第02讲 概要写作之说明文、实验研究类写法详解（专项训练）（上海专用）2026年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

第02讲 概要写作之说明文、实验研究类写法详解 目录 01 课标达标练 考向01 普通类说明文概要写作 考向02 实验研究类说明文概要写作 02 核心突破练 03 真题溯源练 考向01 普通类说明文概要写作 · 说明文概要写作技巧实例详解 It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one. There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out! If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know unless you actually visit. Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors(顾问), and it won’t cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at collegeweeklive.com. While visiting an online college fair can’t take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【文本解读】 本文体裁是说明文，主要大意是报考大学之前要进行实地考察。文章一共分四段，先看每段的主题句和关键词。 【要点摘录】 第一段：It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. 关键词：visit colleges before you apply后面讲的是各种理由。 第二段：There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. 关键词：visit the schools in your local area当地的大学也要去。 第三段：If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. 关键词：find some time to visit the schools you’d like to attend.即使申请前没时间，但是申请和收到认可信之间也要抽空去，否则会有头痛的事。 第四段：Now,if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. 关键词：check out the online college fairs可以通过网络了解大学。 本文结构很清晰，每段都是先是主题句，后面用表示理由或结果的细节来支撑主题句。对于此类 文章，只需要抓住每一个段落的主题句，找出关键词，再对主题句进行词汇、句式转换，然后用上适当的连接词，使文章更连贯，这样概要就基本搞定。 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 考向02 实验研究类说明文概要写作 · 研究报告类概要写作技巧实例详解 Would a person born blind, who has learned to distinguish objects by touch, be able to recognize them purely by sight if he regained the ability to see? The question, known as Molyneux’s problem, is about whether the human mind has a built-in concept of shapes that is so innate(天生的) that such a blind person could immediately recognize an object with restored vision. The alternative is that the concepts of shapes are not innate but have to be learned by exploring an object through sight, touch and other senses. After their attempt to test it in blind children failed, Lars Chittka of Queen Mary University of London and his colleagues have taken another attempt at finding an answer, this time using another species. To test whether bumblebees can form an internal representation of objects, they first trained the insects to distinguish globes from cubes using a sugar reward. The bees were trained in the light, where they could see but not touch the objects. Then they were tested in the dark, where they could touch but not see the globes or cubes. The researchers found that the bumblebees spent more time in contact with the shape they had been trained to associate with the sugar reward, even though they had to rely on touch rather than sight to distinguish the objects. The researchers also did the reverse test with untrained bumblebees, first teaching them with rewards in the dark and then testing them in the light. Again, the bees were able to recognize the shape associated with the sugar reward, though they had to rely on sight rather than touch in the test. In short, bees have solved Molyneux's problem because the fact suggests that they can picture object features and access them through sight or touch. However, some experts express their warnings. Jonathan Birch, a philosopher of science, cautions that the bees may have had prior experience associating visual and tactile(触觉的) information about straight edges and curved surfaces in the context of their nests, so it is not possible to eliminate the possibility that some of the cross-sensory concept is learned rather than innate. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 详细解析： Summary 步骤 1.判断文章类型/体裁 ， 说明文/议论文/记叙文/研究报告 2.文章结构 总分总，总分 研究/实验报告：研究目的/背景 研究过程（实施者，实验对象，采用方法，具体步骤） 研究结果 研究意义/应用 研究的不足/局限性 · 研究目的 whether humans have innate concepts of shapes · 实验对象 bumblebees · 实验过程/方法 have bumblebees identify different shapes in the light and dark · 实验结果 bumblebees can always distinguish the particular shapes · 实验结论 bees had built-in concepts of shapes · 局限性 prior experience may disturb the results Passage 1 【2024-2025学年七宝中学高三上英语第一次月考】 It is found that American students spend less than 15% of their time in school. While there’s no doubt that school is important, a number of recent studies remind us that parents are even more so. A study published earlier this month by researchers at North Carolina State University, for example, finds that parental involvement-checking homework, attending school meetings and events, discussing school activities at home — has a more powerful influence on students’ academic performance than anything about the school the students attend. So parents matter. But it is also revealed in researches that parents, of all backgrounds, don’t need to buy expensive educational toys or digital devices for their kids in order to give them an advantage. What they need to do with their children is much simpler: talk. But not just any talk. Recent research has indicated exactly what kinds of talk at home encourage children’s success at school. For example, a study conducted by researchers at the UCLA School of Public Health found that two-way adult-child conversations were six times as potent in promoting language development as the ones in which the adult did all the talking. Engaging in this back-and-forth gives children a chance to try out language for themselves, and also gives them the sense that their thoughts and opinions matter. The content of parents’ conversations with kids matters, too. Children who hear talk about counting and numbers at home start school with much more extensive mathematical knowledge. While the conversations parents have with their children change as kids grow older, the effect of these exchanges on academic achievement remain strong. Research finds that parents play an important role in what is called “academic socialization” — setting expectations and making connections between current behavior and future goals. Engaging in these sorts of conversations has a greater impact on educational accomplishment. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 2 （上海市进才中学2023-2024学年高三上学期9月阶段性测试） Heighten Your Appreciation of Music Music is such a fundamental part of human culture that it likely pre-dates literacy, the invention of the wheel, and even the musical note itself. While people generally know what kind of music they like — and what they don’t — it’s possible to expand your appreciation by learning new ways to listen. Here are some tips for cultivating sensitive awareness of musical elements. You might feel frightened picking up a guitar or sitting down at a piano — but learning an instrument can help you better understand how a song comes together and what role a specific type of sound plays in the composition. Moreover, the movement and effort of a live performance can often focus your attention on parts of a song you may have otherwise missed. So, the next time you hear a song — particularly a classical arrangement — try to imagine it being performed. Or, try to picture a scene (a thunderstorm, a race) that best fits the mood and tempo of the piece. It’s certainly not necessary to grab your favorite musician’s biography in order to appreciate a good ditty, but it may help you better understand the context in which he or she wrote the lyrics or recorded a track. Researching backgrounds can also lead you to discover social and political influences at the time the music was created. It could be hard to appreciate a warm day unless you’ve spent a winter freezing. Likewise, listening to music requires a contrast that helps you better understand how organized and harmonious it can be. Listen to — don’t just hear — common, everyday noises. While some may be irritating, others may have a melody all their own. Either way, you’ll return to a piece of music with a new respect for a focused, deliberate bit of sound. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 3 【上海市大同中学2023-2024学年高三月考英语试卷】 The Unexpected Power of Random Acts of Kindness In late August, Erin Alexander, 57, sat in the parking lot of a Target store and wept. She was having a hard day. A barista(咖啡师) working at the Starbucks inside the Target was too. The espresso machine had broken down and she was clearly stressed. Ms. Alexander — who’d stopped crying and gone inside for some caffeine — smiled, ordered an iced green tea, and told her to hang in there. After picking up her order, she noticed a message on the cup: “Erin,” the barista had written next to a heart, “your soul is golden.” The warmth of that small and unexpected gesture, from a stranger who had no idea of what she was going through, moved Erin deeply. New findings, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology in August, corroborate just how powerful experiences like Ms. Alexander’s can be. The notion that kindness can boost well-being is hardly new. Studies have shown that prosocial behavior — basically, voluntarily helping others — can help lower people’s daily stress levels, and that simple acts of connection, like texting a friend, mean more than many of us realize. But researchers have also found that people who perform a random act of kindness tend to underestimate how much the recipient will appreciate it. And they believe that miscalculation could hold many of us back from doing nice things for others more often. Stress can also keep people from being kind to others, Dr. Cousineau said, as can the “little judgy voice” in people’s heads that causes them to question whether their gesture or gift will be misinterpreted, or whether it will make the recipient feel pressured to pay it back. “When the kindness urge arises,” she said, “we totally overthink it.” Researchers who study kindness and friendship say they hope the new findings strengthen the scientific case for making these types of gestures more often. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage4 【上海市向明中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中测试英语试卷】 The psychology behind sports fandom We all know there are sports fans all around the world. But what psychological processes drive them to support their favorite athletes or teams with such passion, even without the possibility of reward? Psychologists have long been interested in this topic. Their survey reveals that people’s need for a sense of belonging is met when connected to something bigger than themselves. It taps into their need for purpose. Without this connection, they may feel that what they do doesn’t really matter. Sports fandom tends to involve a deep emotional attachment, too. Fans may not directly contribute to the results of matches, but they feel each win and loss as their own. As a result, they continue to put in their emotions, time, energy — and often money — to support their favorite stars or teams. Sports fans consider their devotion to be a rewarding investment. Fandom can serve as a form of escape, allowing them to temporarily disconnect from their daily stresses. It also raises self-esteem, as fans often associate themselves with successful teams and feel a sense of pride. In addition, being part of a sports community can strengthen social bonds. For example, fans tend to say “we,” “us” and “our” to show their attachment to their favorite team, especially when it performs well. This shared language fosters a sense of togetherness and helps people build friendships. This is more important than ever nowadays as other bonds across society have weakened, such as music and pop culture. However, sports fans should not put too many eggs in the sports basket. After all, being a fan is all about chasing moments of pure joy that stay with you for a long time, whereas the heavy emotional investment can lead to feelings of anxiety or disappointment when a team or athlete performs badly. For some people, the attachment becomes so strong that it affects their normal lives. There have been extreme cases of people skipping a child’s wedding for a certain game! ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage5 【上海市第八中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中测评英语试题】 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. Fiction Reading For many people, nothing is more enjoyable than spending a whole afternoon reading a good novel. But are novels simply a pleasure way to pass the time, or could it be true that reading fiction actually benefits our lives? One of the joys of fiction is that it can take us to places that our lives won’t. It can transport us to 17th-century France, or to war-torn Germany. It can take us to a future world in which artificial intelligence takes over and books are banned, or a fantasy world where people battle it out for food. Fiction can also introduce us to a whole range of people that we haven’t yet met. And this, according to Carrie Oates, a novelist and academic, is perhaps the real benefit of stories. In one of her studies, participants were asked to read either a short story by Chekhov, or a version of the story in documentary form. Those who were given the fictionalised version were found to be more likely to sympathize with the characters, thus, going through greater changes in personality. In another study, she showed participants photos of the eyes of people who were feeling and thinking different things. The people who read fiction were better able to interpret those thoughts and feeling than those who didn’t read. Oates explains that when we read fiction, we enter into the minds of the characters. We think about why they behave in a certain way, and what they are likely to do next. Just as we might become more knowledgeable about psychology and astronomy if we read about psychology and astronomy, we get better at this kind of social thinking if we read fiction. This improves our understanding of the thoughts and feelings of those around us in real life. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2018年1月高考真题 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.  To Laugh Is Human Most of us don’t know why we laugh at some jokes and not at others. Scientists know that we are able to laugh at birth. Babies begin to laugh at three to four months of age, well before they produce their first words. What scientists are interested in is why we laugh. Scientists believe humans laugh with others primarily because it makes us feel connected with one another, which in turn gives us a sense of trust and comfort. To scientists, laughter is an unconscious reaction; consequently, when we laugh, others can be certain that it is an honest reaction, and honesty is key when building and maintaining friendships. Since laughter is seen as a social signal that we send to others, it can also help explain why it is so infectious. Studies have proven that when people see or hear something funny, they are 20 times more likely to laugh when they are with others than when they are alone. Wanting to be accepted by others is part of human nature. And mirroring other people’s laughter is a way to signal to others that you feel the way they do, which makes us feel more connected with one another. Humans have not always laughed just so they can feel closer to others, however. Scientists point out that this social function of laughter was born out of an even more fundamental human need. Laughter, they believe, came about because it contributed to our very survival as a species. Scientists assume that sharing laughter ensured our ancestors a higher survival rate because it led to greater cooperation between individuals. Humans learned quickly that greater cooperation led to survival, and the brain in turn realized that laughing with others increased out chances of finding people to cooperate, hunt, eat, live, and eventually, survive with. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 / 54 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第02讲 概要写作之说明文、实验研究类写法详解 目录 01 课标达标练 考向01 普通类说明文概要写作 考向02 实验研究类说明文概要写作 02 核心突破练 03 真题溯源练 考向01 普通类说明文概要写作 · 说明文概要写作技巧实例详解 It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one. There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out! If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know unless you actually visit. Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors(顾问), and it won’t cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at collegeweeklive.com. While visiting an online college fair can’t take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【文本解读】 本文体裁是说明文，主要大意是报考大学之前要进行实地考察。文章一共分四段，先看每段的主题句和关键词。 【要点摘录】 第一段：It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. 关键词：visit colleges before you apply后面讲的是各种理由。 第二段：There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. 关键词：visit the schools in your local area当地的大学也要去。 第三段：If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. 关键词：find some time to visit the schools you’d like to attend.即使申请前没时间，但是申请和收到认可信之间也要抽空去，否则会有头痛的事。 第四段：Now,if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. 关键词：check out the online college fairs可以通过网络了解大学。 本文结构很清晰，每段都是先是主题句，后面用表示理由或结果的细节来支撑主题句。对于此类 文章，只需要抓住每一个段落的主题句，找出关键词，再对主题句进行词汇、句式转换，然后用上适当的连接词，使文章更连贯，这样概要就基本搞定。 【答案】 It’s really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges personally before applying. Undoubtedly, students should visit their local colleges, which may be included in applications. At least, they should visit the school and figure out its real conditions in advance. For students who are short of money and time, registering for the online college fair is a good alternative to help them better understand schools. 考向02 实验研究类说明文概要写作 · 研究报告类概要写作技巧实例详解 Would a person born blind, who has learned to distinguish objects by touch, be able to recognize them purely by sight if he regained the ability to see? The question, known as Molyneux’s problem, is about whether the human mind has a built-in concept of shapes that is so innate(天生的) that such a blind person could immediately recognize an object with restored vision. The alternative is that the concepts of shapes are not innate but have to be learned by exploring an object through sight, touch and other senses. After their attempt to test it in blind children failed, Lars Chittka of Queen Mary University of London and his colleagues have taken another attempt at finding an answer, this time using another species. To test whether bumblebees can form an internal representation of objects, they first trained the insects to distinguish globes from cubes using a sugar reward. The bees were trained in the light, where they could see but not touch the objects. Then they were tested in the dark, where they could touch but not see the globes or cubes. The researchers found that the bumblebees spent more time in contact with the shape they had been trained to associate with the sugar reward, even though they had to rely on touch rather than sight to distinguish the objects. The researchers also did the reverse test with untrained bumblebees, first teaching them with rewards in the dark and then testing them in the light. Again, the bees were able to recognize the shape associated with the sugar reward, though they had to rely on sight rather than touch in the test. In short, bees have solved Molyneux's problem because the fact suggests that they can picture object features and access them through sight or touch. However, some experts express their warnings. Jonathan Birch, a philosopher of science, cautions that the bees may have had prior experience associating visual and tactile(触觉的) information about straight edges and curved surfaces in the context of their nests, so it is not possible to eliminate the possibility that some of the cross-sensory concept is learned rather than innate. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 详细解析： Summary 步骤 1.判断文章类型/体裁 ， 说明文/议论文/记叙文/研究报告 2.文章结构 总分总，总分 研究/实验报告：研究目的/背景 研究过程（实施者，实验对象，采用方法，具体步骤） 研究结果 研究意义/应用 研究的不足/局限性 · 研究目的 whether humans have innate concepts of shapes · 实验对象 bumblebees · 实验过程/方法 have bumblebees identify different shapes in the light and dark · 实验结果 bumblebees can always distinguish the particular shapes · 实验结论 bees had built-in concepts of shapes · 局限性 prior experience may disturb the results 参考答案： To find out whether humans have innate concepts of shapes,(目的) researchers used bumblebees as test subjects and had them identify different shapes in the light and dark.（方法）In both experiments bumblebees were found to be able to distinguish shapes only by sight or touch.（结果）So they concluded bees had built-in concepts of shapes, though some experts were not convinced.（结论） (59) Passage 1 【2024-2025学年七宝中学高三上英语第一次月考】 It is found that American students spend less than 15% of their time in school. While there’s no doubt that school is important, a number of recent studies remind us that parents are even more so. A study published earlier this month by researchers at North Carolina State University, for example, finds that parental involvement-checking homework, attending school meetings and events, discussing school activities at home — has a more powerful influence on students’ academic performance than anything about the school the students attend. So parents matter. But it is also revealed in researches that parents, of all backgrounds, don’t need to buy expensive educational toys or digital devices for their kids in order to give them an advantage. What they need to do with their children is much simpler: talk. But not just any talk. Recent research has indicated exactly what kinds of talk at home encourage children’s success at school. For example, a study conducted by researchers at the UCLA School of Public Health found that two-way adult-child conversations were six times as potent in promoting language development as the ones in which the adult did all the talking. Engaging in this back-and-forth gives children a chance to try out language for themselves, and also gives them the sense that their thoughts and opinions matter. The content of parents’ conversations with kids matters, too. Children who hear talk about counting and numbers at home start school with much more extensive mathematical knowledge. While the conversations parents have with their children change as kids grow older, the effect of these exchanges on academic achievement remain strong. Research finds that parents play an important role in what is called “academic socialization” — setting expectations and making connections between current behavior and future goals. Engaging in these sorts of conversations has a greater impact on educational accomplishment. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】According to a study, parental involvement matters in improving children’ academic performance. What they should do is to talk with children. First, two-way conversations between children and parents should be encouraged, which makes children think their thoughts are valued. Second, the content of talk matters. During the talk, parents and children interact with each other academically, thus impacting school achievement. (60 words) 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，根据一项研究，父母的参与对提高孩子的学习成绩很重要。他们应该做的是和孩子们交谈。首先，应该鼓励孩子和父母之间的双向对话，这让孩子们认为他们的想法是被重视的。第二，谈话的内容很重要。在谈话中，家长和孩子在学业上相互交流，从而影响学习成绩。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①A study published earlier this month by researchers at North Carolina State University, for example, finds that parental involvement-checking homework, attending school meetings and events, discussing school activities at home - has a more powerful influence on students’ academic performance than anything about the school the students attend. ②What they need to do with their children is much simpler: talk. ③But not just any talk. Recent research has indicated exactly what kinds of talk at home encourage children’s success at school. ④The content of parents’ conversations with kids matters, too. ⑤While the conversations parents have with their children change as kids grow older, the effect of these exchanges on academic achievement remain strong. 2.缜密构思 将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、4、5几个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 According to one study, parental involvement is important for improving a child’s academic performance. What they should do is talk to the children. First, two-way dialogue between children and parents should be encouraged, which makes children think that their ideas are valued. Second, the content of the conversation matters. In conversation, parents and children communicate academically with each other, thus affecting academic performance. 【点睛】[高分句型1] What they should do is to talk with children.(运用了what引导的主语从句) [高分句型2]First, two-way conversations between children and parents should be encouraged, which makes children think their thoughts are valued. (运用了which引导的非限定性定语从句) Passage 2 （上海市进才中学2023-2024学年高三上学期9月阶段性测试） Heighten Your Appreciation of Music Music is such a fundamental part of human culture that it likely pre-dates literacy, the invention of the wheel, and even the musical note itself. While people generally know what kind of music they like — and what they don’t — it’s possible to expand your appreciation by learning new ways to listen. Here are some tips for cultivating sensitive awareness of musical elements. You might feel frightened picking up a guitar or sitting down at a piano — but learning an instrument can help you better understand how a song comes together and what role a specific type of sound plays in the composition. Moreover, the movement and effort of a live performance can often focus your attention on parts of a song you may have otherwise missed. So, the next time you hear a song — particularly a classical arrangement — try to imagine it being performed. Or, try to picture a scene (a thunderstorm, a race) that best fits the mood and tempo of the piece. It’s certainly not necessary to grab your favorite musician’s biography in order to appreciate a good ditty, but it may help you better understand the context in which he or she wrote the lyrics or recorded a track. Researching backgrounds can also lead you to discover social and political influences at the time the music was created. It could be hard to appreciate a warm day unless you’ve spent a winter freezing. Likewise, listening to music requires a contrast that helps you better understand how organized and harmonious it can be. Listen to — don’t just hear — common, everyday noises. While some may be irritating, others may have a melody all their own. Either way, you’ll return to a piece of music with a new respect for a focused, deliberate bit of sound. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】As music is important in human culture, here are several ways to level up one’s appreciation. First, learning instruments helps understand musical composition and live performance makes one focus on the details. Second, musician’s biographies and background research tell the context knowledge and influences of musical pieces. Finally, one can appreciate music better if he listens to everyday noises as a contrast. 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章就如何提高对音乐的鉴赏力给出几条建议。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①Music is such a fundamental part of human culture that it likely pre-dates literacy, the invention of the wheel, and even the musical note itself. ②Here are some tips for cultivating sensitive awareness of musical elements. ③You might feel frightened picking up a guitar or sitting down at a piano — but learning an instrument can help you better understand how a song comes together and what role a specific type of sound plays in the composition. ④Moreover, the movement and effort of a live performance can often focus your attention on parts of a song you may have otherwise missed. ⑤It’s certainly not necessary to grab your favorite musician's biography in order to appreciate a good ditty, but it may help you better understand the context in which he or she wrote the lyrics or recorded a track. Researching backgrounds can also lead you to discover social and political influences at the time the music was created. ⑥Likewise, listening to music requires a contrast that helps you better understand how organized and harmonious it can be. Listen to — don’t just hear — common, everyday noises. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3、4两个要点进行整合，将第5要点概括大意，将第6要点重组。 3.遣词造句 As music is important in human culture, here are several ways to level up one’s appreciation. Learning instruments helps understand musical composition and live performance makes one focus on the details. Musician’s biographies and background research tell the context knowledge and influences of musical pieces. One can appreciate music better if he listens to everyday noises as a contrast. 【点睛】[高分句型1]As music is important in human culture, here are several ways to level up one’s appreciation.（运用了as引导的原因状语从句） [高分句型2]Finally, one can appreciate music better if he listens to everyday noises as a contrast.（运用了if引导的条件状语从句） Passage 3 【上海市大同中学2023-2024学年高三月考英语试卷】 The Unexpected Power of Random Acts of Kindness In late August, Erin Alexander, 57, sat in the parking lot of a Target store and wept. She was having a hard day. A barista(咖啡师) working at the Starbucks inside the Target was too. The espresso machine had broken down and she was clearly stressed. Ms. Alexander — who’d stopped crying and gone inside for some caffeine — smiled, ordered an iced green tea, and told her to hang in there. After picking up her order, she noticed a message on the cup: “Erin,” the barista had written next to a heart, “your soul is golden.” The warmth of that small and unexpected gesture, from a stranger who had no idea of what she was going through, moved Erin deeply. New findings, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology in August, corroborate just how powerful experiences like Ms. Alexander’s can be. The notion that kindness can boost well-being is hardly new. Studies have shown that prosocial behavior — basically, voluntarily helping others — can help lower people’s daily stress levels, and that simple acts of connection, like texting a friend, mean more than many of us realize. But researchers have also found that people who perform a random act of kindness tend to underestimate how much the recipient will appreciate it. And they believe that miscalculation could hold many of us back from doing nice things for others more often. Stress can also keep people from being kind to others, Dr. Cousineau said, as can the “little judgy voice” in people’s heads that causes them to question whether their gesture or gift will be misinterpreted, or whether it will make the recipient feel pressured to pay it back. “When the kindness urge arises,” she said, “we totally overthink it.” Researchers who study kindness and friendship say they hope the new findings strengthen the scientific case for making these types of gestures more often. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，研究表明陌生人的意外的小小善举可以改善人们的幸福感，然而由于某些原因人们做出小小善举是还有些犹豫。研究人员建议人们多多行善。 解题步骤 第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构 本文的篇章结构为“总—分—总”式： 第1段：通过Erin Alexander的故事引出主题——随机善举的强大影响力。 第2段：介绍研究发现，善举对幸福感的提升作用。 第3段：说明人们往往低估了善举对接受者的积极影响。 第4段：探讨阻碍人们行善的因素，如压力和过度思考。 第5段：总结研究者希望新发现能鼓励人们更频繁地做出善举。 第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息 段落 关键词 1.引言 ①Erin Alexander，random act of kindness，stranger 2.研究发现 ②Journal of Experimental Psychology，kindness，well-being 3.低估善举的影响 ③underestimate，appreciation，miscalculation 4.阻碍因素 ④stress，overthinking，misinterpreted 5.总结 ⑤new findings，encourage，kind gestures 第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达 第1段：Erin Alexander was deeply moved by a kind note from a stranger. （Erin Alexander被一个陌生人的善举深深打动。） 第2段：New research shows that kindness can boost well-being and reduce stress. （新研究表明，善举可以提升幸福感并降低压力。） 第3段：People often underestimate how much their kindness is appreciated. （人们常常低估了他们的善举被欣赏的程度。） 第4段：Stress and overthinking can prevent people from performing kind acts. （压力和过度思考会阻碍人们行善。） 第5段：Researchers hope the findings will encourage more random acts of kindness. （研究者希望这些发现能鼓励更多随机善举。） 第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接 使用“However”表达转折。 使用“and”连接相关的内容。 使用“such as”列举例子。 概要写作答案（60词左右） Erin Alexander was deeply moved by a kind note from a stranger. New research shows that kindness can boost well-being and reduce stress. People often underestimate how much their kindness is appreciated. Stress and overthinking can prevent people from performing kind acts. Researchers hope the findings will encourage more random acts of kindness. Studies have shown that stranger’s random acts of kindness, usually small and unexpected gesture, can improve people’s well-being. However, people hesitate to be nice to others, mistakenly believing the recipient doesn’t value it much. Moreover, they fear the gesture being misinterpreted or causing stress. Researchers suggest people perform random kind acts more often. (53words) Passage4 【上海市向明中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中测试英语试卷】 The psychology behind sports fandom We all know there are sports fans all around the world. But what psychological processes drive them to support their favorite athletes or teams with such passion, even without the possibility of reward? Psychologists have long been interested in this topic. Their survey reveals that people’s need for a sense of belonging is met when connected to something bigger than themselves. It taps into their need for purpose. Without this connection, they may feel that what they do doesn’t really matter. Sports fandom tends to involve a deep emotional attachment, too. Fans may not directly contribute to the results of matches, but they feel each win and loss as their own. As a result, they continue to put in their emotions, time, energy — and often money — to support their favorite stars or teams. Sports fans consider their devotion to be a rewarding investment. Fandom can serve as a form of escape, allowing them to temporarily disconnect from their daily stresses. It also raises self-esteem, as fans often associate themselves with successful teams and feel a sense of pride. In addition, being part of a sports community can strengthen social bonds. For example, fans tend to say “we,” “us” and “our” to show their attachment to their favorite team, especially when it performs well. This shared language fosters a sense of togetherness and helps people build friendships. This is more important than ever nowadays as other bonds across society have weakened, such as music and pop culture. However, sports fans should not put too many eggs in the sports basket. After all, being a fan is all about chasing moments of pure joy that stay with you for a long time, whereas the heavy emotional investment can lead to feelings of anxiety or disappointment when a team or athlete performs badly. For some people, the attachment becomes so strong that it affects their normal lives. There have been extreme cases of people skipping a child’s wedding for a certain game! ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章分析了体育迷热情支持运动员或球队的心理机制。 解题步骤 第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构 本文的篇章结构为“总—分—总”式： 第1段：引出问题——体育迷为何如此热情地支持他们喜欢的运动员或球队，尽管没有直接回报。 第2段：心理学家的研究表明，体育迷的支持源于归属感和目的感。 第3段：体育迷对球队或运动员有深厚的情感依附，他们将比赛的胜负视为自己的胜负。 第4段：体育迷认为他们的投入是值得的，体育迷行为可以作为一种逃避现实的方式，提升自尊，并增强社交联系。 第5段：警告体育迷不应过度投入，因为过度的情感投入可能导致焦虑或失望，甚至影响正常生活。 第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息 段落 关键词 1.引言 ①sports fans，passion，reward 2.归属感和目的感 ②psychologists，survey，sense of belonging，purpose 3.情感依附 ③emotional attachment，win and loss，time，energy，money 4.投入的回报 ④rewarding investment，escape，self-esteem，social bonds，community 5.过度投入的风险 ⑤too many eggs，anxiety，disappointment，normal life 第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达 第1段：Sports fans passionately support their favorite athletes or teams without expecting rewards. （体育迷热情地支持他们喜欢的运动员或球队，尽管没有期待回报。） 第2段：Psychologists find that sports fans’ need for belonging and purpose drives their support. （心理学家发现，体育迷对归属感和目的感的需求推动了他们的支持行为。） 第3段：Sports fans feel deeply attached to their teams, experiencing wins and losses as their own. （体育迷对球队有深厚的情感依附，将比赛的胜负视为自己的胜负。） 第4段：Fandom is rewarding as it provides escape, boosts self-esteem, and strengthens social bonds. （体育迷行为是值得的，因为它可以让人逃避现实、提升自尊并增强社交联系。） 第5段：However, over-investment can lead to anxiety, disappointment, and disruption of normal life. （然而，过度投入可能导致焦虑、失望甚至干扰正常生活。） 第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接 使用“However”表达转折。 使用“and”连接相关的内容。 使用“as”表示原因。 概要写作答案（60词左右） Sports fans passionately support their favorite athletes or teams without expecting rewards. Psychologists find that sports fans’ need for belonging and purpose drives their support. Sports fans feel deeply attached to their teams, experiencing wins and losses as their own. Fandom is rewarding as it provides escape, boosts self-esteem, and strengthens social bonds. However, over-investment can lead to anxiety, disappointment, and disruption of normal life. The passage explores the psychological drivers behind sports fandom, highlighting how it fulfills a need for belonging and purpose, fosters emotional attachment, and boosts self-esteem. It also serves as an escape from daily stress and strengthens social connections. However, excessive investment can lead to anxiety or life imbalances. Sports fandom offers joy but should be balanced to avoid negative impacts. Passage5 【上海市第八中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期中测评英语试题】 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. Fiction Reading For many people, nothing is more enjoyable than spending a whole afternoon reading a good novel. But are novels simply a pleasure way to pass the time, or could it be true that reading fiction actually benefits our lives? One of the joys of fiction is that it can take us to places that our lives won’t. It can transport us to 17th-century France, or to war-torn Germany. It can take us to a future world in which artificial intelligence takes over and books are banned, or a fantasy world where people battle it out for food. Fiction can also introduce us to a whole range of people that we haven’t yet met. And this, according to Carrie Oates, a novelist and academic, is perhaps the real benefit of stories. In one of her studies, participants were asked to read either a short story by Chekhov, or a version of the story in documentary form. Those who were given the fictionalised version were found to be more likely to sympathize with the characters, thus, going through greater changes in personality. In another study, she showed participants photos of the eyes of people who were feeling and thinking different things. The people who read fiction were better able to interpret those thoughts and feeling than those who didn’t read. Oates explains that when we read fiction, we enter into the minds of the characters. We think about why they behave in a certain way, and what they are likely to do next. Just as we might become more knowledgeable about psychology and astronomy if we read about psychology and astronomy, we get better at this kind of social thinking if we read fiction. This improves our understanding of the thoughts and feelings of those around us in real life. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，读小说是快乐的，对我们的生活有好处。小说可以把我们带到现实生活中无法到达的地方，让我们认识不同的人。嘉莉·奥茨发现，阅读小说可以让我们更好地理解人物，从而改变我们的个性，而这种理解有助于我们认同周围的真实人物。 解题步骤 第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构 本文的篇章结构为“总—分—总”式： 第1段：引出问题——小说阅读是否仅仅是一种消遣，还是对我们的生活有实际益处。 第2段：描述小说可以带我们去到现实中无法到达的地方。 第3段：通过Carrie Oates的研究，说明小说阅读可以增强读者的同理心。 第4段：通过另一项研究，说明小说阅读可以提高读者对他人思想和情感的理解能力。 第5段：总结小说阅读如何通过“进入角色内心”来提升我们的社交思维能力。 第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息 段落 关键词 1.引言 ①novels，enjoyable，benefits 2.小说的魔力 ②places，17th-century France，war-torn Germany，future world 3.同理心研究 ③Carrie Oates，short story，sympathize，personality changes 4.情感理解研究 ④photos of eyes，interpret thoughts and feelings 5.总结 ⑤social thinking，understanding others 第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达 第1段：Novels are enjoyable, but do they have real-life benefits? （小说很有趣，但它们对现实生活有实际益处吗？） 第2段：Fiction can transport readers to different times and places. （小说可以将读者带到不同的时间和地点。） 第3段：Carrie Oates’ study shows that reading fiction increases empathy and personality changes. （Carrie Oates的研究表明，阅读小说可以增加同理心和个性变化。） 第4段：Another study shows that fiction readers are better at interpreting others’ thoughts and feelings. （另一项研究表明，阅读小说的人更擅长解读他人的思想和情感。） 第5段：Reading fiction improves social thinking and understanding of others. （阅读小说可以改善社交思维和对他人情感的理解。） 第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接 使用“not only... but also...”表达递进关系。 使用“According to”引出研究结果。 使用“Thus”连接因果关系。 概要写作答案（60词左右） Novels are enjoyable, but do they have real-life benefits? Fiction can transport readers to different times and places, from 17th-century France to future worlds. According to Carrie Oates’ study, reading fiction increases empathy and personality changes. Another study shows that fiction readers are better at interpreting others’ thoughts and feelings. Thus, reading fiction improves social thinking and understanding of others. Fiction reading is joyful and good for our lives. Fiction can lead us to where we can’t go in real life and let us know different people. Carrie Oates finds that fiction reading enables us to better understand the characters and thus change our personality, and that this understanding helps us identify with real people around us. (57) 2018年1月高考真题 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.  To Laugh Is Human Most of us don’t know why we laugh at some jokes and not at others. Scientists know that we are able to laugh at birth. Babies begin to laugh at three to four months of age, well before they produce their first words. What scientists are interested in is why we laugh. Scientists believe humans laugh with others primarily because it makes us feel connected with one another, which in turn gives us a sense of trust and comfort. To scientists, laughter is an unconscious reaction; consequently, when we laugh, others can be certain that it is an honest reaction, and honesty is key when building and maintaining friendships. Since laughter is seen as a social signal that we send to others, it can also help explain why it is so infectious. Studies have proven that when people see or hear something funny, they are 20 times more likely to laugh when they are with others than when they are alone. Wanting to be accepted by others is part of human nature. And mirroring other people’s laughter is a way to signal to others that you feel the way they do, which makes us feel more connected with one another. Humans have not always laughed just so they can feel closer to others, however. Scientists point out that this social function of laughter was born out of an even more fundamental human need. Laughter, they believe, came about because it contributed to our very survival as a species. Scientists assume that sharing laughter ensured our ancestors a higher survival rate because it led to greater cooperation between individuals. Humans learned quickly that greater cooperation led to survival, and the brain in turn realized that laughing with others increased out chances of finding people to cooperate, hunt, eat, live, and eventually, survive with. 参考答案： Scientists think humans are born with the ability to laugh, but why do we laugh? We laugh to feel closer to one another. Laughter helps us to be recognized so we laugh more in groups than when alone. Laughter also evolved from a more basic need to survive as it promoted cooperation, enabling humans to survive better.  (59w) (be born with= be inborn/ accepted= recognized= identified/ be born out of= evolve from =come from =originate from) Laughter is unconscious, infectious and basic. It brings us a trustworthy, comfortable and honest feeling, thus better maintaining friendships. Chances are that we laugh more with others around, contributing to prompting recognition and feeling more connected with one another. Scientists assure that laughter resulted in greater cooperation between individuals in ancient times, as better cooperation leads to survival. (58w) We were born with the ability of helping and scientists think the reason why we laugh is that we feel connected with others and we want to be recognized by others. Besides, laughter helps people to cooperate to survive with. (40w) 1 / 54 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$