内容正文:
专题15 初升高衔接名词性从句
一、单项选择
1. ______ he will come or not is still unknown. ( )
A. If B. Whether C. That D. What
2. I don't know ______ he will be back home. ( )
A. who B. what C. when D. where
3. The reason why he didn't come to school is ______ he was ill. ( )
A. that B. which C. why D. because
4. Do you know ______ he did not turn off the light? ( )
A. what B. how C. if D. why
5. I have no idea ______ he will start. ( )
A. when B. that C. what D. /
6. ______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. ( )
A. There B. This C. That D. It
7. ______ he said at the meeting astonished everyone present. ( )
A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter
8. The manager came over and asked the customer how ______. ( )
A. did the quarrel came about B. the quarrel had come about
C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel came about
9. Energy is ______ makes things work. ( )
A. what B. something C. anything D. that
10. Information has been put forward ______ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. ( )
A. while B. that C. when D. as
二、用适当的连接词填空
1. It worried her a bit ______ her hair was turning grey.
2. I have no idea ______ we can do with these waste materials.
3. ______ the doctor really doubts is ______ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4. It is hoped ______ nature will never be destroyed.
5. ______ do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6. I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
• Is that ______ you had a few days off?
7. Word came ______ I was wanted at the office.
8. Do you know ______ of them will be our new headmaster?
9. The teacher didn't tell me ______ we were wrong.
10. It's generally considered unwise to give a child ______ he or she wants.
三、判断下列句子中名词性从句的类型(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)
1. That he will come to the discussion is certain. ( )
2. We are glad at the news that he won the game. ( )
3. The problem is who can complete the difficult task. ( )
4. He asked me where I had been these days. ( )
5. What we need is time. ( )
四、语法填空
1. It is reported ______ a new bridge will be built across the river.
2. Can you tell me ______ you were late for school yesterday?
3. The thought ______ they could cross the whole continent was exciting.
4. I don't know ______ of them is the better choice.
5. She is no longer ______ she used to be.
6. ______ breaks the law should be punished.
7. The question is ______ we can get so much money.
8. They lost their way in the forest, and ______ made matters worse was that night began to fall.
9. I have no doubt ______ he will win the game.
10. Do you know ______ book this is?
五、翻译句子
1. 他是否会参加会议还不确定。
______ he will attend the meeting is still uncertain.
2. 我不知道他为什么如此生气。
I don't know ______ he is so angry.
3. 问题是我们没有足够的时间。
The problem is ______ we don't have enough time.
4. 我们都知道地球围绕太阳转这个事实。
We all know the fact ______ the earth moves around the sun.
5. 无论你想要什么,我都会给你。
______ you want, I will give it to you.
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2025年 初升高衔接课程
名词性从句
专题十五
英语
目录
主语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
1
2
3
4
宾语从句
His job is interesting.
I don’t like his job.
This is his job.
I love the novel, The Great Gatsby.
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
What he does is interesting.
I don’t like what he does every day.
This is what he does every day.
I love the saying that failure is the mother of success.
主语
同位语
表语
宾语
判断下列句子中划线名词充当什么成分
名词性从句
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
在主从复合句中,起名词作用的各种从句,统称为名词性从句。
根据名词性从句在主句中所起的语法作用/所做成分,可分为:
概念与分类
Please write your opinions and explain them logically, Please write your opinions and explain them logically
Please write your opinions and explain them logically, Please write your opinions and explain them logically
整个句子作主语
位置:
谓语动词之前
1.That she likes the pig surprises us.
主语/宾语从句
2.She claims that she likes the pig.
整个句子作宾语
位置:
及物动词和介词之后
宾语从句
主语从句
Please write your opinions and explain them logically, Please write your opinions and explain them logically
Please write your opinions and explain them logically, Please write your opinions and explain them logically
3.The fact is that she likes the pig.
4.I konw the fact that she likes the pig.
整个句子作表语
位置:
系动词之后
抽象名词需解释说明
同位语从句
表语从句
位置:
抽象名词之后
表语/同位语从句
谓语动词/介词
抽象名词
系动词
fact,news,idea,truth,hope等
主语从句
表语从句
宾语从句
同位语从句
That she likes the pig surprises us.
She claims that she likes the pig.
The fact is that she likes the pig.
I konw the fact that she likes the pig.
判断下列划横线从句的类型:
1. That the Earth goes around the sun is known to us all..
2. It is obvious that we should get well prepared for our future.
3. what surprised her was that she got the first prize.
4. Laura says (that) she always feels hungry when she smells it.
5. It depends on whether we have enough time.
6. Xie Lei had no idea what she should say.
宾语从句
主语从句
主语从句
主语从句
表语从句
宾语从句
同位语从句
1. 从属连词: that, whether, if
2. 连接代词: what(ever), which(ever),
who(ever), whom(ever), whose
3. 连接副词: how, when, where, why
连接词选择
连接词
含义 在从句中所作成分
从属连词 that 无 /
whether/if 是否 /
连接代词 what(ever) (无论)什么 主、宾、表
which(ever) (无论)哪个 主、宾、定
who(ever) (无论)谁 主、宾、表
whom(ever) (无论)谁 宾语
whose 谁的 定语
连接副词 when 什么时候 时间状语
where 在哪里 地点状语
why 为什么 原因状语
how 如何;怎样 方式状语
名词性从句中连接词的使用
连接词 词义 在句中充当的成分 能否省略
that 无 × 宾语从句可以省略
whether/
if 是否 × 不能省略
as if/
as though 似乎,仿佛 × 表语从句的引导词之一
只能用whether 不能用if 的情况
1. whether or not
2. whether to do
3. discuss和介词后的宾语从句
eg: It depends on whether we have enough time.
4. 引导主语从句置于句首时
eg: Whether he will join us is still unkonwn.
5. 引导表语从句和同位语从句
eg: The question was whether Tom has gone to Shanghai.
The problem whether it is right or wrong has not yet been discussed.
连接代词 词义 在句中充当的成分 能否省略
what(ever) (无论) 什么 主、宾、表语 均不能省略
who(ever)
(无论) 谁 主语
whom(ever) (无论) 谁 定语
which (无论) 哪一个 定语
whose 谁的 定语
连接副词 词义 在句中充当的成分 附注
when(ever) (无论)何时 状语 均不可省略
where(ever) (无论)哪里
why(ever)
为什么
how(ever)
(无论)怎么样
主语从句
主语从句(Subject Clauses)
1. 主语从句:用一个从句充当______成分
主语
2. 连接词:that,whether,及wh-疑问词
That she will help me made us happy.
Whether he will come is not clear.
What he wants to tell us is not clear.
Who will win the match is still unknown.
that引导主语从句时虽然不充当成分,但不可省略,它是句子结构的一部分不可缺少。
句子语法功能完整,句意完整
句子语法功能完整,句意不完整
句子缺宾语,指物
句子缺主语,指人
Attention:
主语从句后置 (形式主语)
为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用____作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在最后.
it
常见句型:
It is/was+ adj./某些名词/-ed + that从句
eg: It is true that he passed the exam.
It is a pity that he didn’t pass the eaxm.
It 的用法: (形式主语)
It’ s possible/important/necessary/clear that…
…很可能/重要的是…/必要的是…/很清楚…
It’s said/ reported that..据说/据报道…
It’s been announced/declared that..已经通知/宣布…
It seems/appears/happens that…显然、明显、碰巧..
It’s no wonder that…并不奇怪/无疑…
It’s a pity/a fact /a common knowledge (众所周知) that....
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1. 强调句句型:
It is/was +被强调部分 + that + 不完整句子
eg: I met him in the street.
强调 (in the street) : It was in the street that I met him.
区别:
1. 如果是主语从句,将it is/was...that 去掉后,句子不完整
2. 如果是强调句,将it is/was...that 去掉后,可以还原为完整句子。
强调句 VS. 主语从句
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* What 与 that 引导主语从句
1. that + 完整句子
2. what + 不完整句子(从句中缺主,宾,表)
eg: What he said made me happy.
What 用法:
eg: _______ he said made me happy.
若用what 引导从句,横线后要出现2个动词。
一个是从句中的动词,一个是主句中的动词。
分析句子成分
缺主宾
表定
缺状语
用连接代词
用连接副词
根据语意缺什么补什么都不缺用that或whether
主语从句的引导词
类别 连接词 说明
从属连词 两者在从句中均不作成分,只起连接作用;
连接代词 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。
连接副词 在从句中作时间、地点、方式、原因状语等成分。
that,whether
who,what,which,whoever,whatever等
when,where,how,why
whether 表“是否”,不省略
that无实义,
Subject clauses
dc086... text has been truncated due to evaluation version limitation.
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宾语从句
(1)I think that you are the most beautiful girl in the world.
(2)I totally agree with what you told me.
(3) I am pleased that you will come to my party.
宾语从句
:用一个从句充当宾语
宾语从句通常位于_____、______、_______之后
verb
动词
介词
形容词
preposition
adjective
动宾
介宾
it常可以放在动词think, find, consider, believe, feel, make等后作为形式宾语而真正的宾语-that从句则放在句尾.
动词+it+adj/n.+that引导的宾语
I don’t think it right that you cheat in the exam.
I found it difficult that I told lies to him.
it 做形式宾语
宾语从句中常常后跟“should+动词原形”(should可省略)的动词:
1个“坚持”(insist);
2个“命令”(order, command);
3个“建议”(suggest, advise,recommend);
4个“要求”(demand, desire,request,ask)
例:I suggest that he __________(read) English newspapers.
(should)read
作“是否”的意思讲时,在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
1. 引导主语从句并在句首时;
2. 引导表语从句时;
3. 引导从句作介词宾语时;
4. 连词后紧接“or not”时,但若分开时也可以用if;
5. 后接动词不定式时。
if 和 whether 引导宾语从句时的辨析
1.that引导多个并列的宾从中只能省略第一个that,其余的都不能省;
People say (that) I'm crazy and that I am blind.
2.that引导动宾从,在口语中常可省略,但引导介宾从、主从、表从、同从时一般不能省略。
That she will win the match is certain.
3.that 引导宾从后置,用形式宾语it代替时不能省;
China has made it clear to the world that it is strongly against terrorism.
4.名词性从句本身为复合句且复合句在主句前时,that 不能省略。
He said that if I went there, he would go too.
that 不可省略的情况
表语从句
1. 用一个从句充当 ,放在______之后。
(if不引导表语从句)
表语
系动词
2. 结构
主语+系动词+ 连接词 +从句
The truth is that he didn’t finish the work.
My question is whether we should start now.
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系动词+表语从句
常见系动词巧记口诀:
1“be” (am, is, are);
2“像” (seem, appear);
3“保持” (keep, stay, remain);
5个“变化”(become, turn, grow, go, get);
5个“来” (sound, smell, taste, feel, look)
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句的引导词与主语从句的引导词大致一样,表语从句位于系动词后。
基本结构:主语+系动词+引导词+表语从句。
表语从句的引导词:
从属连词 as if, as though, because, that, whether, as
连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever,
whichever等
连接副词 where, when, how, why等
表语从句
名词性从句之一
温馨提示
注意点 例句
引导表语从句的that,不作
任何成分,但不能省略 What excited me most was that we finished our
work ahead of time.
最令我兴奋的是我们提前完成了工作。
可接表语从句的连系动词
有be、seem、look、taste等 It seems that he doesn't agree with us.
他似乎不同意我们的看法。
表示命令、请求、建议的
词作主语时,表语从句中
的谓语动词用“should+动词
原形”,should可以省略 My suggestion is that they (should) make a
plan before they start the project.
我的建议是在他们开始这个项目前要制订一个计划。
同位语从句
1. 概念
用一个从句充当_______成分,其一般跟在一些抽象名词 ( idea; belief; fact; truth; problem; news等) 后面,对名词作进一步_________.
2. 引导词
同位语从句常用 that引导或用when / where/ why / how / whether / what 来引导
同位语
解释说明
n. + 连接词 + 从句
同位语从句 VS. 定语从句
同位语从句:解释名词的具体内容,从句与名词是同位关系。
The fact that he is honest is true.(他诚实的事实是真的。)
(that he is honest 解释 fact 的具体内容。)
定语从句:修饰名词,从句与名词是修饰关系。
The fact that he mentioned is true.(他提到的事实是真的。)
(that he mentioned 修饰 fact,表示“他提到的事实”。)
Step 1.判断是否为名词性从句
• 主语从句 :通常位于谓语动词之前
• 宾语从句 :通常位于谓语动词、 介词之后
• 表语从句 :位于系动词之后
• 同位语从句 :通常位于名词后 ,说明该名词具体内容
Step 2.分析从句成分
Step 3.结合句意 ,确定最终选项
名词性从句做题方法
名词性从句做题方法
从句缺什么补什么
2. 缺主语、宾语、表语、定语
what(东西/事情,指物)
/who(谁,指人)
/which(哪一个)/whose(谁的)
3. 缺状语
时间 when 缺地点 where 原因 why 怎样如何用 how
1. 不缺成分
1. 没有词义,用 that
2. 译为“是否”,用 whether/if
2025年 初升高衔接课程
专题十五
英语
谢谢
聆听
$$
专题15 初升高衔接名词性从句
一、单项选择
1. ______ he will come or not is still unknown. ( )
A. If B. Whether C. That D. What
2. I don't know ______ he will be back home. ( )
A. who B. what C. when D. where
3. The reason why he didn't come to school is ______ he was ill. ( )
A. that B. which C. why D. because
4. Do you know ______ he did not turn off the light? ( )
A. what B. how C. if D. why
5. I have no idea ______ he will start. ( )
A. when B. that C. what D. /
6. ______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. ( )
A. There B. This C. That D. It
7. ______ he said at the meeting astonished everyone present. ( )
A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter
8. The manager came over and asked the customer how ______. ( )
A. did the quarrel came about B. the quarrel had come about
C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel came about
9. Energy is ______ makes things work. ( )
A. what B. something C. anything D. that
10. Information has been put forward ______ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. ( )
A. while B. that C. when D. as
二、用适当的连接词填空
1. It worried her a bit ______ her hair was turning grey.
2. I have no idea ______ we can do with these waste materials.
3. ______ the doctor really doubts is ______ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4. It is hoped ______ nature will never be destroyed.
5. ______ do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6. I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
• Is that ______ you had a few days off?
7. Word came ______ I was wanted at the office.
8. Do you know ______ of them will be our new headmaster?
9. The teacher didn't tell me ______ we were wrong.
10. It's generally considered unwise to give a child ______ he or she wants.
三、判断下列句子中名词性从句的类型(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)
1. That he will come to the discussion is certain. ( )
2. We are glad at the news that he won the game. ( )
3. The problem is who can complete the difficult task. ( )
4. He asked me where I had been these days. ( )
5. What we need is time. ( )
四、语法填空
1. It is reported ______ a new bridge will be built across the river.
2. Can you tell me ______ you were late for school yesterday?
3. The thought ______ they could cross the whole continent was exciting.
4. I don't know ______ of them is the better choice.
5. She is no longer ______ she used to be.
6. ______ breaks the law should be punished.
7. The question is ______ we can get so much money.
8. They lost their way in the forest, and ______ made matters worse was that night began to fall.
9. I have no doubt ______ he will win the game.
10. Do you know ______ book this is?
五、翻译句子
1. 他是否会参加会议还不确定。
______ he will attend the meeting is still uncertain.
2. 我不知道他为什么如此生气。
I don't know ______ he is so angry.
3. 问题是我们没有足够的时间。
The problem is ______ we don't have enough time.
4. 我们都知道地球围绕太阳转这个事实。
We all know the fact ______ the earth moves around the sun.
5. 无论你想要什么,我都会给你。
______ you want, I will give it to you.
答案
一、单项选择
1. 答案:B。
◦ 解析:whether引导主语从句,意为“是否”,可与or not连用,if引导主语从句时不能位于句首 。that引导主语从句时无意义且不充当成分;what引导主语从句时在从句中充当成分 。
2. 答案:C。
◦ 解析:根据语境,此处表示“我不知道他什么时候会回家”,when引导宾语从句,作know的宾语,在从句中充当时间状语 。who指人;what在从句中充当主语、宾语等;where指地点 。
3. 答案:A。
◦ 解析:“The reason why...is that...”是固定句型,that引导表语从句,说明原因的内容 ,不用because 。which引导定语从句或名词性从句时,有“哪一个”的含义 。
4. 答案:D。
◦ 解析:根据语境,询问他不关灯的原因,why引导宾语从句,在从句中作原因状语 。what在从句中充当主语、宾语等;how表示方式;if表示“是否” 。
5. 答案:A。
◦ 解析:“have no idea”意为“不知道”,后面接同位语从句,根据语境“我不知道他什么时候开始”,用when引导同位语从句,说明idea的具体内容 。that引导同位语从句时无意义且不充当成分;what在从句中充当成分 。
6. 答案:D。
◦ 解析:it作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的that从句 ,构成“It is +名词 + that从句”的句型 。其他选项不能作形式主语 。
7. 答案:A。
◦ 解析:what引导主语从句,在从句中作said的宾语 ,表示“他在会议上说的话” 。that引导主语从句时无意义且不充当成分;“The fact”和“The matter”不能直接引导主语从句 。
8. 答案:B。
◦ 解析:宾语从句要用陈述句语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语”,排除A、C、D选项 。“came about”意为“发生”,这里“the quarrel had come about”是过去完成时,表示“争吵是如何发生的”,动作发生在“asked”之前 。
9. 答案:A。
◦ 解析:what引导表语从句,在从句中作主语 ,表示“能量是使事物运转的东西” 。something和anything不能引导表语从句;that引导表语从句时无意义且不充当成分 。
10. 答案:B。
◦ 解析:that引导同位语从句,解释说明“Information”的具体内容 ,“more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities”是一个完整的句子,用that引导 。while引导时间或让步状语从句;when引导时间状语从句或名词性从句时表示“何时”;as可引导时间、原因、方式、让步等状语从句 。
二、用适当的连接词填空
1. 答案:that。
◦ 解析:it是形式主语,真正的主语是“that her hair was turning grey”,that引导主语从句,无意义且不充当成分 。
2. 答案:what。
◦ 解析:“do with”表示“处理”,常与what连用,what引导宾语从句,在从句中作do with的宾语 。
3. 答案:What; whether。
◦ 解析:第一个空,what引导主语从句,在从句中作doubts的宾语 ,表示“医生真正怀疑的事情”;第二个空,whether引导表语从句,意为“是否”,表示“我妈妈是否能很快从重病中康复” 。
4. 答案:that。
◦ 解析:it是形式主语,that引导主语从句,无意义且不充当成分 ,“It is hoped that...”表示“人们希望……” 。
5. 答案:Who。
◦ 解析:do you guess是插入语,去掉后,句子缺少主语,根据语境“你猜明天谁会做关于英语的演讲”,用who引导宾语从句,作guess的宾语 。
6. 答案:why。
◦ 解析:根据语境,询问对方请假的原因,用why引导表语从句 ,“Is that why...”表示“那就是为什么……吗” 。
7. 答案:that。
◦ 解析:that引导同位语从句,解释说明“Word”(消息)的内容 ,“Word came that...”表示“有消息传来……” 。
8. 答案:which。
◦ 解析:根据语境“你知道他们中哪一个会成为我们的新校长吗”,which引导宾语从句,在从句中作主语,表示“哪一个” 。
9. 答案:where。
◦ 解析:根据语境“老师没有告诉我我们哪里错了”,where引导宾语从句,在从句中作地点状语 。
10. 答案:whatever。
◦ 解析:whatever引导宾语从句,在从句中作wants的宾语 ,表示“无论孩子想要什么” ,强调“任何东西” 。
三、判断下列句子中名词性从句的类型
1. 答案:主语从句。
◦ 解析:“That he will come to the discussion”在句中作主语 。
2. 答案:同位语从句。
◦ 解析:“that he won the game”是“the news”的同位语,解释说明消息的内容 。
3. 答案:表语从句。
◦ 解析:“who can complete the difficult task”在句中作is的表语 。
4. 答案:宾语从句。
◦ 解析:“where I had been these days”作asked的宾语 。
5. 答案:主语从句。
◦ 解析:“What we need”在句中作主语 。
四、语法填空
1. 答案:that。
◦ 解析:“It is reported that...”是固定句型,that引导主语从句,无意义且不充当成分 ,表示“据报道……” 。
2. 答案:why。
◦ 解析:根据语境,询问对方上学迟到的原因,用why引导宾语从句,作tell的宾语 。
3. 答案:that。
◦ 解析:that引导同位语从句,解释说明“the thought”的内容 ,“they could cross the whole continent”是一个完整的句子,用that引导 。
4. 答案:which。
◦ 解析:根据语境“我不知道他们中哪一个是更好的选择”,which引导宾语从句,在从句中作主语,表示“哪一个” 。
5. 答案:what。
◦ 解析:what引导表语从句,在从句中作表语 ,表示“她不再是过去的她了” 。
6. 答案:Whoever。
◦ 解析:whoever引导主语从句,在从句中作主语 ,表示“无论谁违法都应该受到惩罚” ,强调“任何人” 。
7. 答案:how。
◦ 解析:根据语境“问题是我们如何能得到这么多钱”,how引导表语从句,在从句中作方式状语 。
8. 答案:what。
◦ 解析:what引导主语从句,在从句中作主语 ,表示“使事情更糟的是夜晚开始降临” 。
9. 答案:that。
◦ 解析:“have no doubt that...”表示“毫无疑问……” ,that引导同位语从句,解释说明doubt的内容 。
10. 答案:whose。
◦ 解析:whose引导宾语从句,在从句中作定语 ,表示“你知道这是谁的书吗” 。
五、翻译句子
1. 答案:Whether。
2. 答案:why。
3. 答案:that。
4. 答案:that。
5. 答案:Whatever 。
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专题15 初升高衔接名词性从句
一、名词性从句的定义与分类
名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的从句,其功能相当于名词词组,在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等成分。根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
二、名词性从句的引导词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
(一)连词
• that:本身无意义,在从句中不充当任何成分,只起连接作用。引导单一的宾语从句时,that常可省略,但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时,that通常不被省略 。例如:“He said (that) he was happy”(宾语从句,that可省略);“That he is honest is known to us all”(主语从句,that不可省略) 。
• whether、if:均表示“是否”,表明从句内容的不确定性 ,在从句中不充当任何成分 。whether可引导所有名词性从句;if主要引导宾语从句或不在句首的主语从句 。注意,whether可与or not连用(whether...or not),if不可 。例如:“I don't know whether/if he will come”(宾语从句,两者可互换);“Whether he will come or not is still unknown”(主语从句,只能用whether ) 。
• as if、as though:均表示“好像,似乎” ,在从句中不充当任何成分 ,常用于引导表语从句 。例如:“He looks as if/as though he were angry” 。
(二)连接代词
• what、whatever:what表示“……的事物、东西、内容” ;whatever表示“无论什么”,表泛指,无范围限制 。在从句中可充当主语、宾语或表语 。例如:“What he said is true”(what作主语,指他说的话);“You can take whatever you like”(whatever作宾语,指任何你喜欢的东西) 。
• who、whoever:who表示“谁”,指具体的人;whoever表示“无论谁”,表泛指 。在从句中可充当主语 。例如:“Who will win the game is still unknown”(who作主语,指赢得比赛的人);“Whoever comes will be welcome”(whoever作主语,指任何来的人) 。
• whom、whomever:whom表示“谁”,是who的宾格形式;whomever是whoever的宾格形式 。在从句中充当宾语 。例如:“The teacher asked whom we were waiting for”(whom作for的宾语);“Give the book to whomever you like”(whomever作like的宾语) 。注意,在口语中,whom作宾语时常用who代替 。
• whose、whosever:表示“谁的”,在从句中作定语 。例如:“I know whose book this is”(whose作book的定语);“You can use whosever pen you find”(whosever作pen的定语) 。
• which、whichever:which表示“哪一个,哪一些”,有一定范围限制;whichever表示“无论哪一个,无论哪些” 。在从句中可充当主语、宾语、定语等 。例如:“Which book is yours?”(which作book的定语);“You can choose whichever you want”(whichever作want的宾语) 。
(三)连接副词
• when、whenever:when表示“何时”;whenever表示“无论何时” 。在从句中作时间状语 。例如:“I don't know when he will arrive”(when作时间状语,修饰arrive);“You can come whenever you like”(whenever作时间状语) 。
• where、wherever:where表示“何地”;wherever表示“无论何地” 。在从句中作地点状语 。例如:“This is where I was born”(where作地点状语,修饰was born);“You can go wherever you want”(wherever作地点状语) 。
• how、however:how表示“如何,怎样”;however表示“无论怎样” 。在从句中作方式状语 。例如:“Can you tell me how I can get to the station?”(how作方式状语,修饰get to the station);“However you do it, it will be difficult”(however作方式状语) 。
• why:表示“为什么”,在从句中作原因状语 。例如:“The reason why he was late is that he missed the bus”(why作原因状语,修饰was late) 。
(四)不可省略的连词情况
1. 介词后的连词不可省略 。例如:“I'm interested in what you said”(what引导宾语从句,作in的宾语,不可省略) 。
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略 。例如:“That she was chosen made us very happy”(that引导主语从句,不可省略);“We heard the news that our team had won”(that引导同位语从句,不可省略) 。
3. 在从句中做成分的连词不可省略 。例如:“What he needs is a book”(what在从句中作needs的宾语,不可省略) 。
三、四类名词性从句详解
(一)主语从句
1. 定义与位置:主语从句是在句子中充当主语的从句,通常位于句首 。例如:“That he is coming is good news”(“That he is coming”这个从句作句子的主语) 。但当主语从句较长时,为避免句子头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语,把真正的主语从句放在句尾 。例如:“It is obvious that he is wrong”(it是形式主语,“that he is wrong”是真正的主语从句) 。
2. 常见句型:
• It + be + 形容词 + that从句:常见的形容词有important, necessary, natural, clear, strange, obvious等 。例如:“It is important that we should study hard” ,在这类句型中,strange、necessary等后的从句常用虚拟语气,即“should + 动词原形”,should可省略 。
• It + be + 名词 + that从句:名词多为抽象名词,如a pity, a fact, a shame, no wonder, an honor等 。例如:“It is a pity that you missed the party” 。
• It + be + 过去分词 + that从句:过去分词常为said, reported, believed, known, suggested等 ,表示“据说、据报道、人们相信、众所周知、有人建议”等含义 。例如:“It is reported that there will be a storm tomorrow” 。
• It + 不及物动词 + that从句:不及物动词如happens, appears, seems, matters等 。例如:“It seems that he is very happy” ;“It matters that we keep our promise” 。
3. 引导词的特殊用法:
• if 不可引导句首主语从句 ,表示“是否”时,句首只能用whether 。例如:“Whether he will attend the meeting is unclear”(正确);“If he will attend the meeting is unclear”(错误) 。
• what与that的区分 :what在从句中需作成分(主语、宾语或表语),that不作成分 。例如:“What surprised us is his courage”(what作主语,指让我们惊讶的事情);“That he passed the exam is true”(that不作成分,只起连接作用,引导主语从句) 。
4. 主谓一致:主语从句作主语时,主句谓语动词通常用单数 。例如:“That he likes music is well - known” ;“What he said is very important” 。但当what引导的主语从句表示复数意义时,谓语动词用复数 。例如:“What we need are more books”(what指我们需要的东西,此处books是复数,所以谓语用are) 。
(二)宾语从句
1. 定义与位置:宾语从句是在句子中充当宾语的从句,位于及物动词、介词或某些形容词之后 。例如:“I know that he is a good student”(作及物动词know的宾语);“He is worried about whether he can pass the exam”(作介词about的宾语);“I'm sure that he will come”(作形容词sure的宾语) 。
2. 时态呼应:
• 当主句是一般现在时,宾语从句可以根据实际情况使用各种时态 。例如:“He says (that) he is happy”(一般现在时);“He says (that) he will go to Beijing tomorrow”(一般将来时);“He says (that) he has finished his work”(现在完成时) 。
• 当主句是一般过去时,宾语从句要用相应的过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时) 。例如:“He said (that) he was busy”(一般过去时);“He said (that) he was doing his homework at that time”(过去进行时);“He said (that) he would go to the park the next day”(过去将来时);“He said (that) he had seen the film before”(过去完成时) 。但如果宾语从句表达的是客观真理、科学事实、格言等,从句时态不受主句时态影响,仍用一般现在时 。例如:“The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun” 。
3. 否定转移:在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词引导的宾语从句中,如果从句是否定意义,常将否定词转移到主句的谓语动词上 。例如:“I don't think he is right”(实际否定的是从句“he is right” ) 。
4. 注意事项:
• “say”不能直接跟宾语从句,需用“say that”或者“tell sb. that” 。例如:“He said that he was tired”(正确);“He said he was tired”(错误) 。
• 当宾语从句后面有宾语补足语时,要用it作形式宾语,把真正的宾语从句放在补足语后面 。例如:“We think it important that we should learn English well”(it是形式宾语,“that we should learn English well”是真正的宾语从句) 。
(三)表语从句
1. 定义与位置:表语从句是位于系动词(如be, seem, appear, remain, become等)之后,对主语进行补充说明的从句 。例如:“The problem is that we don't have enough money”(“that we don't have enough money”作is的表语) 。
2. 引导词的特殊用法:
• that引导表语从句时,无意义,不充当成分,但不可省略 。例如:“My idea is that we should go there at once” 。
• whether表示“是否”,引导表语从句时不可用if替换 。例如:“The question is whether we can finish the work on time” 。
• 疑问词(what, when, where, why, how, who, whom, whose等)在从句中充当成分(主语、宾语、状语等),有实际含义 。例如:“This is what I want to say”(what作say的宾语);“That's where I lived ten years ago”(where作地点状语) 。
3. 特殊句型:
• The reason why...is that...:表示“……的原因是……” ,其中why引导定语从句修饰reason,that引导表语从句 。例如:“The reason why he was late is that he got up late” 。
• That's because...:表示“那是因为……” ,强调原因 。例如:“He is late. That's because he missed the bus” 。
• That's why...:表示“那就是为什么……” ,强调结果 。例如:“He missed the bus. That's why he is late” 。
(四)同位语从句
1. 定义与位置:同位语从句是对名词进行解释或进一步补充说明的从句,被修饰的名词通常是表示抽象概念的词,如fact, idea, suggestion, belief, promise, news, hope, truth等 ,同位语从句一般紧跟在该名词之后 。例如:“The news that our team won the game is exciting”(“that our team won the game”是news的同位语从句,解释news的内容) 。
2. 引导词:常用that引导,that在从句中不充当任何成分,只起连接作用,且不可省略 。例如:“I have no idea that he will come back soon” 。此外,whether, how, when, where等也可引导同位语从句 。例如:“The question whether we should go there is still under discussion”(whether引导同位语从句,解释question的内容) 。
3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别:
• 从句成分:同位语从句中,that不充当成分;而定语从句中,that作主语、宾语或表语 。例如:“The fact that he is a good student is known to us”(同位语从句,that不充当成分);“The fact that he told us is very important”(定语从句,that作told的宾语) 。
• 先行词:同位语从句的先行词通常是抽象名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是各种名词 。
• 从句与先行词的关系:同位语从句是对先行词内容的解释说明,两者在内容上等同;定语从句是对先行词的修饰限定 。例如:“The idea that we should help each other is very good”(同位语从句,“we should help each other”就是idea的内容);“The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting”(定语从句,“I bought yesterday”修饰book,说明是哪本书) 。
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