2025年中考英语语法复习：被动语态讲义

该初中英语讲义聚焦中考被动语态核心考点，覆盖五种时态+情态动词被动、双宾语被动转换、不及物动词无被动三大难点及七大易错点，通过“定义-公式-难点突破-易错警示-强化训练”逻辑链条，结合时态结构表、介词搭配口诀等工具，帮助学生系统梳理考点，突破时态变化、介词误用等瓶颈。 亮点在于“口诀化记忆+错误诊断”教学策略，如用“物作主语加to/for，人作主语保留宾”口诀突破双宾语被动难点，通过典型错误案例（如不及物动词被动误用）培养学生精准思维。设置基础改写、真题选择、翻译应用等分层训练，配合即时答案解析，保障复习效率，教师可依此把握重难点分布，实现针对性教学，助力学生提升语言运用能力。

中考语法复习:被动语态 (三大难点+七大易错点+强化训练) 1、 被动语态(Passive Voice)的定义 被动语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语是动作的承受者(接受动作的对象),而非动作的执行者。 二、核心公式: 主语 + be动词 + 过去分词( p.p. ) (+ by + 动作执行者) 三、核心特点: 1. 主语被动化:主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语。 - 主动:The cat (主语) chased the mouse (宾语). - 被动:The mouse (主语) was chased by the cat. 2. 动作执行者可省略:当执行者不重要、未知或上下文明确时,省略 by...。 - The window was broken.(窗被打破了)` 无需强调“谁”打破的。 四、为什么用被动语态? 场景 主动语态例句 被动语态例句 强调动作承受者 We plant trees here. Trees are planted here. 执行者不重要 Someone stole my bike. My bike was stolen. 避免指责 You made mistakes. Mistakes were made. 5、 三大高频难点突破 难点1:五种时态+情态动词的被动语态 规则:be动词随时态变化,过去分词固定不变。 时态 结构 例句(主动 被动) 一般现在时 am/is/are + p.p. They make cars. Cars are made. 一般过去时 was/were + p.p. He wrote the letter. The letter was written. 一般将来时 will be + p.p. She will cook dinner. Dinner will be cooked. 现在进行时 am/is/are being + p.p. They are cleaning the room. The room is being cleaned. 现在完成时 have/has been + p.p. We have finished the work. The work has been finished. 过去完成时 had + been + p.p. He report had been finished before the meeting started. 情态动词 情态动词 (can, could, may等) +be + p.p. This problem can be solved easily. 练习: 一、用被动语态改写句子(注意时态) 1. (一般现在时)People grow rice in China. Rice _ _ in China. 2. (一般过去时)Tom cleaned the classroom yesterday. The classroom _ _ by Tom yesterday. 3. (一般将来时)They will hold the meeting next Monday. The meeting _ _ _ next Monday. 4. (现在进行时)The workers are building a new hospital. A new hospital _ _ _ by the workers. 5. (现在完成时)Someone has stolen my bicycle. My bicycle _ _ _. 6. (过去完成时)The chef had cooked the meal by 7 PM. The meal_ 7. (情态动词) Students should review the notes. (学生应该复习笔记。) The notes_ 二、将被动语态转为主动语态(补充适当主语) 8. (一般现在时)English is spoken in Canada. _ _ English in Canada. 9. (一般过去时)The letter was written by Lucy. _ _ the letter. 10. (一般将来时)The project will be finished in two days. _ _ _ the project in two days. 11. (现在进行时)The dinner is being cooked by Mom. _ _ _ the dinner. 12. (现在完成时)The windows have been cleaned. _ _ _ the windows. My computer _ _ _. 13. (过去完成时) The letter had been sent before Monday. The secretary _ _ _ _before Monday. 14. (情态动词)The door must be locked. We_ _ _ _. 难点2:带双宾语的动词变被动(两种结构) 主动:主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语(人) + 直接宾语(物) 被动转换两种形式: ① 物作主语:直接宾语(物) + be + 过去分词 + to/for + 间接宾语(人) ② 人作主语:间接宾语(人) + be + 过去分词 + 直接宾语(物) 例: 主动:He gave me a book. 被动1:A book was given to me (by him). 被动2:I was given a book (by him). 高频动词介词搭配表 必背! 动词 物作主语时介词 例句(被动) give to Flowers were given to her. send An email was sent to him. show The photo was shown to us. tell The news was told to me. buy for A cake was bought for Lucy. make A model plane was made for Tom. cook Dinner was cooked for them. 学生典型错误预警 ①介词混淆: The teacher was given a book to me. I was given a book by the teacher. ②结构杂糅: A present was bought me. I was bought a present / A present was bought for me. 带双宾语的动词变被动的口诀: 物作主语加to/for, 人作主语保留宾。 练习: 一、用被动语态改写句子(两种形式) 1. My aunt gave me a birthday gift. A birthday gift _ _ _ me by my aunt. (物作主语) I _ _ a birthday gift by my aunt. (人作主语) 2. The company sent Mr. Li a letter. A letter _ _ _ Mr. Li by the company. Mr. Li _ _ a letter by the company. 二、选择正确介词(to/for) 1. The book was shown _ me by the librarian. A. to B. for 2. A new dress was bought _ Mary by her mother. A. to B. for 三、改错题(双宾语被动常见错误) 1. I was given to a book. _ 2. A story was told us by the teacher. _ 难点3:不及物动词无被动语态 常见错误: The accident was happened yesterday. The accident happened yesterday. 注意:不及物动词(happen, sleep, rise, fall, appear...)不能用于被动! 高频不及物动词不能用于被动 必背! 动词 释义 典型例句(主动形式) happen 发生 The meeting happened on Monday. rise 升起/上涨 The sun rises at 6 a.m. fall 落下/跌倒 Leaves fall in autumn. die 死亡 Flowers die without water. appear 出现 Stars appear at night. disappear 消失 The bird disappeared. arrive 到达 He arrived in Beijing. 特殊主动表被动动词(无被动形式) 必背! 动词 结构 例句 sell 物 + sell + 副词 The shoes sell well. wash 物 + wash + 副词 Silk washes easily. write 物 + write + 副词 This pen writes smoothly. feel 物 + feel + 形容词 The cloth feels soft. 学生典型错误预警 ① 强行加被动: The event was occurred last night. occurred ② 混淆及物/不及物: The window was broken. break 是及物动词。 The rain was stopped. The rain stopped.(stop 作不及物时无被动) 不及物动词无被动语态的口诀: 不及物动无被动,主动形式自己动! sell/write/wash 是特例,主动形式表被动。 练习: 一、改错题(划出错误并改正) 1. A serious accident was happened near our school. _ 2. The price has been risen by 20% this month. _ 3. The old tree was fallen during the storm. _ 二、选择题(选择正确句子) 1. A. The sun is risen in the east. B. The sun rises in the east. 2. A. His grandfather was died in 1990. B. His grandfather died in 1990. 3. A. The problem was appeared suddenly. B. The problem appeared suddenly. 六、七大易错点 易错点1. 结构残缺:漏掉 be动词 The cake eaten by me. The cake was eaten by me. 命点:被动语态必须有 be动词(am/is/are/was/were)+ 过去分词! 易错点2. 动词性质混淆:误用不及物动词 The accident was happened yesterday. The accident happened yesterday. 核心规则: 不及物动词 (happen, appear, die, rise, occur, exist, arrive, fall 等) 没有被动语态! 主动表被动动词 (sell, write, wash, read, clean, cook, open, cut, feel 等):表示事物自身属性或特征时,用主动形式表达被动含义,不加 be 动词。 易错点3. by短语滥用(无需强调执行者时省略) Rice is grown in China.(无需by farmers) Rice is grown by farmers in China.(冗余) 黄金法则:当执行者不重要、未知或隐含时,省略by短语! 易错点4. 主谓不一致:be动词单复数错误 The apples was picked by farmers. The apples were picked by farmers. 避坑技巧:先圈出主语,再匹配be动词单复数! 易错点5. 双宾语被动:介词乱用/缺失 I was given to a book. ( ) I was given a book. (人作主语不加介词) A gift was bought me. ( ) A gift was bought for me. (物作主语需加for/to) 介词速记: give, show, send, tell, offer, lend, teach, promise, pass, write 人作主语不加介词;物作主语需加 to (+ 人) buy, make, cook, get, find, choose, sing, play 人作主语不加介词;物作主语需加 for (+ 人) 易错点6. 时态混乱:be动词未随时态变化 The bridge is built last year. The bridge was built last year. 时态对照表: 1 一般现在时: am / is / are + p.p. 2 一般过去时: was / were + p.p. 3 现在进行时: am / is / are + being + p.p. 4 过去进行时: was / were + being + p.p. 5 现在完成时: have / has + been + p.p. 6 过去完成时: had + been + p.p. 7 情态动词:情态动词 (can, could, may等) +be + p.p. 易错点7. 语态误判:该用被动却用主动 The letter sent yesterday. The letter was sent yesterday. 标志词提示:出现 by sb、be + p.p. 结构时必用被动! 总结口诀: 被动结构是根基,Be加P.P.莫忘记。 主谓一致先圈主,时态变化看Be词。 不及物动无被动,主动表被是特例。 By短语非必需,双宾介词要牢记。 承受者主是核心,语态判断看仔细! 被动语态易错点强化练习 一、单句改错(找出错误并改正) 1. The new song composed by her last month. _ 2. The sun is risen in the east every morning. _ 3. This kind of cloth is washed easily and sold by many shops. _ 4. The information were confirmed by the manager. _ 5. I was sent to a birthday card yesterday. _ 二、句子转换(用被动语态改写,注意规则) 6. Farmers grow rice in this area. Rice _ (省略by短语) 7. Someone gave him an award at the ceremony. He _ (人作主语) An award _ (物作主语) 8. They will build the hospital by 2026. The hospital _ (时态正确) 答案和解析: 五、三大高频难点突破 难点1:五种时态的被动语态结构 一、被动语态改写 1. is grown(一般现在时:主语Rice + is + 过去分词) 2. was cleaned(一般过去时:主语classroom + was + 过去分词) 3. will be held(一般将来时:will be + 过去分词) 4. is being built(现在进行时:is being + 过去分词) 5. has been stolen(现在完成时:has been + 过去分词) 6. The meal had been cooked (by the chef) by 7 PM.(现在完成时:had been + 过去分词) 7. The notes should be reviewed (by students).(情态动词被动:情态动词+be + 过去分词) 二、主动语态转换 8. People speak(补充主语People + 动词原形speak) 9. Lucy wrote(主语Lucy + 过去式wrote) 10. They will finish(主语They + will finish) 11. Mom is cooking(主语Mom + is cooking) 12. Someone has cleaned(主语Someone + has cleaned) 13. The secretary had sent the letter before Monday.(主语The secretary + had sent) 14. We must lock the door.(主语We+must +动词原形lock) 难点2:带双宾语的动词变被动(两种结构) 一、被动改写 1. was given to(物作主语:gift + was given + to + me) was given(人作主语:I + was given + gift) 2. was sent to(物作主语:letter + was sent + to + Mr. Li) was sent(人作主语:Mr. Li + was sent + letter) 二、介词选择 1. A. to show sth to sb(固定搭配) 2. B. for buy sth for sb(固定搭配) 三、改错题 1. I was given a book. 人作主语时不加介词(直接接直接宾语) 2. A story was told to us by the teacher. 物作主语时需加 to(tell sth to sb) 难点3:不及物动词无被动语态 一、改错题 1. A serious accident happened near our school. happen 为不及物动词,无被动形式 2. The price has risen by 20% this month. rise(上涨)不及物,用主动形式 3. The old tree fell during the storm. fall(倒下)不及物,无被动 二、选择题 1. B. The sun rises in the east.(rise 不及物) 2. B. His grandfather died in 1990.(die 不及物) 3. B. The problem appeared suddenly.(appear 不及物) 六、七大易错点 被动语态易错点强化练习 1. 错误点①(结构残缺) The new song was composed by her last month. 解析:过去时被动需加 was/were + p.p. 2. 错误点②(不及物动词误用) The sun rises in the east every morning. 解析:rise 是不及物动词,无被动形式 3. 错误点③ + ②(by短语滥用 + 主动表被动) This kind of cloth washes easily and is sold in many shops. 解析:① wash 主动表被动不加be ② 删除冗余by短语,用in表示地点 4. 错误点④(主谓不一致) The information was confirmed by the manager. 解析:information 不可数,be动词用was 5. 错误点⑤(双宾语介词误用) I was sent a birthday card yesterday. 解析:give/send等动词,人作主语时不加to 6. Rice is grown in this area. 解析:执行者farmers不重要,省略by短语 7. He was given an award at the ceremony. An award was given to him at the ceremony. 解析:give类动词,物作主语时需加to 8. The hospital will be built by 2026. 解析:将来时被动 = will be + p.p. 强化训练题 一、用动词的正确被动形式填空(时态+语态) 1. The Great Wall _ (build) over 2,000 years ago. 2. All tickets for the concert _ (sell) out already. 3. The project _ (finish) by next Monday. 4. Tea _ (grow) mainly in Fujian and Zhejiang. 二、改错题(聚焦高频易错点) 5. The sun is risen in the east. 6. This book was wrote by Lu Xun. 7. A new song was sung her at the party. 8. The news were broadcasted yesterday. 三、选择正确答案(综合应用) 9. The flowers _ every morning. A. water B. are watered C. watered 10. — Why is the window broken? — It _ by the strong wind. A. broke B. was broken C. breaks 四、双宾语被动转换(易错点5) 11. My mother gave me a new watch. I _ a new watch. A new watch _ me. 12. He bought his daughter a doll. His daughter _ a doll. A doll _ his daughter. 五、翻译句子(突破无被动动词) 13. 事故发生在十字路口。(happen) 14. 这种纸写起来很流畅。(write) 强化训练题 答案与解析 一、填空题(核心结构) 1. was built - 解析:时间"over 2,000 years ago" 一般过去时被动(was/were + p.p.) 2. have been sold - 解析:"already"提示现在完成时被动(have/has been + p.p.) 3. will be finished - 解析:"by next Monday" 将来时被动(will be + p.p.) 4. is grown - 解析:客观事实 一般现在时被动(is/are + p.p.) 二、改错题(7大易错点突破) 5. is risen rises - 解析:`rise`(升起)是不及物动词(易错点2),永远无被动! 6. was wrote was written - 解析:过去分词错误(write wrote written),被动必须用p.p.(易错点1) 7. was sung her was sung to her - 解析:双宾被动中物作主语需加to(sing sb sth sth was sung to sb)(易错点5) 8. were broadcasted was broadcast - 解析:① 主语"news"不可数 be动词用was(易错点4)② broadcast过去分词不变 三、选择题(实战应用) 9. B. are watered - 解析:花"被浇水" 被动;"every morning" 一般现在时被动 10. B. was broken - 解析:窗户"被打破" 被动;强风是执行者 一般过去时被动 四、双宾语被动转换(黄金法则) 11. I was given a new watch. A new watch was given to me. - 解析: - 人作主语(I)不加介词(give直接接物) - 物作主语(watch)必须加to 12. His daughter was bought a doll. A doll was bought for his daughter. - 解析: - 人作主语(daughter)不加介词(buy直接接物) - 物作主语(doll)必须加for 五、翻译题(无被动动词必考) 13. The accident happened at the crossroads. - 解析:`happen`(发生)是不及物动词,永远用主动(难点3) 14. This kind of paper writes smoothly. - 解析:`write`表示事物属性 主动表被动(无be动词)(易错点2) 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$