语法写作 第一板块 语法项目(1) 名词、冠词（课件）-【新高考方案】2026年高考英语一轮总复习（外研 主题复习版）

语法项目(1)　名词、冠词 目录 CONTENTS 一、名　词 二、冠　词 名　词 一、 考点1　名词的数 [高考体验] 1．(2025·1月八省联考卷)The goal was two­fold: to celebrate cultural diversity as well as to promote the equal use of all six _________ (tongue)． 解析：tongue在此处为可数名词，其前有six修饰，故填复数形式。 tongues 2．(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)Although they could never have met, there are common _________ (theme) in their works, said Paul Edmondson, head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. 解析：theme是可数名词，意为“主题”。根据空前的there are可知，此处应用复数形式。 themes 3．(2024·全国甲卷)They are ___________ (treasure) of American heritage (遗产)． 解析：treasure作“珍宝”讲时为可数名词；主语是复数，故名词作表语也应用复数。 treasures 4．(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place that welcomes the fast­paced development of modern life, with 21st­century architectural _________ (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. 解析：wonder在此表示“奇迹，奇观”，是可数名词，“奇迹”不止一个，故用复数形式。 wonders 5．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ___________ (population) and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild. 解析：此处population表示“种群”，为可数名词，因为前面有separate (不同的)修饰，所以此处用复数形式。 populations [系统归纳] 1．规则名词的6种复数变化形式 变化规则  例词 一般情况下 在词尾直接加-­s month→months 以-­s，-­x，-­ch，­-sh结尾的名词 在词尾加­-es glass→glasses match→matches 以辅音字母＋­-y结尾的名词 变y为i再加-­es country→countries factory→factories 以元音字母＋-­y 结尾的名词 在词尾直接加­-s holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys 以-­o结尾的名词 一般在词尾加-­s photo→photos 有些在词尾加­-es potato→potatoes hero→heroes 以-­f，-­fe结尾的名词 一般要变f或fe为v再加-­es self→selves knife→knives 少数直接加-­s belief→beliefs roof→roofs 续表 2．可数名词复数的3种不规则变化形式 类型 例词 单复数同形 deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft, species, fish (条数) 变内部元音 foot→feet, tooth→teeth, mouse→mice，man→men, woman→women, goose→geese 外来名词 medium→media (媒体) phenomenon→phenomena (现象) analysis→analyses (分析) crisis→crises (危机) 3．合成名词复数的2类变化形式 (1)若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。如： looker­-on→lookers-­on, passer-­by→passers­-by, sister-­in-­law→sisters-­in-­law, grown-­up→grown­-ups (2)“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数，如：women engineers。 考点2　名词所有格 1．(2024·北京高考改编)These advancements have not only improved ___________ (people) lives but also contributed to sustainable development. 解析：根据句意可知，lives与people之间是所属关系，应用名词所有格。 people's 2．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)“He saved my _______ (son) life，” said Mrs.Brown. 解析：根据句意可知，life与son之间是所属关系，应用名词所有格。 son's [系统归纳] -­'s所有格 主要用于表示有生命的人或物的所有关系。 (1)一般是在名词词尾加-­'s，如John's home“约翰的家”； (2)以-­s或­-es结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加-­'，如students' textbooks “学生们的课本”； (3)词尾不带-­s或-­es的复数名词，仍加-­'s，如children's game “孩子们的游戏” of所有格 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系，如the title of the article“文章的标题”；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格，如the name of the girl“那位女孩的名字” 双重所有格 双重所有格的构成为“名词＋of＋名词所有格(-­‘s或-­’)”或“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，名词前可用a, any, some, a few, two, this, that, these, those 等修饰，但不能用the。如a picture of my mother‘s“我母亲(拥有)的一张照片”；this little cat of your sister’s“你妹妹的这只小猫” 续表 考点3　名词构词法 [高考体验] 1．(2025·1月八省联考卷)...the world will have a better understanding of China and its rich history, its hard-­working people, its development through ____________ (innovate), and its inclusiveness. 解析：空处位于介词through后作宾语，应用名词形式，故填innovation。 innovation 2．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, ...to come to define much of the __________ (rich) of gardening in England. 解析：根据空前的定冠词the和其后的介词of可知，此处应填rich的名词形式，表示“……的丰富性”。 richness 3．(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford's international _________ (visible), said Edmondson ... 解析：分析句子结构可知，空处缺少宾语，故此处应用名词visibility，意为“知名度”。 visibility 4．(2024·全国甲卷)They all agreed and vowed (承诺) to promote the idea at the ___________ (complete) of their journey. 解析：at the completion of ...是固定搭配，表示“在……结束时”。 completion 5．(2024·浙江1月高考)Many supermarkets are no longer doing“buy one get one free” promotions because of the _____________ (criticize) that they lead to waste. 解析：根据定冠词the的提示和“that they lead to waste”可知，此处应用名词criticism “批评”。 criticism [系统归纳] 1．动词变名词 词缀 例词 -­al approve→approval 　arrive→arrival -­ance/­-ence appear→appearance　 exist→existence -­tion/­-ation compete→competition　 explain→explanation -­(ss)ion discuss→discussion　 admit→admission ­-ment achieve→achievement argue→argument -­ure/-­ture press→pressure　mix→mixture -­y recover→recovery　discover→discovery 其他 choose→choice　vary→variety 续表 2．形容词变名词 词缀 例词 -­age short→shortage -­cy efficient→efficiency　fluent→fluency -­dom free→freedom　　　 wise→wisdom -­ce different→difference　silent→silence -­ness careless→carelessness weak→weakness -­th warm→warmth　true→truth -­ty/-­ity safe→safety　　　　disable→disability [解题思维建模] 二、 冠　词 考点1　不定冠词 [高考体验] 1．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)The meat should be fresh with _____ touch of sweetness, and the surrounding soup hot, clear and delicious. 解析：a touch of “少许，微量”，是固定搭配。 2．(2022·全国甲卷) _____ friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip. 解析：该处指Wu Fan是他的一个朋友，泛指用不定冠词；friend发音以辅音音素开头，空处位于句首，故用A。 a A 3．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is _____ must to visit! 解析：此处must是名词，意为“必须做的事”，表示泛指，故填a。 a [系统归纳] 1．基本用法 (1)用在第一次提到或出现的可数名词单数前，泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。 At that time, I was working in a factory. 那时，我在工厂工作。 (2)用于可数名词单数前，泛指一类人或事物，或者指同类中的“一个”。 The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve people's well-­being。(泛指) “中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦。 (3)表示数量“一”，但不强调数量概念。 There is a book on the desk. 桌子上有一本书。 (4)用在表示人名或专有名词前，表示“一个……样的人或物” 。 Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be a Beethoven. 布莱恩具有作曲天赋，他很有可能成为一个像贝多芬那样的人。 (5)用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。 After all, you never get a second chance to make a first impression. 毕竟，你绝不可能再有机会留下第一印象。 (6)不定冠词用于某些抽象名词如success, failure, surprise等前使其具体化。 Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times. 在那些艰苦的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料将是一件令人感到欣慰的事。 (7)用于某些固定搭配中，如have a good knowledge of ...“精通……”。 He has a good knowledge of many foreign languages.他精通多种外语。 2．固定搭配 all of a sudden　 突然，猛地 as a matter of fact 事实上 at a loss 不知所措，困惑 pay a visit to 参观，拜访 be/go on a diet 节食 give sb.a lift 让某人搭便车 have a gift for 在……方面有天赋 have a word with 与……谈话 make a fool of 愚弄 in a hurry 匆忙地 in a way 在某种程度上 keep an eye on 留意，留神 make a living 谋生 once in a while 偶尔 as a result/consequence 因此，结果 [名师指津] (1)以辅音字母开头，发音却以元音音素开头的单词，如 honest, honor, hour等，其前用an。 I had to go to hospital for an X-­ray. 我必须去医院做个X光检查。 (2)以元音字母开头，发音却以辅音音素开头的单词，如European, united, university, useful 等，其前用a。 France is a European country. 法国是一个欧洲国家。 考点2　定冠词 [高考体验] 1．(2025·1月八省联考卷)Chinese plays an increasingly important role in improving communication and cooperation between China and _______ rest of the world. 解析：the rest of ...“……的其余部分”，为固定短语。 the 2．(2024·浙江1月高考)Then, when you use one section, ____ other stays fresh. 解析：the other意为“另一个”，特指，应用定冠词the。 3．(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)Not the pandas, even though _____ language used for the medical training instructions is actually English. 解析：根据language后的“used for the medical training instructions”可知，此处表示特指，应用定冠词the。 the the 4．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Covering an area about three times ______ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. 解析：“倍数＋the＋size/weight/length of ...”是固定句型，表示“是……的几倍大/重/长”。 the 38 5．(2022·全国乙卷)May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day ...To celebrate _____ festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday. 解析：特指上文提到的International Tea Day这一节日，所以用定冠词the。 the [系统归纳] 1．基本用法 (1)用于特定或前文提及的或谈话双方共知的人或物前，表示特指。 Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。 (2)用在姓氏名词复数之前，或用于可数名词单数、某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人或物。 The young should respect the elderly. 年轻人应该尊敬老年人。 (3)用于表示年代或朝代的名词前。 It's said that corn was grown a lot in the area in the 17th century. 据说在十七世纪，玉米在这个地区被大量种植。 (4)用于形容词、副词的最高级或序数词前，或由only, very, same等修饰的名词前面。 ①Tom is one of the tallest students in our class. 汤姆是我们班最高的学生之一。 ②This is the very book I have been looking for. 这正是我一直在找的书。 (5)用于“by the day/hour/dozen等结构中”，表示“按……计算”。size, weight无此用法。 Plumbers charge by the hour for their work. 水管工人的工作是按小时收费的。 (6)用于“动词(hit，take等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位”结构中，其中的the不可以用物主代词代替。 He took her by the hand.他拉着她的手。 (7)用于“the＋比较级， the＋比较级”结构中。 The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make. 你越小心，你犯的错误就越少。 2．固定搭配 at the moment　　　　　　　 此刻，目前 in the way 阻碍，挡路 in the distance 在远处 make the most/best of 充分利用 on the contrary 与此相反 on the other hand 另一方面 the other day 几天前 to the point 中肯，切题 take the place of 代替 for the time being 暂时 [解题思维建模] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．I wish to have a chain of cafés in many different _____ (city)． 2．Since I was a kid, I've considered different _____ (job) I would like to do. 3．Each of my cafés will have a different theme and ___ unique style. 4．Sensing my frustration, Gunter patted me on ___ shoulder, grinning. 5．In order to find a better job, he decided to study ___second foreign language. cities jobs a the a 6．When the answer was no, she declined the __________ (invite)． 7．Sweat dropping down from my head，I was at a complete ____ (lose) about what to do. 8．I'm writing to share ____ extraordinary experience from last Friday when our class had ___ art lesson in the park. 9．Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese ______ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome. 10．I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park's pond, surrounded by blooming ______(flower)． invitation loss an an dishes flowers Ⅱ.语篇填空(用名词和冠词知识填空) In China, 1. _____ history of people planting and using bamboo can date back to as far as 7,000 years.As early as the Shang Dynasty, bamboo was being used in ancient 2. _______(people) daily lives.It was used for food, clothing, housing, transportation, musical 3. ___________ (instrument) and even weapons. the people's instruments The 4. ___________ (apply) of bamboo in science and technology is thrilling.In 251 BC, Li Bing, in Sichuan, led the local people in building the Dujiangyan, the first irrigation network in the world, in which bamboo played 5.___ important role.The world's oldest water pipe was also made of bamboo.During 6. ____ Han Dynasty, the people in Sichuan successfully sank a 100-­metre-­deep well with thick bamboo ropes.This technology did not spread to Europe until the 19th century, and it was by using the technology that the Americans drilled 7. ____first oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859. application an the the In Chinese culture, bamboo is well­k-nown as one of the “four 8. ___________ (gentleman)” in plants.To many distinguished 9._____ (man), bamboo is a symbol of goodness and honesty.It is always closely related to people of positive spirits.Bamboo culture contributes to encouraging people to hold on when facing tough 10. __________ (situation)． gentlemen men situations Ⅲ.单句写作 1．Instantly, _________________________ surged in my heart. 瞬间，一股震惊和温暖涌上心头。 2.Surprised，I hesitated __________ but accepted it gratefully，overwhelmed ___________________________. 我很惊讶，犹豫了一会儿，但还是感激地接受了，被他的信任和慷慨所折服。 a wave of shock and warmth for a while by his trust and generosity 3．Today, _____________is increasing with ________________________. 当今，随着技术的进步，生活节奏不断加快。 4．____________________, China has changed from ________________ to ________________________________. 在过去的75年里，中国从一个农业国家变成了世界第二大经济体。 5．He seemed genuinely happy and agreed to meet at _________ taxi rank _____________ later where we had first encountered. 他似乎真的很高兴，并同意半小时后在我们第一次见面的那个出租车站见面。 the pace of life technological advancements Over the past 75 years a farming country the world's second-­largest economy the same half an hour $$