专题16 阅读理解说明文15篇-备战2026年高考英语一轮复习零失误必刷题（高考真题+拔高创新创新模拟）

专题16 阅读理解说明文 ______________________________________________________________________________________ 目录 1. 高考真题练 2. 创新基础练 3. 高考模拟练 一 高考真题练 1.（2025·北京·高考真题）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 1．What can be inferred about personal stories? A．They are unrelated to health. B．Consistent ones lead to stress. C．They are relevant to happiness. D．Thematic ones hold back change. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Talking about gains from failure is negative. B．New Year resolutions are well received. C．The West tends to overvalue optimism. D．Social roles fail to be highlighted. 3．What does the author mainly do in this passage? A．Clarify a goal. B．Analyse an event. C．Make a comparison. D．Illustrate an approach. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．How self-identity works. B．How story-tellers are made. C．How personal stories raise doubts. D．How timing affects personal identity. 2.（2025·全国二卷·高考真题）Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 5．What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A．He witnessed food shortage. B．He enjoyed the local cuisine. C．He donated food to Africans. D．He helped to cook at home. 6．Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A．To customize dishes for guests. B．To make the public aware of food waste. C．To test a food processing method. D．To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 7．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Why the ingredients were used. B．Which dishes were best liked. C．What the dishes were made of. D．Where the ingredients were bought. 8．What can we learn about wastED? A．It has ended as planned. B．It is creating new jobs. C．It has regained popularity. D．It is criticized by top chefs. 3.（2025·全国一卷·高考真题）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 9．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics. 10．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time. C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water. 11．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem. C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water. 12．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study. C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings. 4.（2023·上海·高考真题）The universe expands with every passing second, stretching the space between galaxies like dough rising in an oven. But just how fast is this expansion happening? As telescopes like Hubble strive to answer this fundamental question, they encounter a perplexing gap between theoretical predictions and observed data. Hubble’s measurements indicate a faster rate of expansion in the modern universe compared to what was expected based on observations of the universe more than 13 billion years ago by the European Space Agency’s Planck satellite. This inconsistency has been a subject of scientific inquiry for several years. However, it remains uncertain whether differences in measurement techniques or chance variations are responsible for this disparity. Recent data from the Hubble telescope have significantly reduced the possibility that this discrepancy is merely a statistical fluke, with the chances now estimated at only 1 in 100,000. This marks a substantial improvement from previous estimates, which placed the odds at 1 in 3,000 less than a year ago. These precise measurements from Hubble lend weight to the hypothesis that new physics may be necessary to reconcile the observed mismatch. Lead researcher Adam Riess, a Nobel laureate from the Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, describes the tension between the early and late universe as one of the most exciting developments in cosmology in decades. He emphasizes that the growing disparity cannot be dismissed as a random occurrence and suggests that it may signal the need for a deeper understanding of the cosmos. To determine distances in the universe, scientists rely on a “cosmic distance ladder” method. This involves accurately measuring distances to nearby galaxies and then using progressively distant galaxies as reference points. By observing stars like Cepheid variables, astronomers can calibrate this distance ladder. Riess and his team have been refining these measurements since 2005, aiming to improve our understanding of cosmic distances. In their latest study, astronomers used Hubble to observe 70 Cepheid variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud. By comparing these stars with their more distant counterparts in galaxies hosting supernovae, they refined their measurement of the Hubble constant, reducing its uncertainty from 2.2% to 1.9%. Despite this increased precision, their calculated Hubble constant remains at odds with the value predicted by observations of the early universe conducted by Planck. The Planck satellite, which maps the cosmic microwave background – a remnant of the universe’s early stages – provides crucial data for understanding the universe’s expansion. However, the discrepancy between these measurements and those from Hubble underscores the need for further investigation and the potential for new discoveries in cosmology. 13．Where do measurements of the early universe come from? A．The space between galaxies. B．Measurements from Hubble and other telescopes C．European Space Agency’s Planck satellite. D．The latest Hubble data. 14．Which of the following statements is in line with Adam Riess’ opinion? A．The expansion speed of the modern universe is faster than expected B．New physics may be needed to explain this mismatch. C．It is unlikely that this discrepancy occurred by chance. D．Hubble’s tension is the most exciting development in cosmology in decades. 15．What do scientists use to determine the distance of things in the universe? A．A cosmic distance ladder. B．Accurate measurements of distances. C．Milepost markers. D．The Hubble constant. 16．What did Riess’ team do? A．They used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe pulsating stars B．They improved the comparison between C．They raised the uncertainty of the Hubble constant to 2.2% D．They reduced the uncertainty in their Hubble constant value to 1.9. 5.（2024·浙江·高考真题）On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (雹暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals (冰晶) fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind (下风处)  of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding. Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years. “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr Stienwand says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.” The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be causing drought,” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.” One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.” Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “It would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit (官司) against cloud-seeding companies. Therefore, private climate engineering can continue in relative legal safety. 17．What does the project aim to do? A．Conserve moisture in the soil. B．Prevent the formation of hailstones. C．Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D．Investigate chemical use in farming. 18．Who are opposed to the project? A．Farmers in east-central Alberta. B．Managers of insurance companies. C．Provincial government officials. D．Residents of Calgary and Edmonton. 19．Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999? A．To compare different kinds of seeding methods. B．To illustrate the development of big hailstorms. C．To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding. D．To show the link between storms and moisture. 20．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right. B．Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada. C．The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared. D．Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist. 二 创新基础练 Passage 1 If you were a Plutonian and knew just when to look up a few weeks ago, you would have seen an amazing sight. There, in the eternally black sky, a shiny metal machine the size of a small car would have suddenly appeared near the tiny sun, flashed swiftly from horizon to horizon, and then, just as suddenly, disappeared into the darkness. You might have raised an alien tentacle (触手) and scratched your ET head at this UFO encounter. You would have asked your Plutonian friends, “What was that?” and “Are we not alone in the universe?” And you would have looked back at the sky with renewed curiosity. That shiny machine was the New Horizons research probe, and the information it has beamed (定向传送) back to us since, clear across the solar system, makes intelligent life on Pluto highly unlikely. But here on Earth, the builders of that small craft (航空器) have been asking those same questions for thousands of years. Space travel has enabled us to see the entire world with unprecedented clarity. However, New Horizons’ successful high-speed fly-by of Pluto has inspired us once more to ask: “What’s next?” And, perhaps, an even more fundamental question: “Why is it that we even explore space at all?” Exploration is a fundamental, necessary part of being human. It’s natural for babies to gain the ability to walk, well before we can talk. The following experience of tottering (跌跌撞撞) around and directly stimulating our senses with endless unexpected new information, enables our development. Teens are naturally driven to rebel and leave home for the same reason. As adults, we have extended those initial steps to explore our entire planet. Our earliest ancestors, on foot first and then by cart and boat, pursued their curiosity out of Africa 60, 000 years ago. They explored, settled the farthest reaches of Australia, and made it to the last continent, Antarctica, in the mid-1800s. And with the innovative experimentation of the Wright brothers, we finally started directly exploring the third dimension (维度) in l903, just one long lifetime ago. There is nothing sacred (不可侵犯的) about space exploration. It is just the latest version of an ancient pattern: using our most advanced technology to discover and then push back the edges of our experience and imagination. As people with just ten fingers and ten toes, we are not good at imagining large numbers. We speak easily of “billions” and “light years,” but the vastness of space and the length of time make the actual chances of finding alien life right now incredibly slim. But so it was with each new major step of exploration before we took it. Yet the accumulation of knowledge has allowed an unprecedented number of us to live in all corners of the Earth. Lunar and Martian exploration and settlement are just the inevitable continuation of the ancient nature of human exploration itself. And there is no hurry. We will get there. 1．Which of the following statements about the New Horizons research probe is NOT true? A．It was a car-sized piece of metal machinery. B．It accomplished its mission after its visit to Pluto. C．It successfully collected new information about Pluto. D．It was circling around Pluto at great speed on its mission. 2．The real reason why there is “nothing sacred” about space exploration is that ________. A．human imagination has no limits B．it’s human nature to explore the unknown C．it’s an inevitable stage of technological development D．we have seen the entire world with unprecedented clarity 3．The author was ________ the possibility of finding alien life right now but he remained ________ about the future of space exploration. A．open to. . . uncertain B．curious about… negative C．doubtful about… confident D．excited about… indifferent 4．Which of the following best shows the development of the article? A．①②③—④⑤⑥⑦—⑧⑨ B．①②③—④⑤⑥—⑦⑧—⑨ C．①②—③④—⑤⑥⑦—⑧⑨ D．①②—③④—⑤⑥—⑦⑧⑨ Passage 2 You are in middle school again and can’t find your schedule. Your friend falls into a pool, and you have to swim to the bottom to save him. Your house is on fire, and you can’t find your way out. In times of intense stress, sleep can be hard to come by. And when you finally convince your brain to slow down and drift off, suddenly you are having nightmares and waking up in a cold sweat. What gives? “Dreams serve a very important purpose,” says Michael Howell, an associate professor in the University of Minnesota Medical School’s Department of Neurology. “They’re your brain’s way of consolidating memories.” In REM (or rapid eye movement) sleep, the phase in which dreams occur, the brain is busy doing “file compression (压缩)”, Howell explains. It gets rid of information from the day that is not important and hangs on to the information that is in some way relevant over the long term. Dreams originate from the brain’s limbic system (边缘系统), which controls both memory and emotion. So perhaps not surprisingly, most dreams are centred on primitive (原始的) human emotions. “Joy, laughter, terror, embarrassment — all of these are your brain’s way of saying, ‘Okay, it’s really important that you remember this for your survival and your connection with your family and neighbours,’” Howell says. “Dreams have a nice way of distilling (提炼) down the essence of what matters.” When stress plays an important role in a person’s daily life — during a global pandemic or in times of civil unrest (国内动乱), for example — the brain is processing a lot of emotions and new worries. Couple that with unusual sleep patterns and the dream pump is primed (使启动) for memorable and often vivid dreaming. If you wake up in the middle of a dream, you are more likely to recall it in detail, too. Howell himself has dreamt about his daughter riding her bike into traffic. In his waking life, he merely saw her get close to the edge of the sidewalk as a car passed by. “As far as your brain is concerned, that’s enough,” Howell says. “Your brain will take that experience and replay that memory while you’re dreaming.” There is no need to spend time psychoanalyzing (对……进行心理分析) the content of your dreams. It is just the brain processing information from the day — and trying to prepare you, should you encounter these scenarios in the future. Sleep serves many important purposes, besides giving your brain a chance to consolidate memories and process emotions through dreams. Keeping a consistent sleep schedule, even on weekends, sets your body’s internal clock. Avoid digital screens within a couple of hours of your bedtime. More sleep can help you manage stress more effectively, which may ward off some of those annoying nightmares. 5．Which of the following statements is true? A．Most dreams are associated with painful memories. B．People who suffer from sleep loss have fewer nightmares. C．The limbic system plays a big role in the formation of dreams. D．The more information we get from the day, the more we dream at night. 6．Paragraph 7 mainly explains why people under stress are more likely to ________. A．suffer from sleep loss B．have vivid dreaming C．wake up from nightmares D．recall their dreams after they wake up 7．According to Howell, he dreamt about his daughter riding her bike into traffic because ________. A．he had a very stressful day B．he saw his daughter do it during the day C．he is concerned about the possibility of the event D．he wanted to be prepared for the situation consciously 8．According to the article, an effective way to prevent nightmares is to ________. A．maintain a healthy sleep pattern B．reduce our stress during the daytime C．sleep whenever you have the opportunity D．create an ideal sleep environment for ourselves Passage 3 On a pleasant fall morning last year, a group of freshmen from The Greene School hiked a thin path along the edge of a pond in the woodland, chatting cheerfully as they moved through rocks, fallen leaves, and outgrowths of native trees. Every so often, the group took in natural features that most teenagers might overlook, like a massive beaver (海狸) dam across a bend in the pond. Pressed by the group advisor, Damaris Borden, to explain its significance in the ecosystem, a girl offered that the dams “create new water sources,” recalling what she’d learned about how the dam improves water quality by creating slow-moving wetlands, acting as natural filters (过滤). It wasn’t the students’ first attempt into the woods. In the previous weeks, they had studied the campus’s natural wetlands and sharpened arguments they’d present in mock (模拟) debates — roleplaying as government officials, environmentalists, and solar company managers — about the balance between protecting forest land or destroying it in favor of developing more renewable sources of energy. “It’s an imaginary scene,” Borden said, “but it’s also one that’s playing out across the state and the country.” It is also rich ground for study at The Greene School where students learn to work cooperatively. Over the course of the next four years, Borden’s freshmen will learn about teamwork and risk-taking in both academic (学术的) and social contexts, cheering each other on in the wilderness — before they head inside to design and build functioning water filters or work on a months-long project to study local soil quality. “We are showing kids that they have an opportunity to step into their learning in a different way. Getting students to solve challenging, real-world problems is central to the school mission,” said Headmaster Alex Edelmann of the school’s unique philosophy. “It’s not about doing things because they have to, it’s about doing things because they can see that it’s meaningful and they can see its value and they understand that the work they’re doing is contributing to a better school and a better world.” 9．What does the author stress by mentioning the beaver dam? A．The cause of hiking. B．The right way of learning. C．The natural function of dam. D．The application of knowledge. 10．What does Borden think of mock debates? A．They are meaningful. B．They are arguable. C．They are imaginary. D．They are challenging. 11．What can we learn about education from Alex Edelmann? A．Students have to do things as required. B．Students learn to solve real-world problems. C．Classroom learning contributes to a better school. D．Classroom learning is related to the school mission. 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Explorations in Nature. B．Education into Nature. C．Introduction to The Greene School. D．Outdoor Adventures for Teenagers. Passage 4 I am going to start with a challenge. I want you to imagine each of these two scenes in as much detail as you can. Scene number one: “They gave us a hearty welcome.” Who are these people? What are they wearing? What are they drinking? Scene number two: “They gave us a cordial reception.” What expressions are on their faces? What are they wearing and drinking? Fix these pictures in your mind's eye and then jot down a sentence or two to describe them. We will come back to them later. Now, on to our story. In the year 400 AD, the Celts in Britain were ruled by Romans. This had one benefit for the Celts: The Romans protected them from the barbarian Saxon tribes (撒克逊部落) of Northern Europe. But then the Roman Empire began to crumble, and with the Romans gone, the Germanic tribes (日耳曼部落) — the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians — quickly sailed across the water, did away with the Celts (凯尔特人), and formed kingdoms in the British Isles (不列颠群岛). For several centuries, these tribes lived in Britain, and their Germanic language, Anglo Saxon, became the region's common language, what would later come to be called Old English. In the 700s, however, a series of Viking (维京人) invasions began, which continued until a treaty (条约) split the island in half: on one side were the Saxons; on the other were the Danes (丹麦日耳曼人), who spoke Old Norse (古诺斯语). As Saxons fell in love with their Danish neighbours, marriages blurred the boundaries and Old Norse mixed with Old English. Many Old Norse words like “leg”, “root”, “skin” and “want” are still part of modern English. In 1066, the Norman Conquest brought war again to the British Isles. The Normans were Vikings who had settled in France and abandoned their Viking culture in favour of a French lifestyle. They placed a Norman king on the English throne, and for three centuries, French was the language of the British royalty. Society in Britain came to have two levels: French-speaking aristocracy (贵族) and Old English-speaking peasants (农民). Speakers quickly came to realize what it is that they should do if they wanted to sound sophisticated: use words that had come from French. Let’s go back to the two sentences you thought about earlier. When you pictured the hearty welcome, did you see an earthy scene with relatives hugging and talking loudly? Were they drinking beer? Were they wearing lumberjack (伐木工) shirts and jeans? What about the cordial reception? I bet you pictured a far more refined crowd: suits and wine. How is it that phrases that are considered synonymous by the dictionary can evoke such different pictures? “Hearty” and “welcome” are both Saxon words, while “cordial” and “reception” come from French. The connotation of nobility and authority has persisted around words of French origin. And the connotation of peasantry, the salt of the Earth, has persisted around Saxon words. Even if you have never heard this history before, the memory of it persists in the feelings evoked by the words you speak. Whether we realize it consciously or only subconsciously, our history lives in the words we speak and hear. 13．The speaker started the speech with a challenge to ________. A．test the audience’s command of English B．show the audience how to memorize words fast C．show the speaker’s strong command of large vocabulary D．engage the audience to have a better understanding of the topic 14．Over the periods of history mentioned in the article, the British Isles were successively ruled by ________. ①the Romans    ②the Celts    ③the Normans    ④ the Germanic tribes A．①③② B．①②④ C．①④③ D．②③④ 15．According to the article, which of the following statements about the Normans, who were of Viking origin, is true? A．They fully embraced a French lifestyle. B．They signed a treaty to split the British Isles in half. C．They spread the Viking language across the British Isles. D．They maintained their Viking language and culture after settling in France. 16．What can we learn from the article? A．Languages continue to die out all the time. B．Language is a reflection of history and culture. C．A language is bound to die if it remains unchanged. D．Languages constantly change to meet the needs of their users. Passage 5 Have you ever had take-out delivered by a delivery robot? If so, what did you think of the experience? Were the robots smart enough? UCLA professor Sean Hecht was walking across his school’s campus one recent night when he stopped to photograph an interesting scene. In his picture, four robots have lined up, appearing to have been stopped in their way as the leading one was “stuck behind a carelessly discarded scooter”. Bystanders tried to help by moving the scooters but became annoyed at the leading robot’s lack of response to their efforts, according to Hecht. People probably didn’t realize that the Starship Technologies bots were loyal to their AMD Ryzen cores (锐龙核心处理器). They weren’t going to budge until the humans stopped crossing back and forth in front of them. “This is our future, I guess,” Hecht wrote in his tweet about the situation. It’s not easy being a delivery bot. In America, they have been kicked by angry pedestrians, peed on by dogs, and impacted by heavy glass doors, among other misfortunes. They’ve become popular subjects of online fail videos. In these videos they can be seen falling down stairs, bumping into a fire hydrant (消防栓)and shooting up a ramp (斜坡)much too quickly. And, of course, crashing. There are also some potential challenges to overcome before delivery robots can be widely adopted. The ban on robots in such cities as New York and San Francisco is a perfect example of the concerns with their safety that many still have. A senator from Michigan expressed similar doubts in an interview with WIRED. He pointed out the danger the robots would pose to the public if they were to malfunction while on the job. That’s why, with the rapid increase in delivery bots and with all of the new robot startups entering the field, companies are now going out of their way to seek approvals to operate their delivery bots. Many of these companies have started to join up with urban planning groups. They are offering their help to cities by reporting problems such as dangerous sidewalks. Additionally, delivery robots are not the same thing as autonomous delivery vans. They have a fairly low carrying capacity, which limits the number and type of deliveries that they can complete. Under current circumstances, the robots need to remain within a certain radius (半径)of a hub or charging station, so they are also limited in their potential range. This could make their adoption slow, especially in those areas which are located farther from the country's major city centres. It is also worth noting that even if the delivery robots themselves are powered by electricity, the source of the electricity may not be environmentally friendly. These robots need to be powered by clean electricity in order to maximize their ability to reduce emissions. This is one main concern that will need to be addressed as their usage grows. Society’s growing preference for contactless delivery services has helped drive up demand for delivery bots. It seems, however, that these machines still have a long way to go before they can prove that they have what it truly takes to face the unpredictable realities of the real world. 17．What Professor Sean Hecht saw on the UCLA campus revealed that _________. A．UCLA students are kind and warm-hearted B．roads on the UCLA campus are in poor condition C．delivery robots still face many obstacles to their wide adoption D．universities don’t have enough street space for people and vehicles to use 18．According to the article, delivery robots are banned in many cities because of _________. A．safety concerns B．the huge cost C．public opposition D．urban planning rules 19．Based on information from the article, the concerns that stand in the way of the wide adoption of delivery robots include _________. ① their impact on the environment ②unexpected risks and road conditions ③ their limited carrying capacity and range of motion ④ the danger they could potentially pose to the public A．①②③ B．①③④ C．②③④ D．①②③④ 20．Which of the following sentences best sums up the main idea of this article? A．People are ready to embrace delivery robots. B．The reality of delivery robots is further away than many think. C．The convenience and accessibility of delivery robots is incomparable. D．Delivery robots on college campuses are becoming increasingly popular. 三 高考模拟练 1.【2026届江苏省如皋中学高三摸底试题】 Power often boosts an employee’s creativity because being powerful liberates the individual from restrictions. However, new research shows that employees who are not in positions of power can become more creative when given time to “warm up” to a task by engaging in the creative task more than once. “This is important because when people with more power are able to express their creative ideas more than those with less power, which leads to a rich-get-richer dynamic that strengthens these power imbalances,” said Brian Lucas, assistant professor in the Cornell University. “Understanding ways to boost the creativity of lower power workers can help them find the right way to deal with this low-power disadvantage,” Lucas said. Lucas and his colleagues conducted two studies to reach their conclusion．In the first study, they divided the creative idea generation session into two rounds consisting of a one-minute “warm up” followed by a second round in which the participants could take as long as they wanted．Participants were randomly assigned to a high-power condition or a low-power condition, and feelings of power were generated with a role manipulation (操纵) where participants were given a leadership role and control over resources (high power) or an employee role with no control over resources (low power). The study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the warm-up round．There was no difference, though, in creativity in the second round. In the second study, the researchers gave them a different creative task and increased the number of rounds from two sessions to five, taking as long as they like to complete the task. Similar to the first study, the study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the first round．But the creativity of low-power individuals caught up to the creativity of the high-power individuals after the first round. “The low-power warm-up effect suggests a simple intervention that empowers all employees to tap their creative potential and overcomes power imbalances in the workplace: when pursuing creative work, let employees warm up first,” Lucas said. 1．Why does Locus think it important to boost the creativity of lower power workers? A．It maintains power imbalances. B．It motivates their ambition to catch up. C．It creates a competitive work environment. D．It encourages a workplace with more equality. 2．How did Lucas and his co-authors stimulate feelings of power in the participants? A．Through a creative task with time limits. B．Through providing them with different positions. C．Through a competition between leaders and employees. D．Through assigning them to different conditions intentionally. 3．How did the second study differ from the first study? A．It had fewer rounds. B．It involved more participants. C．Participants had a changed task. D．Participants’ creativity gap became wider. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Power tends to encourage creative ideas. B．Changing tasks boosts all the employees’ creativity. C．Warm-up time corrects creativity power imbalances. D．Low-power individuals outperform the high-power ones. 2.【2025届江苏省前黄中学高三试题】 Go to any movie theater or sports venue, and it’s obvious there’s an invisible bond that forms from laughing, crying, and simply feeling while brushing shoulders with others. Researches have long backed up this sense of connection, but some aspects of the phenomenon remained unclear. Now, a new study is offering insight. Writing in the journal Royal Society Open Science, Victor Chung of the École Normale Supérieure in France and his team reported how they examined the matter by inviting strangers to watch videos together in same sex pairs. Pairs of strangers watched three types of videos together: positive, negative, and neutral (中性的) with a curtain between them that was either open or closed. At the start of the experiment the researchers asked each participant whether they’d like to meet the other member of their pair again. After watching each video, participants reported their emotions and feelings of connectedness, and after seeing all three videos they were asked once again about their feelings towards the other participant. The results showed the emotional films generated stronger responses than the neutral film. Crucially, the team said participants’ feelings of connectedness within the pairs was boosted when they experienced more intense emotions. However, this was only the case when participants watched the films with the curtain between them open. The researchers said that whether or not the pairs could see each other had no impact on how positively or negatively they felt about the films. “We found that silently watching emotional films together with another individual is associated with social bonding, even when this person is a stranger and without any verbal (口头的) communication,” said Chung, the study author. The team added that the findings may help explain why people seek out group activities that generate strong emotions, “even participating in sad memorials that cause negative emotions.” In other words, because emotion bonds us, and humans have a fundamental desire to belong, we’re up for experiences one might think we’d naturally want to avoid. 5．What does “the phenomenon” in paragraph 1 refer to? A．Shared emotions bond people. B．Physical touch helps tackle stress. C．A chance encounter leads to a friendship. D．Entertainment is a crucial part of human life. 6．How did the researchers get their findings? A．By analyzing participants’ emotions. B．By comparing participants’ self-reports. C．By documenting participants’ video responses. D．By stimulating participants’ desire for interaction. 7．The study found that strong bonds were indeed created between pairs only when ______. A．they were familiar with each other B．they watched neutral films together C．they were aware of the presence of each other D．they could see each other while watching the films 8．What is presented in the last paragraph of the text? A．An interpretation of the findings. B．Potential implication of the findings. C．Supporting evidence for the findings. D．The underlying logic behind the findings. 3.【福建省永春第一中学2024-2025学年高三试卷】 In the cutthroat world of artificial intelligence, long dominated by Silicon Valley, DeepSeek has emerged as an impressive new player. Since its debut in late 2023, this Chinese AI has stirred global attention, representing more than just another technological innovation. It’s a complex phenomenon that reflects the shifting landscape of innovation, power and cultural influence in the AI-driven era. Developed by QuantumThink Labs in Shenzhen, DeepSeek was created by a team of ex-Google Brain engineers and Peking University experts. DeepSeek is not your average chatbot. Trained on an astonishing 20 trillion tokens, this multimodal model showcases linguistic proficiency, code generation capabilities and reasoning skills that rival or surpass its Western counterparts. What truly sets DeepSeek apart is its remarkable efficiency, delivering GPT-4-level performance with 30 percent less computational power. In a strategic move, QuantumThink made a “lite” version of DeepSeek open source, a decision that has sparked widespread adoption across the globe. Developers from cities like Lagos to Jakarta have quickly embraced it to create poetry generators and AI-powered farm management tools for rural India. However, DeepSeek’s growing influence is not without challenges. There are concerns that US government may block American firms from using DeepSeek, mentioning data security concerns. Tariff (关税) war could also be on the cards. Yet, such moves might backfire, potentially harming US startups that benefit from DeepSeek’s cost advantages. The future of AI, with DeepSeek at the center, remains a mystery. Will it trigger a tech battle between the US and China, or will its open-source roots foster global collaboration? DeepSeek’s story is not just about technology; it’s about the power of innovation and agency. For too long, the AI narrative has been dominated by Western powers. Now, a Chinese lab has shown that innovation is not exclusive to the West. Whether we enter an AI arms race or begin a new era of global cooperation depends on how we choose to use and share this technology. As a Brazilian coder said, the future of AI must speak the language of both the developed and developing world to truly succeed. 9．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about? A．The creation of DeepSeek. B．The definition of DeepSeek. C．The strengths of DeepSeek. D．The efficiency of DeepSeek. 10．What might be a challenge DeepSeek faces? A．Involvement in tariff war. B．The possibility of data leaking. C．A decline in its competitiveness. D．A ban on its use from US government. 11．Which of the following best describes the future of AI? A．Uncertain. B．Secure. C．Promising. D．Depressing. 12．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．AI should prioritize Western languages. B．We will enter a new era of global AI cooperation. C．Considering global needs is required to ensure AI’s success. D．Developing countries will eventually dominate AI innovation. 4.【2025年河南省实验中学高三模拟试卷】 After 20 years of efforts, a 26-foot-tall statue of Atlas is once again standing guard at the ancient Temple of Zeus in the city of Agrigento in Sicily. The statue, created in the fifth century B．C．E., was one of 38 similar Atlas monuments built into the temple. They stood in a line between columns with their arms raised, appearing to hold the structure upright. In Greek mythology (神话), Atlas ignored orders from Zeus, the ruler of the universe, in a war. So, he was forced to hold up the sky on his shoulders. Unlike the mythological Atlas, however, the stone likenesses were unable to hold up Zeus’ temple forever. Ultimately, earthquakes and other events caused the structure to collapse. For many years, pieces of the statues were spread out around the site amongst other ancient ruins. In 1812, Charles Robert Cockerell, a British architect, first identified one of these sandstone heads during a visit to Agrigento. A century later, in 1920, archaeologist Pirro Marconi became the first person to attempt to reconstruct one of the Atlases, which is now housed in the Archaeological Museum of Agrigento. The seeds of the current project began in 2004, when the Valley of the Temples Park conducted a research campaign at the site. But restoring Atlas in a standing position was particularly challenging, as researchers couldn’t simply pile the pieces of the statue on top of one another. Instead, they attached them to metal shelves, which are supported by a larger metal structure. The restoration has faced scrutiny (审查) ever since officials first announced it several years ago. “No archaeologist would agree on the use of ancient sculpture even if the purpose is to highlight the site’s antiquity,” said C． Brian Rose, an archaeologist at the University of Pennsylvania. But offcials like Renato Schifani, the Sicilian governor, think that the statue’s restoration is a substantial and impressive achievement. “This statue of ancient Agrigento, which after many years of studies and research we can observe in its natural position, is the heart of an important museum project of the entire area of the Temple of Zeus,” Schifani said. 13．Why did Atlas stand with his arms upright? A．It was a tradition in Greek mythology. B．It was a sign of celebration in a war. C．It was a punishment from Zeus. D．It was a symbol of strength. 14．What can be inferred about Marconi? A．He was a famous architect and archaeologist. B．He made a new discovery at the Temple of Zeus. C．He once worked with Cockerell for over a decade. D．He was committed to restoring historical treasures. 15．Which of the following best describes Rose’s tone? A．Optimistic. B．Disapproving. C．Tolerant. D．Uncaring. 16．What is the main idea of the text? A．A towering statue of Atlas rises again. B．Sicily is known for its ancient temples. C．The existence of Atlas in history proves true. D．The Archaeological Museum of Agrigento reopens. 5.【2025届湖北省襄阳市第五中学高三试题】 A psychological concept called “false consensus effect” helps explain why kind people sometimes harm the environment. In psychology, the false consensus effect is a cognitive bias (偏见) where a person tends to overestimate how much other people agree with him or her. There is a tendency for people to assume that their own improper habits or acts are “normal”. And most importantly, they believe others think the same way that they do. Put simply, if you’re doing something (even if you secretly know you probably shouldn’t), you’re more likely to think plenty of other people do it too. This bias allows people to justify socially unacceptable or illegal behaviors. Researchers have observed the false consensus effect in drug use and illegal hunting. More recently, conservationists are beginning to reveal how this effect contributes to environmental damage. In Australia, people who admitted poaching, a way of fishing in no-take zones, thought it was much more common in society than it really was. They also believed others viewed it as socially acceptable. However, in reality, more than 90% of fishers held the opposite view. Just as concepts from psychology can help explain some forms of environmental damage, so can they help address it. For example, research shows people are more likely to litter in areas where there’s already a lot of trash scattered around, so making sure the ground around a bin is clean may help. Factual information on how other people think and behave can be very powerful. Electricity companies have substantially reduced household energy use simply by showing people how their electricity use compares to that of their neighbors. Encouragingly, stimulating people’s natural desire for status has also been successful in getting people to publicly buy eco-friendly products. 17．Which example best illustrates “false consensus effect”? A．A driver thinks illegal parking is common. B．A blogger assumes many people dislike his posts. C．A student figures most people spend long hours online. D．A smoker believes people generally approve of smoking. 18．What was most Australian fishers’ attitude to poaching? A．Unacceptable. B．Widespread. C．Controversial. D．Complex. 19．How have electricity companies reduced energy consumption? A．By comparing power consumption.            C． By offering financial rewards. B．By doing round-the-clock monitoring.        D．By promoting renewable energy. 20．What is the primary purpose of this article? A．To encourage people to reduce energy consumption. B．To link a psychological concept to environmental issues. C．To emphasize the importance of environmental protection. D．To describe different types of environmentally harmful behaviors. - 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题16 阅读理解说明文 ______________________________________________________________________________________ 目录 1. 高考真题练 2. 创新基础练 3. 高考模拟练 一 高考真题练 1.（2025·北京·高考真题）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 1．What can be inferred about personal stories? A．They are unrelated to health. B．Consistent ones lead to stress. C．They are relevant to happiness. D．Thematic ones hold back change. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Talking about gains from failure is negative. B．New Year resolutions are well received. C．The West tends to overvalue optimism. D．Social roles fail to be highlighted. 3．What does the author mainly do in this passage? A．Clarify a goal. B．Analyse an event. C．Make a comparison. D．Illustrate an approach. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．How self-identity works. B．How story-tellers are made. C．How personal stories raise doubts. D．How timing affects personal identity. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系及如何改变个人故事。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud.  (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可推知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。 3．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合文意。故选A。 2.（2025·全国二卷·高考真题）Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 5．What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A．He witnessed food shortage. B．He enjoyed the local cuisine. C．He donated food to Africans. D．He helped to cook at home. 6．Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A．To customize dishes for guests. B．To make the public aware of food waste. C．To test a food processing method. D．To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 7．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Why the ingredients were used. B．Which dishes were best liked. C．What the dishes were made of. D．Where the ingredients were bought. 8．What can we learn about wastED? A．It has ended as planned. B．It is creating new jobs. C．It has regained popularity. D．It is criticized by top chefs. 【答案】5．A 6．B 7．C 8．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。 5．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。 6．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。 7．主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。 8．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。 3.（2025·全国一卷·高考真题）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 9．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics. 10．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time. C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water. 11．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem. C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water. 12．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study. C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings. 【答案】9．C 10．A 11．B 12．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。 9．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. (微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内)”可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。 10．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. (至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。 11．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly diffcult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. (尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。 12．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料”)”可推知，Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用，即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。 4.（2023·上海·高考真题）The universe expands with every passing second, stretching the space between galaxies like dough rising in an oven. But just how fast is this expansion happening? As telescopes like Hubble strive to answer this fundamental question, they encounter a perplexing gap between theoretical predictions and observed data. Hubble’s measurements indicate a faster rate of expansion in the modern universe compared to what was expected based on observations of the universe more than 13 billion years ago by the European Space Agency’s Planck satellite. This inconsistency has been a subject of scientific inquiry for several years. However, it remains uncertain whether differences in measurement techniques or chance variations are responsible for this disparity. Recent data from the Hubble telescope have significantly reduced the possibility that this discrepancy is merely a statistical fluke, with the chances now estimated at only 1 in 100,000. This marks a substantial improvement from previous estimates, which placed the odds at 1 in 3,000 less than a year ago. These precise measurements from Hubble lend weight to the hypothesis that new physics may be necessary to reconcile the observed mismatch. Lead researcher Adam Riess, a Nobel laureate from the Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, describes the tension between the early and late universe as one of the most exciting developments in cosmology in decades. He emphasizes that the growing disparity cannot be dismissed as a random occurrence and suggests that it may signal the need for a deeper understanding of the cosmos. To determine distances in the universe, scientists rely on a “cosmic distance ladder” method. This involves accurately measuring distances to nearby galaxies and then using progressively distant galaxies as reference points. By observing stars like Cepheid variables, astronomers can calibrate this distance ladder. Riess and his team have been refining these measurements since 2005, aiming to improve our understanding of cosmic distances. In their latest study, astronomers used Hubble to observe 70 Cepheid variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud. By comparing these stars with their more distant counterparts in galaxies hosting supernovae, they refined their measurement of the Hubble constant, reducing its uncertainty from 2.2% to 1.9%. Despite this increased precision, their calculated Hubble constant remains at odds with the value predicted by observations of the early universe conducted by Planck. The Planck satellite, which maps the cosmic microwave background – a remnant of the universe’s early stages – provides crucial data for understanding the universe’s expansion. However, the discrepancy between these measurements and those from Hubble underscores the need for further investigation and the potential for new discoveries in cosmology. 13．Where do measurements of the early universe come from? A．The space between galaxies. B．Measurements from Hubble and other telescopes C．European Space Agency’s Planck satellite. D．The latest Hubble data. 14．Which of the following statements is in line with Adam Riess’ opinion? A．The expansion speed of the modern universe is faster than expected B．New physics may be needed to explain this mismatch. C．It is unlikely that this discrepancy occurred by chance. D．Hubble’s tension is the most exciting development in cosmology in decades. 15．What do scientists use to determine the distance of things in the universe? A．A cosmic distance ladder. B．Accurate measurements of distances. C．Milepost markers. D．The Hubble constant. 16．What did Riess’ team do? A．They used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe pulsating stars B．They improved the comparison between C．They raised the uncertainty of the Hubble constant to 2.2% D．They reduced the uncertainty in their Hubble constant value to 1.9. 【答案】13．C 14．C 15．A 16．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了宇宙膨胀的速度以及科学家在测量中遇到的矛盾。 13．推理判断题。根据第二段“Hubble’s measurements indicate a faster rate of expansion in the modern universe compared to what was expected based on observations of the universe more than 13 billion years ago by the European Space Agency’s Planck satellite.(哈勃望远镜的测量结果表明，现代宇宙的膨胀速度比根据欧洲航天局普朗克卫星对130多亿年前宇宙的观测结果所预测的更快)”可推知，早期宇宙的测量数据来自欧洲航天局的普朗克卫星。故选C项。 14．推理判断题。根据第四段“Lead researcher Adam Riess, a Nobel laureate from the Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, describes the tension between the early and late universe as one of the most exciting developments in cosmology in decades. He emphasizes that the growing disparity cannot be dismissed as a random occurrence and suggests that it may signal the need for a deeper understanding of the cosmos.(该研究的首席研究员、诺贝尔奖得主、来自太空望远镜科学研究所和约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的Adam Riess表示，早期宇宙和晚期宇宙之间的这种张力是几十年来宇宙学中最激动人心的进展之一。他强调，这种日益扩大的差异不能被当作随机事件而忽视，这可能意味着我们需要对宇宙有更深入的理解)”可推知，Adam Riess认为早期与晚期宇宙的膨胀差异“不能归因于随机事件”。故选C项。 15．细节理解题。根据第五段“To determine distances in the universe, scientists rely on a “cosmic distance ladder” method. This involves accurately measuring distances to nearby galaxies and then using progressively distant galaxies as reference points.(为了确定宇宙中的距离，科学家们依赖于一种“宇宙距离阶梯”的方法。这包括精确测量附近星系的距离，然后使用更远的星系作为参考点)”可知，科学家使用“宇宙距离阶梯”方法测量天体距离。故选A项。 16．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“In their latest study, astronomers used Hubble to observe 70 Cepheid variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud. By comparing these stars with their more distant counterparts in galaxies hosting supernovae, they refined their measurement of the Hubble constant, reducing its uncertainty from 2.2% to 1.9%. Despite this increased precision, their calculated Hubble constant remains at odds with the value predicted by observations of the early universe conducted by Planck.(在最新研究中，天文学家利用哈勃望远镜观测了大麦哲伦星云中的70颗造父变星。通过将这些恒星与宿主超新星的更遥远星系中的对应恒星进行比较，他们改进了对哈勃常数的测量，将其不确定性从2.2%降低到1.9%。尽管精度有所提高，但他们计算出的哈勃常数仍然与普朗克对早期宇宙观测预测的值不一致)”可知，Riess团队通过观测造父变星，将哈勃常数的误差从2.2%降至1.9%。故选D项。 5.（2024·浙江·高考真题）On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (雹暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals (冰晶) fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind (下风处)  of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding. Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years. “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr Stienwand says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.” The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be causing drought,” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.” One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.” Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “It would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit (官司) against cloud-seeding companies. Therefore, private climate engineering can continue in relative legal safety. 17．What does the project aim to do? A．Conserve moisture in the soil. B．Prevent the formation of hailstones. C．Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D．Investigate chemical use in farming. 18．Who are opposed to the project? A．Farmers in east-central Alberta. B．Managers of insurance companies. C．Provincial government officials. D．Residents of Calgary and Edmonton. 19．Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999? A．To compare different kinds of seeding methods. B．To illustrate the development of big hailstorms. C．To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding. D．To show the link between storms and moisture. 20．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right. B．Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada. C．The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared. D．Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist. 【答案】17．B 18．A 19．C 20．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了加拿大艾伯塔省的冰雹抑制项目，该项目引发农民担忧，各方对此看法不一。 17．细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals (冰晶) fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. (因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机向有威胁的风暴云团播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在长成危险的冰雹之前以雨的形式落下)”可知，该项目的目的是防止冰雹的形成。故选B项。 18．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east central Alberta — downwind (下风处)  of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding. (但位于冰雹项目飞行路线下风处的艾伯塔省中东部的农民担心，人工降雨正在从他们干旱的土地上夺走宝贵的水分)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民担心这一项目会从他们干旱的土地上夺走宝贵的水分，所以他们会反对该项目。故选A项。 19．推理判断题。根据第四段中“‘In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,’ Dr.Doswell says. ‘Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.’ (多斯韦尔博士说：‘1999年，我亲眼目睹了堪萨斯州一个播撒了云种的风暴云团形成了巨大的龙卷风。人工降雨会引发致命风暴或减少下风处的水分吗？当然，没有人真正知道，但播撒仍在继续。’)”可知，多斯韦尔博士提到他1999年看到的龙卷风是为了指出人工降雨可能存在的危险，会引发致命风暴。故选C项。 20．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit (官司) against cloud seeding companies. Therefore, private climate engineering can continue in relative legal safety. (由于缺乏关于其影响的科学证据，没有人成功打赢过针对人工降雨公司的官司。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法安全的情况下继续进行)”可知，针对人工降雨公司的官司没有胜算，所以它将继续存在。故选D项。 二 创新基础练 Passage 1 If you were a Plutonian and knew just when to look up a few weeks ago, you would have seen an amazing sight. There, in the eternally black sky, a shiny metal machine the size of a small car would have suddenly appeared near the tiny sun, flashed swiftly from horizon to horizon, and then, just as suddenly, disappeared into the darkness. You might have raised an alien tentacle (触手) and scratched your ET head at this UFO encounter. You would have asked your Plutonian friends, “What was that?” and “Are we not alone in the universe?” And you would have looked back at the sky with renewed curiosity. That shiny machine was the New Horizons research probe, and the information it has beamed (定向传送) back to us since, clear across the solar system, makes intelligent life on Pluto highly unlikely. But here on Earth, the builders of that small craft (航空器) have been asking those same questions for thousands of years. Space travel has enabled us to see the entire world with unprecedented clarity. However, New Horizons’ successful high-speed fly-by of Pluto has inspired us once more to ask: “What’s next?” And, perhaps, an even more fundamental question: “Why is it that we even explore space at all?” Exploration is a fundamental, necessary part of being human. It’s natural for babies to gain the ability to walk, well before we can talk. The following experience of tottering (跌跌撞撞) around and directly stimulating our senses with endless unexpected new information, enables our development. Teens are naturally driven to rebel and leave home for the same reason. As adults, we have extended those initial steps to explore our entire planet. Our earliest ancestors, on foot first and then by cart and boat, pursued their curiosity out of Africa 60, 000 years ago. They explored, settled the farthest reaches of Australia, and made it to the last continent, Antarctica, in the mid-1800s. And with the innovative experimentation of the Wright brothers, we finally started directly exploring the third dimension (维度) in l903, just one long lifetime ago. There is nothing sacred (不可侵犯的) about space exploration. It is just the latest version of an ancient pattern: using our most advanced technology to discover and then push back the edges of our experience and imagination. As people with just ten fingers and ten toes, we are not good at imagining large numbers. We speak easily of “billions” and “light years,” but the vastness of space and the length of time make the actual chances of finding alien life right now incredibly slim. But so it was with each new major step of exploration before we took it. Yet the accumulation of knowledge has allowed an unprecedented number of us to live in all corners of the Earth. Lunar and Martian exploration and settlement are just the inevitable continuation of the ancient nature of human exploration itself. And there is no hurry. We will get there. 1．Which of the following statements about the New Horizons research probe is NOT true? A．It was a car-sized piece of metal machinery. B．It accomplished its mission after its visit to Pluto. C．It successfully collected new information about Pluto. D．It was circling around Pluto at great speed on its mission. 2．The real reason why there is “nothing sacred” about space exploration is that ________. A．human imagination has no limits B．it’s human nature to explore the unknown C．it’s an inevitable stage of technological development D．we have seen the entire world with unprecedented clarity 3．The author was ________ the possibility of finding alien life right now but he remained ________ about the future of space exploration. A．open to. . . uncertain B．curious about… negative C．doubtful about… confident D．excited about… indifferent 4．Which of the following best shows the development of the article? A．①②③—④⑤⑥⑦—⑧⑨ B．①②③—④⑤⑥—⑦⑧—⑨ C．①②—③④—⑤⑥⑦—⑧⑨ D．①②—③④—⑤⑥—⑦⑧⑨ 1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了新视野号探测器掠过冥王星的事件，阐述人类探索太空的本质是天性延续，对当下找外星生命存疑但对未来探索有信心。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“There, in the eternally black sky, a shiny metal machine the size of a small car would have suddenly appeared near the tiny sun, flashed swiftly from horizon to horizon, and then, just as suddenly, disappeared into the darkness. (在那里，在永远漆黑的天空中，一辆小汽车大小的闪亮金属机器突然出现在小太阳附近，从地平线迅速闪过地平线，然后又突然消失在黑暗中。)”可知，新视野号探测器是直接飞过了冥王星，而不是环绕其飞行，D选项表述错误。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“Exploration is a fundamental, necessary part of being human. It’s natural for babies to gain the ability to walk, well before we can talk. The following experience of tottering (跌跌撞撞) around and directly stimulating our senses with endless unexpected new information, enables our development. Teens are naturally driven to rebel and leave home for the same reason. (探索是人类不可或缺的基本组成部分。婴儿早在我们说话之前就学会走路是很自然的。以下是一种跌跌撞撞的体验，它用无数意想不到的新信息直接刺激我们的感官，使我们的发展成为可能。出于同样的原因，青少年自然会反抗并离开家。)”以及第六段“As adults, we have extended those initial steps to explore our entire planet. (作为成年人，我们已经将这些初步步骤扩展到探索我们的整个星球。)”可知，探索能力是一项人类必然具备的基本能力，无论是年少时的蹒跚学步、离家出走，还是成年后的人类发现新大陆，这些都证明了探索是人类的本能。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“We speak easily of “billions” and “light years,” but the vastness of space and the length of time make the actual chances of finding alien life right now incredibly slim. But so it was with each new major step of exploration before we took it. Yet the accumulation of knowledge has allowed an unprecedented number of us to live in all corners of the Earth. (我们很容易谈论“数十亿”和“光年”，但广阔的空间和漫长的时间使得现在发现外星生命的实际机会非常渺茫。但在我们采取行动之前，每一个新的重大探索步骤都是如此。然而，知识的积累使我们生活在地球各个角落的人数达到了前所未有的水平。)”可知，作者对目前发现外星生命的可能性持怀疑态度，并根据最后一段“Lunar and Martian exploration and settlement are just the inevitable continuation of the ancient nature of human exploration itself. And there is no hurry. We will get there. (月球和火星的探索和定居只是人类探索本身古老本性的必然延续。不用着急。我们会到达那里的。)”可知，作者对太空探索的未来充满信心。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。文章首先通过一个假设的情景引入（①②），随后提出了关于太空探索的问题和为什么我们要探索太空（③④），接着讨论了人类探索未知的天性以及历史上的探索活动（⑤⑥），最后探讨了太空探索的意义和未来的探索方向（⑦⑧⑨），所以文章发展脉络是①②—③④—⑤⑥—⑦⑧⑨。故选D项。 Passage 2 You are in middle school again and can’t find your schedule. Your friend falls into a pool, and you have to swim to the bottom to save him. Your house is on fire, and you can’t find your way out. In times of intense stress, sleep can be hard to come by. And when you finally convince your brain to slow down and drift off, suddenly you are having nightmares and waking up in a cold sweat. What gives? “Dreams serve a very important purpose,” says Michael Howell, an associate professor in the University of Minnesota Medical School’s Department of Neurology. “They’re your brain’s way of consolidating memories.” In REM (or rapid eye movement) sleep, the phase in which dreams occur, the brain is busy doing “file compression (压缩)”, Howell explains. It gets rid of information from the day that is not important and hangs on to the information that is in some way relevant over the long term. Dreams originate from the brain’s limbic system (边缘系统), which controls both memory and emotion. So perhaps not surprisingly, most dreams are centred on primitive (原始的) human emotions. “Joy, laughter, terror, embarrassment — all of these are your brain’s way of saying, ‘Okay, it’s really important that you remember this for your survival and your connection with your family and neighbours,’” Howell says. “Dreams have a nice way of distilling (提炼) down the essence of what matters.” When stress plays an important role in a person’s daily life — during a global pandemic or in times of civil unrest (国内动乱), for example — the brain is processing a lot of emotions and new worries. Couple that with unusual sleep patterns and the dream pump is primed (使启动) for memorable and often vivid dreaming. If you wake up in the middle of a dream, you are more likely to recall it in detail, too. Howell himself has dreamt about his daughter riding her bike into traffic. In his waking life, he merely saw her get close to the edge of the sidewalk as a car passed by. “As far as your brain is concerned, that’s enough,” Howell says. “Your brain will take that experience and replay that memory while you’re dreaming.” There is no need to spend time psychoanalyzing (对……进行心理分析) the content of your dreams. It is just the brain processing information from the day — and trying to prepare you, should you encounter these scenarios in the future. Sleep serves many important purposes, besides giving your brain a chance to consolidate memories and process emotions through dreams. Keeping a consistent sleep schedule, even on weekends, sets your body’s internal clock. Avoid digital screens within a couple of hours of your bedtime. More sleep can help you manage stress more effectively, which may ward off some of those annoying nightmares. 5．Which of the following statements is true? A．Most dreams are associated with painful memories. B．People who suffer from sleep loss have fewer nightmares. C．The limbic system plays a big role in the formation of dreams. D．The more information we get from the day, the more we dream at night. 6．Paragraph 7 mainly explains why people under stress are more likely to ________. A．suffer from sleep loss B．have vivid dreaming C．wake up from nightmares D．recall their dreams after they wake up 7．According to Howell, he dreamt about his daughter riding her bike into traffic because ________. A．he had a very stressful day B．he saw his daughter do it during the day C．he is concerned about the possibility of the event D．he wanted to be prepared for the situation consciously 8．According to the article, an effective way to prevent nightmares is to ________. A．maintain a healthy sleep pattern B．reduce our stress during the daytime C．sleep whenever you have the opportunity D．create an ideal sleep environment for ourselves 5．C 6．B 7．C 8．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章解释了梦的生理功能和形成机制，特别强调了压力时期更容易做生动的梦，并提供了减少噩梦的实用睡眠建议。 5．细节理解题。根据第六段中“Dreams originate from the brain’s limbic system (边缘系统), which controls both memory and emotion. (梦源自大脑的边缘系统，该系统控制记忆和情绪)”可知，大脑边缘系统在梦的形成中起着重要作用。故选C项。 6．细节理解题。根据第七段中“When stress plays an important role in a person’s daily life — during a global pandemic or in times of civil unrest (国内动乱), for example — the brain is processing a lot of emotions and new worries. Couple that with unusual sleep patterns and the dream pump is primed (使启动) for memorable and often vivid dreaming. (当压力在一个人日常生活中扮演重要角色时——比如在全球疫情期间或国内动乱时期——大脑会处理大量情绪和新的忧虑。再加上不规律的睡眠模式，就会为产生难忘且往往异常生动的梦境做好准备)”可知，本段主要解释了为什么处于压力下的人更容易做生动的梦。故选B项。 7．细节理解题。根据第八段中“Howell himself has dreamt about his daughter riding her bike into traffic. In his waking life, he merely saw her get close to the edge of the sidewalk as a car passed by. “As far as your brain is concerned, that’s enough,” Howell says. (Howell本人梦见过女儿骑自行车驶入车流。清醒时，他只是看到一辆车经过时她靠近人行道边缘。“就你的大脑而言，这就足够了，”Howell说)”可知，Howell认为自己会做这样的梦是因为他担心这一事件发生的可能性。故选C项。 8．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Keeping a consistent sleep schedule, even on weekends, sets your body’s internal clock. Avoid digital screens within a couple of hours of your bedtime. More sleep can help you manage stress more effectively, which may ward off some of those annoying nightmares. (保持一致的睡眠时间表，即使在周末，也能设定你身体的内部时钟。睡前几小时避免使用数字屏幕。更多的睡眠可以帮助你更有效地管理压力，这可能会避免一些恼人的噩梦)”可知，防止做噩梦的一个有效方法是保持健康的睡眠模式。故选A项。 Passage 3 On a pleasant fall morning last year, a group of freshmen from The Greene School hiked a thin path along the edge of a pond in the woodland, chatting cheerfully as they moved through rocks, fallen leaves, and outgrowths of native trees. Every so often, the group took in natural features that most teenagers might overlook, like a massive beaver (海狸) dam across a bend in the pond. Pressed by the group advisor, Damaris Borden, to explain its significance in the ecosystem, a girl offered that the dams “create new water sources,” recalling what she’d learned about how the dam improves water quality by creating slow-moving wetlands, acting as natural filters (过滤). It wasn’t the students’ first attempt into the woods. In the previous weeks, they had studied the campus’s natural wetlands and sharpened arguments they’d present in mock (模拟) debates — roleplaying as government officials, environmentalists, and solar company managers — about the balance between protecting forest land or destroying it in favor of developing more renewable sources of energy. “It’s an imaginary scene,” Borden said, “but it’s also one that’s playing out across the state and the country.” It is also rich ground for study at The Greene School where students learn to work cooperatively. Over the course of the next four years, Borden’s freshmen will learn about teamwork and risk-taking in both academic (学术的) and social contexts, cheering each other on in the wilderness — before they head inside to design and build functioning water filters or work on a months-long project to study local soil quality. “We are showing kids that they have an opportunity to step into their learning in a different way. Getting students to solve challenging, real-world problems is central to the school mission,” said Headmaster Alex Edelmann of the school’s unique philosophy. “It’s not about doing things because they have to, it’s about doing things because they can see that it’s meaningful and they can see its value and they understand that the work they’re doing is contributing to a better school and a better world.” 9．What does the author stress by mentioning the beaver dam? A．The cause of hiking. B．The right way of learning. C．The natural function of dam. D．The application of knowledge. 10．What does Borden think of mock debates? A．They are meaningful. B．They are arguable. C．They are imaginary. D．They are challenging. 11．What can we learn about education from Alex Edelmann? A．Students have to do things as required. B．Students learn to solve real-world problems. C．Classroom learning contributes to a better school. D．Classroom learning is related to the school mission. 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Explorations in Nature. B．Education into Nature. C．Introduction to The Greene School. D．Outdoor Adventures for Teenagers. 9．D 10．A 11．B 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了The Greene School的学生在自然环境中学习，通过实地考察和模拟辩论等活动，将所学知识应用于解决现实世界的问题，体现了学校独特的教育理念。 9．推理判断题。根据第二段“Pressed by the group advisor, Damaris Borden, to explain its significance in the ecosystem, a girl offered that the dams “create new water sources,” recalling what she’d learned about how the dam improves water quality by creating slow-moving wetlands, acting as natural filters (过滤).(在小组顾问达玛丽斯·博登(Damaris Borden)的追问下，她解释了水坝在生态系统中的意义。一位女生回忆起所学知识，解释说水坝“创造了新的水源”，并阐述了水坝如何通过形成缓慢流动的湿地来改善水质，起到天然过滤器的作用)”可知，作者通过提及海狸坝来强调学生将所学知识应用于解释自然现象，即海狸坝的生态功能。故选D项。 10．推理判断题。根据第三段中“‘It’s an imaginary scene,’ Borden said, ‘but it’s also one that’s playing out across the state and the country.’(“这是一个虚构的场景，”博登说，“但这也是在全州和全国上演的场景。”)”和第四段中“It is also rich ground for study at The Greene School where students learn to work cooperatively.(这也是The Greene School丰富的学习场所，学生们在这里学会合作)”可知，Borden认为模拟辩论虽然是一个虚构的场景，但它是现实生活的反映，对于学生来说是有意义的学习活动。故选A项。 11．推理判断题。根据第五段中Alex Edelmann所说的“We are showing kids that they have an opportunity to step into their learning in a different way. Getting students to solve challenging, real-world problems is central to the school mission,(我们向孩子们展示，他们有机会以不同的方式学习。让学生解决具有挑战性的现实世界问题是学校使命的核心)”可知，Alex Edelmann认为教育应该让学生学会解决现实世界的问题。故选B项。 12．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“On a pleasant fall morning last year, a group of freshmen from The Greene School hiked a thin path along the edge of a pond in the woodland, chatting cheerfully as they moved through rocks, fallen leaves, and outgrowths of native trees.(去年一个宜人的秋日早晨，The Greene School的一群新生沿着林地池塘边的一条小径徒步旅行，他们一边穿过岩石、落叶和本土树木的突出部分，一边愉快地聊天)”和第四段中“Over the course of the next four years, Borden’s freshmen will learn about teamwork and risk-taking in both academic (学术的) and social contexts, cheering each other on in the wilderness — before they head inside to design and build functioning water filters or work on a months-long project to study local soil quality.(在接下来的四年里，博登的大学新生将在学术和社会环境中学习团队合作和冒险精神，在荒野中相互鼓励——然后他们将进入校园设计和建造功能良好的滤水器，或者从事一个为期数月的研究当地土壤质量的项目)”可知，本文主要讲述了The Greene School的学生在自然环境中进行实地学习，通过探索自然、参与模拟辩论等活动，将教育融入自然之中。故B项“Education into Nature(融入自然的教育)”是本文的最佳标题。故选B项。 Passage 4 I am going to start with a challenge. I want you to imagine each of these two scenes in as much detail as you can. Scene number one: “They gave us a hearty welcome.” Who are these people? What are they wearing? What are they drinking? Scene number two: “They gave us a cordial reception.” What expressions are on their faces? What are they wearing and drinking? Fix these pictures in your mind's eye and then jot down a sentence or two to describe them. We will come back to them later. Now, on to our story. In the year 400 AD, the Celts in Britain were ruled by Romans. This had one benefit for the Celts: The Romans protected them from the barbarian Saxon tribes (撒克逊部落) of Northern Europe. But then the Roman Empire began to crumble, and with the Romans gone, the Germanic tribes (日耳曼部落) — the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians — quickly sailed across the water, did away with the Celts (凯尔特人), and formed kingdoms in the British Isles (不列颠群岛). For several centuries, these tribes lived in Britain, and their Germanic language, Anglo Saxon, became the region's common language, what would later come to be called Old English. In the 700s, however, a series of Viking (维京人) invasions began, which continued until a treaty (条约) split the island in half: on one side were the Saxons; on the other were the Danes (丹麦日耳曼人), who spoke Old Norse (古诺斯语). As Saxons fell in love with their Danish neighbours, marriages blurred the boundaries and Old Norse mixed with Old English. Many Old Norse words like “leg”, “root”, “skin” and “want” are still part of modern English. In 1066, the Norman Conquest brought war again to the British Isles. The Normans were Vikings who had settled in France and abandoned their Viking culture in favour of a French lifestyle. They placed a Norman king on the English throne, and for three centuries, French was the language of the British royalty. Society in Britain came to have two levels: French-speaking aristocracy (贵族) and Old English-speaking peasants (农民). Speakers quickly came to realize what it is that they should do if they wanted to sound sophisticated: use words that had come from French. Let’s go back to the two sentences you thought about earlier. When you pictured the hearty welcome, did you see an earthy scene with relatives hugging and talking loudly? Were they drinking beer? Were they wearing lumberjack (伐木工) shirts and jeans? What about the cordial reception? I bet you pictured a far more refined crowd: suits and wine. How is it that phrases that are considered synonymous by the dictionary can evoke such different pictures? “Hearty” and “welcome” are both Saxon words, while “cordial” and “reception” come from French. The connotation of nobility and authority has persisted around words of French origin. And the connotation of peasantry, the salt of the Earth, has persisted around Saxon words. Even if you have never heard this history before, the memory of it persists in the feelings evoked by the words you speak. Whether we realize it consciously or only subconsciously, our history lives in the words we speak and hear. 13．The speaker started the speech with a challenge to ________. A．test the audience’s command of English B．show the audience how to memorize words fast C．show the speaker’s strong command of large vocabulary D．engage the audience to have a better understanding of the topic 14．Over the periods of history mentioned in the article, the British Isles were successively ruled by ________. ①the Romans    ②the Celts    ③the Normans    ④ the Germanic tribes A．①③② B．①②④ C．①④③ D．②③④ 15．According to the article, which of the following statements about the Normans, who were of Viking origin, is true? A．They fully embraced a French lifestyle. B．They signed a treaty to split the British Isles in half. C．They spread the Viking language across the British Isles. D．They maintained their Viking language and culture after settling in France. 16．What can we learn from the article? A．Languages continue to die out all the time. B．Language is a reflection of history and culture. C．A language is bound to die if it remains unchanged. D．Languages constantly change to meet the needs of their users. 13．D 14．C 15．A 16．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了英语的发展历程，通过不同历史时期的统治和文化融合，阐述了英语中不同来源词汇所承载的历史记忆和文化内涵。 13．推理判断题。根据第一段“I am going to start with a challenge. I want you to imagine each of these two scenes in as much detail as you can. (我将以一个挑战开始。我希望你们能尽可能详细地想象这两个场景。)”以及后文对两个场景的详细描述和词汇来源的讲解，可以推断出演讲者以挑战开场是为了吸引听众的注意力，让他们更好地参与到话题中来，从而更深入地理解主题。故选D。 14．细节理解题。根据第五段中“In the year 400 AD, the Celts in Britain were ruled by Romans. (公元400年，不列颠的凯尔特人被罗马人统治。)”以及“But then the Roman Empire began to crumble, and with the Romans gone, the Germanic tribes (日耳曼部落) — the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians — quickly sailed across the water, did away with the Celts (凯尔特人), and formed kingdoms in the British Isles (不列颠群岛). (但后来罗马帝国开始崩溃，随着罗马人的离去，日耳曼部落 —— 盎格鲁人、撒克逊人、朱特人和弗里斯兰人 —— 迅速渡海而来，消灭了凯尔特人，并在不列颠群岛建立了王国。)”和第七段中“In 1066, the Norman Conquest brought war again to the British Isles. (1066年，诺曼征服再次给不列颠群岛带来了战争。)”可知，不列颠群岛先后被罗马人、日耳曼部落和诺曼人统治过。故选C。 15．细节理解题。根据第七段中“The Normans were Vikings who had settled in France and abandoned their Viking culture in favour of a French lifestyle. (诺曼人是定居在法国的维京人，他们放弃了维京文化，转而选择了法国的生活方式。)”可知，诺曼人完全接受了法国的生活方式。因此，选项A“They fully embraced a French lifestyle. (他们完全接受了法国的生活方式。)”表述正确。故选A。 16．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Whether we realize it consciously or only subconsciously, our history lives in the words we speak and hear. (无论我们是有意识地还是无意识地意识到这一点，我们的历史都活在我们所说和听到的语言中。)”以及全文对英语词汇演变历史的讲述，可以推断出语言是历史和文化的反映。故选B。 Passage 5 Have you ever had take-out delivered by a delivery robot? If so, what did you think of the experience? Were the robots smart enough? UCLA professor Sean Hecht was walking across his school’s campus one recent night when he stopped to photograph an interesting scene. In his picture, four robots have lined up, appearing to have been stopped in their way as the leading one was “stuck behind a carelessly discarded scooter”. Bystanders tried to help by moving the scooters but became annoyed at the leading robot’s lack of response to their efforts, according to Hecht. People probably didn’t realize that the Starship Technologies bots were loyal to their AMD Ryzen cores (锐龙核心处理器). They weren’t going to budge until the humans stopped crossing back and forth in front of them. “This is our future, I guess,” Hecht wrote in his tweet about the situation. It’s not easy being a delivery bot. In America, they have been kicked by angry pedestrians, peed on by dogs, and impacted by heavy glass doors, among other misfortunes. They’ve become popular subjects of online fail videos. In these videos they can be seen falling down stairs, bumping into a fire hydrant (消防栓)and shooting up a ramp (斜坡)much too quickly. And, of course, crashing. There are also some potential challenges to overcome before delivery robots can be widely adopted. The ban on robots in such cities as New York and San Francisco is a perfect example of the concerns with their safety that many still have. A senator from Michigan expressed similar doubts in an interview with WIRED. He pointed out the danger the robots would pose to the public if they were to malfunction while on the job. That’s why, with the rapid increase in delivery bots and with all of the new robot startups entering the field, companies are now going out of their way to seek approvals to operate their delivery bots. Many of these companies have started to join up with urban planning groups. They are offering their help to cities by reporting problems such as dangerous sidewalks. Additionally, delivery robots are not the same thing as autonomous delivery vans. They have a fairly low carrying capacity, which limits the number and type of deliveries that they can complete. Under current circumstances, the robots need to remain within a certain radius (半径)of a hub or charging station, so they are also limited in their potential range. This could make their adoption slow, especially in those areas which are located farther from the country's major city centres. It is also worth noting that even if the delivery robots themselves are powered by electricity, the source of the electricity may not be environmentally friendly. These robots need to be powered by clean electricity in order to maximize their ability to reduce emissions. This is one main concern that will need to be addressed as their usage grows. Society’s growing preference for contactless delivery services has helped drive up demand for delivery bots. It seems, however, that these machines still have a long way to go before they can prove that they have what it truly takes to face the unpredictable realities of the real world. 17．What Professor Sean Hecht saw on the UCLA campus revealed that _________. A．UCLA students are kind and warm-hearted B．roads on the UCLA campus are in poor condition C．delivery robots still face many obstacles to their wide adoption D．universities don’t have enough street space for people and vehicles to use 18．According to the article, delivery robots are banned in many cities because of _________. A．safety concerns B．the huge cost C．public opposition D．urban planning rules 19．Based on information from the article, the concerns that stand in the way of the wide adoption of delivery robots include _________. ① their impact on the environment ②unexpected risks and road conditions ③ their limited carrying capacity and range of motion ④ the danger they could potentially pose to the public A．①②③ B．①③④ C．②③④ D．①②③④ 20．Which of the following sentences best sums up the main idea of this article? A．People are ready to embrace delivery robots. B．The reality of delivery robots is further away than many think. C．The convenience and accessibility of delivery robots is incomparable. D．Delivery robots on college campuses are becoming increasingly popular. 17．C 18．A 19．D 20．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文通过描述送餐机器人在实际应用中遇到的障碍（如环境适应、安全争议、技术限制等），说明其广泛普及仍需克服诸多挑战。 17．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“In his picture, four robots have lined up, appearing to have been stopped in their way as the leading one was “stuck behind a carelessly discarded scooter”.(在他的照片中，四个机器人排成一列，似乎被挡住了去路，因为最前面的机器人“被一辆随意丢弃的滑板车卡住了”)”可知，这一情景表明，尽管技术进步，快递机器人在广泛应用方面仍然面临诸多障碍。故选C项。 18．细节理解题。根据文章第六段“The ban on robots in such cities as New York and San Francisco is a perfect example of the concerns with their safety that many still have.(纽约和旧金山等城市对机器人的禁令，正是许多人仍对其安全存有担忧的一个典型例证)”可知，快递机器人在许多城市被禁止是因为安全问题。故选A项。 19．细节理解题。根据文章第十段“It is also worth noting that even if the delivery robots themselves are powered by electricity, the source of the electricity may not be environmentally friendly.(同样值得注意的是，即使送货机器人本身是由电力驱动的，其电力来源也可能并不环保)”可知，送货机器人虽然是由电力供能，但电力的来源可能并不环保，这是需要解决的一个问题，这体现了它们对环境的影响，①正确；根据文章第五段“In America, they have been kicked by angry pedestrians, peed on by dogs, and impacted by heavy glass doors, among other misfortunes.(在美国，它们曾被愤怒的行人踢到、被狗撒尿、被沉重的玻璃门撞到，还遭遇过其他种种不幸)” 可知，它们会面临路面风险，②正确；根据文章第八段“They have a fairly low carrying capacity, which limits the number and type of deliveries that they can complete.(它们的载货能力相当低，这限制了它们能完成的运送任务的数量和类型)”可知，它们的运载能力和活动范围有限，③正确；根据文章第六段“He pointed out the danger the robots would pose to the public if they were to malfunction while on the job.(他指出，如果机器人在执行任务时发生故障，将会给公众带来危险)”可知，它们如果出现故障可能对公众构成危险，④正确。这些都是送货机器人所面临的潜在挑战和限制。故选D项。 20．主旨大意题。分析全文内人可知，文章通过实例讨论了送货机器人面临包括路障、运营许可、运载能力、能源在内的诸多挑战和限制，暗示了人们可能高估了它们当前的实用性和广泛采用的可能性，所以B选项“送货机器人的现实应用比许多人想象的要遥远得多。”能总结文章的主要思想。故选B项。 三 高考模拟练 1.【2026届江苏省如皋中学高三摸底试题】 Power often boosts an employee’s creativity because being powerful liberates the individual from restrictions. However, new research shows that employees who are not in positions of power can become more creative when given time to “warm up” to a task by engaging in the creative task more than once. “This is important because when people with more power are able to express their creative ideas more than those with less power, which leads to a rich-get-richer dynamic that strengthens these power imbalances,” said Brian Lucas, assistant professor in the Cornell University. “Understanding ways to boost the creativity of lower power workers can help them find the right way to deal with this low-power disadvantage,” Lucas said. Lucas and his colleagues conducted two studies to reach their conclusion．In the first study, they divided the creative idea generation session into two rounds consisting of a one-minute “warm up” followed by a second round in which the participants could take as long as they wanted．Participants were randomly assigned to a high-power condition or a low-power condition, and feelings of power were generated with a role manipulation (操纵) where participants were given a leadership role and control over resources (high power) or an employee role with no control over resources (low power). The study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the warm-up round．There was no difference, though, in creativity in the second round. In the second study, the researchers gave them a different creative task and increased the number of rounds from two sessions to five, taking as long as they like to complete the task. Similar to the first study, the study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the first round．But the creativity of low-power individuals caught up to the creativity of the high-power individuals after the first round. “The low-power warm-up effect suggests a simple intervention that empowers all employees to tap their creative potential and overcomes power imbalances in the workplace: when pursuing creative work, let employees warm up first,” Lucas said. 1．Why does Locus think it important to boost the creativity of lower power workers? A．It maintains power imbalances. B．It motivates their ambition to catch up. C．It creates a competitive work environment. D．It encourages a workplace with more equality. 2．How did Lucas and his co-authors stimulate feelings of power in the participants? A．Through a creative task with time limits. B．Through providing them with different positions. C．Through a competition between leaders and employees. D．Through assigning them to different conditions intentionally. 3．How did the second study differ from the first study? A．It had fewer rounds. B．It involved more participants. C．Participants had a changed task. D．Participants’ creativity gap became wider. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Power tends to encourage creative ideas. B．Changing tasks boosts all the employees’ creativity. C．Warm-up time corrects creativity power imbalances. D．Low-power individuals outperform the high-power ones. 1．D 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，给予热身时间后，职位低的员工的创造力可以得到提升。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中““Understanding ways to boost the creativity of lower power workers can help them find the right way to deal with this low-power disadvantage,” Lucas said. (卢卡斯说：“了解如何提高低权力员工的创造力，可以帮助他们找到正确的方法来应对这种低权力的劣势。”)”可知，了解如何促进职位较低员工的创造力，能够帮助他们找到正确的方法来应对职位低的劣势，让他们产生更多创造性想法，从而促进工作场所更加公平公正。故选 D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Participants were randomly assigned to a high-power condition or a low-power condition, and feelings of power were generated with a role manipulation (操纵) where participants were given a leadership role and control over resources (high power) or an employee role with no control over resources (low power)(参与者被随机分配到高权力情境或低权力情境，并通过角色操纵产生权力感，参与者被赋予领导角色和控制资源的角色(高权力)或没有控制资源的员工角色(低权力)。)”可知，参与者的权力感是通过给予参与者不同的角色（leadership 或 employee role）来产生的。故选 B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In the second study, the researchers gave them a different creative task and increased the number of rounds from two sessions to five, taking as long as they like to complete the task(在第二项研究中，研究人员给了他们一项不同的创造性任务，并将回合数从两回合增加到五回合，只要他们愿意，就可以完成任务。)”可知，第二项研究中，任务发生了改变。故选 C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“However, new research shows that employees who are not in positions of power can become more creative when given time to “warm up” to a task by engaging in the creative task more than once.(然而，新的研究表明，没有权力的员工如果有时间通过多次参与创造性任务来“热身”，他们会变得更有创造力。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍研究发现，一般情况下，职位高的员工比职位低的员工更具有创造力，但是热身环节可以激发职位低的员工的创造力，从而创造一个更加公平的工作环境, 所以选择项C“Warm-up time corrects creativity power imbalances. (热身能够纠正创造能力的不均衡。)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选C。 2.【2025届江苏省前黄中学高三试题】 Go to any movie theater or sports venue, and it’s obvious there’s an invisible bond that forms from laughing, crying, and simply feeling while brushing shoulders with others. Researches have long backed up this sense of connection, but some aspects of the phenomenon remained unclear. Now, a new study is offering insight. Writing in the journal Royal Society Open Science, Victor Chung of the École Normale Supérieure in France and his team reported how they examined the matter by inviting strangers to watch videos together in same sex pairs. Pairs of strangers watched three types of videos together: positive, negative, and neutral (中性的) with a curtain between them that was either open or closed. At the start of the experiment the researchers asked each participant whether they’d like to meet the other member of their pair again. After watching each video, participants reported their emotions and feelings of connectedness, and after seeing all three videos they were asked once again about their feelings towards the other participant. The results showed the emotional films generated stronger responses than the neutral film. Crucially, the team said participants’ feelings of connectedness within the pairs was boosted when they experienced more intense emotions. However, this was only the case when participants watched the films with the curtain between them open. The researchers said that whether or not the pairs could see each other had no impact on how positively or negatively they felt about the films. “We found that silently watching emotional films together with another individual is associated with social bonding, even when this person is a stranger and without any verbal (口头的) communication,” said Chung, the study author. The team added that the findings may help explain why people seek out group activities that generate strong emotions, “even participating in sad memorials that cause negative emotions.” In other words, because emotion bonds us, and humans have a fundamental desire to belong, we’re up for experiences one might think we’d naturally want to avoid. 5．What does “the phenomenon” in paragraph 1 refer to? A．Shared emotions bond people. B．Physical touch helps tackle stress. C．A chance encounter leads to a friendship. D．Entertainment is a crucial part of human life. 6．How did the researchers get their findings? A．By analyzing participants’ emotions. B．By comparing participants’ self-reports. C．By documenting participants’ video responses. D．By stimulating participants’ desire for interaction. 7．The study found that strong bonds were indeed created between pairs only when ______. A．they were familiar with each other B．they watched neutral films together C．they were aware of the presence of each other D．they could see each other while watching the films 8．What is presented in the last paragraph of the text? A．An interpretation of the findings. B．Potential implication of the findings. C．Supporting evidence for the findings. D．The underlying logic behind the findings. 5．A 6．B 7．D 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了共同观看情感视频如何促进陌生人之间的社会联系。研究通过实验发现，当陌生人一起观看情感视频并能够看到彼此时，他们的联系感会增强。 5．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段中“Go to any movie theater or sports venue, and it’s obvious there’s an invisible bond that forms from laughing, crying, and simply feeling while brushing shoulders with others.(去任何电影院或体育场馆，很明显，通过与他人一起笑、哭和感受，会形成一种无形的联系。)”可推知“the phenomenon”指的是上文提到的“共享情感会联系人们”。故选A。 6．推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“After watching each video, participants reported their emotions and feelings of connectedness, and after seeing all three videos they were asked once again about their feelings towards the other participant.(观看每个视频后，参与者报告了他们的情绪和联系感，看完所有三个视频后，他们再次被问及对另一位参与者的感受。)”可推知，研究人员通过比较参与者的自我报告得出研究结果。故选B。 7．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“Crucially, the team said participants’ feelings of connectedness within the pairs was boosted when they experienced more intense emotions. However, this was only the case when participants watched the films with the curtain between them open.(关键的是，研究团队表示，当参与者经历更强烈的情感时，他们之间的联系感会增强。然而，这种情况仅发生在参与者拉开窗帘观看电影时。)”可知，强烈的联系感仅在参与者能够看到彼此时产生。故选D。 8．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段中“The team added that the findings may help explain why people seek out group activities that generate strong emotions, ‘even participating in sad memorials that cause negative emotions.’(研究团队补充说，这些发现可能有助于解释为什么人们会寻求产生强烈情感的群体活动，“甚至参加引发负面情绪的悲伤纪念活动”。)”可知，最后一段提出了研究结果的潜在意义。故选B。 3.【福建省永春第一中学2024-2025学年高三试卷】 In the cutthroat world of artificial intelligence, long dominated by Silicon Valley, DeepSeek has emerged as an impressive new player. Since its debut in late 2023, this Chinese AI has stirred global attention, representing more than just another technological innovation. It’s a complex phenomenon that reflects the shifting landscape of innovation, power and cultural influence in the AI-driven era. Developed by QuantumThink Labs in Shenzhen, DeepSeek was created by a team of ex-Google Brain engineers and Peking University experts. DeepSeek is not your average chatbot. Trained on an astonishing 20 trillion tokens, this multimodal model showcases linguistic proficiency, code generation capabilities and reasoning skills that rival or surpass its Western counterparts. What truly sets DeepSeek apart is its remarkable efficiency, delivering GPT-4-level performance with 30 percent less computational power. In a strategic move, QuantumThink made a “lite” version of DeepSeek open source, a decision that has sparked widespread adoption across the globe. Developers from cities like Lagos to Jakarta have quickly embraced it to create poetry generators and AI-powered farm management tools for rural India. However, DeepSeek’s growing influence is not without challenges. There are concerns that US government may block American firms from using DeepSeek, mentioning data security concerns. Tariff (关税) war could also be on the cards. Yet, such moves might backfire, potentially harming US startups that benefit from DeepSeek’s cost advantages. The future of AI, with DeepSeek at the center, remains a mystery. Will it trigger a tech battle between the US and China, or will its open-source roots foster global collaboration? DeepSeek’s story is not just about technology; it’s about the power of innovation and agency. For too long, the AI narrative has been dominated by Western powers. Now, a Chinese lab has shown that innovation is not exclusive to the West. Whether we enter an AI arms race or begin a new era of global cooperation depends on how we choose to use and share this technology. As a Brazilian coder said, the future of AI must speak the language of both the developed and developing world to truly succeed. 9．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about? A．The creation of DeepSeek. B．The definition of DeepSeek. C．The strengths of DeepSeek. D．The efficiency of DeepSeek. 10．What might be a challenge DeepSeek faces? A．Involvement in tariff war. B．The possibility of data leaking. C．A decline in its competitiveness. D．A ban on its use from US government. 11．Which of the following best describes the future of AI? A．Uncertain. B．Secure. C．Promising. D．Depressing. 12．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．AI should prioritize Western languages. B．We will enter a new era of global AI cooperation. C．Considering global needs is required to ensure AI’s success. D．Developing countries will eventually dominate AI innovation. 9．C 10．D 11．A 12．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中国AI公司DeepSeek的崛起、技术优势、面临的挑战及其对全球人工智能领域的影响，并探讨了AI未来发展的不确定性。 9．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Trained on an astonishing 20 trillion tokens, this multimodal model showcases linguistic proficiency, code generation capabilities and reasoning skills that rival or surpass its Western counterparts. What truly sets DeepSeek apart is its remarkable efficiency, delivering GPT-4-level performance with 30 percent less computational power.(这款多模态模型在惊人的20万亿个标记上进行了训练，展现出了媲美甚至超越西方同类产品的语言熟练度、代码生成能力和推理技能。DeepSeek的真正独特之处在于其卓越的效率，仅用30%的计算能力就能达到GPT-4级别的性能)”可知，本段主要介绍了DeepSeek的技术优势，包括语言能力、代码生成能力和推理技能，以及其高效的性能。故选C项。 10．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“There are concerns that US government may block American firms from using DeepSeek, mentioning data security concerns.(有人担心美国政府可能会以数据安全为由，阻止美国企业使用DeepSeek)”可知，DeepSeek可能面临的一个挑战是美国政府可能会禁止美国公司使用DeepSeek。故选D项。 11．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“The future of AI, with DeepSeek at the center, remains a mystery. Will it trigger a tech battle between the US and China, or will its open-source roots foster global collaboration?(以DeepSeek为核心的人工智能未来仍充满神秘。它是否会引发中美之间的技术战，还是其开源特性会促进全球合作？)”可知，DeepSeek的未来充满了不确定性，可能会引发美中之间的技术战争，也可能促进全球合作。可推理出AI的未来是不确定的。故选A项。 12．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Whether we enter an AI arms race or begin a new era of global cooperation depends on how we choose to use and share this technology. As a Brazilian coder said, the future of AI must speak the language of both the developed and developing world to truly succeed.(我们究竟是会陷入一场人工智能军备竞赛，还是开启全球合作的新时代，这取决于我们如何选择使用和分享这项技术。正如一位巴西程序员所说，人工智能的未来必须既能满足发达国家的需求，也能契合发展中国家的期望，才能真正取得成功)”可知，要确保AI的成功，必须考虑全球的需求，包括发达国家和发展中国家。故选C项。 4.【2025年河南省实验中学高三模拟试卷】 After 20 years of efforts, a 26-foot-tall statue of Atlas is once again standing guard at the ancient Temple of Zeus in the city of Agrigento in Sicily. The statue, created in the fifth century B．C．E., was one of 38 similar Atlas monuments built into the temple. They stood in a line between columns with their arms raised, appearing to hold the structure upright. In Greek mythology (神话), Atlas ignored orders from Zeus, the ruler of the universe, in a war. So, he was forced to hold up the sky on his shoulders. Unlike the mythological Atlas, however, the stone likenesses were unable to hold up Zeus’ temple forever. Ultimately, earthquakes and other events caused the structure to collapse. For many years, pieces of the statues were spread out around the site amongst other ancient ruins. In 1812, Charles Robert Cockerell, a British architect, first identified one of these sandstone heads during a visit to Agrigento. A century later, in 1920, archaeologist Pirro Marconi became the first person to attempt to reconstruct one of the Atlases, which is now housed in the Archaeological Museum of Agrigento. The seeds of the current project began in 2004, when the Valley of the Temples Park conducted a research campaign at the site. But restoring Atlas in a standing position was particularly challenging, as researchers couldn’t simply pile the pieces of the statue on top of one another. Instead, they attached them to metal shelves, which are supported by a larger metal structure. The restoration has faced scrutiny (审查) ever since officials first announced it several years ago. “No archaeologist would agree on the use of ancient sculpture even if the purpose is to highlight the site’s antiquity,” said C． Brian Rose, an archaeologist at the University of Pennsylvania. But offcials like Renato Schifani, the Sicilian governor, think that the statue’s restoration is a substantial and impressive achievement. “This statue of ancient Agrigento, which after many years of studies and research we can observe in its natural position, is the heart of an important museum project of the entire area of the Temple of Zeus,” Schifani said. 13．Why did Atlas stand with his arms upright? A．It was a tradition in Greek mythology. B．It was a sign of celebration in a war. C．It was a punishment from Zeus. D．It was a symbol of strength. 14．What can be inferred about Marconi? A．He was a famous architect and archaeologist. B．He made a new discovery at the Temple of Zeus. C．He once worked with Cockerell for over a decade. D．He was committed to restoring historical treasures. 15．Which of the following best describes Rose’s tone? A．Optimistic. B．Disapproving. C．Tolerant. D．Uncaring. 16．What is the main idea of the text? A．A towering statue of Atlas rises again. B．Sicily is known for its ancient temples. C．The existence of Atlas in history proves true. D．The Archaeological Museum of Agrigento reopens. 13．C 14．D 15．B 16．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了经过20年的努力，一尊26英尺高的阿特拉斯雕像再次矗立在西西里岛阿格里真托市的古宙斯神庙前，并说明了这尊雕像的历史背景、修复过程以及引发的争议。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In Greek mythology (神话), Atlas ignored orders from Zeus, the ruler of the universe, in a war. So, he was forced to hold up the sky on his shoulders. (在希腊神话中，阿特拉斯在一场战争中无视宇宙统治者宙斯的命令。因此，他被迫用肩膀撑起天空)”可知，阿特拉斯双臂直立站着是因为这是宙斯对他的惩罚。故选C项。 14．推理判断题。根据第三段中“A century later, in 1920, archaeologist Pirro Marconi became the first person to attempt to reconstruct one of the Atlases, which is now housed in the Archaeological Museum of Agrigento. (一个世纪后的1920年，考古学家皮罗·马可尼成为第一个尝试重建其中一尊阿特拉斯雕像的人，这尊雕像现在收藏在阿格里真托考古博物馆)”可推知，马可尼致力于修复历史文物。故选D项。 15．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中““No archaeologist would agree on the use of ancient sculpture even if the purpose is to highlight the site’s antiquity,” said C. Brian Rose, an archaeologist at the University of Pennsylvania. (宾夕法尼亚大学的考古学家C·布莱恩·罗斯说：“即使目的是为了突出该遗址的古老，也没有考古学家会同意使用古代雕塑。”)”可推知，罗斯的语气是不赞成的。故选B项。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段第一句“After 20 years of efforts, a 26-foot-tall statue of Atlas is once again standing guard at the ancient Temple of Zeus in the city of Agrigento in Sicily. (经过20年的努力，一尊26英尺高的阿特拉斯雕像再次矗立在西西里岛阿格里真托市的古宙斯神庙前)”可知，文章主要讲述了一尊高大的阿特拉斯雕像再次矗立起来，以及其历史背景、修复过程和引发的争议。A项“一尊高大的阿特拉斯雕像再次矗立起来”与文意相符。故选A项。 5.【2025届湖北省襄阳市第五中学高三试题】 A psychological concept called “false consensus effect” helps explain why kind people sometimes harm the environment. In psychology, the false consensus effect is a cognitive bias (偏见) where a person tends to overestimate how much other people agree with him or her. There is a tendency for people to assume that their own improper habits or acts are “normal”. And most importantly, they believe others think the same way that they do. Put simply, if you’re doing something (even if you secretly know you probably shouldn’t), you’re more likely to think plenty of other people do it too. This bias allows people to justify socially unacceptable or illegal behaviors. Researchers have observed the false consensus effect in drug use and illegal hunting. More recently, conservationists are beginning to reveal how this effect contributes to environmental damage. In Australia, people who admitted poaching, a way of fishing in no-take zones, thought it was much more common in society than it really was. They also believed others viewed it as socially acceptable. However, in reality, more than 90% of fishers held the opposite view. Just as concepts from psychology can help explain some forms of environmental damage, so can they help address it. For example, research shows people are more likely to litter in areas where there’s already a lot of trash scattered around, so making sure the ground around a bin is clean may help. Factual information on how other people think and behave can be very powerful. Electricity companies have substantially reduced household energy use simply by showing people how their electricity use compares to that of their neighbors. Encouragingly, stimulating people’s natural desire for status has also been successful in getting people to publicly buy eco-friendly products. 17．Which example best illustrates “false consensus effect”? A．A driver thinks illegal parking is common. B．A blogger assumes many people dislike his posts. C．A student figures most people spend long hours online. D．A smoker believes people generally approve of smoking. 18．What was most Australian fishers’ attitude to poaching? A．Unacceptable. B．Widespread. C．Controversial. D．Complex. 19．How have electricity companies reduced energy consumption? A．By comparing power consumption.            C． By offering financial rewards. B．By doing round-the-clock monitoring.        D．By promoting renewable energy. 20．What is the primary purpose of this article? A．To encourage people to reduce energy consumption. B．To link a psychological concept to environmental issues. C．To emphasize the importance of environmental protection. D．To describe different types of environmentally harmful behaviors. 17．D 18．A 19．A 20．B 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了什么是“虚假共识效应”，并说明可以通过这一效应背后的心理学原理来实施社会规范，从而鼓励和推广环境友好行为。 17．推理判断题。根据文章第一段 “A psychological concept called “false consensus effect” helps explain why kind people sometimes harm the environment. In psychology, the false consensus effect is a cognitive bias(偏见) where a person tends to overestimate how much other people agree with him or her. There is a tendency for people to assume that their own improper habits or acts are “normal”. And most importantly, they think others think the same way that they do. Put simply, if you’re doing something (even if you secretly know you probably shouldn’t), you’re more likely to think plenty of other people do it too. (心理学中有一个概念，可以解释为什么好人会做出伤害环境的事情：虚假共识效应。在心理学中，虚假共识效应是一种认知偏见，一个人往往会高估其他人对他的认同程度。人们倾向于认为自己不正确的习惯或者行为是“正常的”，并且最重要的是，其他人也会以同样的方式思考。简单来说，如果你在做某件事（即使你内心知道你可能不应该做），你更有可能认为很多人也会这么做)”可知，虚假共识效应包括主体人的错误行为，并且高估自己的行为在社会上的可接受性和普遍性。A、B、C选项只包括了主体人的看法，没有描述他们自身的错误的行为，D选项“吸烟者认为人们普遍赞成吸烟”中吸烟是错误行为，并且这个吸烟者还高估了社会对吸烟的看法，这就是虚假共识效应的一个典型例子。故选D。 18．推理判断题。据文章第二段“In Australia, people who admitted poaching, a way of fishing in no-take zones, thought it was much more common in society than it really was. They also believed others viewed it as socially acceptable. However, in reality, more than 90% of fishers held the opposite view. (在澳大利亚，那些承认在禁渔区捕鱼的人认为这种行为在社会上比实际情况要普遍得多。他们还认为其他人也觉得这种行为是可以接受的。然而，实际上，超过90%的渔民持相反观点)”可知，大多数澳大利亚渔民认为偷猎是不可接受的。故选A。 19．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Electricity companies have substantially reduced household energy use simply by showing people how their electricity use compares to their neighbors. (电力公司仅仅通过向人们展示他们的用电量与邻居相比情况如何，就大幅降低了家庭用电量)” 可知，电力公司是通过比较社区内家庭的用电量来有效降低能源消耗的，故选A。 20．推理判断题。文章开篇介绍了 “虚假共识效应” 这一心理学概念，接着阐述了这一概念如何导致环境破坏，随后举例说明心理学概念不仅能解释环境破坏，还能帮助解决环境问题，最后强调社会规范在鼓励和普及环保行为方面的强大作用。由此可知，文章的主要目的是将心理学概念与环境问题及解决方案联系起来，B 选项 “将一个心理学概念与环境问题联系起来” 为短文的写作目的。故选B。 - 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$