2026届高三英语一轮复习语法复习宾语从句和定语从句知识清单

高考英语语法复习 宾语从句定语从句知识讲解 一、宾语从句 1.什么是宾语从句？ 先了解什么是宾语？宾语是动作行为的对象，是动作的承受者，宾语由名词，代词，不定式或者相当于名词的词、短语来担任。 She is interested in music.(名词作宾语) I enjoy playing basketball.(动名词作宾语) I decide to study hard.(不定式做宾语) I don't understand him.(代词作宾语) 什么是宾语从句？ 例：We know Yaoming. 主 谓 宾 We know that he is a famous basketball player. 主 谓 连词(主 谓 宾) 总结：宾语从句是大句子套小句子。大句子是主句，小句子是从句。所谓从句有自己的一套独立的主谓成分，简单来说，宾语从句就是由一个句子来构成主句的宾语，并且有一个连接词的引导。 that引导的宾语从句表示陈述意义，that无实际意义，不在从句中充当任何成分，在口语和非正式文体中可省略。 补充：在主句为Be动词加某些形容词(sorry，sure，afraid，glad等)做表语时，后面所跟的省略带的从句也可以算宾语从句。 例：I'm sorry(that) I don't know. I'm sure (that)we will finally win the game. I'm afraid (that )he won't pass the exam. 例：I hear (that) he will be back in an hour.(主句为一般现在时，从句为任意时态) He said (that )he missed us very much.(主句为过去时从句也为过去某个时间段) The teacher told us(that) the earth movies around the sun.(从句为客观真理的都用一般现在时态) 2.宾语从句三要素:连接词，语序，时态 连接词whether/ if(是否) whether/if引导由一般疑问句变来的宾语从句。 →一般疑问句有‘是否’存在 ❶例:Can you swim? →He asked me if /whether I could swim.(时态一致) ❷例:Are they good at math? →She wonders if/ whether they are good at math.(时态一致) ❸例:Has Lucy seen it? →Do you know if /whether Lucy has seen it? 总结:Whether或if引导的宾语从句大多由一般疑问句做直接引语转变而来的，常放在ask ，wonder，know等词后面，意为是否。一般情况下，if和whether可以互相转换。 例:We don't know whether /if we can start school soon. 以下六种情况只能用weather，不能用if。 ❶从句中有or not用whether 例:You will need to decide whether you like it or not. ❷whether后接动词不定式 例:I'm not sure whether to go. ❸介词后面用whether 例:I'm worried about whether she can finish the work on time. ❹引导词是discuss，advise，consider等词后用weather。 例:We discussed whether we would have a sports meeting next week. ❺位于句首用weather 例:Whether he will come, we don't care. ❻引导表语从句用weather 例:The question is whether it's true. 3.疑问词引导由特殊疑问句变来的宾语从句。 （1）疑问代词有what，who，whom，which，whose等引导宾语从句时，他们在从句中充当主语，宾语，表语，定语等有实际意义，不可省略。 ❶What's in the box? →I don't know what's in the box.(What引导宾语从句，在从句中做主语) ❷Who is your teacher? →She wants to know who is your teacher.(后引导宾语从句，在从句中做表语) ❸Who did you meet yesterday？ →Can you tell me whom you met yesterday？ ❹Which coat is mine？ →He asks which coat is mine.(which引导宾语从句，在从句中作定语修饰coat) ❺Whose dog is this? →Do you know whose dog is this?(whose引导宾语从句，在从句中作定语修饰dog) （2）疑问副词when，how，why，where等引导宾语从句时在句子中充当状语，有实际意义，且不可省略。 ❶Where does Tom live？ →Everyone wants to know where Tom lives. ❷How can he get to school? →Do you know how he can get school? ❸When does the party start? →I want to know when the party starts ❹Where are you late? →She asks why you are late. （3）时态 从句的时态不受主句时态的影响 ❶如果宾语从句中的动作与主句中的动作同时发生或存在某种时间上的关联，可以使用一般现在时或一般将来时。 例:I know that he's a pilot. I know that he will become a pilot next year. ❷如果宾语从句的动作发生在主句之前，可以使用过去时态 例:I remember he played basketball on the playground yesterday. ❸如果宾语从句表达客观事实或规律，那么宾语从句的时态不受主句的时态影响，都用一般现在时。 The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday. Tom asked whether the light travels faster than sound. 从句的时态受主句时态的影响。当主句为过去时，宾语从句要用相应的过去时态(一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时。) ❶At that time, he said that he was a student.(主过从也过) ❷He asked me if I was reading the book the Old man and the Sea (主过从过去进行时) ❸He said that he had finished the book the Old man and the Sea.(主过从过去完成时) ❹He said he would come to see me the next day.(主过从过去将来时) 记忆口诀 主现从随便；主过从必过；真理永一现 二、定语从句 （一） 定语从句，修饰名词或代词对其起到限定作用的句子。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系代词和关系副词。 所谓定语从句有自己的主谓结构，去修饰前面的名词，代词(定语从句再简化可以看成后置定语短语去修饰前面名词) 关系代词: 例:先行词是物 主句:I received the gift. 从句:My mother gave me the gift. 主从结合，看先行词是人是物，找对应关系代词 本句gift物，在从句中做宾语 I received the gift that/which my mother gave me。 例:先行词是人 主句:The boy was Tom's brother. 从句:We saw the boy yesterday. 本句boy人，在从句做宾语 The boy who/that we saw yesterday was Tom's brother. 例:whose+名词(不可省略) 主句:The girl is my classmate. 从句:Her hair is long. The girl whose hair is long is my classmate. 关系代词在句中作宾语的都可省略。 ①I like the girl (who )we met yesterday. ②This is the teacher (whom) you asked about. ③He is the boy(that) I played with last week. ④The pen (which) she gave me is red. （二） 定语从句分为限制性从句和非限制性从句 限制性定语从句:对先行词进行必要的限定，说明先行词的具体范围或者特征，去掉后会影响句子的基本意识。 不用逗号隔开 例:The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister. 非限制性定语从句:对先行词进行补充说明，提供额外信息，去掉后不影响句子的基本意思。 常用逗号与主句隔开 不能用that My sister ，who is wearing a red dress，is talking to Tom. 关系副词的使用在两种从句没有区别，不可省略 只用which不用that情况 ⒈非限制定语从句 对先行词进行补充说明，从句与主句之间用逗号隔开，只能用which。 例:She bought a new car, which is very expensive. ⒉介词后引导定语从句:关系代词位于介词后面，只能用which(指物)，不能用that。 例:This is the house in which i lived last year. （三） ❶when:先行词是表示时间的名词(如day，time，moment等)，在从句中做时间状语。 例:I'll never forget the day when we met. ❷where:先行词是表示地点的名词(如place，house，park等)，在从句中作地点状语。 例:This is the school where I studied. ❸why:先行词通常是表示原因的名词reason，在从句中做原因状语。 例:Do you know the reason why he left? 关系副词在意义上相当于“介词+关系代词”如when=on/at/in which where=on/at/in which why=for which，有时可替换使用。 关系副词=介词+which ⒈This is the park，We played in the park yesterday. This is the park where we played yesterday.(地点有关介词in/at) =This is the park in which we played yesterday. ⒉I remember the day，We first met on the day. →I remember the day when first met(时间有关in/on) =I remember the day on which we first met ⒊I know the reason，She decided to leave for the reason. →I know the reason why she decided to leave. (原因有关for) =I know the reason for which she decided to leave. 关系代词定语从句的主谓一致 关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，定语从句中谓语动词的单数，复数形式与先行词保持一致，当先行词为复数时，从句谓语动词用复数，当先行词为单数时，从句谓语动词用单数。 例:I have a friend who /that speaks English. 例:Linda prefers musicians who play different kinds of music. 两句话合并为定语从句规则 ❶确定先行词，找到两句话中重复的名词或代词，作为定语从句修饰的对象，即先行词。 ❷选择关系词根据先行词的性质和在从句中的成分选择合适的关系代词或关系副词。 ❸调整语序，将含重复名词的句子改为从句，紧跟在先行词之后，同时去掉从句中重复的名词，用关系词代替，使句子连贯。 核心是通过“先行词+关系词”连接两句话用关系词替代重复信息，使两句话融合为修饰和被修饰的关系。 定语从句的时态需要结合主句时态和语句逻辑关系来确定。核心原则是保持主句，从句动作在时间上的合理性。 定语从句主要考察的是关系代词和关系副词的运用；而宾语宾语从句主要考察的是时态的一个运用。 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$