专题12 初升高衔接情态动词和虚拟语气（讲义+课件+练习）- 2025年英语初升高衔接课程（暑期自学通用版）.docx

2025年 初升高衔接课程 情态动词和虚拟语气 专题十二 英语 目录 情态动词 1 2 虚拟语气 情态动词 情态动词基本用法 情态动词后要加动词原形/系动词be构成谓语。 含情态动词的被动语态结构：情态动词＋be done。 原形和过去式错用情态动词：can→could、may→might、shall→should、will→would、have to→had to、dare→dared。 位置：情态动词在谓语之前；谓语动词前若有助动词，则在助动词之前。疑问句中在主语之前。 can/could could/may/might May sb. do sth. may/might as well must mustn't should will/would shall dare 表可能性或能力 表请求、允许时的委婉语气 表祝愿 不妨做...... “一定”；“必须”；”非要”（否定回答用needn't） “不可以”，表禁止 “竟然（表惊奇、失望、愤怒）”，“应当” 表意愿 （第一、三人称）表建议或征求意见； （第二、三人称）表命令、警告、允诺、威胁等 “敢” 考点1 can /could （1）表示能力，但can指一般的或永久的能力，could主要指过去的能力。 be able to 表示克服困难能完成某事。 e.g. The little boy can speak two foreign languages. 这个小男孩会讲两种外语。 e.g. Could the girl read before she went to school? 这个女孩上学前识字吗? e.g. Everyone was able to escape when the fire broke out. 起火的时候大家都能逃生。 can /could （4）表示惊讶、怀疑、不相信等态度。用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。 e.g. How can you be so careless? 你怎么能这么粗心？ e.g. It can't/couldn't be John. He is taller. 那不可能是John，他更高些。 （5）表示推测，常用于否定句和疑问句中，语气较强。【can>could】 e.g. He can't be in the classroom; the light is not on. 他不可能在教室里；灯没亮。 e.g. My favourite book is missing. Who could have taken it? 我最喜欢的书丢了，谁会把它拿走呢？ can /could （6）cannot/ can never...too/ enough... 表示“再……也不为过” e.g. You can never be too careful when driving a car. 开车的时候，你再怎么小心都不为过。 e.g. While you are doing your homework, you can't be careful enough. 写作业时，你再怎么仔细也不为过。。 （7）cannot (help/choose) but do sth. 表示“不得不/ 只好做某事” e.g. You cannot choose but go with me. 你只能跟我走。 can /could （8）could have done表示“本可以做某事”；couldn’t have done多用于语气强烈的否定，表示“不可能做了某事”。 e.g. You could have helped him. 你本来应该帮助他的。 e.g. The accident could have been avoided; the driver couldn't have slowed down. 这事故本来是可以避免的；司机肯定没减速。 Exercise —__________you come with me to Lang Lang’s piano concert this evening? —I’d love to, but I have to study for my math test. I could ___________(lend) you the money. Why didn’t you ask me? 考查情态动词。句意：一一今晚你可以跟我去听郎朗的钢琴演奏会吗？——我很想去，但我不得不为我的数学测试而学习。结合语意可知，can/could表示“请求”或“许可”时，通常用于疑问句中。故填Can/Could. 考查情态动词。句意：我本来可以借这笔钱给你的。你为什么不向我提出? could have done用于肯定句，表示“本可以做某事”。故填have lent. 考点2 may /might （1）表示请求、允许、许可，might比may语气委婉。 e.g. You may/might use my bike. 你可以用我的自行车。 e.g. May/Might I use your phone? 我可以用一下你手机吗？ （2）表示推测，常用于陈述句，语气比较弱，把握性不大。might语气比may还要弱。 e.g. He may/might get there in time, but I can't be sure. 他有可能准时到达，但我不敢肯定。 考点2 may /might （3）may / might well do sth.，意为“很可能......” may / might as well do sth.，意为“不妨，最好，倒不如……" e.g. Her appearance has changed so much that you might well not recognize her. 她的模样变化如此大，你很可能认不出她了。 e.g. You may/ might as well give him the letter. 你不妨把信给他。 e.g. You may/ might as well do your homework at once. 你最好立刻开始做作业。 考点2 may /might （4）may用于祈使句中，表示祝愿。 e.g. May you return in safety. 祝你安全归来。 e.g. May all your dreams come true! 祝你所有的梦想都实现！ （5）may/might have done表示“可能做过某事”，但把握不大；might have done 还可表示“本可能做而实际上未做”，含有轻微的责备语气。 e.g. It was really very dangerous. I might have killed myself. 那真的是太危险了，我差点没命了。 e.g. You might have given him more help, though you were busy with your work. 你本来可以给他更多的帮助，尽管你工作很忙。 考点3 must/have to （1）表示义务，主观上的“必须，应该”，其否定形式mustn't表示禁止。 e.g. Everyone must obey the rule. 人人都必须遵守制度。 e.g. Students mustn't play with mobile phones in class. 学生课上不准玩手机。 （2）must表示对具体事情的推测，意为“一定是，准是”，只用于肯定句中。must have done表示对过去行为的肯定推测，意为“一定，想必做过”。 e.g. He must be very lazy for his desk is very untidy. e.g. The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. 考点3 must/have to （3）must表示“非要，偏要”做某事，表达出说话者的一种不满情绪。 e.g. Why must you be talking so loudly when others are sleeping? 别人都在睡觉，为什么你偏要这么大声说话？ e.g. Why must it rain today? 为什么偏偏在今天下雨？ （4）have to表示客观需要，意为“不得不”，否定式为don’t have to,等于needn't，可用于各种时态。 e.g. You can't turn right here. You have to turn left. 你不能在这里右拐，你必须左拐。 Exercise Look, double yellow lines! You _________ park here. The students answered all the questions correctly. She ______ have made full preparations. 考查情态动词。句意：看，双黄线！你禁止在这里停车。由“double yellow lines”可知，句子表示“你禁止在这里停车”，空格处表示“禁止”，故填mustn’t。 考查情态动词+have done用法。句意：学生们正确地回答了所有的问题。她一定做了充分的准备。根据上文“The students answered all the questions correctly.”可知，已经正确回答了所有问题，所以是must have done表示对过去发生的事情的肯定推测。故填must。 考点4 will/would （1）will用于各种人称，表示主观意愿和决心。 e.g. If you will read the book, I'll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书，我就借给你。 （2）用于第二人称的一般疑问句，表示请求。would比will更委婉。 e.g. Would you open the window, please? 请把窗户打开好吗? e.g. Will you join our discussion? 你愿意加入我们的讨论吗? （3）will用来叙述目前的习惯；would表示过去的习惯，“过去常常”。 e.g. On summer evenings they would sit out in the garden. 夏天的晚上他们会坐在外面的花园里。 辨析 would / used to do ① would表示过去的习惯。 When he was abroad, he would often read as many books as possible. 在国外时，他总是尽可能多地读书。 ② used to表示过去的状态、习惯，但现在已经不存在 She doesn't get up so early as she used to. 她不像以前那样起得那么早了。 考点4 will/would （4）will not‌ 用于现在或未来的否定(一般将来时)，仅用于真实条件句。 e.g. I won't attend the meeting.（直接拒绝） e.g. If you don’t study, you won’t pass.（现实可能）‌‌ （5）wouldn’t表示顽固倾向，意为“老是不”“总是不”，常体现过去将来时或虚拟语气。 e.g. My car wouldn't start this morning. 今早我的汽车怎么也发动不了。 e.g. She said she wouldn't come.（过去视角的将来否定） ‌‌e.g. If I were rich, I wouldn't work.（非现实假设，此处不可替换为will not） 考点4 will/would （6）would have done表示与过去事实相反的假设。 e.g. But for your help we would have been late. 要不是你帮忙我们就迟到了。 e.g. If she had seen you yesterday, she would have asked you about it. 要是她昨天看到你，她就要向你问起这件事。 The workers were not better organized, otherwise they would ____________(accomplish) the task in half the time. 【答案】have accomplished 【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：工人们没有被更好的组织起来，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。根据上句the workers were not better organized可知，这是对过去事情的虚拟。Otherwise表示“否则，要不的话”，前边相当于If they had been better organized，主句应用would have done。 Exercise — Why don’t you enter the office? They are waiting for you. — The door ________ open, no matter how hard I pushed. I still remember my happy childhood when my mother ___________ take me to Disneyland at weekends. 考查情态动词辨析。句意：——你为什么不进办公室？他们正在等你。——不管我怎么推，门都打不开。此处主语为door，且表示实施者执意要开，应用won’t。 考查情态动词。句意：我仍然记得我幸福的童年，那时妈妈会在周末的时候带我去迪士尼乐园。would可以表示“过去常常”，强调过去经常发生的事情。根据语境判断此处指过去妈妈经常在周末带他去。故填would。 考点5 shall （1）表示征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。 e.g. Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?  （2）表示说话人的意愿，有“命令，允诺，警告，决心”等意思，用于第二、第三人称陈述句。此外，颁布法律、规定时也用shall。 e.g. Everyone shall not pass without permission! (警告) 没有允许，任何人休想通过！ e.g. One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school. 我们规定的其中一项是：每位学生在校期间都要穿校服。 考点6 should/ought to （1）表示义务，意为“应该”(某件事适宜做)，用于各种人称。否定式为should not/ ought not to。【ought to > should】 e.g. Humans ought to stop polluting nature. 人类应停止污染大自然。 （2）should表示推测，意为“可能，(按道理)应该，想必”，多指对未来合乎理想的情况或结果的一种期盼。 e.g. If he started out at nine, he ought to be here by now. 他如果九点出发，现在应该到这里了。 考点6 should/ought to （3）should表示惊讶、意外等，意为“竟然，居然”。多用于It is + adj. + that…句型。 e.g. You should wear slippers in the classroom. 你竟然在教室里穿着拖鞋。 e.g. It’s surprising that Mary should love such a person as Jack.  玛丽竟然爱上像杰克这样的人，真是奇怪。 （4）用在if条件句中，should表示可能性很小的一种虚拟语气。 e.g. If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic. 考点6 should/ought to （5）should have done表示“本应该做某事而没有做”，否定式则表示在“本不该做某事但已经做了”。 e.g. It was an easy test and he should have passed, but he didn’t. 那个测试很容易，他本来应该通过的，但却没有。 e.g. You should have told her the truth. 你本应该告诉她真相的。 （6）suggest, order, require, demand that…从句常用“should do”, should 可省。 e.g. I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now. Exercise I wonder why they’re so late. They should _______(be) here two hours ago. He demands that John ______________(send) there at once. 考查情态动词。句意：我不知道为什么他们来得这么晚，他们应该在两个小时之前到达的。should have done表示“本应该做某事而没有做”。故填have been。 考查情态动词的用法。句意：他要求约翰立即被派往那里去。结合语境这里应用被动语态。故填(should) be sent。 考点7 need/dare“敢于” （1）need / dare用作情态动词，多用于否定句、疑问句，后接动词原形。 【没有人称和数的变化】【只有dare和dared两种形式】 e.g. Need I hand in my homework now？ 我现在就要交家庭作业吗？ e.g. I needn’t go this week. 这星期我不必去。 e.g. He dare not drive too fast on the rainy day.下雨天他不敢开得太快。 （2）needn’t have done表示“本没必要做某事但实际上做了”。 e.g. I needn’t have borrowed the money yesterday. 昨天我根本不需要借钱的。 考点7 need/dare“敢于” （3）need/dare作实意动词，接n. / pron. / to do作宾语。 【有人称和数的变化，要用助动词do，does，did】 【need doing = need to be done 需要做】 e.g. The classroom needs cleaning. ＝The classroom needs to be cleaned. e.g. We should not be producing compliant students who do not dare (to) criticize. 我们不应当把学生培养成不敢批评的唯唯诺诺的人。 Exercise 1. He has grown up. We don't __________ to worry about him. 2. He has grown up. We __________ worry about him. 3. He has grown up. There is no need __________(worry) about him. 4. He ___________ dare to walk at night fifteen years ago. 5. He ___________not walk at night fifteen years ago. 6. He dared me ___________(jump) over the stream. 7. If you ___________ cheat in your exam, I will give you some punishment. need needn’t to worry didn’t dared to jump dare 虚拟语气 情态动词 表推测 1.对现在和将来的推测 情态动词＋do 2.对过去的推测 情态动词+have done must will(很有可能） would（很有可能） ought to很有能 should can（可能） could （可能） may（可能） might（可能） 可能性由高到低 虚拟语气 must have done can/can't have done could/couldn't have done may/might have done 一定做过某事（肯定的推测） 可能做过某事/不可能做过某事(可能推测) 可能做过某事/不可能做过某事(对过去的推测） 也许已经做了/也许已经做过某事（推测） 对过去的推测 情态动词 + have done(推测) 虚拟语气 could/might have done should/ought to have done couldn't have done shouldn't have done needn't have done 本可以做某事（却没做） 本应该做某事（却没做） 不可能做了某事（却做了） 本不应该做某事（却做了） 没有必要做某事（却做了） 注意：情态动词+have done 也可表示虚拟 总结归纳 情态动词+have done 用法 示例 can’t have done “不可能做了某事” The money can’t have been lost there. 钱不可能是在那儿丢的。 Where can he have gone? 他可能到哪儿去了呢？ could have done “本可以做某事” couldn’t have done “不可能做了某事” You could have been more considerate. 你其实可以想的更周到些。 She couldn’t have left so soon. 她不可能这么快就走了。 may/might have done “也许已经...，可能已经…” He may have gone to bed. 他可能已经上床睡觉了。 She might not have settled the problem. 她可能尚未解决那个问题。 总结归纳 情态动词+have done 用法 示例 must have done “一定已经，想必已经......” The streets are wet. It must have rained. 街道是湿的，准是下雨了。 He must have been drinking beer. 他肯定一直喝啤酒来着。 should/ought to have done “本应该做某事而没有做” She should/ought to have gone there alone. 她本该一个人去那里的。 shouldn’t have done “本不该做某事但已经做了” The boy shouldn’t have been playing the piano. 那孩子不应该一直在弹钢琴。 needn’t have done “作了不必做或不需要做的事” You needn't have come so early. 你不必那么早来嘛。 虚拟语气 1. 虚拟条件句 场合 从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语形式 与现在事实相反 动词过去式(be用were) would / could / should / might+ 动词原形 与过去事实相反 had +动词过去分词 would/ could / should / might have done 与将来事实相反 1.动词过去式(be用were) 2.were to + 动词原形 3.should + 动词原形 would / could / should / might + 动词原形 虚拟语气 与现在事实相反 动词过去式(be用were) would / could / should / might+ 动词原形 e.g. If I were you, I would seize the chance. 如果我是你，我就会抓住这个机会。 与过去事实相反 had +动词过去分词 would/ could / should / might have done e.g. If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed. 如果你听了我的建议，你就不会失败。 虚拟语气 与将来事实相反 1.动词过去式(be用were) 2.were to + 动词原形 3.should + 动词原形 would / could / should / might+ 动词原形 e.g. If he shouldn't come tomorrow, we would put off the meeting. 如果他明天不来，我们就推迟这个会议。 e.g. If things were to be twice, all would be wise. 假如事情可以从头做起，人人都可以成为聪明人。 虚拟语气 If you had followed my advice you would be better now. 如果你听了我的建议，你现在就好一些了。 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，这种句子被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。 虚拟语气 If I were at school again, I would study harder. → Were I at school again, I would study harder. 如果我还有上学的机会，我会更加努力学习。 在if引导的非真实条件从句中，谓语动词含were，had，should，可将if省略，但需将were，had，should提到主语之前。 虚拟语气 Without your help, we couldn't have finished the work ahead of time. 要是没有你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。 有时假设的条件并不总是通过if引导的条件从句表达，而是隐含在某些词、短语或上下文中，此种句子为“含蓄条件句”，常见的词或短语有：without，in case，but for，for fear that，otherwise等。 2025/7/28 2.含蓄条件句 出现without(没有), but for(要不是);but that (要不是) otherwise/or(否则）, 主句谓语动词虚拟 虚拟过去：would/should/could/might have done 虚拟现在/将来：would/should/could/might do 2025/7/28 Tangshan earthquake happened during the night, or/otherwise a lot of people__________________(die). wouldn't have died Without buying, so many animals____________________(kill). wouldn't have been killed 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。 3.错综时间虚拟条件句 1. If they had worked hard, they would be very tired now. 2. If we hadn't got everything ready, we would have a terrible time tomorrow. (从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在) (从句说的是过去，主句指的是将来) 练一练： 1. If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before, he ________(be) able to speak it much better now. 2. If I were you, I _____________________(miss) the film last night. 如果我是你,我就不会错过昨天晚上的那部电影 would be wouldn't have missed 2025/7/28 4.从句中的虚拟语气 (1)表命令、建议、要求的从句 (2)wish 引导的从句 (3)would rather/if only/as if引导的从句 (4)It is necessary/important/essential/vital/natural /strange/a pity/a shame/no wonder that sb (should)do (5)It is (about/high)time (that) sb did/should do sth 虚拟语气 1. 虚拟语气在wish，if only(=how I wish)，as if后的从句中。 if only表示“如果……该多好”；as if/though表示“好像”。 I wish 从句结构 示例 与现在事实相反 一般过去式 I wish it were autumn now. 与过去事实相反 过去完成式 He wished he had not lost the chance. 与将来事实相反 would/could+动词原形 I wish you would come soon. 虚拟语气 2. 虚拟语气用在主句含“坚持、命令、建议、要求”的名词性从句，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”（should可以省略）。 一坚持：insist 二命令：order, command 四建议：advise, suggest, propose, recommend 四要求：require, request, demand, ask suggest作“暗示，表明”讲，insist作“坚持说”讲，后面宾语从句的谓语动词不使用虚拟语气形式（should+动词原形），而使用陈述语气。 虚拟语气 He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day. His suggestion was that we (should) start off early the next day. 他建议我们第二天早点出发。 It was suggested that we (should) start off early the next day. 人们建议我们第二天早点出发。 虚拟语气 3. would rather + that从句 从句结构 示例 对现在或将来的虚拟 一般过去式 I'd rather you came with us. 我倒愿意你和我们一块儿去。 I'd rather they didn't hear of the news. 我宁愿他们没有听到这个消息。 对过去的虚拟 过去完成式 I'd rather I had not told him the bad news. 我宁愿没有告诉过他那个坏消息。 虚拟语气 从句结构 示例 It is (high) time + that从句 过去式或 should+动词原形 【should不可省】 It is (high) time that you went/should go to school. 你们该去上学了。 It is necessary等+that从句 【necessary/ important/ vital/ surprising/ strange/ natural/ a pity/ essential】 (should)+动词原形 should“竟然” It is strange that the meeting (should) be put off till next week. 那个会议竟然被推迟到下周，真奇怪。 虚拟语气 由in case，for fear that，in order that，so that等引导的目的状语从句，其谓语动词用“would/ should/ could/ might+动词原形”表示虚拟。 They left early for fear that they would meet him. 他们动身很早以免和他碰面。 I gave you a map so that you wouldn't get lost! 我怕你迷路，给过你一张地图！ The sun is shining, but I'll take an umbrella just in case it should rain. 现在是晴天，但我还是带上雨伞以防万一。 虚拟语气 If the new safety system ________ (put) to use, the accident would never have happened. 句意：如果新的安全系统投入使用，这个事故就不会发生了。根据主句确定是对过去情况的虚拟，故从句用had done 形式，从句主语system与put to use 是被动关系，故用had been put。 与过去事实相反 had +动词过去分词 would/ could / should / might have done 2025年 初升高衔接课程 专题十二 英语 谢谢 聆听 $$ 专题12 初升高衔接情态动词和虚拟语气 一、单项选择 1. —I don't really like James. Why did you invite him? —Don't worry. He ______ come. He said he wasn't certain what his plans were. A. must not B. need not C. would not D. might not 2. You ______ be hungry already — you had lunch only two hours ago! A. wouldn't B. can't C. mustn't D. needn't 3. It ______ be the postman at the door. It's only six o'clock. A. mustn't B. can't C. won't D. needn't 4. —What do you think we can do for our aged parents? —You ______ do anything except to be with them and be yourself. A. don't have to B. oughtn't to C. mustn't D. can't 5. I ______ use a clock to wake me up because at six o'clock each morning the train comes by my house. A. couldn't B. mustn't C. shouldn't D. needn't 6. —May I take this book out of the reading room? —No, you ______. You read it in here. A. mightn't B. won't C. needn't D. mustn't 7. —I haven't got the reference book yet, but I'll have a test on the subject next month. —Don't worry. You ______ have it by Friday. A. could B. shall C. must D. may 8. If we ______ adequate preparations, the conference wouldn't have been so successful. A. haven't made B. wouldn't make C. didn't make D. hadn't made 9. We ______ the difficulty together, but why didn't you tell me? A. should face B. might face C. could have faced D. must have faced 10. If my car ______ more reliable, I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer. A. was B. had been C. should be D. would be 11. Maybe if I ______ science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help. A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying 12. We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we ______ more places of interest yesterday. A. visited B. had visited C. would visit D. would have visited 13. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ______ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A. wouldn't have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall 14. Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy ______. A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D. was saved 15. If we ______ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. A. take B. had taken C. took D. have taken 二、用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. It's high time that we ______ (take) immediate action to solve this problem. 2. If I ______ (be) you, I would go to the party tonight. 3. He insisted that the meeting ______ (put) off until next week. 4. I wish I ______ (see) the film last night. 5. Without your help, we ______ (not finish) the work on time. 6. It is necessary that we ______ (learn) a foreign language well. 7. If it ______ (rain) tomorrow, we would stay at home. 8. He talks as if he ______ (know) everything in the world. 9. The teacher suggested that we ______ (read) English aloud every day. 10. If you ______ (come) earlier, you would have caught the first bus. 三、句子改错（每句均有一处错误） 1. If I was you, I would not make such a decision. 2. It is important that we will attend the meeting on time. 3. He suggested that we went to the park this weekend. 4. I wish I can fly like a bird in the sky. 5. If it had not rained yesterday, we could go for a picnic. 6. You mustn't have told her the bad news. It made her very sad. 7. The doctor recommended that he will take a good rest. 8. I would rather you will go shopping with me now. 9. It seems as if it is going to rain. 10. Had you worked harder, you will have passed the exam. 四、翻译句子 1. 如果你昨天来参加派对了，你就会见到你的老朋友。 2. 要是我听了你的建议就好了！ 3. 他看起来好像看见了鬼。 4. 你本应该早点告诉我真相。 5. 我要是有时间，就会和你一起去看电影了。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题12 初升高衔接情态动词和虚拟语气 一、单项选择 1. —I don't really like James. Why did you invite him? —Don't worry. He ______ come. He said he wasn't certain what his plans were. A. must not B. need not C. would not D. might not 2. You ______ be hungry already — you had lunch only two hours ago! A. wouldn't B. can't C. mustn't D. needn't 3. It ______ be the postman at the door. It's only six o'clock. A. mustn't B. can't C. won't D. needn't 4. —What do you think we can do for our aged parents? —You ______ do anything except to be with them and be yourself. A. don't have to B. oughtn't to C. mustn't D. can't 5. I ______ use a clock to wake me up because at six o'clock each morning the train comes by my house. A. couldn't B. mustn't C. shouldn't D. needn't 6. —May I take this book out of the reading room? —No, you ______. You read it in here. A. mightn't B. won't C. needn't D. mustn't 7. —I haven't got the reference book yet, but I'll have a test on the subject next month. —Don't worry. You ______ have it by Friday. A. could B. shall C. must D. may 8. If we ______ adequate preparations, the conference wouldn't have been so successful. A. haven't made B. wouldn't make C. didn't make D. hadn't made 9. We ______ the difficulty together, but why didn't you tell me? A. should face B. might face C. could have faced D. must have faced 10. If my car ______ more reliable, I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer. A. was B. had been C. should be D. would be 11. Maybe if I ______ science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help. A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying 12. We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we ______ more places of interest yesterday. A. visited B. had visited C. would visit D. would have visited 13. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ______ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A. wouldn't have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall 14. Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy ______. A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D. was saved 15. If we ______ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. A. take B. had taken C. took D. have taken 二、用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. It's high time that we ______ (take) immediate action to solve this problem. 2. If I ______ (be) you, I would go to the party tonight. 3. He insisted that the meeting ______ (put) off until next week. 4. I wish I ______ (see) the film last night. 5. Without your help, we ______ (not finish) the work on time. 6. It is necessary that we ______ (learn) a foreign language well. 7. If it ______ (rain) tomorrow, we would stay at home. 8. He talks as if he ______ (know) everything in the world. 9. The teacher suggested that we ______ (read) English aloud every day. 10. If you ______ (come) earlier, you would have caught the first bus. 三、句子改错（每句均有一处错误） 1. If I was you, I would not make such a decision. 2. It is important that we will attend the meeting on time. 3. He suggested that we went to the park this weekend. 4. I wish I can fly like a bird in the sky. 5. If it had not rained yesterday, we could go for a picnic. 6. You mustn't have told her the bad news. It made her very sad. 7. The doctor recommended that he will take a good rest. 8. I would rather you will go shopping with me now. 9. It seems as if it is going to rain. 10. Had you worked harder, you will have passed the exam. 四、翻译句子 1. 如果你昨天来参加派对了，你就会见到你的老朋友。 2. 要是我听了你的建议就好了！ 3. 他看起来好像看见了鬼。 4. 你本应该早点告诉我真相。 5. 我要是有时间，就会和你一起去看电影了。 答案 一、单项选择 1. 答案：D ◦ 解析：根据“He said he wasn't certain what his plans were.”可知，他不确定自己的计划，所以他“可能不”会来，might not 表示“可能不”，符合语境。must not 表示“禁止”；need not 表示“不必”；would not 表示“不会” 。 2. 答案：B ◦ 解析：根据“you had lunch only two hours ago”可知，两小时前刚吃过午饭，所以“不可能”已经饿了，can't 表示“不可能”，用于否定推测。wouldn't 表示“不会”；mustn't 表示“禁止”；needn't 表示“不必” 。 3. 答案：B ◦ 解析：根据“It's only six o'clock.”可知，现在才六点，所以“不可能”是邮递员，can't 用于否定推测，意为“不可能”。mustn't 表示“禁止”；won't 表示“不会”；needn't 表示“不必” 。 4. 答案：A ◦ 解析：根据“except to be with them and be yourself”可知，除了陪伴父母做自己外，“不必”做其他任何事，don't have to 表示“不必”，符合语境。oughtn't to 表示“不应该”；mustn't 表示“禁止”；can't 表示“不能” 。 5. 答案：D ◦ 解析：根据“because at six o'clock each morning the train comes by my house”可知，每天早上六点火车会经过，所以“不必”用闹钟叫醒，needn't 表示“不必”。couldn't 表示“不能”；mustn't 表示“禁止”；shouldn't 表示“不应该” 。 6. 答案：D ◦ 解析：以May开头的一般疑问句，否定回答用mustn't，表示“禁止，不允许”，这里表示不允许把书带出阅览室。mightn't 表示“可能不”；won't 表示“不会”；needn't 表示“不必” 。 7. 答案：B ◦ 解析：shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的允诺，这里表示说话人允诺对方周五前会拿到参考书。could 表示“能够，可以”，语气较弱；must 表示“必须”；may 表示“也许，可能” 。 8. 答案：D ◦ 解析：根据“the conference wouldn't have been so successful”可知，这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句要用过去完成时had done，即hadn't made 。 9. 答案：C ◦ 解析：根据“but why didn't you tell me?”可知，事情发生在过去，“could have done”表示“本来能够做某事却没有做”，这里表示本来可以一起面对困难，但对方没告诉自己 。should face 表示“应该面对”，是现在或将来的情况；might face 表示“可能面对”；must have faced 表示“一定已经面对”，用于肯定推测过去的情况 。 10. 答案：B ◦ 解析：根据“would have driven”可知，这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句要用过去完成时had been 。 11. 答案：C ◦ 解析：根据“then”以及“would be able to”可知，这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句要用过去完成时had studied 。 12. 答案：D ◦ 解析：根据“otherwise”以及“yesterday”可知，这是含蓄虚拟语气，相当于if引导的虚拟条件句，与过去事实相反，主句要用“would have done”结构，所以用would have visited 。 13. 答案：B ◦ 解析：根据“what I would be doing today”可知，这是错综时间虚拟语气，从句表示与过去事实相反，要用过去完成时had not fallen 。 14. 答案：A ◦ 解析：这是省略if的虚拟语气倒装句，原句为“If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy would have been saved.”，与过去事实相反，主句用“would have done”结构，且time and energy与save是被动关系，所以用would have been saved 。 15. 答案：B ◦ 解析：根据“might have arrived”可知，这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句要用过去完成时had taken 。 二、用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. 答案：took/should take ◦ 解析：It's high time that...句型中，从句谓语动词用过去式或should + 动词原形，should不能省略。 2. 答案：were ◦ 解析：这是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，if从句中be动词用were。 3. 答案：(should) be put ◦ 解析：insist表示“坚持要求”时，其后宾语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形”，meeting与put off是被动关系，所以用(should) be put 。 4. 答案：had seen ◦ 解析：wish后的宾语从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用had + 过去分词，所以用had seen 。 5. 答案：couldn't/wouldn't have finished ◦ 解析：这是含蓄虚拟语气，without your help相当于if引导的虚拟条件句，与过去事实相反，主句用“couldn't/wouldn't have done”结构 。 6. 答案：(should) learn ◦ 解析：It is necessary that...句型中，从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形” 。 7. 答案：rained/should rain/were to rain ◦ 解析：这是与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，if从句谓语动词用过去式/should + 动词原形/were to + 动词原形 。 8. 答案：knew ◦ 解析：as if引导的从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式，所以用knew 。 9. 答案：(should) read ◦ 解析：suggest表示“建议”时，其后宾语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形” 。 10. 答案：had come ◦ 解析：这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，if从句要用过去完成时had come 。 三、句子改错 1. 答案：was改为were ◦ 解析：这是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，if从句中be动词要用were。 2. 答案：will attend改为(should) attend ◦ 解析：It is important that...句型中，从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形” 。 3. 答案：went改为(should) go ◦ 解析：suggest表示“建议”时，其后宾语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形” 。 4. 答案：can改为could ◦ 解析：wish后的宾语从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式，can的过去式是could 。 5. 答案：could go改为could have gone ◦ 解析：这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，主句要用“could have done”结构 。 6. 答案：mustn't改为shouldn't ◦ 解析：shouldn't have done表示“本不该做某事却做了”，而mustn't have done这种结构不存在 。 7. 答案：will take改为(should) take ◦ 解析：recommend表示“建议”时，其后宾语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形” 。 8. 答案：will go改为went ◦ 解析：would rather后接从句时，从句谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来的情况 。 9. 答案：is改为were ◦ 解析：as if引导的从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式，be动词用were 。 10. 答案：will have passed改为would have passed ◦ 解析：这是省略if的虚拟语气倒装句，与过去事实相反，主句要用“would have done”结构 。 四、翻译句子 1. 答案：If you had come to the party yesterday, you would have met your old friend. 2. 答案：If only I had listened to your advice! 3. 答案：He looks as if he had seen a ghost. 4. 答案：You should have told me the truth earlier. 5. 答案：If I had had time, I would have gone to the movies with you. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题12 初升高衔接情态动词和虚拟语气 一、情态动词 （一）情态动词的定义与特点 情态动词是一类特殊的动词，本身有一定的词义，但不能单独作谓语，需要与动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的情感、态度或语气，如能力、许可、必要性、可能性、推测等。情态动词无人称和数的变化（除了have to有人称和数的变化），后面接不带to的不定式（ought to和have to除外）。常见的情态动词有can (could)、may (might)、must、shall (should)、will (would)、need、dare、ought to等 。 （二）常见情态动词的用法 1. can/could ◦ 表示能力：can表示现在的能力，could表示过去的能力。例如：I can speak English fluently.（我现在能流利地说英语）；When I was young, I could run very fast.（我年轻时能跑得很快） ◦ 表示请求和允许：用于疑问句中，could比can语气更委婉。但在回答时，肯定回答用can，否定回答用can't。例如：Could I borrow your book? （我可以借你的书吗？）；Yes, you can.（是的，你可以）；No, you can't.（不，你不可以） ◦ 表示推测：常用于否定句和疑问句中，can表示对现在或将来情况的推测，语气较强；could表示可能性较小的推测，语气更弱。例如：This can't be true.（这不可能是真的）；He couldn't be at home now.（他现在不可能在家）；Can he be in the library?（他可能在图书馆吗？） ◦ 特殊用法：cannot...too/enough表示“无论……也不过分；越……越好”，例如：You cannot be too careful when crossing the street.（过马路时，你越小心越好）；cannot help doing表示“禁不住做某事”，例如：I couldn't help laughing when I heard the joke.（我听到这个笑话时忍不住笑了） 2. may/might ◦ 表示请求和允许：在疑问句中，might比may语气更委婉。例如：May I use your pen?（我可以用你的笔吗？）；Might I ask you a question?（我可以问你一个问题吗？） 肯定回答用may或can，否定回答用mustn't（表示禁止）。 ◦ 表示可能性：意为“也许，可能”，通常用于肯定句和否定句中，might比may语气更不肯定。例如：He may be right.（他可能是对的）；It might rain tomorrow.（明天可能会下雨） ◦ 表示祝愿：结构为“May + 主语 + 动词原形！” 例如：May you succeed!（祝你成功！） ◦ 固定短语：may/might as well意为“不妨，还是……为好” ，例如：We may as well stay at home tonight.（我们今晚不妨待在家里） 3. must ◦ 表示必要性和义务：意为“必须”，强调主观上认为有必要。例如：We must study hard to get good grades.（我们必须努力学习以取得好成绩）。回答must的一般疑问句时，肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn't或don't have to（表示“不必”）。例如：Must I finish the work today?（我今天必须完成这项工作吗？）；Yes, you must.（是的，你必须）；No, you needn't/don't have to.（不，你不必） ◦ 表示推测：用于肯定句中，表示“一定，肯定”，对现在或将来情况的推测用“must + 动词原形”，对正在进行的情况推测用“must be + 现在分词”，对过去情况的推测用“must have + 过去分词”。例如：He must be at home because his bike is here.（他一定在家，因为他的自行车在这儿）；They must be watching TV now.（他们现在一定在看电视）；She must have gone to the library yesterday.（她昨天一定去图书馆了） ◦ 表示“偏偏，非要”：通常表示令人不快的事。例如：Must you make so much noise?（你非要弄出这么大噪音吗？） ◦ 表示禁止：mustn't意为“不准，禁止”。例如：You mustn't smoke here.（你不准在这里吸烟） 4. shall/should ◦ shall的用法：用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示征求对方意见。例如：Shall we go shopping?（我们去购物好吗？）；Shall he wait for you outside?（要他在外面等你吗？）；用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人的命令、警告、允诺、威胁等。例如：You shall get a present if you do well in the exam.（如果你考试考得好，你会得到一份礼物）；Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.（考生必须留在座位上，直到所有试卷都被收齐）（用于规定中） ◦ should的用法：表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。例如：You should respect your parents.（你应该尊重你的父母）；表示推测，意为“可能，该”，是一种试探性的推断。例如：He should arrive soon.（他可能很快就到了）；表示“竟然”，用于表达惊讶、意外等情绪。例如：It's strange that he should be late.（真奇怪，他竟然迟到了）；should have done表示“本应该做某事，但实际上没有做”；shouldn't have done表示“本不该做某事，但事实上却做了”。例如：You should have told me the truth earlier.（你本应该早点告诉我真相）；You shouldn't have said that to her.（你本不该对她说那样的话） 5. will/would ◦ 表示意愿和决心：will用于现在，would用于过去。例如：I will help you if you need me.（如果你需要我，我会帮助你）；He said he would support me.（他说他会支持我） ◦ 表示请求和建议：用于第二人称疑问句中，would比will语气更委婉。例如：Will/Would you pass me the book?（你能把书递给我吗？） ◦ 表示习惯性动作、倾向或固有属性：will表示现在的习惯，would表示过去的习惯。例如：Fish will die without water.（鱼离开水就会死）；When I was a child, I would often go fishing with my father.（我小时候经常和父亲一起去钓鱼） 6. need/dare ◦ need的用法：既可以作情态动词，也可以作实义动词。作情态动词时，常用于否定句和疑问句中，后接动词原形，needn't表示“不必”。例如：You needn't worry about it.（你不必担心这件事）；Need I go now?（我现在需要去吗？）作实义动词时，有人称、数和时态的变化，后接to do sth. 。例如：He needs to study hard.（他需要努力学习）；Do you need to buy a new book?（你需要买一本新书吗？） ◦ dare的用法：既可以作情态动词，也可以作实义动词。作情态动词时，常用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中，后接动词原形。例如：I daren't go out alone at night.（我晚上不敢一个人出去）；Dare you jump down from the tree?（你敢从树上跳下来吗？）作实义动词时，有人称、数和时态的变化，后接to do sth. ，在否定句和疑问句中，to可以省略。例如：He doesn't dare (to) tell his father the truth.（他不敢告诉他父亲真相）；Do you dare (to) challenge him?（你敢挑战他吗？） （三）“情态动词+have done”的用法 1. must have done：表示对过去发生事情的肯定推测，意为“一定做过某事”，用于肯定句中。例如：It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.（昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面是湿的） 2. can't/couldn't have done：表示对过去发生事情的否定推测，意为“不可能做过某事”，语气较强。例如：He can't have gone to school because it's Sunday today.（他不可能去上学了，因为今天是星期天） 3. could have done：表示对过去事情的推测，意为“可能已经做了某事”；也可用于虚拟语气，表示“本来能够做某事却没有做”。例如：They could have arrived at the station by now.（他们现在可能已经到达车站了）；He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless.（他本可以通过考试的，但他太粗心了） 4. should have done：表示“本应该做某事而实际上没有做”，含有责备或后悔的意味；shouldn't have done表示“本不该做某事却做了”。例如：You should have come to the meeting on time.（你本应该按时来参加会议的）；You shouldn't have spent so much money on clothes.（你本不该在衣服上花这么多钱） 5. ought to have done：与should have done意思相近，意为“本应该做某事”，但语气更强；ought not to have done表示“本不该做某事”。例如：You ought to have helped him.（你本应该帮助他的）；He ought not to have told lies.（他本不该说谎） 6. needn't have done：表示“本不必做某事却做了”。例如：You needn't have bought so much food, for there is enough in the fridge.（你本不必买这么多食物，因为冰箱里有足够的食物） 二、虚拟语气 （一）虚拟语气的定义与概念 虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人的主观愿望、假设、猜测、建议或与事实不符的情况等。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来体现，与陈述语气（表示客观事实）不同。 （二）虚拟语气在条件句中的用法 1. 与现在事实相反： ◦ 从句：If + 主语 + 动词过去式（be动词用were） ◦ 主句：主语 + would/should/could/might + 动词原形 ◦ 例如：If I were you, I would study harder.（如果我是你，我会更努力学习。事实上我不是你）；If he had time now, he could help us.（如果他现在有时间，他就能帮助我们。实际上他现在没时间） 2. 与过去事实相反： ◦ 从句：If + 主语 + had + 过去分词 ◦ 主句：主语 + would/should/could/might + have + 过去分词 ◦ 例如：If you had come to the party yesterday, you would have seen your old friend.（如果你昨天来参加派对了，你就会见到你的老朋友。实际上你昨天没来派对）；If it had not rained yesterday, we could have gone for a picnic.（如果昨天没下雨，我们就可以去野餐了。但昨天实际上下雨了） 3. 与将来事实相反： ◦ 从句：If + 主语 + 动词过去式/should + 动词原形/were to + 动词原形 ◦ 主句：主语 + would/should/could/might + 动词原形 ◦ 例如：If it rained/should rain/were to rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.（如果明天下雨，我们就会待在家里。明天是否下雨不确定，这只是一种假设）；If he were to fail the exam, he would be very sad.（如果他考试不及格，他会非常难过。目前还不知道他是否会不及格） （三）虚拟语气的特殊情况 1. 省略if的条件句：当虚拟条件句中有were, had, should时，可以省略if，将were, had, should提到主语之前，构成倒装结构。例如：Were I you（=If I were you）, I would not do that.（如果我是你，我不会那么做）；Had he come earlier（=If he had come earlier）, he would have caught the bus.（如果他早点来，他就会赶上公交车了）；Should it rain tomorrow（=If it should rain tomorrow）, we would cancel the picnic.（如果明天下雨，我们就会取消野餐） 2. 错综时间条件句：虚拟条件句中，从句和主句所指时间不一致，谓语动词的形式要根据各自所表示的时间进行调整。例如：If you had studied hard last term, you would be better at your lessons now.（从句指过去，主句指现在。如果你上学期努力学习了，你现在的功课就会更好）；If I were you, I would have taken his advice.（从句指现在，主句指过去。如果我是你，我就会接受他的建议了） （四）虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法 1. 宾语从句： ◦ 在表示建议、要求、命令等动词后的宾语从句中：常见动词有suggest, propose, recommend, demand, require, request, insist, order等，从句谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形”。例如：The teacher suggested that we (should) read English every day.（老师建议我们每天读英语）；He insisted that we (should) go there on foot.（他坚持要我们步行去那里） ◦ 在wish后的宾语从句中：表示与事实相反的愿望。与现在事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去式（be动词用were）；与过去事实相反，从句谓语动词用had + 过去分词；与将来事实相反，从句谓语动词用would/could/might + 动词原形。例如：I wish I were as tall as you.（我希望我和你一样高。实际上我没你高，与现在事实相反）；I wish I had met him yesterday.（我希望昨天见到他了。实际上昨天没见到他，与过去事实相反）；I wish I could fly to the moon one day.（我希望有一天我能飞到月球上去。目前还不能飞到月球，与将来事实相反） 2. 主语从句：在It is + adj./n. + that从句结构中，当形容词或名词表示建议、要求、命令等意义时，从句谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形”。常见形容词有necessary, important, essential, natural, strange等；常见名词有suggestion, proposal, demand, requirement, order等。例如：It is necessary that we (should) take enough sleep every day.（我们每天有足够的睡眠是很有必要的）；It is a suggestion that we (should) hold a meeting to discuss the problem.（建议我们开个会来讨论这个问题） 3. 表语从句和同位语从句：在表示建议、要求、命令等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形”。例如：My suggestion is that we (should) go there at once.（我的建议是我们立刻去那里，表语从句）；The order that we (should) start at once came from the general.（我们立刻出发的命令来自将军，同位语从句） （五）虚拟语气在其他句型中的用法 1. as if/though引导的状语从句：当as if/though引导的从句表示与事实不符的情况时，从句要用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去式（be动词用were）；与过去事实相反，从句谓语动词用had + 过去分词；与将来事实相反，从句谓语动词用would/could/might + 动词原形。例如：He talks as if he knew everything.（他说起话来好像什么都知道。实际上他不可能什么都知道，与现在事实相反）；She looks as though she had seen a ghost.（她看起来好像看见了鬼。实际上她没看见鬼，与过去事实相反）；It seems as if it would rain soon.（看起来好像很快要下雨了。目前还没下雨，与将来事实相反） 2. if only引导的感叹句：意为“要是……就好了”，表示强烈的愿望，谓语动词的用法与wish后的宾语从句类似。与现在事实相反，用过去式（be动词用were）；与过去事实相反，用had + 过去分词；与将来事实相反，用would/could/might + 动词原形。例如：If only I were rich!（要是我有钱就好了！与现在事实相反）；If only I had listened to your advice!（要是我听了你的建议就好了！与过去事实相反）；If only I could see him again!（要是我能再见到他就好了！与将来事实相反） 3. It's (high/about) time that...句型：意为“该是……的时候了”，从句谓语动词用过去式或should + 动词原形（should不能省略）。例如：It's time that we went to bed. = It's time that we should go to bed.（该是我们睡觉的时候了） 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$