Unit 4 Fun with science Reading 课件-2024-2025学年高中英语译林版选修第一册

牛津译林版高中英语学程一课件 Unit 4 Fun with science Reading Page 44-47 The human microbiome:an invisible microuniverse 制作者：桂东一中　李宇平 ◆ 内容分析 【What】本板块的语篇是一篇博客帖子，以科普的方式介绍人类微生物群系及其功能。在我们的体内和体表生存着大约 39 万亿微生物，组成微生物群系。这些微生物除影响我们的免疫系统、体重和睡眠模式之外，还影响着我们的认知和心理健康。随着微生物学的不断发展，研究成果将造福全人类。 【Why】本文以博客帖子的方式介绍人类微生物群系，使学生了解有关微生物的科学知识，帮助他们认识到人类微生物群系犹如一个微小的“宇宙”，科学探究这个“宇宙”既有趣味又有意义。 【How】本文的语篇类型是说明文。作者采用的主要说明方式是“总—分—总”。第一段，作者以自问自答的方式导入话题，总体介绍人类微生物群系的功能；第二段，作者说明人类微生物群系的来源和构成；第三至第四段，作者阐述微生物对身体、认知和心理方面的影响；第五段，作者介绍该领域研究成果对人类健康的益处；最后一段，作者得出结论：有关人类微生物群系的更多可能有待人们的努力探究。由于说明的对象是一个科学概念，文章的语言严谨且准确。文章的标题和结尾段使用的 microuniverse 一词也值得关注和体会。 ◆ 教学目标 By the end of this section, we will be able to: 1. describe the big influences microorganisms have on our body and mind; 2. explain the reasons for the human microbiome being regarded as a microuniverse; 3. analyse the writing techniques of the blog post; 4. infer the author’s attitude towards the human microbiome; 5. state the significance of exploring the tiny universe of the human microbiome. The world we live in is filled with microorganisms. Below is a blog post by a microbiologist describing these tiny life forms(生物；活物). Before you read the blog post, think about the following questions: • Where can you find microorganisms? As microorganisms are so tiny and numerous, I think they can be found everywhere. They live in water, soil and air, and on all objects. They are also found on and inside our body. • How do you think microorganisms harm or benefit us? Microorganisms benefit us in various ways. For example, they are used to make certain foods we enjoy like cheese and yoghurt. Others harm us by making us ill like the viruses that cause the common cold and the flu. The human microbiome:an invisible microuniverse What organisms live with us, make up about two per cent of an adult’s body mass, yet are invisible to the naked eye? They are the estimated 39 trillion microorganisms living in and on our body, like bacteria and viruses, which compose the human microbiome! 什么生物和我们共生，约占成年人体重的 2%，而肉眼却看不见？它们是生活在我们体内和体表的约 39 万亿个微生物，比如细菌和病毒，它们构成了人类微生物群系！ make sth up形成；构成,=constitute com·pose/kəmˈpəʊz/ 组成，构成（一个整体） But there is no need to panic, for most of them are there to keep us healthy. Even though incredibly small, these microorganisms influence our body and mind in big unexpected ways. So, where do these microorganisms come from? Well, they have always been a part of us. Our very first birthday gift—three quarters of the essential microorganisms we need to survive and grow—is from our mother when we are born. big  /bɪɡ/adv. in an impressive way大大；给人印象深地 By the time we reach the age of two, we have our very own personal collection of microorganisms that reflects the various circumstances of our lives. Going through life, we further expose ourselves to foreign microorganisms, which cause a part of our microbiome to change every day. However, our core set of microorganisms, about two thirds, stays fairly constant throughout our lives. very（强调形容词最高级或置于own前）完全，十足 collection组群 for·eign /ˈfɒrən/ 非典型的;陌生的;异质的 expose ourselves to sth.使接触；使体验;使遭受;使面临 constant 不变的；固定的；恒定的,=fixed The make-up and state of our special blend of microorganisms affects us physically, including our immune system, weight and sleep patterns. Every day, the resident microorganisms in our body compete with the invading ones, preventing them from getting a foothold, thus helping form a strong immune system and keep us healthy. make-up (of sth)组成成分；构成方式 resi·dent  /ˈrezɪdənt/adj.常驻的；属于（某个群体）的 com·pete (with/against sb) /kəmˈpiːt/ 竞争；对抗 Similarly, the composition of our gut microbiome plays a vital role in regulating our body weight. Besides helping digest food, evidence indicates that gut microorganisms affect the way we store fat and respond to chemicals that make us feel hungry or full. As a result, without the proper mix of microorganisms in the gut, we might suffer from health problems like obesity.同样，我们肠道微生物群系的构成在调节体重方面至关重要。除了能帮助消化食物，有证据显示，肠道微生物还会影响我们储存脂肪的方式，以及让我们产生饥饿感和饱腹感的相关化学品的应答方式。因此，如果肠道微生物组合出差错，就会引发肥胖等健康问题。 regu·late /ˈreɡjuleɪt/ 调节,控制(速度、压力、温度等) Added to this, microorganisms can influence certain aspects of our sleep patterns. If we stay up all night or travel rapidly through many time zones, we may interrupt the microorganisms’ biological schedules, which is likely to cause a disturbance in our normal sleep routine. added to this/add to this此外（还…） stay/sit up深夜不睡；熬夜 biological schedules生物钟 dis·turb·ance /dɪˈstɜːbəns/ (受)打扰,干扰,妨碍;障碍;失调;紊乱 The influence of microorganisms goes beyond physical health to our cognitive and psychological well-being. Believe it or not, gut microorganisms affect how well the brain functions. While scientists are still at the early stages of uncovering exactly how gut microorganisms communicate with the brain, they do know that the brain and the gut “talk” to each other. 微生物的影响不仅限于身体健康，还涉及我们的认知和心理健康。不管你信不信，肠道微生物会影响大脑功能。虽然科学家还处于探究肠道微生物与大脑交流方式的初级阶段，但他们的确知道大脑和肠道能相互“交谈”。 uncover发现；揭露；揭发;找出;揭开盖子 For example, when the body is stressed, ill or old, some gut microorganisms respond negatively, releasing harmful substances which may enter the brain through the bloodstream. When the immune system attacks these substances, it often kills healthy brain nerve cells.Furthermore, gut microorganisms help regulate brain chemistry with certain chemicals they produce, so an imbalance of beneficial and harmful microorganisms in the gut can negatively affect brain chemistry. stressed (out)/strest/ 焦虑不安；心力交瘁 chem·is·try /ˈkemɪstri/ 化学成分;化学组成（或性质） im·bal·ance  /ɪmˈbæləns/失衡；不平衡；不公平 These gut-brain interactions sometimes result in such problems as memory loss and depression. It is therefore important that we take good care of our gut microorganisms so as to improve our cognitive capabilities and enhance our psychological health. 这种肠脑交互作用有时会导致诸如记忆力减退和抑郁等问题。因此，照顾好我们的肠道微生物，这很重要，可以提高我们的认知能力和改善我们的心理健康。 Given their importance, scientists are working hard to find out how we can take advantage of microorganisms within the field of human health. Successful projects have found ways to improve the immune system through microbiome transplants—using “good” microorganisms to replace “bad” ones.鉴于它们的重要性，科学家正在努力探究在人类健康领域利用微生物的方法。有些项目已经成功地找到了通过微生物群系移植来改善免疫系统的方法，即用“好”微生物取代“坏”微生物。 take advantage of sth/sb利用;利用(机会);欺骗;占…的便宜 Furthermore, the findings of how the microbiome affects psychological health have given rise to a whole new class of medicines that could be used for treating serious mental illnesses, as well as relieving daily stress and anxiety. In the future, we might even be capable of developing “microbiome vaccines” that could get rid of current health issues like obesity and malnutrition. 而且，关于微生物群系如何影响心理健康的研究成果催生了一类全新药物，可用于治疗严重心理疾病，以及缓解日常压力和焦虑。未来，我们甚至可能研发出“微生物群系疫苗”，从而攻克肥胖、营养不良等现有的健康问题。 finding/ˈfaɪndɪŋ/调查结果;研究结论; 判决；裁决 Microorganisms, those tiny creatures we carry around all our lives, have surprised us with their seemingly limitless potential. More of their secrets will certainly be revealed as researchers continue to explore their world. The invisible microuniverse is filled with endless possibilities waiting to be explored, just like the great universe out there.微生物，那些伴随我们一生的小东西，它们似乎无穷无尽的潜力让我们震惊。随着研究者对微生物世界的持续探究，肯定会有更多奥秘被揭开。看不见的微宇宙就像那大宇宙一样，蕴含着无限可能，只等我们去发掘。 seem·ing·ly  /ˈsiːmɪŋli/ 看似;貌似;表面上;据说;听说;看来 A. Understanding the text Page 46 A1.Read the blog post and complete the chart below with the main idea of each paragraph. Our microorganisms come from our mother as well as the external environment. Microorganisms can be used to improve human health. The world of microorganisms is filled with possibilities waiting to be explored. A2.Read the blog post again carefully and answer the following questions. 1. How many microorganisms live in and on our body? 2. Why are the microorganisms we receive from our mother essential? About 39 trillion. Because we need them to survive and grow. 3. How does the gut microbiome regulate our body weight? 4. When will gut microorganisms release harmful substances? 5. What benefits could “microbiome vaccines” provide? It helps digest food and affects the way we store fat and respond to chemicals that make us feel hungry or full. When the body is stressed, ill or old. They could get rid of current health issues like obesity and malnutrition. A3.In pairs, discuss the following questions. 1. How do you understand “microuniverse”? Why do you think the author compares the world of microorganisms to a tiny universe? I think the author uses the word “microuniverse” because he is comparing the world of microorganisms to the universe. The world of microorganisms is as mysterious as our vast universe and both are waiting to be further explored. Besides, both need to be balanced in order for the inhabitants, namely microorganisms and human beings, to survive and thrive. A disturbance in the microuniverse would affect the existence of microorganisms, while a disturbance in our universe could set off a chain reaction that may affect our well-being. in·hab·it·ant  /ɪnˈhæbɪtənt/ （某地的）居民，栖息动物 name·ly  /ˈneɪmli/ 即；也就是 thrive  /θraɪv/ 兴旺发达;繁荣;蓬勃发展;旺盛;茁壮成长 set sth off引发;激起;使（警报）响起；拉响（警报） 2. The author describes the big influences microorganisms have on our body and mind.What other encounters with microorganisms do we have in our daily lives? I enjoy eating bread and I have learnt that tiny microorganisms are used to make certain bread. The living microorganisms create carbon dioxide from the other ingredients used, which causes the bread dough to rise in the oven. They also help give bread its texture and flavour. in·gre·di·ent /ɪnˈɡriːdiənt/ 成分;(尤指烹饪)原料;(成功的)因素，要素 rise发酵 I recently had a sore throat and when I visited the doctor, she prescribed antibiotic medicine. She told me that I had a bacterial infection in my throat and that the “good” bacteria in my medicine would help destroy the disease- causing ones. After taking the medicine for the recommended period, my throat felt as good as new. pre·scribe (sb) sth (for sth)/prɪˈskraɪb/ 给…开(药);让…采用(疗法);开(处方) anti·bi·ot·ic  /ˌæntibaɪˈɒtɪk/抗菌素;抗生素（如青霉素） bacterial/bækˈtɪərɪəl/ 细菌的; 细菌引起的 B.Building your language Page 47 B1.The passage below is about some important discoveries in the world of microorganisms. Complete the passage with the correct forms of the words and phrases in the box below. reveal blend estimate be capable of incredibly imbalance enhance the naked eye It (1) ___________ that our body, both inside and out, is home to trillions of microorganisms. However, because they are invisible to (2) _____________, for most of human history, people did not even know that microorganisms existed. is estimated the naked eye Then how did we learn about these (3) _________ small creatures? Let’s journey back to the 1670s, when Dutchman Antonie van Leeuwenhoek opened a window into the hidden world of microorganisms. Studying a water droplet under his microscope, Van Leeuwenhoek observed “little animals” swimming and jumping in it. Thus, he became the first person to see microorganisms. in·cred·ibly  /ɪnˈkredəbli/ 极端地;极其,=unbelievably;令人难以置信 Dutchman/ˈdʌtʃmən/ 荷兰人 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek /ˌæntəni vænˈleɪvnhuːk/ 安东尼·凡·列文虎克（荷兰生物学家） incredibly Another secret of microorganisms (4) ____________ in the 1800s, when German physician Robert Koch linked them with disease. Suspecting that microorganisms caused some sheep to be sick, he grew the microorganisms in isolation from all living things. A mouse died after it was injected with the microorganisms. This confirmed the relationship between microorganisms and disease, which considerably (5) _________ people’s understanding of microorganisms. in isolation from sb./sth单独地；孤立地 Robert Koch /ˌrɒbət ˈkɒk/罗伯特·科赫(德国医生和细菌学家) was revealed enhanced In the 20th century, American microbiologist David Relman discovered new microorganisms when he and his team sequenced the DNA of the bacteria found on his teeth. For the first time, people realized that the human body might be packed with a complex (6) ______ of previously undiscovered microorganisms. David Relman /ˌdeɪvɪd ˈrelmən/戴维·雷尔曼(美国微生物学家) se·quence 测定(整套基因或分子成分的)序列;按顺序排列 packed with sth/ -packed有大量…的；…极多的 blend Today ongoing research casts new light on the hidden world of microorganisms. Scientists are finding out that microorganisms (7) _____________ regulating all aspects of our well-being. Indeed, a(n) (8) __________ of microorganisms in our body might seriously affect our lives. on·going /ˈɒnɡəʊɪŋ/ 持续存在的;仍在进行的;不断发展的 cast/shed/throw light on sth使（问题等）较容易理解;使人进一步了解 are capable of imbalance B2.The blog post asks and answers a question to introduce the topic of the human microbiome. Find the question and answer in the blog post and use the same technique to introduce the topic of the applications of microorganisms in daily life. Use the following information to help you. Applications of microorganisms in daily life Food and drinks yoghurt, cheese, beer, wine, etc. Medicine probiotic drugs, antibiotics, etc. probiotic/ˌprəʊbaɪˈɒtɪk/益菌(的) Question and answer from the blog post: What organisms live with us, make up about two per cent of an adult’s body mass,yet are invisible to the naked eye? They are the estimated 39 trillion microorganisms living in and on our body, like bacteria and viruses, which compose the human microbiome! Possible answer How do we apply microorganisms in our daily lives? Microorganisms can be used to create different types of food and drinks. For example, we can add certain microorganisms to natural products such as milk, fruit and vegetables. Through their unique interactions with the microorganisms, they are transformed into yoghurt, cheese, wine or beer. Besides, we also use microorganisms in medicine.Some microorganisms, for example, can be engineered to create life-saving or life-improving antibiotics and probiotic drugs. $$