought
C.has bought; has had D.has bought; had
【答案】A
【详解】句意:Judy在2017年买了这个玩具熊,她拥有它已经九年了。
考查时态。由第一空所在句中的时间状语“in 2017”可知,句子时态应用一般过去时,动词用过去式bought;由第二空所在句中的时间状语“for nine years”可知,第二句用现在完成时,且谓语动词应用延续性动词,buy是短暂性动词,其延续性动词为have,现在完成时的结构为“have/has+动词的过去分词”,主语“She”是第三人称单数,所以助动词用has,因此第二空应填has had。故选A。
3.—Would you like to watch the 3D film Nezha with me?
—Certainly. I don’t mind seeing it again although I ________ it twice.
A.saw B.was seeing C.have seen D.will see
【答案】C
【详解】句意:——你愿意和我一起看3D电影《哪吒》吗?——当然。我不介意再看一遍,尽管我已经看了两次了。考查时态。根据“twice”可知此处表示已经看过两次了,表示过去的动作对现在的影响,用现在完成时have/has done。故选C。
4.Many of my classmates have lived in Suqian ________ they were born.
A.for B.when C.since D.before
【答案】C
【详解】句意:我的很多同学自出生起就一直生活在宿迁。
考查从属连词辨析。for因为;when当……时;since自从;before在……之前。根据“Many of my classmates have lived in Suqian ... they were born.”可知,此处是“现在完成时+since+一般过去时”结构,故选C。
5.I ________ scared of snakes ever since a snake hurt me when I was five years old.
A.will be B.was C.have been D.would be
【答案】C
【详解】句意:自从我5岁时一条蛇咬了我后,我一直害怕蛇。
考查句子时态。will be一般将来时;was一般过去时;have been现在完成时;would be过去将来时。ever since引导的时间状语通常表示动作或状态从过去开始,一直延续到当前时刻。因此,主句应使用现在完成时,结构为have/has + 过去分词;主语是I,所以动词用have been。故选C。
6.—Where is your father, Lily?
—He ________ Hong Kong. He will be back in 3 days.
A.has been to B.has gone to C.has went to D.went to
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——莉莉,你爸爸在哪里?——他去香港了。他三天后回来。
考查现在完成时。has been to表示“去过(某地),人已经回来” ;has gone to表示“去了(某地),人还未回来”;has went to是错误表达;went to一般过去时。根据答语“He will be back in 3 days.”可知,人去了香港还没回来,选项B契合;选项D只是单纯说明过去去了某地的动作,不能体现“人现在还在香港未回”的含义,故选B。
7.________ my mother ________ my father like travelling.
A.Neither, nor B.Both, and C.Not only, but also D.Either, or
【答案】B
【详解】句意:我的妈妈和爸爸都喜欢旅行。
考查并列连词辨析。Neither...nor...既不……也不……;Both...and...两者都……;Not only...but also...不仅……而且……;Either...or...要么……要么……。选项A、C、D连接并列主语时,谓语动词遵循“就近原则”,此句中靠近谓语的是“my father”,谓语动词应用“likes”,但原句是“like”,所以排除这三个选项。故选B。
8.—Would you like to visit your uncle on Saturday or Sunday?
—________. I’m free on these two days.
A.Neither B.All C.Both D.Either
【答案】D
【详解】句意:——你想在星期六还是星期天去看望你叔叔?——都可以。我这两天都有空。
考查代词辨析。Neither两者都不;All所有的;Both两者都;Either两者之一。根据“I’m free on these two days.”可知,这两天都可以,用either。故选D。
9.—Which skirt do you like better, the blue one or the green one?
—________. They don’t look good on me.
A.Either B.Both C.Neither D.All
【答案】C
【详解】句意:——你更喜欢哪条裙子,蓝色的还是绿色的? ——都不喜欢。它们穿在我身上不好看。
考查代词词义辨析。Either两者中的任何一个;Both两者都;Neither两者都不;All三者或三者以上都。由“the blue one or the green one”和“They don’t look good on me.”可知,说话者对两条裙子都不喜欢,Neither符合语境。故选C。
10.—Do you like talking with your friends on the telephone or mobile phone?
—________. I enjoy chatting online.
A.Neither B.Either C.Both
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——你喜欢和你的朋友在电话上还是在手机上聊天?——都不喜欢。我喜欢在网上聊天。
考查代词辨析和用法。Neither两者都不;Either两者中的任何一个;Both两者都。根据“on the telephone or mobile phone”可知,此处表示两者进行选择,再根据“I enjoy chatting online”可知,我喜欢在网上聊天,因此在电话上和在手机上聊天都不喜欢。故选A。
11.There isn’t ________ information about water in this passage. I need to find more online.
A.many B.much C.little D.few
【答案】B
【详解】句意:这篇文章中关于水的信息不多。我需要在网上查找更多。
考查形容词辨析。many很多(修饰可数名词复数);much许多(修饰不可数名词);little一点儿(表否定,修饰不可数名词);few很少(表否定,修饰可数名词复数)。information是不可数名词,因此排除选项A和D;正因文章中关于水的信息不多,所以才需要在网上查找更多信息,much符合语境。故选B。
12.—Tommy, is there ________ in the classroom now?
—No. All the students are having a P.E. lesson on the playground.
A.anybody B.somebody C.everybody
【答案】A
【详解】句意:——汤米,现在教室里有人吗?——没有。所有的学生都在操场上上体育课。
考查代词辨析。anybody任何人,一般用于否定句或疑问句中;somebody某人,一般用于肯定句中;everybody所有人。根据分析句子“is there…in the classroom now?”可知,此处是一般疑问句,询问教室里是否有人,应用anybody。故选A。
13.There is ________ in the world if you set your mind to do it.
A.nothing difficult B.difficult nothing
C.something difficult D.difficult something
【答案】A
【详解】句意:如果你下定决心去做,世界上没有什么困难的事情。
考查不定代词及形容词的位置。nothing没什么;something某事,不定代词;difficult困难的,形容词;形容词修饰不定代词要放在其后,排除B和D;根据“if you set your mind to do it”可知,此处表达的是“如果下定决心去做某事,就没有困难的事情”,应用nothing表示否定,故选A。
14.Look! There is _________ in the classroom. It’s empty.
A.nobody B.somebody C.anybody D.everybody
【答案】A
【详解】句意:看!教室里没有人。它是空的。
考查代词辨析。nobody没有人;somebody某人;anybody任何人;everybody每个人。根据“It’s empty.”可知,教室里没有人。故选A。
15.Is there ________ in today’s newspaper, Linda?
A.anything exciting B.anything excited
C.exciting anything D.excited anything
【答案】A
【详解】句意:琳达,今天的报纸上有(什么)令人高兴的消息吗?考查不定代词的用法。形容词修饰不定代词位于其后,排除CD,修饰事物用-ing形式的形容词,排除B。故选A。
16.When you lose your money, you lose nothing, but when you lose your health, you lose ________.
A.nothing B.anything C.something D.everything
【答案】D
【详解】句意:当你失去金钱时,你什么也没失去;但当你失去健康时,你就失去了一切。
考查不定代词辨析。nothing没有什么、无关紧要的东西;anything任何东西,常用于否定句或疑问句;something某事、某物,常用于肯定句;everything一切、所有事物;根据“When you lose your money, you lose nothing, but when you lose your health, you lose...”可知,前半句说失去金钱不算失去什么,通过“but”形成转折对比,强调失去健康的严重性远超失去金钱。“lose everything”表示“失去一切”能体现健康的重要性,与前面的“nothing”形成强烈对比,符合逻辑。故选D。
17.—Is there ________ in the box?
—Nothing.
A.something else B.else something C.anything else D.else anything
【答案】C
【详解】句意:——盒子里还有别的东西吗?——没什么。
考查不定代词辨析和定语后置。something else别的东西,多用于肯定句中;else something表述错误;anything else别的东西,多用于否定句和疑问句中;else anything表述错误。根据“Is there ... in the box?”可知,本句是一般疑问句,故选C。
18.________ knows everything about him, because he never tells ________ about his private life.
A.Somebody; something B.Anybody; anything
C.Nobody; anything D.Everybody; something
【答案】C
【详解】句意:没有人对他的一切情况都了如指掌,因为他从不透露任何有关其个人生活的信息。
考查代词辨析。Somebody某人;Anybody任何人;Nobody没人;Everybody每个人。根据“...knows everything about him, because he never tells ... about his private life.”可知,他从不透露个人信息,所以没有人了解,第一处用Nobody。something某事;anything任何事。根据“because he never tells ... about his private life”可知,此处是否定句,用anything。故选C。
19.—Is there _________ in today’s newspaper?
—No, I don’t see it.
A.something special B.anything special C.special something
【答案】B
【详解】句意:——今天的报纸有什么特别的吗?——没有,我没看到。
考查不定代词。something某事,用于肯定句;anything任何事,用于疑问句或否定句;special特别的,形容词。根据“Is there... in today’s newspaper?”可知,此处是疑问句,所以用anything。故选B。
20.—I want to go ______ to relax.
—How about going to Sanya? It’s a beautiful seaside city.
A. anywhere warm B.warm anywhere
C.warm somewhere D.somewhere warm
【答案】D
【详解】句意:——我想找个暖和的地方放松一下。——去三亚怎么样?那是一个美丽的海滨城市。
考查复合不定代词的用法。somewhere某处、某地;anywhere任何地方。修饰复合不定代词时,形容词warm应后置;根据“I want to go ... to relax.”可知,去某个暖和的地方,肯定句应用somewhere。故选D。
521.My dream job is to be an artist ________ a computer programmer, because I enjoy creative work or solving problems.
A.with B.but C.and D.or
【答案】D
【详解】句意:我梦想的工作是成为一名艺术家或者一名电脑程序员,因为我喜欢创造性的工作或者解决问题。考查连词辨析。with和……一起、具有;but但是;and和;or或者。根据“My dream job is to be an artist...a computer programmer, because I enjoy creative work or solving problems.”可知,句中“an artist”和“a computer programmer”是两种不同的职业,属于选择关系,即梦想的工作是这两者中的一种。“or”表选择,符合语境。故选D。
22.Kangkang stands on a chair ______ Lingling helps to clean the blackboard.
A.so B.and C.but D.or
【答案】B
【详解】句意:康康站在椅子上,并且玲玲帮助擦黑板。
考查并列连词辨析。so所以;and并且;but但是;or或者。根据分析句子可知,前后构成并列关系,所以此处应该填入并列连词and,意为“并且”,表并列关系。故选B。
23.This is our school farm. It’s not big, ________ we grow many different plants here.
A.or B.because C.so D.but
【答案】D
【详解】句意:这是我们学校的农场。它不大,但我们在这里种了很多不同的植物。考查连词辨析。or否则;because因为;so所以;but但是。根据“It’s not big, ... we grow many different plants here.”可知,此处指学校的农场虽然不大,但是在这里种了很多不同的植物,前后句是转折关系,用but连接,故选D。
24.We could drive ______ ride bikes to the park.
A.and B.but C.or D.so
【答案】C
【详解】句意:我们可以开车或者骑自行车去公园。
考查并列连词辨析。and和,并且;but但是;or或者;so所以。根据“We could drive … ride bikes to the park.”可知,“drive”和“ride bikes”是两种出行方式,应用“or”表示“两者择一”。故选C。
25.My father often says “Never give up ________ you’ll do better.”
A.but B.so C.and D.or
【答案】C
【详解】句意:我父亲常说:“永不放弃,你会做得更好。”考查并列连词。but但是,表示转折;so因此;and表示顺承或并列;or或者,表示选择。根据句中的“Never give up”和“you’ll do better”可知,前后是顺承关系,强调“不放弃”与“做得更好”的积极关联,因此用and连接。故选C。
26.________ Tom ________ his sister enjoy reading. They often go to the library together.
A.Either; or B.Not only; but also C.Both; and
【答案】C
【详解】句意:汤姆和他的妹妹都喜欢读书。他们经常一起去图书馆。 考查连词辨析。Either; or 要么……要么……;Not only; but also 不仅……而且……;Both; and 两者都。根据“They often go to the library together.”可知,汤姆和他的妹妹都喜欢读书,且句中谓语动词“enjoy”为原形,是复数形式,故选C。
27.The children cleaned their rooms quickly, ________ they wanted to go to the park, ________ it began to rain.
A.because; but B.for; and C.but; so D.or; yet
【答案】A
【详解】句意:孩子们很快打扫了房间,因为他们想去公园,但是天开始下雨了。考查连词。because因为;but但是;for由于;and和;so因此;or或者;yet仍然。根据“they wanted to go to the park”可知,后句是一个完整的句子且解释了原因,第一空填because;根据“it began to rain.”可知,语境发生了转折,第二空填but。故选A。
28.The children can go with us, ______ they can stay at home.
A.and B.but C.or D.if
【答案】C
【详解】句意:孩子们可以和我们一起去,或者他们可以待在家里。考查连词辨析。and 和,表并列;but 但是,表转折;or 或者,表选择;if 如果,表条件。根据“The children can go with us, ...they can stay at home.”可知,此处表示两种可能性供选择:要么跟我们一起去,要么待在家里,故选C。
29.I have only two tickets for Cats. ________ you ________ he can go with me.
A.Either; or B.Neither; nor C.Both; and D.As; as
【答案】A
【详解】句意:我只有两张《猫》的票,要么你要么他可以跟我一起去。
考查连词辨析。Either,or要么……要么……;Neither,nor既不……也不……;Both,and两者都;As ,as和…… 一样。根据前句“I have only two tickets for Cats.”可知,说话者只有两张票(包括自己的一张),因此只能带一个人去,即 “要么你去,要么他去。故选A。
30.What size bowl of dumplings would you like, small, medium________ large?
A.and B.so C.or D.but
【答案】C
【详解】句意:你想要多大碗的水饺,小碗、中碗还是大碗?
考查连词辨析。and 而且;so所以;or或者;but但是。根据“What size bowl of dumplings would you like”可知此处要在三者中做出选择,用“or”在表选择关系。故选C。
题型一 语法选择
(一)
It’s very important for us to recycle. In nature, everything 1 again. For example, when an animal dies, it becomes 62 animal’s food. Nothing is wasted. But humans have created things like plastic bags 3 can’t be broken down by nature. Our rubbish kills animals and 4 water and soil. 5 we continue making too much rubbish, the problem will only get worse. If nature can’t reuse the rubbish, we must recycle 6 . We should clean up the rubbish we’ve made because nature can’t.
Recycling is also the right thing to do for another reason. The earth is rich in natural materials like water and trees, 7 these materials are not endless. We use up our natural materials much 8 than the earth is able to reproduce them. For example, each year we cut 9 more than 6, 000 square miles of forest. But it takes an average of 25 years for a new tree 10 .
1.A.use B.used C.is used
2.A.another B.other C.others
3.A.who B.which C.what
4.A.pollutes B.polluted C.polluting
5.A.When B.Whether C.If
6.A.itself B.its C.it
7.A.but B.or C.and
8.A.fast B.faster C.fastest
9.A.out B.down C.up
10.A.grows B.growing C.to grow
【答案】
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.C
【导语】本文讲述了回收的重要性以及人类对自然资源过度消耗所带来的问题。
1.句意:在自然界中,一切都被再次利用。
use使用,原形;used过去式;is used被动语态。此处主语是“everything”与“使用”之间存在被动关系,需用结构be done。故选C。
2.句意:例如,当一只动物死去时,它就变成了另一只动物的食物。
another另一个(三者及以上中的另一个);other其他的(形容词,修饰名词复数);others其他人/物。此处表示“变成另一种动物的食物”,因此需用代词“another”来修饰“animal”。故选A。
3.句意:但人类创造了像塑料袋这样的东西,这些东西不能被自然分解。
who谁(引导定语从句,指代人);which哪一个(引导定语从句,指代物);what什么,引导宾语从句。此处是定语从句,先行词是“things like plastic bags”,指物,因此需用“which”来引导。故选B。
4.句意:我们的垃圾会杀死动物,污染水和土壤。
pollutes污染(第三人称单数);polluted污染(过去式);polluting污染(现在分词)。主语“Our rubbish”,时态为一般现在时,动词用第三人称单数形式。故选A。
5.句意:如果我们继续制造太多的垃圾,问题只会变得更糟。
When当……时;Whether是否;If 如果。此处表示假设条件“如果我们继续制造太多的垃圾”,因此需用“If”来引导条件状语从句。故选C。
6.句意:如果大自然不能重新利用垃圾,我们必须回收它。
itself它自己(反身代词);its它的(形容词性物主代词/名词性物主代词);it它(主格/宾格)。根据“If nature can’t reuse the rubbish, we must recycle”可知,此处需用“it”指代“rubbish”作宾语。故选C。
7.句意:地球拥有丰富的自然资源,如水和树木,但这些资源并不是无穷无尽的。
but但是;or或者;and和。此处表示转折关系,因此需用“but”来连接两个分句。故选A。
68.句意:我们消耗自然资源的速度远快于地球能够再生的速度。
fast快(原形);faster更快(比较级);fastest最快(最高级)。根据“than”可知,此处表示比较级,需用“faster”。故选B。
9.句意:例如,我们每年砍伐超过6000平方英里的森林。
out出去;down向下;up向上。此处表示“砍伐森林”,通常用“cut down”来表示,故选B。
10.句意:但一棵新树平均需要25年才能长成。
grows生长(第三人称单数);growing生长(现在分词);to grow生长(不定式)。此处是“It takes some time to do sth.”的结构,表示“花费时间做某事”,因此需用不定式“to grow”。故选C。
(二)
请通读下面短文,掌握其大意,根据语法和上下文连贯的要求,从每小题所给的三个选项中选出一个最佳答案,并将字母编号填写在答题卡对应的位置。
Cash has always loved nature. He grew up fishing along the Chattanooga River. But once he learned that 80% of waste from land and rivers ends up in the ocean, he 11 sit back and do nothing. With the help of his family, Cash took the 12 step towards change—cleaning up the river. It quickly went from a family action to a community effort with volunteers and neighbors.
Since then 14-year-old Cash 13 a really positive influence on his hometown. Besides hosting several river 14 , he has written a children’s book about river pollution. He has also raised enough money to prepare for 15 waste bins. As a result, 17 waste bins 16 along the Tennessee River. In the process, he’s succeeded in 17 14,000 pounds of waste and recycled 1.5 tons of aluminum (铝), and that is just the beginning.
“I started The Cleanup Kids with my friend Ella,” Cash said. “Our goal is to make 18 difference where we live. We want to teach kids to notice 19 their actions are affecting the water and the ocean, even to the planet.”
“I also want to help them feel connected to the ocean. Because if you are connected to the ocean – if you love it and love what lives in it—you’ll want to protect it,” Cash continued. “Every 20 action matters. One person can make a positive change if he simply stands up and joins in.”
11.A.needn’t B.couldn’t C.mustn’t
12.A.one B.ones C.first
13.A.has B.had C.has had
14.A.cleanup B.cleanups C.cleanup’s
15.A.recycle B.recycled C.recycling
16.A.put B.are put C.are putting
17.A.remove B.removing C.removes
18.A.a B.an C.the
19.A.why B.how C.what
20.A.little B.less C.least
【答案】
11.B 12.C 13.C 14.B 15.C 16.B 17.B 18.A 19.B 20.A
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲了Cash热爱大自然,知道了河流垃圾最终流向海洋的情况后,在家人帮助下从清理河流起步,进而通过多种方式对家乡的环境保护产生积极影响的故事。
11.句意:但是,当他了解到来自陆地和河流的 80% 的废物最终会流入海洋后,他就不能坐视不管了。
needn’t不必 ;couldn’t不能;mustn’t千万不要,一定不要。根据“he...sit back and do nothing.”可知应为他不能坐视不管,couldn’t符合语境。故选B。
12.句意:在家人的帮助下,Cash迈出了改变的第一步——清理河流。
one一;ones代替复数名词;first第一。根据“Cash took the...step towards change”可知Cash迈出了改变的第一步,应用序数词,故选C。
13.句意:从那时起,14 岁的Cash对家乡产生了非常积极的影响。
has一般现在时;had一般过去时;has had现在完成时。have/has an influence on...对……有影响;根据Since then可知,该句为现在完成时,谓语动词结构应为have/has done,本句主语为Cash,第三人称单数,因此谓语动词结构应为has done。故选C。
14. 句意:除了多次主持河流清洁活动外,他还写了一本关于河流污染的儿童读物。
cleanup清理,单数形式;cleanups清理,复数形式;cleanup’s清理的,名词所有格。分析句子结构,此处缺宾语;根据空前several,意为“好几个”,后加可数名词复数形式。故选B。
15.句意:他还筹集了足够的资金来准备回收垃圾箱。
recycle回收,动词原形;recycled动词过去式或过去分词;recycling动名词或现在分词。prepare for doing sth“为……做好准备”,故选C。
16.句意:因此,17 个垃圾箱被放在了田纳西河沿岸。
put放,一般现在时;are put一般现在时被动语态;are putting现在进行时。put和waste bins之间为被动关系,谓语动词结构为be+done;本句主语为waste bins,复数形式,be动词用are;结合前文“He has also raised enough...”可知为现在发生的事情,此空应为一般现在时的被动语态,故选B。
17.句意:在这个过程中,他成功地清除了14,000磅废物,回收了1.5吨铝,而这仅仅是个开始。
remove清除,动词原形;removing动名词或现在分词;removes动词单三形式。succeed in doing sth“成功做某事”,故选B。
18.句意:我们的目标是改变我们生活的地方。
a不定冠词,用在辅音音素开头的单词前;an不定冠词,用在元音音素开头的单词前;the定冠词,表特指。make a difference“产生影响,引起变化”。故选A。
19.句意:我们希望教会孩子们注意他们的行为是怎样影响水和海洋,甚至是地球的。
why为什么;how怎样;what什么。根据“ We want to teach kids to notice...their actions are affecting the water and the ocean”可知,这里指怎样对水和海洋造成影响的,故选B。
20.句意:每一个微小的行动都很重要。
little小的;less更少的;least最少的。根据“Every...action matters.”可知,是表达每个微小的行动都很重要。故选A。
题型二 语法填空
阅读短文,在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Do you believe that picking up rubbish has become a world competition?
In November of 2023, the first Rubbish Collection World Cup 1 (hold) in Asia. Teams from 21 2 (country) took part in it. According to the rules, each team will have 60 minutes to collect rubbish as much as possible. Britain finally won the first prize. “We hope more people around the world 3 (pay) attention to environmental problems,” said a British team member.
When Ken, the founder of the competition, was interviewed, he talked 4 how he came up with the idea. Several years ago, he found many sea animals died 5 they ate the rubbish in the sea. So he started to pick up rubbish on 6 (he) way to the beach every morning.
“Picking up a piece of rubbish may save a turtle’s (海龟的) life. It’s also a good way 7 (keep) the beach clean.” In his eyes, changing people’s thoughts about rubbish was 8 (important) than other things.
“Picking up rubbish is meaningful and helpful, more and more people 9 (realize) it.” Ken said 10 (happy), “Now, I am glad to see that lots of people take part in it to protect our environment.”
【答案】
1.was held 2.countries 3.will pay 4.about 5.because/after 6.his 7.to keep 8.more important 9.have realized 10.happily
【导语】本文主要介绍了2023年11月在亚洲举办的首届垃圾收集世界杯,来自21个国家的队伍参加了这次比赛,强调了环保的重要性,以及比赛创始人Ken的环保行动和理念。
1.句意:2023年11月,首届垃圾收集世界杯在亚洲举行。根据“In November of 2023”可知,事情发生在过去,且“the first Rubbish Collection World Cup” 与“hold”之间是被动关系,即世界杯“被举办”,所以这里应用一般过去时的被动语态,其结构为was/were done;主语为单数,be动词应用was,动词hold的过去分词为held。故填was held。
2.句意:来自21个国家的队伍参加了比赛。空前为基数词“21”,所以这里应用名词复数形式countries。故填countries。
3.句意:一位英国队员说:“我们希望世界上更多的人关注环境问题。根据语境可知,这里表达的是希望未来发生的事情,因此这里应用一般将来时,其结构为will+动词原形。故填will pay。
4.句意:当比赛创始人Ken接受采访时,他谈到了自己是如何想出这个主意的。talk about“谈论”,动词短语。故填about。
5.句意:几年前,他发现许多海洋动物因吃了海里的垃圾而死。“they ate the rubbish in the sea”是“many sea animals died”的原因,所以用连词because“因为”引导原因状语从句;也可以表示许多海洋动物吃了海里的垃圾之后死了,应用after“在……之后”引导时间状语从句。故填because/after。
6.句意:所以他每天早上在去海滩的路上开始捡垃圾。on one’s way to...“在某人去……的路上”,固定搭配,所以这里应用he的形容词性物主代词his。故填his。
7.句意:这也是保持海滩清洁的好方法。a good way to do sth.“做某事的好方法”,固定搭配,因此这里应用动词不定式。故填to keep。
8.句意:在他看来,改变人们对垃圾的看法比其他事情更重要。根据“than”可知,此处应用important的比较级形式more important。故填more important。
9.句意:捡垃圾是有意义和有帮助的,越来越多的人已经意识到这一点。根据上文“Picking up rubbish is meaningful and helpful,”可知,捡垃圾这件事本身具有积极意义,这种意义从过去到现在一直存在,并对现在产生了影响,即越来越多的人已经意识到了这一点,句子时态应用现在完成时,其结构为have/has done;主语为复数,助动词应用have,动词realize的过去分词为realized。故填have realized。
10.句意:Ken开心地说:“现在,我很高兴看到很多人参与其中来保护我们的环境。”分析句子结构可知,此处应用形容词happy的副词形式happily“开心地”,在句中修饰动词“said”,作状语。故填happily。
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Unit 2 Saving the Earth
核心语法精练(一般过去式与现在完成时、不定代词和连词)
目录
A 考点概览·知识回顾 1
B 考点夯基·专项突破 2
一、单词拼写 2
二、完成句子 5
三、单项选择 6
C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 12
题型一 语法选择 12
题型二 语法填空 12
现在完成时与一般过去时区别
1. 侧重点不同
现在完成时和一般过去时所表示的动作都发生在过去,但它们所强调的重点不同:现在完成时侧重于对现在的影响;而一般过去时侧重于某一动作发生在过去某个时间或某段时间,即现在完成时侧重于现在的结果,而一般过去时侧重于动作发生的时间。如:
I have seen the film.
我看过这部电影。(现在我仍记得电影的内容)
I saw the film three days ago.
三天前我看了这部电影。(强调是三天前,而不是别的什么时候看的电影)
Mr Green has bought a new computer.
格林先生买了一台新电脑。(着重点是格林先生现在有了一台新电脑)
Mr Green bought a new computer yesterday.
格林先生昨天买了一台新电脑。(强调的是格林先生买新电脑的时间是昨天)
2. 时间状语不同
现在完成时常与already,yet,just,ever,never,before等副词以及"for+段时间","since+过去时间/从句"等时间状语连用;而一般过去时则常与"时间段+ago",just now,yesterday,last week等表示过去的时间状语连用。如:
She has lived here since two years ago. 她两年前就住在这里了。
She lived here two years ago. 两年前她住在这里。
He has been in the League for three years. 他入团已经三年了。
Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 昨晚汤姆给他的父母写了封信。
不定代词
不明确指代某个人、某个事物、某些人、某些事物的代词叫不定代词。不定代词可以代替名称和形容词,表示不同的数量概念。不定代词没有主格和宾格之分,在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语等。
1. 不定代词的句法功能
不定代词
成分
all,both,each,neither,either,much,little,many,few,other,some,any,one
在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语
everyone,everybody,everything,someone, somebody,something,anyone,anybody,anything,no one,nobody,nothing,none
在句中可作主语、宾语和表语
every,no
在句中只能作定语
1. 不定代词的基本语法
(1)some、any的用法
用法
例句
some和any作定语时既可以修饰可数名词,又可以修饰不可数名词
Some rice in the bag has been sold out. 袋子里的一些大米已经卖出去了。(修饰不可数名词)
Do you have any brothers or sisters? 你有兄弟姐妹吗?(修饰可数名词)
some多用于肯定句;在表示请求、劝告、邀请、或不希望对方拒绝的疑问句中用some而不用any
Some of the boys are good at swimming. 一些男孩擅长游泳。
Will you give me some water? 请给我一些水好吗?
any多用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中;用于肯定句中,表示"任何"
If you have any questions, please ask me. 如果你有问题,可以问我。
Any child needs love. 任何一个孩子都需要爱。
some和any可以用来修饰单数名词,some表示"某一";any表示"任何的"
Any student can answer this question. 任何学生都可以回答这个问题。
Someday Chinese people will fly to the moon. 某天中国人将会飞上月球。
(2)few,a few,little,a little的用法
用法
用于可数名词
用于不可数名词
表示肯定概念
a few虽少,但有几个
a little虽少,但有一点
表示否定概念
few不多,几乎没有
little不多,没有什么
(3)other,the other,others,the others,another的用法
用法
例句
other
某一个,另一些,其他的。不能单独使用,后面要跟单数名词或复数名词,泛指别的
Where are his other books? 他的另一些书在哪里?
others
其他。必须单独使用,泛指别人或别的东西,常用于"some... others"结构
Some are red, and others are black. 一些是红的,另一些是黑的。
the other
两个中的另一个,剩下的一个。特指,常用于"one... the other..."结构
She has two sisters — one is a nurse, and the other is a teacher. 她有两个姐姐,一个是护士,另一个是老师。
the others
其他全部,其余的。表示在一个范围内的其他全部
In our class only Tommy is English, and the others are Chinese. 我们班除了汤米是英国人外,其他都是中国人。
another
另一个(指多个中的任何一个),可单独用,也可接单数名词或名词复数,表示"另几个,再几个"
You can see another ship in the sea, can’ t you? 你能看见另一艘船在海里,不是吗?
(4)all,both,none,either,neither的用法
用法
例句
all
①侧重指三者或三者以上"都,全部,一切",在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语;
all于否定句时,表示部分否定;表示全部否定使用none。
All the students are on the playground. 所有的学生都在操场上。
Not all books are good.(= All books are not good. 不是所有的书都是好书。
both
①表示"两者都",可以作主语、宾语、定语和同位语;
②用于否定句表示部分否定,全部否定使用neither;
③both... and"两者都,既……又……"。
They both are not workers. 他们两个不都是工人。
Both Carl and Jeff are good at playing football. 卡尔和杰夫都擅长踢足球
none
①意为"没有人,没有一个,一点儿也没有,作主语和宾语,不作定语;
②none指代可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数或复数形式均可,而指代不可数名词时,谓语动词必须使用单数形式。
None of the books are mine. 这些书都不是我的。
None of the rubbish has been removed. 垃圾一点也没运走。
either
①表示"两者中任何一个",可作主语、宾语和定语;
②either作主语时,谓语动词应使用单数形式;作定语时,修饰单数名词。
You can park on either side of the street. 你在街道的哪边停车都可以。
The two guests have arrived and either is welcome. 两个客人都到了,而且都受欢迎。
【知识拓展】
(1)either可用于搭配"either... or...",意为"或者……或者……;要么……要么……"。
Either he or I am to blame. 或者他或者我将受到责备。
(2)either可作为副词,意为"也",用于否定句的句末。
He won’ t go and I won’ t go either. 他不去,我也不去。
neither
①意为"两者都不",可作主语、宾语和定语;
②neither... nor..."既不……也不……"。
Neither answer is correct. 两个答案都不对。
Neither he nor I am a doctor. 他和我都不是医生。
【易错警示】neither作主语时,谓语动词使用单数形式;作定语时,修饰单数名词。
(5) 复合不定代词的用法
由some,any,every,no与one,body,thing一起构成的代词叫复合不定代词,如something,everybody,anyone,nothing等。由one和body构成的复合不定代词可相互换用。
初中阶段常见的复合不定代词有:
somebody (某人)
anybody(任何人)
nobody(没有人)
everybody(每人)
someone (某人)
anyone(任何人)
no one(没有人)
everyone (每人)
something (某事)
anything(任何事)
nothing (没有东西)
everything (每一件事)
用法
例句
复合不定代词一般用作单数,在句中作主语、宾语或表语
Nobody is aliment. 没有人缺席。(主语)
Do you need anything? 你需要点什么吗?(宾语)
Grammar is not everything. 语法不是全部。(表语)
复合不定代词被定语修饰时,定语须放在它们后面
There is nothing wrong with the radio. 收音机没有什么问题。
由some构成的复合不定代词用法与some类似,而由any构成的复合不定代词用法与any类似。当any构成的复合不定代词用于肯定句时,常表示"无论什么东西,随便什么东西/事情"
There’ s always somebody at home in the evenings. 晚上总有人在家。
Is there anything interesting in the newspaper? 报纸上有什么有趣的东西吗?
连词
英语里用来连接单词、短语或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词,在句子中不能单独使用,但可以起连接的作用。两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起而构成的句子叫作并列复合句。
其基本结构:简单句+并列连词+简单句。
1.并列复合句中的并列连词
and
①“和,而且”,表并列、递进或顺承: He is a good teacher, and we all like him.
②“祈使句,and+陈述句”表结果: Work hard, and you will get better grades next time.
but
“但是,可是,而”,表转折: I don’t want to go there, but Mom said I must.
so
“因此,所以”,表因果: I don’t have enough money, so I won’t buy the toy.
or
①“或者,还是”,表选择:Do it yourself or ask somebody else to do it.
②“否则”,用于“祈使句,or+陈述句”: Work hard, or you will fail the exam.
for
“因为”,表原因: The plane won’t take off today, for a heavy rain is on the way.
while
“然而”,表转折,用来表示对比: Some kids like running in the wild while others prefer to stay at home reading.
【注意】
①其他并列连词(词组)
有的并列连词(词组)可连接除分句之外的并列结构(并列的主语、谓语动词、宾语、表语等),如and(和,与),or(或者,还是,表选择),both...and...,not only...but also...,either...or..., neither...nor...。
★表并列关系时,and/or区分:肯定句用and,否定句用or。如:
I can read and write./I can’t read or write.
2.常见的并列连词短语有:
连词短语
意义
例句
neither…nor…
既不……也不……(谓语动词遵循就近原则)
Neither he nor I am well-educated.
他和我都没有受到良好教育。
either…or…
或者……或者……(谓语动词遵循就近原则)
Either you or I am wrong.
不是你错就是我错。
not only…but also…
不但……而且……(谓语动词遵循就近原则)
Not only you but also she has to attend the meeting.
不只是你,她也得参加会议。
both…and…
两者都……(谓语动词用复数)
Both Mary and I are going to do the cleaning.
我和Mary都要打扫卫生。
一、单词拼写
1.Would you please ____________ (not disturb) me when I sleep?
2.On Nov. 11 many people buy a lot online, but few are able to make full use of them, resulting in a big (浪费).
3.I have to prepare food for seven people i me.
4.Lucy has changed a lot . (最近)
5.Strong light our eye sight, so please don’t read in the sun. (伤害、损害)
6.Who breaks traffic rules should be p .
7.The company is spending too much money, so it is trying to r costs.
8.—How’s your interview?
—I’m still waiting for the reply. P the manager will call today.
9.You should be more careful to (避免) making the same mistake.
10.Paper cutting is a traditional art f .
11.—Why haven’t they made the final decision?
—They are still in (agree) about the details.
12.Learning a language well r (需要) a lot of hard work.
13.When we do some shopping, we ought to use instead of plastic ones. (布袋)
14.Never studying, believe in yourself and you’ll succeed one day. (放弃)
15.As parents, we need to help our children realize the p of learning is much more important than the result of it.
二、完成句子
1.它(在公共场合制造噪音)不仅打扰别人,而且对人们的听力造成了很大的损害。
It not only disturbs others but also to people’s hearing.
2.许多美国青少年的听力几乎和65岁老人的听力一样差。
Many teenagers in America can hear 65-year-old people do.
3.在嘈杂的环境中工作和生活的人常常耳聋。
People who work and live in noisy conditions often .
4.——你像这样多久了?
——自上周以来我一直都是这样。
— have you been like this?
—I’ve like this last week.
5.看,有几家化工厂正往小河里排放废水。
Look, there are several chemical factories waste water the stream.
6.经过多年的努力,一些沙漠变成了绿洲。(完成译句)
With many years’ hard working, people have the deserts oases (绿洲).
Jim always puts his things and .
8.我们应该尽一切努力保护环境。(完成译句)
We should do to protect the environment.
9.我们应该尽一切努力保护环境。
We should do we can the environment.
10.每个人都应该关爱野生动物,并且多种树。
Everyone should wild animals and plant more trees.
11.别生气,毕竟他不是故意打碎玻璃的。
Don’t be angry. , he didn’t break the glass on purpose.
12.在我空闲时间,我就只想让大脑停止工作,不想太多。
In my spare time, I just want to my brain and not think too much.
13.当你离开教室的时候,应该随手关灯。(完成译句)
You turn off the lights when you leave the classroom.
14.回收利用能够保护环境,也能省钱。
can protect the environment, it can save money, too.
15.快点儿,不然你就上学迟到了。
up, you’ll be late for school.
三、单项选择
1.—Would you like to watch the 3D film Nezha with me?
—Certainly. I don’t mind seeing it again although I ________ it twice.
A.saw B.was seeing C.have seen D.will see
2.Judy ________ this toy bear in 2017. She ________ it for nine years.
A.bought; has had B.bought; has bought
C.has bought; has had D.has bought; had
3.—Would you like to watch the 3D film Nezha with me?
—Certainly. I don’t mind seeing it again although I ________ it twice.
A.saw B.was seeing C.have seen D.will see
4.Many of my classmates have lived in Suqian ________ they were born.
A.for B.when C.since D.before
5.I ________ scared of snakes ever since a snake hurt me when I was five years old.
A.will be B.was C.have been D.would be
6.—Where is your father, Lily?
—He ________ Hong Kong. He will be back in 3 days.
A.has been to B.has gone to C.has went to D.went to
7.________ my mother ________ my father like travelling.
A.Neither, nor B.Both, and C.Not only, but also D.Either, or
8.—Would you like to visit your uncle on Saturday or Sunday?
—________. I’m free on these two days.
A.Neither B.All C.Both D.Either
9.—Which skirt do you like better, the blue one or the green one?
—________. They don’t look good on me.
A.Either B.Both C.Neither D.All
10.—Do you like talking with your friends on the telephone or mobile phone?
—________. I enjoy chatting online.
A.Neither B.Either C.Both
11.There isn’t ________ information about water in this passage. I need to find more online.
A.many B.much C.little D.few
12.—Tommy, is there ________ in the classroom now?
—No. All the students are having a P.E. lesson on the playground.
A.anybody B.somebody C.everybody
13.There is ________ in the world if you set your mind to do it.
A.nothing difficult B.difficult nothing
C.something difficult D.difficult something
14.Look! There is _________ in the classroom. It’s empty.
A.nobody B.somebody C.anybody D.everybody
15.Is there ________ in today’s newspaper, Linda?
A.anything exciting B.anything excited
C.exciting anything D.excited anything
16.When you lose your money, you lose nothing, but when you lose your health, you lose ________.
A.nothing B.anything C.something D.everything
17.—Is there ________ in the box?
—Nothing.
A.something else B.else something C.anything else D.else anything
18.________ knows everything about him, because he never tells ________ about his private life.
A.Somebody; something B.Anybody; anything
C.Nobody; anything D.Everybody; something
19.—Is there _________ in today’s newspaper?
—No, I don’t see it.
A.something special B.anything special C.special something
20.—I want to go ______ to relax.
—How about going to Sanya? It’s a beautiful seaside city.
A. anywhere warm B.warm anywhere
C.warm somewhere D.somewhere warm
521.My dream job is to be an artist ________ a computer programmer, because I enjoy creative work or solving problems.
A.with B.but C.and D.or
22.Kangkang stands on a chair ______ Lingling helps to clean the blackboard.
A.so B.and C.but D.or
23.This is our school farm. It’s not big, ________ we grow many different plants here.
A.or B.because C.so D.but
24.We could drive ______ ride bikes to the park.
A.and B.but C.or D.so
25.My father often says “Never give up ________ you’ll do better.”
A.but B.so C.and D.or
26.________ Tom ________ his sister enjoy reading. They often go to the library together.
A.Either; or B.Not only; but also C.Both; and
27.The children cleaned their rooms quickly, ________ they wanted to go to the park, ________ it began to rain.
A.because; but B.for; and C.but; so D.or; yet
28.The children can go with us, ______ they can stay at home.
A.and B.but C.or D.if
29.I have only two tickets for Cats. ________ you ________ he can go with me.
A.Either; or B.Neither; nor C.Both; and D.As; as
30.What size bowl of dumplings would you like, small, medium________ large?
A.and B.so C.or D.but
题型一 语法选择
(一)
It’s very important for us to recycle. In nature, everything 1 again. For example, when an animal dies, it becomes 62 animal’s food. Nothing is wasted. But humans have created things like plastic bags 3 can’t be broken down by nature. Our rubbish kills animals and 4 water and soil. 5 we continue making too much rubbish, the problem will only get worse. If nature can’t reuse the rubbish, we must recycle 6 . We should clean up the rubbish we’ve made because nature can’t.
Recycling is also the right thing to do for another reason. The earth is rich in natural materials like water and trees, 7 these materials are not endless. We use up our natural materials much 8 than the earth is able to reproduce them. For example, each year we cut 9 more than 6, 000 square miles of forest. But it takes an average of 25 years for a new tree 10 .
1.A.use B.used C.is used
2.A.another B.other C.others
3.A.who B.which C.what
4.A.pollutes B.polluted C.polluting
5.A.When B.Whether C.If
6.A.itself B.its C.it
7.A.but B.or C.and
8.A.fast B.faster C.fastest
9.A.out B.down C.up
10.A.grows B.growing C.to grow
(二)
请通读下面短文,掌握其大意,根据语法和上下文连贯的要求,从每小题所给的三个选项中选出一个最佳答案,并将字母编号填写在答题卡对应的位置。
Cash has always loved nature. He grew up fishing along the Chattanooga River. But once he learned that 80% of waste from land and rivers ends up in the ocean, he 11 sit back and do nothing. With the help of his family, Cash took the 12 step towards change—cleaning up the river. It quickly went from a family action to a community effort with volunteers and neighbors.
Since then 14-year-old Cash 13 a really positive influence on his hometown. Besides hosting several river 14 , he has written a children’s book about river pollution. He has also raised enough money to prepare for 15 waste bins. As a result, 17 waste bins 16 along the Tennessee River. In the process, he’s succeeded in 17 14,000 pounds of waste and recycled 1.5 tons of aluminum (铝), and that is just the beginning.
“I started The Cleanup Kids with my friend Ella,” Cash said. “Our goal is to make 18 difference where we live. We want to teach kids to notice 19 their actions are affecting the water and the ocean, even to the planet.”
“I also want to help them feel connected to the ocean. Because if you are connected to the ocean – if you love it and love what lives in it—you’ll want to protect it,” Cash continued. “Every 20 action matters. One person can make a positive change if he simply stands up and joins in.”
11.A.needn’t B.couldn’t C.mustn’t
12.A.one B.ones C.first
13.A.has B.had C.has had
14.A.cleanup B.cleanups C.cleanup’s
15.A.recycle B.recycled C.recycling
16.A.put B.are put C.are putting
17.A.remove B.removing C.removes
18.A.a B.an C.the
19.A.why B.how C.what
20.A.little B.less C.least
题型二 语法填空
阅读短文,在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Do you believe that picking up rubbish has become a world competition?
In November of 2023, the first Rubbish Collection World Cup 1 (hold) in Asia. Teams from 21 2 (country) took part in it. According to the rules, each team will have 60 minutes to collect rubbish as much as possible. Britain finally won the first prize. “We hope more people around the world 3 (pay) attention to environmental problems,” said a British team member.
When Ken, the founder of the competition, was interviewed, he talked 4 how he came up with the idea. Several years ago, he found many sea animals died 5 they ate the rubbish in the sea. So he started to pick up rubbish on 6 (he) way to the beach every morning.
“Picking up a piece of rubbish may save a turtle’s (海龟的) life. It’s also a good way 7 (keep) the beach clean.” In his eyes, changing people’s thoughts about rubbish was 8 (important) than other things.
“Picking up rubbish is meaningful and helpful, more and more people 9 (realize) it.” Ken said 10 (happy), “Now, I am glad to see that lots of people take part in it to protect our environment.”
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