内容正文:
倒装句
正常情况下,句子的语序是主语部分在前,谓语部分在后。倒装是就主语部分与谓语部分的位置而言。若谓语的一部分或全部放在主语前,就构成倒装。英语的倒装句子分两种:全部倒装和部分倒装。
全部倒装
概念:全部倒装是指当某一特定内容出现在句首时,谓语动词全部放在主语之前构成的倒装句式。
形式:
1. 全部谓语动词放在主语之前。
2. 当主语是代词时不用倒装语序。
3. 当表地点的介词短语在句首构成全部倒装时,要注意主谓一致。
用法:
1、表示“存在”的句型用全部倒装。
(1) There be…句型
例:There was (used to be) an old temple here.
(2) 有时可用live, stand, lie等词代替be动词
例1. There lies a beautiful small town at the foot of the hill.
山脚下有一座美丽的小城。
例2. There stands a big tall tree in the yard.
院子里有一棵大树。
有些副词放在句首时,用全部倒装句型。
(1) 副词here, there, now, then在句首时引起人们注意的招呼句。
例1. Here comes the car.汽车来了。
例2. Now comes your turn.现在该轮到你了。
(2) 表“动态的状语”out, in, up, down, away, out of, off等开头的句子里谓语动词一般为不及物动词,主语常由名词来充当。
例1. Higher and higher flew the beautiful kite till at last it disappd in the clouds.那只漂亮的风筝越飞越高,直到最后消失在云里。
例2. Out ran all the pupils.学生们都跑出去了。
例3. Away flew the birds.鸟都飞走了。
(3) 如果主语为代词,不用倒装语序。
例1. Here you are.给你
例2. Here he comes.他来了
一、强调“地点”时,并且谓语时不及物动词,主语是名词时。
1、表“地点”的介词短语in front of, in the distance, to the east of等置于句首。
2、在句子结构中,应该注意主谓一致。
例Out of the classroom ran the children.
孩子们跑出了教室。(主语the children)
例From the factory comes the terrible noise.
这种可怕的噪音是从那家工厂传出来的。(主语the terrible noise)
例To the east of the two hills lies a city.
这两座山的东边有一座城市。(主语是city)
例Near the factory are many tall trees.
工厂附近有许多大树。(主语是trees,不是factory,谓语动词用are)
二、表语谓语句首构成的倒装结构“表语+be+主语”。
(1)形容词+be+主语
例:Aristotle says“Plato is dear to me, but dearer still is truth.”
亚里士多德说:我爱柏拉图,但我更爱真理。
(2)过去分词+be+主语
例:Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.
他们对中国人民为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
(3)介词短语+be+主语
例:Among the gifts are Christmas trees, flowers and toys.
礼物中有圣诞树、鲜花和玩具。
(4)不定式+be+主语
例:First to unfold is the map.
首先要打开的是地图。
三、直接引语的不分或全部位于句首时,引述动词和其主语常常当装。但若引述动词的主语为代词时,一般不用倒装。
例1.“But I have sung already,” said Mr. Brown, “and I can’t sing twice in one evening.” “我已经唱过了,” 布朗先生说,“我一晚上不能唱两次。”
例2. “I don’t agree with you,” she said. “我不同意你的看法。”她说。
四、有时为了保持句子平衡,或为了强调表语或状语或使上下文紧密衔接时,也需要倒装。
例The troops arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.
队伍来到一所农舍,房前坐着一个小男孩。
例Inside the pyramids are the rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to the rooms.
在金字塔里面是国王和王后的墓室,还有通向墓室的通道。
部分倒装
概念:部分倒装是指当某一特定内容出现在句首时,不是将位于全部提到主语之前,而是把助动词等放在主语之前。
形式
1. 助动词或情态动词放在主语之前。
2. 省略if的虚拟条件句。
3. 主句用倒装,从句用陈述语气。
◆ 用法
1.用于疑问句中,亦即一般问句和特殊问句中。
(1) 用于一般疑问句
例:Can you speak English? 你会说英语吗?
(2) 用于特殊疑问句
例2. When are you leaving? 你什么时候走?
例2. Who is your English teacher? 谁是你的英语老师?
(3) 疑问词作主语或疑问词修饰主语时不用倒装语序。
例:Which dictionary is yours? 哪本词典是你的?
2.表示上文所表达的内容也适用于另外一个人或物。
(1)肯定形式用“so+be/情态动词/助动词+主语”结构,该结构中的主语与上文主语不同。
例1.He will go to the cinema, so will I. 他要去看电影,我也要去。
例2.—Tom is a good student.
—So is peter.
—汤姆是个好学生。
—彼得也是。
(2)浮动型是要用“neither(nor, no more)+be/助动词/情态动词+主语”。
例1. If you don’t go to Beijing, neither will I.
如果你不去北京的话,那么我也不去。
例2. Mr. Hall doesn’t know much about Zhengzhou, China, no more does Martin.
霍尔对中国郑州不甚了解,马丁也一样。
例1. If you don’t go, neither shall I.
如果你不去,我也不去。
(3)倒装部分的助动词、系动词或情态动词在石台和形式上要与前句一致,在数上要与后面主语相一致。请参见前后例句。
(4)so表示对前句内容的肯定,译作“却是,正是”时,应用正常语序。
例:—Tom works hard.
—So he does.
—汤姆工作非常努力。
—确实如此。
3.用于省略if的虚拟条件句中
(1)在以if引导的虚拟条件句中,若该条件句中的谓语中含should/were/had时,可以省略if,把should/were/had放在句首构成倒装。
例1.Were I in school again, I would work harder.
如果我重新回到学校,我会加倍努力学习。
例2.Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.
你如果早来,就会见到他。
(2)若条件句中不含were, had或should,不用倒装
例:If he came tomorrow, we should have a party.
如果明天他来,我们就开一个舞会。
(3)在虚拟条件句中,如果用倒装形式,动词不能用缩略形式。
例:Weren’t it for the expense, I would go to Italy.(×)
Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy. (√)
4.用于以as引导的让步状语从句中
(1)as引导让步状语从句,可以将形容词、副词、动词、名词等放在句首。
例1.Handsome as he is, he is not clever.
尽管他很英俊,但却不聪明。
例2.Try as he would, he might fail again.
虽然他可以再试,但还可能失败。
(2)如果从句的表语是名词,该名词前不加任何冠词和物主代词。
例:Child as/though he is, he knows much.
尽管他是一个孩子,但他懂得很多。
(3)连词as可以由though来替换,还可以用though引导正常语序的让步状语从句,但as只能引导倒装让步状语从句。
例:Difficult as/though the work was, it was finished in time.
尽管工作很棘手,但还是及时完成了。
还可以说:Though the work was difficult, it was finished in time.
但不可以说:As the work was difficult, it was finished in time.
5.表示“刚…..就….”;“一…就…”
(1)用于no sooner…than…句型。它是固定句型。No sooner主句中总是用过去完成时,than从句用一般过去时。no sooner置于句首时,主谓倒装。
例1.No sooner had I closed the door than somebody started knocking on it.
我刚把门关上就有人敲门。
例2.No sooner had they heard news than they rushed out into the street.
他们一听说这个消息就跑到街上去了。
(2)用于句型hardly/rarely/scarcely…when…当中。Hardly/rarely/scarcely置于句首时,主谓要倒装,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。
例:Scarcely had they settled themselves in their seats in theatre when the curtain went up.
他们刚坐到座位上,大幕就被拉开了。
6.表示“直到…才…”用not until…句型。如果until从句置于句首,那么not也应随之前置构成“not until…”句型,这时主谓要倒装。
(1)until可以用作介词,后面接名词。
例:Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
直到19世纪人类才知道热是什么。
(2)until也可以用作从属连词,引导时间状语从句。
例:Not until his father came back from work at midnight did Peter go to sleep.
直到爸爸半夜下班回来,彼得才入睡。
7.表示“不仅…而且…”用not only…but also句型。
(1)not only放在句首时句子用倒装,但but also所在的句子不倒装。
例:Not only did Tom pass the exam, but also his sister did.
不但汤姆考试及格了,而且她妹妹也及格了。
(2)当neither…nor…连接两个句子时,都要倒装。
例:Martin was ill. Neither did he want to eat, nor did he want to drink.
马丁病了。他既不想吃也不想喝。
(3)not only…but also…它们连接两个主语时,不用倒装,并且谓语形式跟最近的主语一致。
例1.Not only men but also women and children suffered a lot from the world wars
不仅男人而且连女人喝孩子都饱受两次世界大战之苦。
例2.Neither you nor I am able to work out the problem.
你我都做不出这道题。
8.表示否定的副词或短语在句首时用倒装。
(1)常用的副词或短语有never, hardly, scarcely, nor, seldom, little, rarely, nowhere, at no time, by no means, not a bit, not once, not for a moment, not in the least等。
例1.Not for a moment did he doubt the truth of your story.
他从来没有怀疑过的你的故事的真实性。
例2.Not in the least does it matter.
一点也没有关系。
例3.Little does she care about what others think.
她并不在乎别人会怎么想。
(2)当little作形容词,表示“小的”,修饰主语时,用正常语序。
例:Little Franz often played truant.
小弗朗士经常逃学。
9.表频率的状语放在句首时表强调,用倒装语序。
常用的表频率的词有often, always, once, many a time, now and then, every other day, every two hours等。
例1.Every other day does she go to see her old father.
她每隔一天看一次年迈的父亲。
例2.Many a time has the old man given me good advice.
那老人多次给我提出好的建议。
例3.Often did we go for walks together after supper at that time.
那是,我们晚饭后常一块散步。
10.当only在句首不修饰主语时用倒装语序。
(1)only后跟介词短语。
例:Only then did he realize that he was wrong.
只有那时他才认识到他错了。
(2)only后跟介词短语。
例:Only in this way can you master English.
只有用这种方法,你才能掌握英语。
(3)only后跟状语从句。
例:Only when the war was over did he come back to work.
只有战争结束时,他才能胡来工作。
(4)如果句首的only的修饰主语或only说修饰的状语不在句首时,不用倒装语序。
例:Only his uncle can do this kind of work.
只有他叔叔能胜任这种工作。
11.在so…that…句型中,so位于句首时通常用部分倒装。
例1.So hard is it raining that the sports meet has to be stopped.
雨下得很大,运动会不得不停下来。
例2.So fast did he run that he soon caught up with us
他跑得很快,不一会儿就赶上了我们。
12.用于一些表示祝愿的句子中。
例1.May you succeed! 祝你成功!
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