语法写作 第一板块 语法项目(6) 非谓语动词（课件）-【新高考方案】2026年高考英语一轮总复习（译林版）

语法项目(6)　非谓语动词 非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、分词(现在分词/v.­-ing和过去分词/v.­-ed)，在句中除了不能独立作谓语外，可以充当其他所有的句子成分。非谓语动词有其自身的时态和语态。时态指的是它所表示的动作与句子谓语的动作存在时间上的先后关系；语态指的是它与逻辑主语之间存在主动或被动关系。 1．动词不定式的时态和语态 时态形式 意义 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生或在动作之后发生 to do to be done 进行式 在谓语动词的动作发生时正在进行 to be doing — 完成式 在谓语动词的动作之前发生 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 发生在谓语动词的动作之前并且持续到谓语动词的动作发生时仍在进行 to have been doing — 2．动名词和现在分词的时态和语态 时态形式 意义 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 与谓语动词的动作同时或稍后发生 doing being done 完成式 先于谓语动词的动作完成 having done having been done 考点1　非谓语动词作状语 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)These sepals open on warm days _________ (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. 解析：此处为不定式短语作目的状语，表示“为了给……提供……”。 to give 2．(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷) __________ (recall) watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare's play Richard Ⅲ in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said ... 解析：分析句子结构可知，该句主语为Edmondson，谓语动词为said，故空处应填非谓语动词；主语与动词recall之间为主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。 Recalling 3．(2024·北京高考)Just then, some kids ran at him, ___________ (knock) his books out of his arms. 解析：分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词ran，此处应用非谓语动词；主语some kids和动词knock之间为主动关系，此处应用现在分词，故填knocking。 knocking 4．(2023·全国乙卷) _______________ (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed by the co­existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing. 解析：结合句意及句中的时间状语“over the last 10 years”可知，visit所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，故填Having visited。 Having visited [系统归纳] 1．不定式作状语 (1)作目的状语，可用so as to/in order to替换，但 so as to一般不可置于句首。 To enjoy the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens start to use smartphones. 为了享受数字支付的便利，很多老年人开始使用智能手机。 (2)作结果状语，常用于下列结构中：only to do (表示意想不到的结果); enough to do ...(足够做……); too ... to do ...(太……而不能做……); so/such ... as to ...(如此……以至于……)等。 Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky. 汤姆乘出租车到达机场，却发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。 (3)作原因状语，常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋不定式”结构中。这类形容词常见的有：comfortable, good, surprised, astonished, delighted, disappointed等。 We were astonished to find the village still in its original condition. 我们吃惊地发现，这个村庄仍保持着它最初的样子。 2．分词作状语 分词作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等。现在分词作状语时，分词所表示的动作与逻辑主语之间构成主动关系。过去分词作状语时，分词所表示的动作与逻辑主语之间构成被动关系。为了强调，分词还可与while, when, once, if, unless等词连用。 ①A city is the product of the human hand and mind, reflecting man's intelligence and creativity. 一座城市是人类的手与大脑的产物，反映出了人类的智慧与创造力。 ②Ordinary soap, if used correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively. 如果正确使用的话，普通肥皂可以有效地对付细菌。 [名师指津] (1)分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。 (2)在句中作目的状语时，只能用动词不定式。 (3)作结果状语时，表示意料之外的结果用动词不定式，表示自然而然的结果用现在分词。 3．独立主格结构 当非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同时，应采用独立主格结构，即在非谓语动词前带上其自身的主语，构成“名词/代词(主格)＋非谓语动词”的形式。 ①Weather permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow. (permit的逻辑主语是weather而非句子主语we) 如果天气允许，我们明天就进行比赛。 ②The work finished in time, they went home happily. 工作及时地完成了，他们高高兴兴地回家了。 考点2　非谓语动词作定语 [高考体验] 1．(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)They talk to the flood of international tourists and to __________ (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China. 解析：分析句子结构可知，空处作前置定语，修饰空后的Chinese zookeepers, visit与Chinese zookeepers之间为逻辑上的主动关系，此处意为“来访的中国动物园管理员”，故填visiting。 visiting 2．(2023·全国乙卷)...it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully ______ (build) system of ring roads. 解析：build与其所修饰的名词system of ring roads之间是逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分词形式作定语。 built 3．(2022·全国甲卷)A visually-­challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi'an, as a first step ______________ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot. 解析：分析句子结构可知，空处需填非谓语动词。空处作名词step的后置定语，且step前有序数词first修饰，意为“做某事的第一步”，应用不定式作定语，故填to journey。 to journey [系统归纳] 1．不定式作定语 (1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。若不定式与其所修饰的词之间是被动关系，且该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。 I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to catch. 我在整个会议期间一直看表，因为我要赶火车。 (2)序数词、形容词最高级，the last, the only 等词后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。 He was the first guest to arrive. 他是第一个到达的客人。 (3)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的这类名词有：ability, chance, wish, way 等。 The best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit. 增强意志力最好的方法就是让它成为一种习惯。 2．分词作定语 (1)及物动词的分词形式作定语 (2)不及物动词的分词形式作定语 现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表示被动。 falling leaves正在落下的叶子(表示正在进行) fallen leaves落叶(表示完成) doing 被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系 being done 被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行 done 被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示完成 考点3　非谓语动词作主语和表语 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)These sepals open on warm days to give the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.In cold weather, the structure stays _________ (close) to protect the plants. 解析：stays“保持”是系动词，空处作表语，应用过去分词形式，故填closed，意为“关闭的”。 closed 2．(2021·全国甲卷)It is possible ________ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers. 解析：分析句子结构可知，It为形式主语，不定式短语作真正的主语，表示“步行或骑自行车走完全程14公里”这件具体的事。 3．(2021·全国乙卷)It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become __________ (educate) about the areas ... 解析：分析句子成分可知，become是系动词，此处作表语，应用过去分词形式，educated“受过教育的；有教养的”。become educated about意为“接受关于……的教育”。故填educated。 to walk educated [系统归纳] 1．不定式作主语和表语 (1)不定式作主语时，一般表示具体的某一次动作。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将不定式(短语)后置。 It's our duty to take good care of the old. 照顾好老人是我们的责任。 (2)不定式作表语时，多表示一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。 ①His wish is to be a doctor in the future. 他的愿望是将来当一名医生。 ②What I want to do most in senior high school is (to) improve my English. 我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。(不定式作表语时，如果前面有实义动词do的某种形式，作表语的不定式常省略to。) 2．动名词作主语和表语 (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作，也可用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末，常见的有It's no use/no good/fun/a waste of time/useless/...＋doing ...。 ①Traveling along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.沿着古老的丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。 ②It's no use just complaining without taking action. 不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。 (2)动名词作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。 My job is cleaning the house three times a week.＝Cleaning the house three times a week is my job.我的工作是每星期打扫三次房子。 3．分词作表语 ·以­-ed结尾的，如ashamed, delighted, excited等，通常用于修饰人或与人有关的事物，说明主语的状态，表示“感到……”“(人)……的”。 ·以-­ing结尾的，如exciting, frightening等，主要用于修饰事物，表示主语的性质或特征，意为“令人……的”。 ①He felt embarrassed when he heard the news. 当听到这个消息时，他感觉很尴尬。 ②He was disappointed at the disappointing news. 听到这个令人失望的消息，他很失望。 考点4　非谓语动词作宾语 [高考体验] 1．(2024·全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend _________ (catch) our attention because of their large size and variety. 解析：tend to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“倾向于做某事”，故空处应填不定式形式作tend的宾语。 to catch 2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)He decided ___________ (build) what he would later call an eco­-machine. 解析：动词decide后常跟动词不定式作宾语，decide to do sth.“决定做某事”。 to build 3．(2021·全国甲卷)After ___________ (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history! 解析：分析句子结构可知，此处作介词after的宾语，要用动名词，故填spending。 4．(2021·全国乙卷)Minimize the impact of __________ (visit) the place. 解析：此处作介词of的宾语，要用动名词，故填visiting。 spending visiting [系统归纳] 1．下列动词只能用不定式作宾语 决心学会想希望， 拒绝设法愿假装 decide/determine, learn, want, expect/ hope/wish； refuse, manage, care, pretend 主动答应选计划， 同意请求帮一帮 offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help 2．下列动词(短语)只能用动名词作宾语 考虑建议盼原谅， 承认推迟没得想 consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy 避免错过继续练， 否认完成就欣赏 avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate 禁止想象才冒险， 不禁介意准逃亡 forbid, imagine, risk; can't help (禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape [名师指津]　want/need/deserve/require/be worth等后面经常用动词­ing的主动形式表示被动意义。此时，有的也可替换为不定式的被动形式。如：The tree needs watering/to be watered. 3．接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词 I remembered locking the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights. 我离开办公室之前记得锁门了，但却忘记关灯了。 考点5　非谓语动词作宾语补足语 [高考体验] 1．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them ___________ (lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents. 解析：空前的them指代上文的xiao long bao，此处表示“小笼包被从蒸笼里拿出来”。them与lift是逻辑上的动宾关系，此处构成allow sth. to be done结构，意为“允许某事被做”，故填to be lifted。 to be lifted 2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)No matter where I buy them, one steamer basket is rarely enough, yet two seem greedy, so I am always left ________ (want) more next time. 解析：分析句子结构可知，此处考查“leave sb. doing sth.”结构，表示“使我想着下次多吃点”。 wanting 3．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ) They make great gifts and you see them many times ____________ (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. 解析：see sth. done“看到某事被做”，此处表示“你会很多次看到它们被红包和蕴含好运的信息装点着”。them与decorate之间是逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。 decorated [系统归纳] 1．不定式作宾语补足语 不定式作宾语补足语时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主动关系。常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词(短语)有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, intend, invite, order, persuade, prefer, require, remind, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。 If we expect people to give up the habit of driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们必须给他们一个可以依赖的替代工具。 [名师指津] (1)有些动词，如think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, understand等后常用to be作宾语补足语或主语补足语(被动语态中为主语补足语)。 Chinese people are considered to be one of the most hard­working people in the world. 中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人之一。 (2)在sb. be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done结构中，不定式作主语补足语。　 2．分词作宾语补足语 现在分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是主谓关系；过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是动宾关系。常见的跟分词作宾语补足语的动词(短语)有： (1)感官动词(短语)：see, watch, observe, look at, listen to, notice等； (2)使役动词：have, make, get, keep, leave，find等。 ①I saw him entering the bank. (him与enter之间为逻辑上的主谓关系)我看见他正进入银行。 ②I saw him operated on. (him与operate之间为逻辑上的动宾关系) 我看见(有人)给他做了手术。 ③They had the fire burning all night. (burn动作一直在进行) 他们让火整夜燃烧着。 ④I will have my bike repaired tomorrow.(让别人去修) 明天我要叫人修一下我的自行车。 3．with/without＋宾语(名词/代词)＋宾语补足语 ①The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them. 这对老夫妇常常在晚饭后到公园里散步，他们的宠物狗则在后面跟着。 ②With such a short time left before the deadline, it doesn't seem likely that John will finish the job. 离截止日期不远了，约翰似乎不可能完成这项工作。 [解题思维建模] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Its function varies widely __________ (depend) on the culture. 2．Hangzhou is the third Chinese city __________ (host) the Asian Games. 3．First of all, _________ (become) aware of what causes your worry will help to reduce the stress. depending to host becoming 4．The assignment，________________ (complete) by tomorrow, requires careful research and attention to detail. 5．They start building their huts late in the summer, but do not get them __________ (finish) before the early frost. 6．The company has announced a new vehicle _________(design)to meet various demands of future transportation and business applications. 7．___________ (stabilize) economic growth, various measures are being taken to expand domestic demand. to be completed finished designed To stabilize 8．If you find it difficult _______ (fall) asleep or stay asleep at night, then you should avoid naps and try to develop a healthy sleeping habit in the evening. 9．Past studies have shown a link between sleeping less and weighing more, but scientists have had difficulty ___________ (determine) “which came first, the chicken or the egg？” 10．_______________ (finish) their homework, the students gathered in the courtyard, eager to share their exciting plans for the weekend. to fall determining Having finished Ⅱ.语篇填空(用非谓语动词知识填空) The idea of 1.______ (be) able to walk on the water has long interested humans greatly.Sadly，biological facts prevent us ever 2.______________ (accomplish) such a thing without artificial aid — we simply weigh too much, and all our mass (质量) pushes down through our relatively small feet, 3. ___________ (result) in a lot of pressure that makes us 4. ______ (sink)． being accomplishing resulting sink However, several types of animals can walk on the water.One of the most 5. ___________ (interest) animals is the Common Basilisk, a lizard (蜥蜴) native to Central and South America.It can run across the water for a distance of several meters, avoiding 6. ________(get) wet by rapidly 7. ________ (hit) the water's surface with its feet.The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep 8. ________(move) forward.For humans 9. _______ (do) this, we'd need huge feet 10.__________ (create) adequate “hitting”． interesting getting hitting moving to do to create Ⅲ.单句写作 1．My daughter hugged me tightly, ____________________. 我女儿紧紧地拥抱着我，眼里充满了泪水。 2．“I am so happy for you，” my teacher said, __________________ ______.“我真为你高兴，”我的老师边说边点头看着我。 3．With ______________, we walked on, crickets chirping in the background. 太阳落山了，我们继续往前走，蟋蟀在一旁鸣叫。 tears filling her eyes nodding and looking at me the sun setting 4．____________ the sudden turn of events, she ____________, unsure of how to react. 她对事情的突然转变感到惊讶，站在那里一动不动，不知道该如何反应。 5．_______________________, he is committed to reading his favorite novel every night before bed. 为了提高英语水平，他每晚睡前都要读他最喜欢的小说。 Surprised by stood frozen To improve his English $$