内容正文:
初升高衔接——6天弄懂基础语法
Day 1: 三大核心句型(主谓+主谓宾+主系表)
句子基本概念:
句子是由词或词组按照一定语法规则构成,能够表达一个完整意思的语言单位,基本成分包括主语、谓语等,不同的成分组合形成不同句型。
主谓句型: 由主语(S)和谓语(V)构成,谓语通常是不及物动词,句子结构为 “主语 + 谓语”。
基本知识了解:不及物动词(vi._),后面不能直接加宾语(如run, smile, sleep)。
例句:
1. I run.(主语是人称代词)
2. She smiles.(主语是人称代词)
3. The dog barks.(主语是名词)
4. Birds fly.(主语是名词)
5. They dance.(主语是人称代词)
6. Tom sings.(主语是人名)
7. The sun rises.(主语是名词)
8. We laugh.(主语是人称代词)
9. This cat jumps.(主语是 “指示代词 + 名词”)
10. Those children play.(主语是 “指示代词 + 名词”)
主谓宾句型:由主语(S)、谓语(V)和宾语(O)构成,谓语是及物动词,句子结构为 “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”。
基本知识了解:及物动词(vt.),必须加宾语(名 / 代)(如 eat, like, play)。
例句:
1. She likes books. 主语:She 谓语:likes 宾语:books
2. He plays basketball. 主语:He 谓语:plays 宾语:basketball
3. They read newspapers. 主语:They 谓语:read 宾语:newspapers
4. Tom writes letters. 主语:Tom 谓语:writes 宾语:letters
5. The teacher teaches English. 主语:The teacher 谓语:teaches 宾语:English
6. We watch TV. 主语:We 谓语:watch 宾语:TV
7. This girl draws pictures. 主语:This girl 谓语:draws 宾语:pictures
8. Those boys kick the ball. 主语:Those boys 谓语:kick 宾语:the ball
总结分析主谓与主谓宾区别:
主谓:主语之后直接接不及物动词,没有宾语成分,如 The sun rises.
主谓宾:主语之后接及物动词,动词之后有宾语成分,如 “She likes books.”
如何区分及物 / 不及物动词:看动词后面是否能直接接宾语,能直接接宾语的是及物动词,不能直接接宾语的是不及物动词。
识记及物与不及物动词:可以通过背诵词汇表中动词的词性标注,也可以结合例句记忆,在句子中看动词是否带宾语来辅助识记。
主系表句型:由主语(S)、系动词(LinkV)和表语(P)构成,句子结构为 “主语 + 系动词 + 表语”。
基本知识了解:
系动词是什么:系动词是连接主语和表语的动词,本身有一定意义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。
表语是什么:表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、状态等的成分,通常位于系动词之后。
例句:
1. I am a student.(主语是人称代词,表语是名词,系动词是 am)
2. She feels happy.(主语是人称代词,表语是形容词,系动词是 feels)
3. The flower is beautiful.(主语是名词,表语是形容词,系动词是 is)
4. This book is mine.(主语是 “指示代词 + 名词”,表语是名词性物主代词,系动词是 is)
5. He seems tired.(主语是人称代词,表语是形容词,系动词是 seems)
6. The weather becomes cold.(主语是名词,表语是形容词,系动词是 becomes)
7. Those are apples.(主语是指示代词,表语是名词,系动词是 are)
8. My hobby is reading.(主语是 “形容词性物主代词 + 名词”,表语是动名词,系动词是 is)
9. The film looks interesting.(主语是名词,表语是形容词,系动词是 looks)
10. The cat is under the table.(主语是名词,表语是介词短语,系动词是 is)
11. Her dream is to be a doctor.(主语是 “形容词性物主代词 + 名词”,表语是不定式,系动词是 is)
12. That sounds good.(主语是指示代词,表语是形容词,系动词是 sounds)
总结:系动词有哪些?
类别
常见系动词举例
说明
状态系动词
be(am, is, are, was, were)
表示主语的状态,是最基本的系动词,后接表语说明主语的身份、特征、性质等。
持续系动词
keep, remain, stay
表示主语保持某种状态,强调状态的延续性。
表象系动词
seem, appear
表示主语 “看起来”“似乎” 处于某种状态,侧重于给人的表象。
感官系动词
look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、smell(闻起来)、taste(尝起来)、feel(摸起来)
由感官动词转化而来,后接形容词描述主语的感官特征。
变化系动词
become, get, grow, turn, go, come, fall
表示主语从一种状态转变为另一种状态,强调变化的过程或结果。
例题与练习
一、单句语法填空
1. Playing basketball_______(be) good for us. 答案:is(动名词做主语谓语动词用单数)
2. What he said ________(make) me happy. 答案:makes(句子做主语谓语用单数)
3. She _____(be) a beautiful girl. 答案:is(主谓一致,主语是第三人称单数)
4. The flowers _____(look) nice. 答案:look(系动词后面接形容词作表语)
5. Reading books ______(help) us learn more. 答案:helps(动名词做主语谓语动词用单数)
6. A number of books ______ (be) on the desk.答案:are“a number of + 复数名词” 表示 “许多……”,作主语时谓语动词用复数。
7. The pair of shoes ______ (look) nice.答案:looks 主语核心是 “the pair”(单数),“of shoes” 是修饰成分,谓语动词用第三人称单数。
8. Everyone in the class ______ (have) a new textbook.答案:has,“everyone”(每个人)是不定代词,视为单数,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
9. Ten years ______ (be) a long time for a child.答案:is, 表示时间、距离、金钱等的复数名词作主语时,视为一个整体,谓语动词用单数。
10. Not only the teacher but also the students ______ (be) excited about the trip. 答案:are, “not only...but also...” 遵循 “就近原则”,与复数主语 “the students” 一致,be 动词用 are.
二、句子翻译。
1. 他跑步。He runs.
2. 她吃蛋糕。She eats cakes.
3. 它是一只狗。It is a dog.
4. 我们学英语。We study English.
5. 他们笑。They laugh.
6. 汤姆很高。Tom is tall.
7. 这只猫喝牛奶。The cat drinks milk.
8. 这本书很有趣。This book is interesting.
9. 我睡觉。I sleep.
10. 他喜欢音乐。He likes music.
11. 她是一名老师。She is a teacher.
12. 鸟儿飞翔。The birds fly.
13. 我们看电影。We watch movies.
14. 那听起来很棒。That sounds great.
15. 他们踢足球。They play football.
Day 2:两大复杂句型(主谓双宾+主谓宾宾补)
复习
分析下面句子属于哪种简单句
1. She dances.(S+V)
2. He reads novels.(S+V+O)
3. The weather is hot.(S+LinkV+P)
4. We sing.(S+V)
5. They buy pens.(S+V+O)
主谓双宾句型:动词后接 “人(间接宾语 IO)+ 物(直接宾语 DO)”,常见动词:give, teach, lend, borrow, buy, show, tell, bring, send, pass。
例句:
1. My father gave me a bike.
2. The teacher teaches us English.
3. She lent him a ruler.
4. He borrowed me a book.
5. Mom bought me a dress.
6. They showed us the photo.
7. Tom told her a story.
8. He brought me a cup of tea.
9. She sent him a letter.
10. The boy passed me the ball.
主谓宾宾补句型:宾语后接 “补充说明宾语的成分(宾补 C)”,常见动词:make, keep, call, find。
例句:
1. We made him happy.
2. She keeps the room clean.
3. They call the boy Tom.
4. I find the story interesting.
5. The teacher made us quiet.
6. He keeps the dog warm.
7. We call the city Beijing.
8. She finds the book boring.
9. Mom makes the food delicious.
10. They keep the garden beautiful.
句型辨析:
辨析方法1:用 “加 be 动词” 法区分双宾和宾补:
双宾:He gave me a book. → 不能说 “I am a book”(不通)→ 双宾。
宾补:We call him Tom. → “He is Tom”(通顺)→ 宾补。
练习题:
1. She bought her daughter a skirt. → 尝试说 “Her daughter is a skirt”(不通)→ 双宾。
2. They made the girl excited. → 尝试说 “The girl is excited”(通顺)→ 宾补。
辨析方法2:双宾语:指动作直接作用的对象(直接宾语,多为物)和动作的接受者(间接宾语,多为人),两者无逻辑上的主谓关系,如“give sb. sth.”。
宾语补足语:补充说明宾语的状态、动作或身份,与宾语存在逻辑上的主谓关系(如“sb. to do”“sth. interesting”),常用结构有“动词 + 宾语 + 不定式/分词/形容词/名词”。
例题与练习:
一、单句语法填空
1. My father________(buy) me a new bike yesterday. (双宾语)
答案:bought
解析:句中“me”是间接宾语,“a new bike”是直接宾语,动词“bought”(buy的过去式)可接双宾语结构“buy sb. sth.”(给某人买某物)。
2. The teacher told us a funny story. (双宾语)
答案:told
解析:“us”是间接宾语,“a funny story”是直接宾语,“told”(tell的过去式)常用双宾语结构“tell sb. sth.”(告诉某人某事)。
3. She asked me ______ (help) her with English. (宾补)
答案:to help
解析:“asked”后接宾语“me”,再用不定式“to help”作宾语补足语,构成“ask sb. to do sth.”(要求某人做某事)。
4. We made him ______ (monitor) of our class. (宾补)
答案:monitor
解析:“made”后接宾语“him”,名词“monitor”作宾语补足语,说明“him”的身份,“make sb. + 名词”表示“使某人成为……”。
5. The boss offered Tom _____ good job. (双宾语)
答案:a
解析:“a good job”是直接宾语,“offered”(offer的过去式)可接双宾语“offer sb. sth.”(给某人提供某物)。
6. I found the story ______ (interest). (宾补)
答案:interesting
解析:“found”后接宾语“the story”,形容词“interesting”作宾语补足语,描述“the story”的特征,“find + 宾语 + 形容词”表示“发现……怎么样”。
6. Mom ________(cook) my little sister some delicious food. (双宾语)
答案: cooked
解析:“my little sister”是间接宾语,“some delicious food”是直接宾语,“cooked”(cook的过去式)可接双宾语“cook sb. sth.”(给某人做某物)。
8. They saw a boy ______ (run) in the park just now. (宾补)
答案:running
解析:“saw”后接宾语“a boy”,现在分词“running”作宾语补足语,强调动作正在进行,“see sb. doing sth.”(看见某人正在做某事)。
9. The manager ______(show) the visitors around the factory. (双宾语变式)
答案:showed
解析:“showed”常用结构“show sb. around sth.”,其中“the visitors”是间接宾语,“around the factory”是直接宾语相关的介词短语,意为“带某人参观某地”。
10. The teacher wants us ______ (finish) the homework on time. (宾补)
答案:to finish
解析:“wants”后接宾语“us”,不定式“to finish”作宾语补足语,构成“want sb. to do sth.”(想要某人做某事)。
二、句子翻译
1. 老师让我们安静。→ The teacher made us quiet.
2. 我们叫他李明。→ We call him Li Ming.
3. 她使房间整洁。→ She keeps the room tidy.
4. 我发现这节课有趣。→ I find the class interesting.
5. 妈妈让食物美味。→ Mom makes the food delicious.
6. 他给了我一本书。→ He gave me a book.
7. 她教我们语文。→ She teaches us Chinese.
8. 他们展示给我们一幅画。→ They showed us a picture.
9. 爸爸买给我一个书包。→ Dad bought me a schoolbag.
10. 他告诉她一个好消息。→ He told her good news.
Day 3 词性与句子成分
认识词性
词性是单词的 “身份”,决定了它在句子中的作用。以下是 10 种基本词性
词性 定义(功能) 例词(及例句)
1. 名词(n.) 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。 人:teacher(The teacher is kind.)
事物:book(I have a book.)
抽象概念:happiness(Happiness is important.)
2. 动词(v.) 表示动作或状态。 动作:run(He runs fast.)
状态:be(She is a student.)
3. 形容词(adj.) 修饰名词或代词,描述其性质、特征或状态。 tall(He is tall.);happy(She looks happy.)
4. 副词(adv.) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明动作的程度、方式、时间等。 quickly(He runs quickly.);very(She is very tall.)
5. 代词(pron.) 代替名词,避免重复。 I(I like apples.);they(They are students.);this(This is a cat.)
6. 数词(num.) 表示数量或顺序。 基数词:one, two(I have two pens.)
序数词:first, second(He is the first in the race.)
7. 冠词(art.) 限定名词,分为不定冠词(a, an)和定冠词(the)。 a book(一本 book);an apple(一个 apple);the teacher(这个 / 那个老师)
8. 介词(prep.) 表示名词 / 代词与其他词的关系(时间、地点、方式等)。 in(in the morning);on(on the desk);with(with a pen)
9. 连词(conj.) 连接词、短语或句子,表达逻辑关系(并列、转折等)。 and(I like apples and bananas.);but(She is tall but thin.)
10. 感叹词(interj.) 表示强烈的情感(惊讶、喜悦等)。 Oh!(Oh, that’s great!);Wow!(Wow, beautiful!)
认识句子成分
句子成分是单词 / 短语在句子中扮演的 “角色”,核心成分决定句子的基本结构。
1. 主语(Subject)
定义:句子的核心,动作的发出者或被描述的对象。
常由什么词性充当:名词、代词、动名词(doing)、不定式(to do)等。
例句分析:
Tom plays football.(Tom 是名词,作主语)
She is happy.(She 是代词,作主语)
Swimming is good for health.(Swimming 是动名词,作主语)
2. 谓语(Predicate)
定义:说明主语的动作或状态,是句子的 “灵魂”,不能缺少。
常由什么词性充当:动词(实义动词、系动词、情态动词 + 动词原形等)。
例句分析:
He runs every day.(runs 是实义动词,作谓语)
They are students.(are 是系动词,作谓语)
She can sing.(can sing 是情态动词 + 动词原形,作谓语)
3. 宾语(Object)
定义:动作的承受者,常跟在及物动词后。
常由什么词性充当:名词、代词、动名词、不定式等。
例句分析:
I like books.(books 是名词,作宾语)
She helps him.(him 是代词,作宾语)
He enjoys reading.(reading 是动名词,作宾语)
4. 表语(Predicative)
定义:跟在系动词后,说明主语的身份、特征或状态。
常由什么词性充当:名词、形容词、代词、介词短语等。
例句分析:
My mother is a doctor.(a doctor 是名词,作表语)
The flower is beautiful.(beautiful 是形容词,作表语)
It is mine.(mine 是代词,作表语)
5. 定语(Attribute)
定义:修饰名词或代词,说明其性质、特征、数量等。
常由什么词性充当:形容词、代词、数词、介词短语等。
例句分析:
This is a red apple.(red 是形容词,修饰 apple,作定语)
I have three books.(three 是数词,修饰 books,作定语)
The girl in blue is my sister.(in blue 是介词短语,修饰 girl,作定语)
6. 状语(Adverbial)
定义:修饰动词、形容词或整个句子,说明时间、地点、方式、原因、目的等。
常由什么词性充当:副词、介词短语、不定式等。
例句分析:
He runs quickly.(quickly 是副词,修饰 runs,表方式)
We will go there tomorrow.(tomorrow 是副词,表时间)
They study in the classroom.(in the classroom 是介词短语,表地点)
补语(Complement)
补语是补充说明句子中某个成分(主语或宾语)的成分,分为主语补语和宾语补语,其中宾语补语是学习重点。
宾语补语(Object Complement)
定义:补充说明宾语的身份、状态、动作等,与宾语构成逻辑上的 “主谓关系”(即宾语是补语动作的发出者或状态的承受者)。
位置:位于宾语之后。
常由什么充当:形容词、名词、不定式(to do)、现在分词(doing)、过去分词(done)等。
常见动词搭配:
这类动词后必须接 “宾语 + 宾语补语” 才能使句意完整,常见动词有:make(使)、keep(保持)、find(发现)、call(称呼)、see(看见)、ask(要求)、tell(告诉)等。
例句分析:
We call her Lily.(名词 “Lily” 作宾语补语,说明宾语 “her” 的名字)
He made the room clean.(形容词 “clean” 作宾语补语,说明宾语 “the room” 的状态)
I saw him playing football.(现在分词 “playing football” 作宾语补语,说明宾语 “him” 正在进行的动作)
The teacher asked us to finish the work.(不定式 “to finish the work” 作宾语补语,说明宾语 “us” 要做的动作)
We should keep the door closed.(过去分词 “closed” 作宾语补语,说明宾语 “the door” 的状态)
主语补语(Subject Complement)
定义:补充说明主语的身份、状态等,通常用于被动语态中(主动语态中的宾语补语在被动语态中会变成主语补语)。
位置:位于主语之后(常跟在系动词或被动语态的谓语后)。
例句分析:
He was elected monitor.(名词 “monitor” 作主语补语,说明主语 “he” 的身份,对应主动语态:We elected him monitor.)
The window was found broken.(过去分词 “broken” 作主语补语,说明主语 “the window” 的状态,对应主动语态:We found the window broken.)
补语与其他成分的区别
与表语的区别:表语只跟在系动词后,说明主语的状态;补语则补充说明宾语或主语,且常与特定动词搭配(如 make, see)。
与宾语的区别:宾语是动作的承受者,而补语是对宾语 / 主语的进一步说明(如 “call him Tom” 中,“him” 是宾语,“Tom” 是补语,说明 “him” 的名字)。
Day 4:基础时态(现在/过去/将来时)
复习
找出下面句子的谓语动词
1. The wind blows gently.(谓语动词 blows )
2. They discussed the problem yesterday.(谓语动词 discussed)
3. We will finish the task tomorrow.(谓语动词 will finish )
核心逻辑:时态是“谓语动词的变化”,必须结合前两天的“主谓/主谓宾”句型(谓语是句子的核心,时态直接影响谓语形式)。
一般现在时:
标志词:always, usually, often, every day
谓语变化:主语是三单(he/she/it)时,动词加 s/es(如:He plays football every week.)
(
动词变第三人称单数(单三)的规则如下:
1. 一般情况下,直接在动词词尾加s。
例:work
→
works,play
→
plays,like
→
likes。
2. 以s, x, ch, sh或o结尾的动词,在词尾加es。
例:pass
→
passes,fix
→
fixes,teach
→
teaches,wash
→
washes,go
→
goes。
3. 以
“
辅音字母+y
”
结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加es。
例:study
→
studies,carry
→
carries,fly
→
flies。
4. 特殊变化(不规则动词):
例:have
→
has,be
→
is。
)
翻译练习
1. 她总是帮助别人。→ She always helps others.
2. 他通常在晚上做作业。→ He usually does his homework in the evening.
3. 我们每天早上跑步。→ We run every morning.
现在进行时
标志词:now, at the moment, look, listen
构成:am/is/are + 动词的现在分词
用法:表示此时此刻正在进行的动作;表示现阶段正在进行的动作(说话时不一定正在进行)。
例:看!他们正在打篮球。→ Look! They are playing basketball.
翻译练习
1. 我现在正在写信。→ I am writing a letter now.
2. 听!有人在唱歌。→ Listen! Someone is singing.
3. 这个月我们正在学习第三单元。→ We are learning Unit 3 this month.
现在完成时
标志词:already, yet, just, ever, never, for + 时间段,since + 时间点 / 从句,recently, so far
构成:have/has + 动词的过去分词
用法:表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果;表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态(常与 for、since 连用)。
翻译练习
1. 他还没有回复我的邮件。→ He hasn't replied to my email yet.
2. 自从 2018 年以来,我就住在这个城市。→ I have lived in this city since 2018.
3. 到目前为止,我们已经学了 2000 个单词。→ We have learned 2000 words so far.
一般过去时
标志词:yesterday, last week/month/year, ago, in 2019, just now, the other day
谓语变化:动词用过去式(如:She walked to school yesterday.)
动词变过去式的规则:
动词过去式的变化规则可分为规则变化和不规则变化两类,具体如下:
一、规则变化(多数动词适用)
1. 一般情况下,直接在动词词尾加ed
例:work→worked(工作)、play→played(玩)、look→looked(看)。
2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,直接加d
例:live→lived(居住)、like→liked(喜欢)、hope→hoped(希望)。
3. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加ed
例:study→studied(学习)、carry→carried(携带)、cry→cried(哭)。
注:若以“元音字母+y”结尾,直接加ed,如:play→played、stay→stayed。
4. 以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写该辅音字母,再加ed
例:stop→stopped(停止)、plan→planned(计划)、drop→dropped(掉落)。
判断标准:单词最后三个字母为“辅+元+辅”,且重音在最后一个音节,如:prefer→preferred(重读在fer)。
二、不规则变化(需特殊记忆)
部分动词的过去式变化无固定规则,需单独记忆,常见例子如下:
be→was/were(是)
go→went(去)
do→did(做)
have→had(有)
eat→ate(吃)
see→saw(看见)
take→took(拿)
come→came(来)
run→ran(跑)
write→wrote(写)
一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
一般过去时
现在完成时
时间
状语
不同
可与表示过去的具体时间状语连用,如yesterday,an hour ago,two days ago,last week/month/year,in 2019。
可与笼统的表示过去的时间状语连用,如already,yet,recently,lately,never,ever,before,in the past/last few years。
侧重
点不
同
只限于表示过去的动作本身,与现在的结果无关。
They went to London last week.他们上周去了伦敦。(强调去伦敦发生在上周)
表示过去发生并延续到现在的动作或状态,或过去发生且已结束的动作,但对现在造成了一定影响,强调现在的结果。
They have just gone to London.
他们刚去了伦敦。(强调现在已经去了)
翻译练习
1. 我们上周去了博物馆。→ We went to the museum last week.
2. 她三年前认识了汤姆。→ She knew Tom three years ago.
3. 2019 年,我在上海工作。→ I worked in Shanghai in 2019.
过去进行时
标志词:at 8 o'clock last night, this time yesterday, when/while 引导的时间状语从句
构成:was/were + 动词的现在分词
用法:表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作;表示过去某一段时间内正在进行的动作;与 when 引导的一般过去时连用,强调一个动作正在进行时另一个动作突然发生。
翻译练习
1. 昨天这个时候,他们正在开会。→ They were having a meeting this time yesterday.
2. 当我到家时,妈妈正在做饭。→ When I got home, my mom was cooking.
3. 那段时间,我们正在准备考试。→ We were preparing for the exam during that period.
过去完成时
标志词:by the end of last year, before, when, until, by + 过去时间点
构成:had + 动词的过去分词
用法:表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作,即 “过去的过去”。
一般过去时和过去完成时的区别
一般过去时
过去完成时
时间
状语
不同
有yesterday,the day before yesterday,an hour ago,last week/month/year,in 2018等。
通常是与by或before有关的短语,如by that time,by the end of yesterday等。
针对
的时
间点
不同
针对现在而言,描述发生在过去的动作。
I saw a doctor last week.我上周去看医生了。(see的动作发生在过去)
针对过去某一时刻而言,表示“过去的过去”。
He had learnt Japanese before he went to Japan.他去日本之前已经学过日语了。(go的动作发生在过去,learn的动作发生在go之前,即过去的过去)
翻译练习
1. 在她意识到错误之前,已经太晚了。→ Before she realized her mistake, it had been too late.
2. 我到达车站时,火车已经开走了。→ When I got to the station, the train had left.
3. 到上周五,我们已经学完了第一册书。→ By last Friday, we had finished learning the first book.
一般将来时
标志词:tomorrow, next week/month/year, in + 时间段,soon, will
构成:will + 动词原形;be going to + 动词原形
用法:will 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,常带有偶然性、临时性决定;be going to 表示计划、打算要做的事,或根据迹象判断即将发生的事。
1. 她打算下周买一辆新车。→ She is going to buy a new car next week.
2. 再过两年,他将毕业。→ He will graduate in two years.
3. 下周一他们将举行一场比赛。→ They will hold a match next Monday.
将来进行时
标志词:at 8 o'clock tomorrow, this time next week
构成:will be + 动词的现在分词
用法:表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。
翻译练习
1. 下周这个时候,我们将正在旅行。→ We will be traveling this time next week.
2. 明天下午三点,她将正在开会。→ She will be having a meeting at 3 o'clock tomorrow afternoon.
3. 下周一早上,他们将正在上英语课。→ They will be having an English class next Monday morning.
将来完成时
标志词:by the end of next year, by + 将来时间点
构成:will have + 动词的过去分词
用法:表示到将来某一时间为止已经完成的动作。
1. 到 2025 年,他将已经工作十年了。→ By 2025, he will have worked for ten years.
2. 到下周五,我们将已经完成这个项目。→ By next Friday, we will have finished this project.
3. 到下个月,她将已经写好那本书。→ By next month, she will have written that book.
综合练习:
例:他吃苹果。→ He eats apples.
He is eating apples.(他正在吃苹果)
He has eaten apples.(他已经吃了苹果)
He ate apples.(他吃了苹果)
He will eat apples.(他将会吃苹果)
翻译练习
她读书
一般现在时:She reads books.
现在进行时:She is reading books.
现在完成时:She has read books.
一般过去时:She read books.
一般将来时:She will read books.
Day 4:动词的语态(主动语态 vs 被动语态)+ 情态动词
复习
理清 “主谓宾句型中‘谁做动作’”
主动句:Tom cleaned the room.(汤姆做了打扫房间这个动作,是动作的发出者)
被动句:The room was cleaned by Tom.(房间是打扫这个动作的承受者,汤姆是动作的发出者)
核心逻辑:语态是“动作的承受关系”,依赖前三天的句型和时态(被动语态的谓语是“be + 过去分词”,需结合时态变化)。
被动语态:
结构:be + 过去分词(be随时态变化)
高考高频动词的过去式过去分词:
do→did→done
make→made→made
take→took→taken
get→got→got/gotten
give→gave→given
see→saw→seen
hear→heard→heard
say→said→said
tell→told→told
find→found→found
过去式与过去分词的区别:
过去式主要用于一般过去时,作谓语,不能与助动词 have/has/had 连用;过去分词可用于完成时(与 have/has/had 连用)、被动语态(与 be 动词连用),还可作定语、表语等。
不能使用被动语态的几种情况
①不及物动词(短语)不用于被动语态,如happen,occur,fail,remain,spread,take place,break out,come true等。
The disease spreads easily.这种疾病容易传播。
②某些动词(短语)不用于被动语态,如benefit,fit,lack,contain,join,last,arrive at/in,agree with,look like,consist of,suffer from,succeed in等。
This drink doesn't contain any alcohol.
这种饮料不含任何酒精。
③表示归属的动词(短语)不用于被动语态,如have,own,belong to等。
The red pen belongs to me.
这支红色的钢笔属于我。
④宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,谓语动词用主动语态,不用被动语态。
We often help each other.我们经常互相帮助。
主动形式表示被动意义的4种情况
系动词,如:smell,taste,feel,look,sound,prove等后接形容词作表语,用主动形式表示被动意义。
This kind of wool shirt feels soft.这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。
表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词,如:read,write,sell,wash,clean等,常与well,badly,easily,smoothly等副词连用,用主动形式表示被动意义。
Have you bought the book that sells well these days?你买了最近销售得很好的那本书了吗?
某些与can't,won't等连用的不及物动词,如open,shut,move等,用主动形式表示被动意义。
The door won't shut.
这扇门关不上。
少数不及物动词用于进行时,其主动形式表示被动意义,如print,cook,sell等。
The meat is cooking.
肉正在炖着。
例句:
主动→ He wrote a letter.(主谓宾);
被动→ A letter was written by him.(was written 是被动语态谓语)
同义句变形
1. She bought a book. 被动:A book was bought by her.
2. They built a house. 被动:A house was built by them.
3. He will finish the work. 被动:The work will be finished by him.
4. We have planted many trees. 被动:Many trees have been planted by us.
5. She is writing a novel. 被动:A novel is being written by her.
注意:只有 “主谓宾句型” 能变被动(因为有宾语承受动作)
情态动词:
小试牛刀
1. This work must ______ (finish) before Friday. 答案:be finished
2. The problem can ______ (solve) easily. 答案:be solved
3. He may ______ (invite) to the party. 答案:be invited
4. You should ______ (tell) the truth. 答案:be told
5. This book might ______ (write) by him. 答案:be written
综合练习
一、单句语法填空
1. The meeting ______ (hold) next Monday. 答案:will be held
2. These books ______ (can, not take) out of the library. 答案:can not be taken
3. A new hospital ______ (build) in our city last year. 答案:was built
4. The problem ______ (must, solve) as soon as possible. 答案:must be solved
5. Many trees ______ (plant) in the park since last month. 答案:have been planted
6. The letter ______ (may, send) yesterday. 答案:may have been sent
7. English ______ (speak) all over the world. 答案:is spoken
8. The work ______ (should, finish) by now. 答案:should have been finished
9. He ______ (see) to enter the building just now. 答案:was seen
10. The children ______ (must, look) after well. 答案:must be looked
二、真题再现
(2019·全国Ⅲ卷)On our way to the house, it was raining 1.____________ hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take 2._________ (get) there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
We were first greeted with the barking by a pack 3._______ dogs,seven to be exact.They were well trained by their masters 4._________ had great experience with caring for these animals.Our hosts shared many of their experiences and 5________ (recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop,and visit.For breakfast,we were able to eat papaya (木瓜)and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.
When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting 6._______ (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many 7.________(tradition) stories about Hawaii that were 8._________ (huge) popular with tourists.On the last day of our weeklong stay,we 9._________ (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,10.__________(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
1. so
解析:此处为“so...that...”结构,表示“如此……以至于……”,句意为“雨下得太大,我们不禁想知道要多久才能到那里”。
2. to get
解析:“it takes some time to do sth”为固定句型,意为“做某事花费多长时间”,故此处用动词不定式“to get”。
3. of
解析:“a pack of”是固定搭配,意为“一群……”,此处指“一群狗”。
4. who/that
解析:空格处引导定语从句,先行词是“their masters”(指人),且从句中缺少主语,故用关系代词“who”或“that”。
5. recommended
解析:根据上下文可知,全文时态以一般过去时为主,“and”连接并列谓语“shared”和“recommended”,故此处用“recommend”的过去式“recommended”。
6. competition
解析:空格前有不定冠词“an”和形容词“interesting”,故此处需用“compete”的名词形式“competition”(意为“比赛”)。
7. traditional
解析:空格后为名词“stories”,故此处需用“tradition”的形容词形式“traditional”(意为“传统的”)修饰名词。
8. hugely
解析:空格后为形容词“popular”,故此处需用“huge”的副词形式“hugely”(意为“极其,非常”)修饰形容词。
9. were invited
解析:主语“we”与“invite”之间是被动关系,且动作发生在过去,故用一般过去时的被动语态“were invited”。
10. listening
解析:句中已有谓语动词“were invited”,故此处需用非谓语动词;“we”与“listen”之间是主动关系,故用现在分词“listening”,与后面的“meeting”构成并列结构。
Day6:非谓语动词入门
复习
1. She sings beautifully.(句中 “sings” 是唯一的谓语动词,没有其他动词作谓语)
2. He runs and jumps.(“runs” 和 “jumps” 由连接词 “and” 连接,共同作谓语,符合语法规则)
3. They study hard every day.(“study” 是唯一的谓语动词,句子结构正确)
核心逻辑:非谓语是 “不能作谓语的动词形式”,需结合句子结构(前四天学的是 “谓语动词”,今天讲 “非谓语如何在句中作其他成分”)。
非谓语有 3 种形式:动名词(doing)、不定式(to do)、分词(现在分词 doing 和过去分词 done)
用法:
动名词(doing):
作主语:动名词置于句首,代表动作或状态,谓语动词用单数。
例:Swimming is good for health.(游泳有益健康。)
作宾语:放在及物动词或介词后面,作为动作的对象。
例:He enjoys reading books.(他喜欢读书。)
She is afraid of speaking in public.(她害怕在公众场合讲话。)
作表语:放在系动词后面,说明主语的性质或内容。
例:His hobby is painting.(他的爱好是绘画。)
不定式(to do):
作主语:表示具体的动作或将来的动作,常用 it 作形式主语,将不定式后置。
例:To learn English well is important.(学好英语很重要。)
It is necessary to finish the work on time.(按时完成工作是必要的。)
作宾语:用于某些及物动词后,表达动作的目的或内容。
例:She wants to buy a new dress.(她想买一条新裙子。)
He decided to go abroad.(他决定出国。)
作表语:说明主语的具体内容或目的。
例:My goal is to become a doctor.(我的目标是成为一名医生。)
作定语:修饰名词,放在名词后面,表示将来的动作或用途。
例:I have a lot of homework to do.(我有很多作业要做。)
She has a chance to study in America.(她有一个去美国学习的机会。)
作状语:表示目的、结果、原因等。
例如:He went to the library to read books.(他去图书馆看书。—— 表目的)
She is too young to go to school.(她太小了,不能上学。—— 表结果)
现在分词(doing):
作定语:修饰名词,与所修饰的名词之间是主动关系,强调动作正在进行。例如:The running boy is my brother.(正在跑步的男孩是我的弟弟。)
作表语:表示主语的性质或特征,常用来描述事物。例如:The movie is interesting.(这部电影很有趣。)
作状语:表示时间、原因、伴随等,与句子主语之间是主动关系。
例如:Walking in the park, I met an old friend.(在公园散步时,我遇到了一位老朋友。—— 表时间)
Being ill, he didn't go to school.(因为生病了,他没去上学。—— 表原因)
They stood there, talking happily.(他们站在那里,愉快地交谈着。—— 表伴随)
过去分词(done):
作定语:修饰名词,与所修饰的名词之间是被动关系,强调动作已经完成。
例如:The broken window needs to be repaired.(破碎的窗户需要修理。)
作表语:表示主语的状态,常用来描述人。
例如:He is interested in music.(他对音乐感兴趣。)
作状语:表示时间、原因、条件等,与句子主语之间是被动关系。
例如:Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.(从山顶上看,这座城市很美。—— 表时间)
Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.(这本书用简单的英语写成,很容易读。—— 表原因)
Given more time, we can finish the work better.(如果给更多的时间,我们能把工作做得更好。—— 表条件)、
练习:
找出下列句子中的非谓语动词,并说明其形式和在句中的成分。
1. Reading novels is my favorite hobby. 非谓语动词:Reading(动名词),作主语。
2. She plans to visit her grandparents next week. 非谓语动词:to visit(不定式),作宾语。
3. The excited children are playing games. 非谓语动词:excited(过去分词),作定语。
4. He came into the room, carrying a big bag. 非谓语动词:carrying(现在分词),作状语。
5. It's important to learn from others. 非谓语动词:to learn(不定式),作主语(it 为形式主语)。
用适当的非谓语动词形式填空。
I enjoy ______ (listen) to music. 答案:listening
She wants ______ (buy) a new bike. 答案:to buy
The ______ (fall) leaves are beautiful. 答案:fallen
______ (walk) is good exercise. 答案:Walking
He was busy ______ (prepare) for the exam. 答案:preparing
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初升高衔接——6天弄懂基础语法
Day 1: 三大核心句型(主谓+主谓宾+主系表)
句子基本概念:
句子是由词或词组按照一定语法规则构成,能够表达一个完整意思的语言单位,基本成分包括主语、谓语等,不同的成分组合形成不同句型。
主谓句型: 由主语(S)和谓语(V)构成,谓语通常是不及物动词,句子结构为 “主语 + 谓语”。
基本知识了解:不及物动词(vi._),后面不能直接加宾语(如run, smile, sleep)。
例句:
1. I run.(主语是人称代词)
2. She smiles.(主语是人称代词)
3. The dog barks.(主语是名词)
4. Birds fly.(主语是名词)
5. They dance.(主语是人称代词)
6. Tom sings.(主语是人名)
7. The sun rises.(主语是名词)
8. We laugh.(主语是人称代词)
9. This cat jumps.(主语是 “指示代词 + 名词”)
10. Those children play.(主语是 “指示代词 + 名词”)
主谓宾句型:由主语(S)、谓语(V)和宾语(O)构成,谓语是及物动词,句子结构为 “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”。
基本知识了解:及物动词(vt.),必须加宾语(名 / 代)(如 eat, like, play)。
例句:
1. She likes books. 主语:She 谓语:likes 宾语:books
2. He plays basketball. 主语:He 谓语:plays 宾语:basketball
3. They read newspapers. 主语:They 谓语:read 宾语:newspapers
4. Tom writes letters. 主语:Tom 谓语:writes 宾语:letters
5. The teacher teaches English. 主语:The teacher 谓语:teaches 宾语:English
6. We watch TV. 主语:We 谓语:watch 宾语:TV
7. This girl draws pictures. 主语:This girl 谓语:draws 宾语:pictures
8. Those boys kick the ball. 主语:Those boys 谓语:kick 宾语:the ball
总结分析主谓与主谓宾区别:
主谓:主语之后直接接不及物动词,没有宾语成分,如 The sun rises.
主谓宾:主语之后接及物动词,动词之后有宾语成分,如 “She likes books.”
如何区分及物 / 不及物动词:看动词后面是否能直接接宾语,能直接接宾语的是及物动词,不能直接接宾语的是不及物动词。
识记及物与不及物动词:可以通过背诵词汇表中动词的词性标注,也可以结合例句记忆,在句子中看动词是否带宾语来辅助识记。
主系表句型:由主语(S)、系动词(LinkV)和表语(P)构成,句子结构为 “主语 + 系动词 + 表语”。
基本知识了解:
系动词是什么:系动词是连接主语和表语的动词,本身有一定意义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。
表语是什么:表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、状态等的成分,通常位于系动词之后。
例句:
1. I am a student.(主语是人称代词,表语是名词,系动词是 am)
2. She feels happy.(主语是人称代词,表语是形容词,系动词是 feels)
3. The flower is beautiful.(主语是名词,表语是形容词,系动词是 is)
4. This book is mine.(主语是 “指示代词 + 名词”,表语是名词性物主代词,系动词是 is)
5. He seems tired.(主语是人称代词,表语是形容词,系动词是 seems)
6. The weather becomes cold.(主语是名词,表语是形容词,系动词是 becomes)
7. Those are apples.(主语是指示代词,表语是名词,系动词是 are)
8. My hobby is reading.(主语是 “形容词性物主代词 + 名词”,表语是动名词,系动词是 is)
9. The film looks interesting.(主语是名词,表语是形容词,系动词是 looks)
10. The cat is under the table.(主语是名词,表语是介词短语,系动词是 is)
11. Her dream is to be a doctor.(主语是 “形容词性物主代词 + 名词”,表语是不定式,系动词是 is)
12. That sounds good.(主语是指示代词,表语是形容词,系动词是 sounds)
总结:系动词有哪些?
类别
常见系动词举例
说明
状态系动词
be(am, is, are, was, were)
表示主语的状态,是最基本的系动词,后接表语说明主语的身份、特征、性质等。
持续系动词
keep, remain, stay
表示主语保持某种状态,强调状态的延续性。
表象系动词
seem, appear
表示主语 “看起来”“似乎” 处于某种状态,侧重于给人的表象。
感官系动词
look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、smell(闻起来)、taste(尝起来)、feel(摸起来)
由感官动词转化而来,后接形容词描述主语的感官特征。
变化系动词
become, get, grow, turn, go, come, fall
表示主语从一种状态转变为另一种状态,强调变化的过程或结果。
例题与练习
一、单句语法填空
1. Playing basketball_______(be) good for us.
2. What he said ________(make) me happy.
3. She _____(be) a beautiful girl.
4. The flowers _____(look) nice.
5. Reading books ______(help) us learn more.
6. A number of books ______ (be) on the desk.
7. The pair of shoes ______ (look) nice.
8. Everyone in the class ______ (have) a new textbook.
9. Ten years ______ (be) a long time for a child.
10. Not only the teacher but also the students ______ (be) excited about the trip.
二、句子翻译。
1. 他跑步。_________________________________________________
2. 她吃蛋糕。_________________________________________________
3. 它是一只狗。_________________________________________________
4. 我们学英语。_________________________________________________
5. 他们笑。_________________________________________________
6. 汤姆很高。_________________________________________________
7. 这只猫喝牛奶。_________________________________________________
8. 这本书很有趣。_________________________________________________
9. 我睡觉。_________________________________________________
10. 他喜欢音乐。_________________________________________________
11. 她是一名老师。_________________________________________________
12. 鸟儿飞翔。_________________________________________________
13. 我们看电影。_________________________________________________
14. 那听起来很棒。_________________________________________________
15. 他们踢足球。_________________________________________________
Day 2:两大复杂句型(主谓双宾+主谓宾宾补)
复习
分析下面句子属于哪种简单句
1. She dances.(S+V)
2. He reads novels.(S+V+O)
3. The weather is hot.(S+LinkV+P)
4. We sing.(S+V)
5. They buy pens.(S+V+O)
主谓双宾句型:动词后接 “人(间接宾语 IO)+ 物(直接宾语 DO)”,常见动词:give, teach, lend, borrow, buy, show, tell, bring, send, pass。
例句:
1. My father gave me a bike.
2. The teacher teaches us English.
3. She lent him a ruler.
4. He borrowed me a book.
5. Mom bought me a dress.
6. They showed us the photo.
7. Tom told her a story.
8. He brought me a cup of tea.
9. She sent him a letter.
10. The boy passed me the ball.
主谓宾宾补句型:宾语后接 “补充说明宾语的成分(宾补 C)”,常见动词:make, keep, call, find。
例句:
1. We made him happy.
2. She keeps the room clean.
3. They call the boy Tom.
4. I find the story interesting.
5. The teacher made us quiet.
6. He keeps the dog warm.
7. We call the city Beijing.
8. She finds the book boring.
9. Mom makes the food delicious.
10. They keep the garden beautiful.
句型辨析:
辨析方法1:用 “加 be 动词” 法区分双宾和宾补:
双宾:He gave me a book. → 不能说 “I am a book”(不通)→ 双宾。
宾补:We call him Tom. → “He is Tom”(通顺)→ 宾补。
练习题:
1. She bought her daughter a skirt. → 尝试说 “Her daughter is a skirt”(不通)→ 双宾。
2. They made the girl excited. → 尝试说 “The girl is excited”(通顺)→ 宾补。
辨析方法2:双宾语:指动作直接作用的对象(直接宾语,多为物)和动作的接受者(间接宾语,多为人),两者无逻辑上的主谓关系,如“give sb. sth.”。
宾语补足语:补充说明宾语的状态、动作或身份,与宾语存在逻辑上的主谓关系(如“sb. to do”“sth. interesting”),常用结构有“动词 + 宾语 + 不定式/分词/形容词/名词”。
例题与练习:
一、单句语法填空
1. My father________(buy) me a new bike yesterday. (双宾语)
2. The teacher told us a funny story. (双宾语)
3. She asked me ______ (help) her with English. (宾补)
4. We made him ______ (monitor) of our class. (宾补)
5. The boss offered Tom _____ good job. (双宾语)
6. I found the story ______ (interest). (宾补)
7. Mom ________(cook) my little sister some delicious food. (双宾语)
8. They saw a boy ______ (run) in the park just now. (宾补)
9. The manager ______(show) the visitors around the factory. (双宾语变式)
10. The teacher wants us ______ (finish) the homework on time. (宾补)
二、句子翻译
1. 老师让我们安静。→______________________________________________
2. 我们叫他李明。→_______________________________________________
3. 她使房间整洁。→______________________________________________
4. 我发现这节课有趣。→___________________________________________
5. 妈妈让食物美味。→ ___________________________________________
6. 他给了我一本书。→ ____________________________________________
7. 她教我们语文。→ ______________________________________________
8. 他们展示给我们一幅画。→_______________________________________
9. 爸爸买给我一个书包。→ _________________________________________
10. 他告诉她一个好消息。→ _________________________________________
Day 3 词性与句子成分
认识词性
词性是单词的 “身份”,决定了它在句子中的作用。以下是 10 种基本词性
词性 定义(功能) 例词(及例句)
1. 名词(n.) 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。 人:teacher(The teacher is kind.)
事物:book(I have a book.)
抽象概念:happiness(Happiness is important.)
2. 动词(v.) 表示动作或状态。 动作:run(He runs fast.)
状态:be(She is a student.)
3. 形容词(adj.) 修饰名词或代词,描述其性质、特征或状态。 tall(He is tall.);happy(She looks happy.)
4. 副词(adv.) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明动作的程度、方式、时间等。 quickly(He runs quickly.);very(She is very tall.)
5. 代词(pron.) 代替名词,避免重复。 I(I like apples.);they(They are students.);this(This is a cat.)
6. 数词(num.) 表示数量或顺序。 基数词:one, two(I have two pens.)
序数词:first, second(He is the first in the race.)
7. 冠词(art.) 限定名词,分为不定冠词(a, an)和定冠词(the)。 a book(一本 book);an apple(一个 apple);the teacher(这个 / 那个老师)
8. 介词(prep.) 表示名词 / 代词与其他词的关系(时间、地点、方式等)。 in(in the morning);on(on the desk);with(with a pen)
9. 连词(conj.) 连接词、短语或句子,表达逻辑关系(并列、转折等)。 and(I like apples and bananas.);but(She is tall but thin.)
10. 感叹词(interj.) 表示强烈的情感(惊讶、喜悦等)。 Oh!(Oh, that’s great!);Wow!(Wow, beautiful!)
认识句子成分
句子成分是单词 / 短语在句子中扮演的 “角色”,核心成分决定句子的基本结构。
1. 主语(Subject)
定义:句子的核心,动作的发出者或被描述的对象。
常由什么词性充当:名词、代词、动名词(doing)、不定式(to do)等。
例句分析:
Tom plays football.(Tom 是名词,作主语)
She is happy.(She 是代词,作主语)
Swimming is good for health.(Swimming 是动名词,作主语)
2. 谓语(Predicate)
定义:说明主语的动作或状态,是句子的 “灵魂”,不能缺少。
常由什么词性充当:动词(实义动词、系动词、情态动词 + 动词原形等)。
例句分析:
He runs every day.(runs 是实义动词,作谓语)
They are students.(are 是系动词,作谓语)
She can sing.(can sing 是情态动词 + 动词原形,作谓语)
3. 宾语(Object)
定义:动作的承受者,常跟在及物动词后。
常由什么词性充当:名词、代词、动名词、不定式等。
例句分析:
I like books.(books 是名词,作宾语)
She helps him.(him 是代词,作宾语)
He enjoys reading.(reading 是动名词,作宾语)
4. 表语(Predicative)
定义:跟在系动词后,说明主语的身份、特征或状态。
常由什么词性充当:名词、形容词、代词、介词短语等。
例句分析:
My mother is a doctor.(a doctor 是名词,作表语)
The flower is beautiful.(beautiful 是形容词,作表语)
It is mine.(mine 是代词,作表语)
5. 定语(Attribute)
定义:修饰名词或代词,说明其性质、特征、数量等。
常由什么词性充当:形容词、代词、数词、介词短语等。
例句分析:
This is a red apple.(red 是形容词,修饰 apple,作定语)
I have three books.(three 是数词,修饰 books,作定语)
The girl in blue is my sister.(in blue 是介词短语,修饰 girl,作定语)
6. 状语(Adverbial)
定义:修饰动词、形容词或整个句子,说明时间、地点、方式、原因、目的等。
常由什么词性充当:副词、介词短语、不定式等。
例句分析:
He runs quickly.(quickly 是副词,修饰 runs,表方式)
We will go there tomorrow.(tomorrow 是副词,表时间)
They study in the classroom.(in the classroom 是介词短语,表地点)
补语(Complement)
补语是补充说明句子中某个成分(主语或宾语)的成分,分为主语补语和宾语补语,其中宾语补语是学习重点。
宾语补语(Object Complement)
定义:补充说明宾语的身份、状态、动作等,与宾语构成逻辑上的 “主谓关系”(即宾语是补语动作的发出者或状态的承受者)。
位置:位于宾语之后。
常由什么充当:形容词、名词、不定式(to do)、现在分词(doing)、过去分词(done)等。
常见动词搭配:
这类动词后必须接 “宾语 + 宾语补语” 才能使句意完整,常见动词有:make(使)、keep(保持)、find(发现)、call(称呼)、see(看见)、ask(要求)、tell(告诉)等。
例句分析:
We call her Lily.(名词 “Lily” 作宾语补语,说明宾语 “her” 的名字)
He made the room clean.(形容词 “clean” 作宾语补语,说明宾语 “the room” 的状态)
I saw him playing football.(现在分词 “playing football” 作宾语补语,说明宾语 “him” 正在进行的动作)
The teacher asked us to finish the work.(不定式 “to finish the work” 作宾语补语,说明宾语 “us” 要做的动作)
We should keep the door closed.(过去分词 “closed” 作宾语补语,说明宾语 “the door” 的状态)
主语补语(Subject Complement)
定义:补充说明主语的身份、状态等,通常用于被动语态中(主动语态中的宾语补语在被动语态中会变成主语补语)。
位置:位于主语之后(常跟在系动词或被动语态的谓语后)。
例句分析:
He was elected monitor.(名词 “monitor” 作主语补语,说明主语 “he” 的身份,对应主动语态:We elected him monitor.)
The window was found broken.(过去分词 “broken” 作主语补语,说明主语 “the window” 的状态,对应主动语态:We found the window broken.)
补语与其他成分的区别
与表语的区别:表语只跟在系动词后,说明主语的状态;补语则补充说明宾语或主语,且常与特定动词搭配(如 make, see)。
与宾语的区别:宾语是动作的承受者,而补语是对宾语 / 主语的进一步说明(如 “call him Tom” 中,“him” 是宾语,“Tom” 是补语,说明 “him” 的名字)。
Day 4:基础时态(现在/过去/将来时)
复习
找出下面句子的谓语动词
1. The wind blows gently.(谓语动词 blows )
2. They discussed the problem yesterday.(谓语动词 discussed)
3. We will finish the task tomorrow.(谓语动词 will finish )
核心逻辑:时态是“谓语动词的变化”,必须结合前两天的“主谓/主谓宾”句型(谓语是句子的核心,时态直接影响谓语形式)。
一般现在时:
标志词:always, usually, often, every day
谓语变化:主语是三单(he/she/it)时,动词加 s/es(如:He plays football every week.)
(
动词变第三人称单数(单三)的规则如下:
1. 一般情况下,直接在动词词尾加s。
例:work
→
works,play
→
plays,like
→
likes。
2. 以s, x, ch, sh或o结尾的动词,在词尾加es。
例:pass
→
passes,fix
→
fixes,teach
→
teaches,wash
→
washes,go
→
goes。
3. 以
“
辅音字母+y
”
结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加es。
例:study
→
studies,carry
→
carries,fly
→
flies。
4. 特殊变化(不规则动词):
例:have
→
has,be
→
is。
)
翻译练习
1. 她总是帮助别人。→ She always helps others.
2. 他通常在晚上做作业。→ He usually does his homework in the evening.
3. 我们每天早上跑步。→ We run every morning.
现在进行时
标志词:now, at the moment, look, listen
构成:am/is/are + 动词的现在分词
用法:表示此时此刻正在进行的动作;表示现阶段正在进行的动作(说话时不一定正在进行)。
例:看!他们正在打篮球。→ Look! They are playing basketball.
翻译练习
1. 我现在正在写信。→ I am writing a letter now.
2. 听!有人在唱歌。→ Listen! Someone is singing.
3. 这个月我们正在学习第三单元。→ We are learning Unit 3 this month.
现在完成时
标志词:already, yet, just, ever, never, for + 时间段,since + 时间点 / 从句,recently, so far
构成:have/has + 动词的过去分词
用法:表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果;表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态(常与 for、since 连用)。
翻译练习
1. 他还没有回复我的邮件。→ He hasn't replied to my email yet.
2. 自从 2018 年以来,我就住在这个城市。→ I have lived in this city since 2018.
3. 到目前为止,我们已经学了 2000 个单词。→ We have learned 2000 words so far.
一般过去时
标志词:yesterday, last week/month/year, ago, in 2019, just now, the other day
谓语变化:动词用过去式(如:She walked to school yesterday.)
动词变过去式的规则:
动词过去式的变化规则可分为规则变化和不规则变化两类,具体如下:
一、规则变化(多数动词适用)
1. 一般情况下,直接在动词词尾加ed
例:work→worked(工作)、play→played(玩)、look→looked(看)。
2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,直接加d
例:live→lived(居住)、like→liked(喜欢)、hope→hoped(希望)。
3. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加ed
例:study→studied(学习)、carry→carried(携带)、cry→cried(哭)。
注:若以“元音字母+y”结尾,直接加ed,如:play→played、stay→stayed。
4. 以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写该辅音字母,再加ed
例:stop→stopped(停止)、plan→planned(计划)、drop→dropped(掉落)。
判断标准:单词最后三个字母为“辅+元+辅”,且重音在最后一个音节,如:prefer→preferred(重读在fer)。
二、不规则变化(需特殊记忆)
部分动词的过去式变化无固定规则,需单独记忆,常见例子如下:
be→was/were(是)
go→went(去)
do→did(做)
have→had(有)
eat→ate(吃)
see→saw(看见)
take→took(拿)
come→came(来)
run→ran(跑)
write→wrote(写)
一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
一般过去时
现在完成时
时间
状语
不同
可与表示过去的具体时间状语连用,如yesterday,an hour ago,two days ago,last week/month/year,in 2019。
可与笼统的表示过去的时间状语连用,如already,yet,recently,lately,never,ever,before,in the past/last few years。
侧重
点不
同
只限于表示过去的动作本身,与现在的结果无关。
They went to London last week.他们上周去了伦敦。(强调去伦敦发生在上周)
表示过去发生并延续到现在的动作或状态,或过去发生且已结束的动作,但对现在造成了一定影响,强调现在的结果。
They have just gone to London.
他们刚去了伦敦。(强调现在已经去了)
翻译练习
1. 我们上周去了博物馆。→ We went to the museum last week.
2. 她三年前认识了汤姆。→ She knew Tom three years ago.
3. 2019 年,我在上海工作。→ I worked in Shanghai in 2019.
过去进行时
标志词:at 8 o'clock last night, this time yesterday, when/while 引导的时间状语从句
构成:was/were + 动词的现在分词
用法:表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作;表示过去某一段时间内正在进行的动作;与 when 引导的一般过去时连用,强调一个动作正在进行时另一个动作突然发生。
翻译练习
1. 昨天这个时候,他们正在开会。→ They were having a meeting this time yesterday.
2. 当我到家时,妈妈正在做饭。→ When I got home, my mom was cooking.
3. 那段时间,我们正在准备考试。→ We were preparing for the exam during that period.
过去完成时
标志词:by the end of last year, before, when, until, by + 过去时间点
构成:had + 动词的过去分词
用法:表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作,即 “过去的过去”。
一般过去时和过去完成时的区别
一般过去时
过去完成时
时间
状语
不同
有yesterday,the day before yesterday,an hour ago,last week/month/year,in 2018等。
通常是与by或before有关的短语,如by that time,by the end of yesterday等。
针对
的时
间点
不同
针对现在而言,描述发生在过去的动作。
I saw a doctor last week.我上周去看医生了。(see的动作发生在过去)
针对过去某一时刻而言,表示“过去的过去”。
He had learnt Japanese before he went to Japan.他去日本之前已经学过日语了。(go的动作发生在过去,learn的动作发生在go之前,即过去的过去)
翻译练习
1. 在她意识到错误之前,已经太晚了。→ Before she realized her mistake, it had been too late.
2. 我到达车站时,火车已经开走了。→ When I got to the station, the train had left.
3. 到上周五,我们已经学完了第一册书。→ By last Friday, we had finished learning the first book.
一般将来时
标志词:tomorrow, next week/month/year, in + 时间段,soon, will
构成:will + 动词原形;be going to + 动词原形
用法:will 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,常带有偶然性、临时性决定;be going to 表示计划、打算要做的事,或根据迹象判断即将发生的事。
1. 她打算下周买一辆新车。→ She is going to buy a new car next week.
2. 再过两年,他将毕业。→ He will graduate in two years.
3. 下周一他们将举行一场比赛。→ They will hold a match next Monday.
将来进行时
标志词:at 8 o'clock tomorrow, this time next week
构成:will be + 动词的现在分词
用法:表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。
翻译练习
1. 下周这个时候,我们将正在旅行。→ We will be traveling this time next week.
2. 明天下午三点,她将正在开会。→ She will be having a meeting at 3 o'clock tomorrow afternoon.
3. 下周一早上,他们将正在上英语课。→ They will be having an English class next Monday morning.
将来完成时
标志词:by the end of next year, by + 将来时间点
构成:will have + 动词的过去分词
用法:表示到将来某一时间为止已经完成的动作。
1. 到 2025 年,他将已经工作十年了。→ By 2025, he will have worked for ten years.
2. 到下周五,我们将已经完成这个项目。→ By next Friday, we will have finished this project.
3. 到下个月,她将已经写好那本书。→ By next month, she will have written that book.
综合练习:
例:他吃苹果。→ He eats apples.
He is eating apples.(他正在吃苹果)
He has eaten apples.(他已经吃了苹果)
He ate apples.(他吃了苹果)
He will eat apples.(他将会吃苹果)
翻译练习
她读书
一般现在时:______________________________________________
现在进行时:______________________________________________
现在完成时:______________________________________________
一般过去时:______________________________________________
一般将来时:______________________________________________
Day 4:动词的语态(主动语态 vs 被动语态)+ 情态动词
复习
理清 “主谓宾句型中‘谁做动作’”
主动句:Tom cleaned the room.(汤姆做了打扫房间这个动作,是动作的发出者)
被动句:The room was cleaned by Tom.(房间是打扫这个动作的承受者,汤姆是动作的发出者)
核心逻辑:语态是“动作的承受关系”,依赖前三天的句型和时态(被动语态的谓语是“be + 过去分词”,需结合时态变化)。
被动语态:
结构:be + 过去分词(be随时态变化)
高考高频动词的过去式过去分词:
do→did→done
make→made→made
take→took→taken
get→got→got/gotten
give→gave→given
see→saw→seen
hear→heard→heard
say→said→said
tell→told→told
find→found→found
过去式与过去分词的区别:
过去式主要用于一般过去时,作谓语,不能与助动词 have/has/had 连用;过去分词可用于完成时(与 have/has/had 连用)、被动语态(与 be 动词连用),还可作定语、表语等。
不能使用被动语态的几种情况
①不及物动词(短语)不用于被动语态,如happen,occur,fail,remain,spread,take place,break out,come true等。
The disease spreads easily.这种疾病容易传播。
②某些动词(短语)不用于被动语态,如benefit,fit,lack,contain,join,last,arrive at/in,agree with,look like,consist of,suffer from,succeed in等。
This drink doesn't contain any alcohol.
这种饮料不含任何酒精。
③表示归属的动词(短语)不用于被动语态,如have,own,belong to等。
The red pen belongs to me.
这支红色的钢笔属于我。
④宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,谓语动词用主动语态,不用被动语态。
We often help each other.我们经常互相帮助。
主动形式表示被动意义的4种情况
系动词,如:smell,taste,feel,look,sound,prove等后接形容词作表语,用主动形式表示被动意义。
This kind of wool shirt feels soft.这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。
表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词,如:read,write,sell,wash,clean等,常与well,badly,easily,smoothly等副词连用,用主动形式表示被动意义。
Have you bought the book that sells well these days?你买了最近销售得很好的那本书了吗?
某些与can't,won't等连用的不及物动词,如open,shut,move等,用主动形式表示被动意义。
The door won't shut.
这扇门关不上。
少数不及物动词用于进行时,其主动形式表示被动意义,如print,cook,sell等。
The meat is cooking.
肉正在炖着。
例句:
主动→ He wrote a letter.(主谓宾);
被动→ A letter was written by him.(was written 是被动语态谓语)
同义句变形
1. She bought a book. 被动:_____________________________
2. They built a house. 被动:_____________________________
3. He will finish the work. 被动:_____________________________
4. We have planted many trees. 被动:_____________________________
5. She is writing a novel. 被动:_____________________________
注意:只有 “主谓宾句型” 能变被动(因为有宾语承受动作)
情态动词:
小试牛刀
1. This work must ______ (finish) before Friday.
2. The problem can ______ (solve) easily.
3. He may ______ (invite) to the party.
4. You should ______ (tell) the truth.
5. This book might ______ (write) by him.
综合练习
一、单句语法填空
1. The meeting ______ (hold) next Monday.
2. These books ______ (can, not take) out of the library.
3. A new hospital ______ (build) in our city last year.
4. The problem ______ (must, solve) as soon as possible.
5. Many trees ______ (plant) in the park since last month.
6. The letter ______ (may, send) yesterday.
7. English ______ (speak) all over the world.
8. The work ______ (should, finish) by now.
9. He ______ (see) to enter the building just now.
10. The children ______ (must, look) after well.
二、真题再现
(2019·全国Ⅲ卷)On our way to the house, it was raining 1.____________ hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take 2._________ (get) there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
We were first greeted with the barking by a pack 3._______ dogs,seven to be exact.They were well trained by their masters 4._________ had great experience with caring for these animals.Our hosts shared many of their experiences and 5________ (recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop,and visit.For breakfast,we were able to eat papaya (木瓜)and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.
When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting 6._______ (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many 7.________(tradition) stories about Hawaii that were 8._________ (huge) popular with tourists.On the last day of our weeklong stay,we 9._________ (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,10.__________(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
Day6:非谓语动词入门
复习
1. She sings beautifully.(句中 “sings” 是唯一的谓语动词,没有其他动词作谓语)
2. He runs and jumps.(“runs” 和 “jumps” 由连接词 “and” 连接,共同作谓语,符合语法规则)
3. They study hard every day.(“study” 是唯一的谓语动词,句子结构正确)
核心逻辑:非谓语是 “不能作谓语的动词形式”,需结合句子结构(前四天学的是 “谓语动词”,今天讲 “非谓语如何在句中作其他成分”)。
非谓语有 3 种形式:动名词(doing)、不定式(to do)、分词(现在分词 doing 和过去分词 done)
用法:
动名词(doing):
作主语:动名词置于句首,代表动作或状态,谓语动词用单数。
例:Swimming is good for health.(游泳有益健康。)
作宾语:放在及物动词或介词后面,作为动作的对象。
例:He enjoys reading books.(他喜欢读书。)
She is afraid of speaking in public.(她害怕在公众场合讲话。)
作表语:放在系动词后面,说明主语的性质或内容。
例:His hobby is painting.(他的爱好是绘画。)
不定式(to do):
作主语:表示具体的动作或将来的动作,常用 it 作形式主语,将不定式后置。
例:To learn English well is important.(学好英语很重要。)
It is necessary to finish the work on time.(按时完成工作是必要的。)
作宾语:用于某些及物动词后,表达动作的目的或内容。
例:She wants to buy a new dress.(她想买一条新裙子。)
He decided to go abroad.(他决定出国。)
作表语:说明主语的具体内容或目的。
例:My goal is to become a doctor.(我的目标是成为一名医生。)
作定语:修饰名词,放在名词后面,表示将来的动作或用途。
例:I have a lot of homework to do.(我有很多作业要做。)
She has a chance to study in America.(她有一个去美国学习的机会。)
作状语:表示目的、结果、原因等。
例如:He went to the library to read books.(他去图书馆看书。—— 表目的)
She is too young to go to school.(她太小了,不能上学。—— 表结果)
现在分词(doing):
作定语:修饰名词,与所修饰的名词之间是主动关系,强调动作正在进行。例如:The running boy is my brother.(正在跑步的男孩是我的弟弟。)
作表语:表示主语的性质或特征,常用来描述事物。例如:The movie is interesting.(这部电影很有趣。)
作状语:表示时间、原因、伴随等,与句子主语之间是主动关系。
例如:Walking in the park, I met an old friend.(在公园散步时,我遇到了一位老朋友。—— 表时间)
Being ill, he didn't go to school.(因为生病了,他没去上学。—— 表原因)
They stood there, talking happily.(他们站在那里,愉快地交谈着。—— 表伴随)
过去分词(done):
作定语:修饰名词,与所修饰的名词之间是被动关系,强调动作已经完成。
例如:The broken window needs to be repaired.(破碎的窗户需要修理。)
作表语:表示主语的状态,常用来描述人。
例如:He is interested in music.(他对音乐感兴趣。)
作状语:表示时间、原因、条件等,与句子主语之间是被动关系。
例如:Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.(从山顶上看,这座城市很美。—— 表时间)
Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.(这本书用简单的英语写成,很容易读。—— 表原因)
Given more time, we can finish the work better.(如果给更多的时间,我们能把工作做得更好。—— 表条件)、
练习:
找出下列句子中的非谓语动词,并说明其形式和在句中的成分。
1. Reading novels is my favorite hobby. 非谓语动词:__________________
2. She plans to visit her grandparents next week. 非谓语动词:____________
3. The excited children are playing games. 非谓语动词:____________
4. He came into the room, carrying a big bag. 非谓语动词:____________
5. It's important to learn from others. 非谓语动词:____________
用适当的非谓语动词形式填空。
1. I enjoy ______ (listen) to music.
2. She wants ______ (buy) a new bike.
3. The ______ (fall) leaves are beautiful.
4. ______ (walk) is good exercise.
5. He was busy ______ (prepare) for the exam.
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