第七章 动词及动词词组-【创新教程】2026年高考英语语法知识大全

英语语法 ● 章 第7 英语 动祠及动祠祠组 语法 YINGYUYUFA 动词是表示动作或状态的饲，在句中作调语，说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”“志么样”等。动 词词组（短语）是由两个或两个以上的词组成。第一个词为动词，其后接副词或介词，或副词加介 词（此类副词或介词亦称小品询）。 知识.网路导读 知识网络提纲挈领 动词 熟词生义动词 的分类 由动词与名词、副词、 介词搭配构成固定的 动词的转化 动词词组表达定的 同义，其作用相当于 一个动词 动词和 高考热点 动词词组 动词词组 动词+介词 动词+副词 动词+副词+介词 易混动词辨析 动词+名词+介词 动词的基 be动词+形容词+介词 本形式 动词原形、第三人称 单数、过去式。过去 分词、现在分同 ·58· 第7章动词及动词词组 专题.考点圆视 核心要点技法突破 一、动词的分类 (2)跟双宾语的及物动词 及物动词（带宾语）：tell,ask,lean, 可以同时跟两个宾语的及物动词叫双宾 produce,develop,leave等； 语及物动词，一个宾语指人，一个宾语指物，其 不及物动词（不带宾语）：o,wok, 中指人的宾语称为间接宾语，指物的宾语称为 come,rise,wait等； 状态动词（表示相对静止的状态）： 直接宾语。有时可以变为加to的形式，也可 行为 belong,contain,exist,know,love,like, 以变为加for的形式。例如： (实义) own,prefer等： Will you show me your ticket,please? 动词 延续性动词（动作可以持续一段时间）： (=Will you show your ticket to me,please?) work,stay,sleep等； 动作 请把你的票给我看一下好吗？ 非延续性动词（表示瞬间的动作，不能 动词 动 持续)：arrive,finish,lend,opcn,start, My parents bought me a nice backpack. 词 leave,.come等： (=My parents bought a nice backpack for me. 我父母给我买了一个很好看的背包。 表示人或事物的特征和状态：appear,be,feel, 连 look,seem,smell,sound,taste 注意：既可变为加t0的形式也可变为加 表示状态的变化：become,come,fal,go,get, for形式的动词：例如： 动grow,turn等 Could I read this letter to/for you(=read 词 表示某种状态的延续或持续：continue,kcep, you the letter)?我给你读一读这封信好吗？ remain等： (3)跟复合宾语的及物动词 助动词（必须与原形动词或分词构成合成谓语，不能 独立作谓语)：do,does,did,have,has,shall,wil,would等， 在英语中有些动词只跟一个宾语意义不完 情态动词：can(could),may(might),must,shall(should), 整，宾语后必须再加上一个成分（宾语补足语）， wil(would),need,dare等。 其意义方可完整。例如： [巧学妙记] Today some people call Amsterdam "the 动词种类英语动词分四种，行为连 City of Bicycles"because of the convenience 系助动情。动作状态为行动，充当谓语有 for bicycles there.今天，一些人把阿姆斯特丹叫 作用。连系动词有词义，不能独立作谓语， 作“自行车城”，因为那里骑自行车很方便。 须与表语在一起，常用look,become及be。 He kept us alive.他使我们活了下来。 2.不及物动词 助动词来无词义，不能独立作谓语，时态疑 不及物动词之后不带宾语。 问和否定，do,be,will最常用。情态动词 He ran home in tears to his mother. can,may,must,表示语气和情态。人称与 他流着泪跑回家去找他的妈妈。 数无变化，动词原形跟着它。 He did not compromise easily,but was 下面主要讲解及物动词、不及物动词、延 willing to accept any constructive advice for a 续性动词、非延续性动词以及连系动词。 worthy cause. 1.及物动词 他不会轻易妥协，但是对于有价值的事， 他还是愿意接受任何建设性的建议。 及物动词后须带宾语。英语中的动词大 3.延续性动词和非延续性动词 多数为及物动词。及物动词可分为跟单宾语 延续性动词又称持续性动词，表示一种可以 的及物动词、跟双宾语的及物动词以及跟复合 持续的行为过程或状态。常见的延续性动词有： 宾语的及物动词等。 stay,have,keep,know,lie,live,play,rain,read, (1)跟单宾语的及物动词 run,sing,sleep,smoke,snow,stand,talk,wait, 只跟一个宾语的动词称为单宾语及物动 walk,wear,work等。非延续性动词表示行为过 词。例如： 程是短暂瞬间完成的。常见的非延续性动词有： Humans produce more than 300 million arrive,begin,borrow,break,cause,close,come,die, tons of plastic every year.(北京卷) go,join,jump,lose,marry,open,put,start,buy, fall,leave,stop等。 人类每年产生多达3亿吨的塑料垃圾。 (1)延续性动词可用表示一段时间的状语 (2024·新课标I卷)A large amount of 修饰，而非延续性动词则不可。例如： research confirms this finding. We have known each other since childhood. 大量的研究证实了这个发现。 自孩提时代我们就互相认识。 ·59· 英语语法 The film has been on for ten minutes. (1)状态连系动词 电影已经开始十分钟了。（这里不能用 表明主语的性质、状态、身份的连系动词 has begun) 称为状态连系动词。常见的此类连系动词主 (2)有时，非延续性动词也能同表示一段 要有：be,look,seem,appear,smell,taste, 时间的时间状语搭配，一种情况是表示一段时 sound,feel,lie,keep,stay,remain等。例如： 间内的某个时间“点”，一种是在否定句中。例 The monster is very big and very strong, 如： and this makes him very frightening. The play will start in half an hour. 怪兽高大强壮，这使它非常令人恐惧。 这出戏半个小时后开始。 Lie detectors have been widely used in We haven't come here for ages. the US since the 1950s but they remained 我们多年没来这里了。 controversial..从20世纪50年代以来，测谎仪 (3)非延续性动词一般不用于while引导 在美国得到广泛的应用，但对它们的使用仍存 的时间状语从句中。例如： 有争议。 (2)转变或结果连系动词 While the family came here from Russia, they were penniless.(X) 有一些连系动词表示主语性质或状态的 变化。常见的此类连系动词主要有：become, When the family came here from Russia, they were penniless.( get,grow,turn,come,fall,prove,.go等。例如： The design proved to be a success. 这一家人从俄罗斯刚来到这儿时，他们身 这个设计证明是成功的。 无分文。 I'm worried I'll get nervous and freeze on (4)延续性动词表示一时的动作，可以在 stage 该动词前加get/begin/come to。例如： 我担心我会在舞台上变得紧张和忘词。 It was not until I failed again that I got to 5.助动词 realize my fault..直到我再次失败，我才开始认 助动词一般无词义，主要帮助构成谓 识到我的错误。 语，表示时态、语态、语气等，或构成疑问及 They began to see that they had made a 否定形式。但有些助动词如shall,wil, serious mistake..他们开始认识到他们犯了一 should,would等，有时有一定的词义，作用 个严重的错误。 接近情态动词，很难说是助动词还是情态动 We came to know each other a score of 词。英语中的助动词有： years ago. be(am,is,are;was,were;been,being) 我们在二十年前就彼此认识了。 do(dose,did) [温馨提示]部分非延续性动词（短语）和 have(has,had,having) 延续性动词（短语）的转换： will(would) 买buy-have 借borrow一keep shall(should) 结婚get married--be married (1)助动词be,have,will,shall 认识get to know一know 助动词有be,have,will,shal,可以用来构 离开leave-be away 成各种时态、语态和语气。 回来come back-be back (2)助动词do 生病fall ill--be ill 死亡die-be dead do可帮助构成疑问句和否定句，还可表示 关闭turn off--beof 打开turn on一beon 强调或代替前面动词以避免重复。例如： 动身leave for-be off to变成become-be Do you find homework tiring and boring? 你觉得家庭作业枯燥乏味吗？ 返回return一be back 开始begin一beon We don't have the same work hours that 睡觉go to bed一sleep office workers in the city have. 穿put on-have on./wear 我们的工作时间和城市里的办公室职员不 来/去come/go-bein/away 一样。 参加join-be a member of Oh,do buy a flower. 感冒take/get/catch a cold-have a cold 哦，务必买一枝花。 入睡go to sleep-be asleep We will go to Africa first. 到达get to/arrive in(at)/reach-bein 我们先去非洲。 4.连系动词 They have found that the sun often causes 连接主语和表示主语身份、性质、状态的 footprints in the snow to become larger. 动词称为连系动词。连系动词后一般可跟名 他们发现，日晒常常会导致雪地上的脚印 词、形容词等作表语。 变大。 ·60· 第7章动词及动词词组 二、动词的基本形式 英语的动词形式有原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词及现在分词五种基本变化形式。详 见下表： 形式 构成方法 例词 原形 动词的原生形态 arise,buy,fly,study,use,win 般情况下加s helps,knows,likes,works 一般现在时 的第三人称 以-o,ch,-sh,-s,x结尾加-es goes,mixes,watches,washes 单数形式 以“辅音字母十y”结尾，变y为i再加-es applies,carries,studies,tries 般情况下加-ed helped,passed,played,worked decided,hoped,liked,loved, 过去式、 以不发音的-e结尾直接加-d smiled,used 过去分词 (规则变化) 以“辅音字母十y”结尾，变y为i再加-ed cried,carried,studied,tried 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母， admitted,nodded,planned,pre- 双写该辅音字母，再加-ed ferred,stopped -般情况下加-ing buying,finding,going,meeting, working 以不发音的字母-e结尾，去掉e,再加-ing coming,continuing,deciding,living, riding,writing 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母， admitting,beginning,cutting, 现在分词 双写该辅音字母，再加-ing nodding,occurring,preferring 少数以-ie结尾的动词，变ie为y,再加-ing dying,lying,tying 以“辅音字母十y”结尾的词，直接加-ing burying,hurrying,studying,try- ing 以-ee结尾的动词，直接加-ing agreeing,fleeing,seeing [巧学妙记] 动词的过去式和过去分词的发音规律 在清辅音后读/t/:helped,finished,stopped 在元音和浊辅音后读/d/:stayed,agreed,planned 在辅音/t/,/d/后读/id/:wanted,needed ·61· 英语语法 三、动词的转化 动词辨析 前/后缀 例词 2.say,tell,speak,talk able→enable 使能够 (1)以上四个词中，speak,talk为不及物动词，但 large→enlarge 扩大 speak后加语言名称作宾语时为及物动词。 前缀 en- rich→enrich 使充实；使丰富 speak强调单方的“说”或“讲”，而talk强调双 danger->endanger 危及 方“交谈”，表示“同某人谈论（某事）”。常用搭 courage→encourage鼓励 配：speak to/with sb.about sth.;talk to/with sb.about sth.。 broad-broaden 使变宽 Please speak more slowly..请说慢一点儿。 ripe-ripen 使成熟 I spoke to(with)the headmaster about my sharp→sharpen 使尖锐 idea.我跟校长说了我的想法。 wide-widen 加宽 He can speak English quite well.他的英语 -en short→shorten 变短 说得非常好。 deep-deepen 加深 What are they talking about?他们在谈论 dark→darken 使变暗 什么？ hard→harden 使变硬 (2)say强调说话内容，但主语未必是人，黑 后缀 板、药瓶、书信、符号等都可以作其主语，意 class→classify 把…分类 为give(information or instructions)。 -ify simple→simplify 简化 The clock says three o'clock.这个钟3点了。 beautybeautify 美化 The law says(that)this is quite legitimate. 从法律上说，这是相当合法的。 The book doesn't say where he was born. apology-apologize 道歉 上没说他是在哪里出生的。 -ize memory-→nemorize记住 The guidebook says to turn left.旅游指南 real-realize 认识到：实现 上说向左转。 (3)say,tell可作及物动词；say强调说话内 四、几组易混动词辨析 容，tell表示“告诉”，可接双宾语。常用搭 动词辨析 配：say sth.tosb.;tell sb.sth.(=tell sth. to sb.)tell sb.to do sth. Did you say anything(to him)?你（对他）说 1.turn,become,get,go 什么了吗？ (1)谈到人或物的状态、外貌等的变化时，常 He said(that)he wanted to go.他说他想去。 用become,get,turn,go后接形容词。总的 (2021·全国乙卷)To begin with,I「d like to 来说，become和turn比get和go更文雅。 tell a story from my own life. (2)go和turn可用于指人或事物的颜色 开始时，我想讲来自我自己生活的一个 变化。 故事。 另外，tell与介词from连用表示“区分，辨别”， She went/turned blue with cold. 常与情态动词（词组）can,be able to连用。 她冻得脸色发（变）青了。 Can you tell true friends from false ones? (3)turn后可以加年龄或时间，表示“达到或 你能分清真假朋友吗？ 超过（某年龄或时间）”。 (4)习惯表达方面的区别。 She turned forty last June. ①表示“演说、演讲、发言”等，一般用speak。 她在刚过去的6月份满40岁。 Who is going to speak at the meeting?谁将 (4)go有时指由好的变成坏的。 在会上发言？ ②在某些搭配中。 go bad变坏go mad变疯 tell a lie说谎tell a story讲故事 ·62· 第7章动词及动词词组 动词辨析 动词辨析 3.fit,suit,match (2)表动作的词为put on,dress,但搭配不 前二者都可指衣服“合适”或“适合”的意思。 同，put on+衣服，而dress+sb.+in十 ft指大小、尺寸合体；suit指颜色、花样或款 衣服。 式适合；match表示“与…相匹配/匹敌” She dressed the baby.她给婴儿穿衣服。 的意思。 Put on your coat when you go out. 出去时穿上外套。 The coat fits me well. She is dressing herself.她在穿衣服。 这件上衣我穿着很合身。 The color of the cloth suits a woman at my 5.cure,treat wife's age. (1)用作动词，两者都可表示“治疗”，但含义 这种布的颜色适合跟我妻子年龄相仿的妇女。 有区别：cure通常强调结果，指治愈某种疾 The curtains and the carpets match perfectly. 病或某人的疾病；而treat则通常强调过程， 窗帘和地毯十分协调。 指对病人进行诊断和治疗，但不含治好的意 No one can match her at chess. 思。比较： A few days'rest will cure you.休，息几天你 下国际象棋谁也比不上她。 的病就好了。 The dentist is treating my teeth.牙科医生 4.wear,dress,have on put on 在给我看牙。 这几个词都可表示“穿”，区别如下： (2)cure表示“治疗”，可用作名词。若表示 (I)表状态的动词（词组）为have on,wear, “对…的治疗”或“治疗…的方法”，一般 be dressed in。have on几乎等于wear,但 用介词for。 have on作“穿着”讲时，不能用其现在分词 Is there a certain cure for cancer yet? 形式，也不能用作被动语态。此外，wear除 迄今有治疗癌症的有效方法吗？Scientists have so far failed to provide a cure for the 表示穿衣外，还表示戴表（花、纪念章等）以 disease.科学家们到目前为止还没有找到 及留头发或胡须等，有时have on也这样用。 种治疗那种疾病的方法。 She was wearing her mother's coat. (3)注意以下两句cure和treat所搭配的介词 她穿着她母亲的大衣。（不能用having on) 不同： She has a red jacket on.她穿着一件红色的 The doctors cured her of cancer.医生治好了她 短上衣。 的癌症。 The girl was poorly dressed..这个女孩衣着 Which doctor is treating you for your ill- ness? 寒酸。 哪个医生在给你看病？ He was dressed as a woman.他男扮女装。 有时用于引申义。 He wears his hair long..他留着长发。 Parents try to cure their children of bad They all had dark glasses on..他们都戴着 habits. 墨镜。 父母设法纠正孩子们的不良习惯。 ·63· 英语语法 五、常见熟词生义动词 情况 例句 熟义：尝试，努力，试图 Don't attempt the impossible. attempt 不要试图做不可能的事。 生义：attempted murder未遂的谋杀 熟义：n.书本 生义：.预订（位子，膳宿等）；预购（票等） book Book early if you want to be sure of a seat. 要想十拿九稳有个座位，那就早订座。 l.(天津卷)He telephoned the 熟义：覆盖，掩饰 travel agency to book three 生义：（指钱）够付（某事物）；走（一段路程）：报道 cover air tickets to London. 10 pounds will cover our petrol for the journey. 10英镑就足够支付我们旅行的汽油费。 2.His research covers a wide 熟义：递送，投递 field from wild plants to wild 生义：授（课）；讲（道）；讲（话） deliver She delivered a talk on philosophy to the animals. society..她给学会作了一次有关哲学的讲话。 3.We all agreed that the cot- 熟义：制造，建造 tage would make a perfect 生义：演变成，结果是 make If you train hard,you'll make a good footballer. holiday home for the family. 如果你刻苦训练你就能成为优秀的足球运动员。 4.The new movie promises to 熟义：答应，允诺 生义：使（某事物）很有可能 be one of the biggest money- promise The clouds promise rain.阴云预示有雨。 makers of all time. It promises to be warm this afternoon. 5.(2025·全国二卷)He'ssup 今天下午有望转暖。 熟义：认定，认为，以为，猜想 posed to be at the airport 生义：be supposed to do sth. now to pick up Mr Ander- (按规则、惯例等)应当做某事 suppose son,but he's nowhere to be Am I supposed to clean all the rooms or just this one?我是应该打扫所有的房间，还是只 found. 这一间？ 6.-How much do you want 熟义：做，干，完成 生义：足够或能满足（某人/某事物的需要） for the weekend? do Will next Friday do for our meeting? -15 dollars will do. 我们的会议下星期五开行吗？ 7.The hard-working and intel- 熟义：失败，不及格，失灵 生义：（指健康状况、视力等）衰退；使失望 ligent boy was admitted to fail His eyesight is failing.他的视力在渐渐衰退。 Beijing University. Words fail me. 我无法用言语来表达（自己的感情等）。 熟义：承认 He admitted being late. 他承认迟到了。 admit 生义：接收某人（入院或入学等） He was admitted into a key college last year. 去年他被一所重点大学录取。 ·64· 第7章动词及动词词组 六、动词词组 动词词组是由动词与介词、名词或副词等结合在一起而组成的。有些短语相当于及物动词， 有些则相当于不及物动词。主要有以下几种： 类型 常见短语 例句 break out 爆发 break up打碎，分解 clean up打扫千净 die off一个一个死去 1.Students must clean up after drop out 中途放弃 cooking. 1.不及物动词+ fall behind落后 2.Old-fashioned phones matter when 副词 get along进展 wireless networks break down in “不及物动词十 get up起床，站起来 disasters. 副词”结构在句 give in屈服 3.Joining the firm as a clerk,he got 中直接作谓语， g0on继续 rapid promotion,and ended up as 其后不加任何宾 grow up长大 a manager. 语。常见的此类 hold on坚持，等一会 4.I had hoped to take a holiday this 副词有away, look ahead向前看 year but I wasn't able to get pass away去世 away. along,back, down,in,off, start off出发 5.When the sports hero turned up on,out,up等。 stay up 熬夜 at our party,he was welcomed turn up出现 with open arms. watch out当心 6.Briggs will take over as general wake up醒来 manager when Mitchell retires. die away 渐渐消失 run out (时间、物品被)用光 come up (计划、建议被)提出 1.-John can't concentrate on his studies recently. account for解释，说明，（在比例上）占 -Yes.That might account for break into破门而入 why he did so badly in the last care for喜欢，关心 exam. care about在乎 2.She came across an old friend of cater for迎合，满足 hers yesterday while she was 2.不及物动词十 come across 偶然碰到 shopping at the department count on store. 介词 指望，依靠 “不及物动词十 deal with 处理，支付 3.(2024·新课标I卷)If he seems 介词”结构，其后 get over 克服 a little defensive,it might be be- 需要带宾语。常 go about 着手做，从事 cause even some of his coworkers 见的此类介词有 laugh at 嘲笑 occasionally laugh at his unusual lie in在于，位于 methods. for,about,over, look after照顾 4.Armed with the information you after,into,at,to, look into调查 have gathered,you can set about on,across,in,with 等。 look for寻找 preparing your business plan. stand for代表 5.The police are looking into the stick to坚持 case. wait for等候 6.-Who are you waiting for? wait on 伺候 -My brother. run into 撞到，偶然遇上 7.As is known to all,the term"Lei call for 去叫（人），需要，呼吁 Feng"stands for anyone who is selfless,or anyone who is ready to help others in China. ·65· 英语语法 类型 常见短语 例句 add up 加起来 break off折断，中止 3.及物动词十 bring in 引进，赚取 1.Bears build up fat stores through- 副词 out the summer and fall to have bring up 抚养，提出，呕吐 “及物动词十副 call off中止，叫停 energy enough to last them 词”结构有的必 carry out执行 through their winter sleep. 须加宾语，宾语 cut off切断 2.The two countries are going to meet 如果是人称代词 drink up喝光 to break down some barriers to trade 的宾格形式（如： find out查明，查出 between them. 3.Team leaders must ensure that all it,them,us,me, get in收割 you,him,her give away 暴露，捐赠 members get over their natural 等)，需将其放在 指出，指明 desire to avoid the embarrass- point out 动词和副词之 ment associated with making mis- put out 使熄灭 间；如果是名词 take off起飞 takes. 或nothing,eve turn away打发走 4.Ralph.W.Emerson would always rything等代词 turn in 上交 set down new ideas that occurred to him. 时，可以放在动 work out计算出 词和副词中间， put off推迟 5.How could you turn down such a 也可以放在副词 fantastic job when you have been put up 举起，张贴 后面。有的不能 out of work for months? take up占用，开始从事 turn off关闭 6.Mother always complains that 加宾语，相当于一 个不及物动词。 出现，找到 children wear out their shoes very turn up put on 穿上，上演 quickly. tear up 撕碎 make sense 讲得通 make a bed整理床铺 make a bet 打赌 make a bow鞠躬 make faces扮鬼脸 1.Without a preposition the sen- make fashion做做样子 tence doesn't make sense. lose courage丧失勇气 2.Don't lose heart;you should try a fourth. lose heart灰心 3.Every time in danger,the Party lose interest 失去兴趣 4.动词十名词 lose patience失去耐心 member will take charge without hesitation. lose weight减肥 take action 采取行动 4.The new law against smoking in take advice 征求意见 public places has taken effect. 5.The hunter took aim carefully at take aim瞄准 take breath歇口气 the bird,but missed the target. take care当心 6.(天津卷)Of course,I also took take charge看管 some practical steps to lose weight. take one's time慢慢来 take courage奋勇 take effect生效 ·66· 第7章动词及动词词组 类型 常见短语 例句 end up in最终成为 1.Anyway,we're here now,so let's get across to 被理解 get down to some serious work. get along with进展 2.Terry,please look up from your get away from 逃离 cellphone when Grandma is talk- get away with逃脱处罚 ing to you. get down to开始认真做 3.(2021·浙江卷)It was tiring keep away from远离 work,but I look forward to the keep on with继续做 pay,even though I wasn't sure live up to不辜负 how much it would amount to. 5.动词+副词十 4.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Families look down upon/on蔑视 介词 gather for big meals on Sundays, look forward to期盼 birthdays,and whatever other look out for警惕 excuses they can come up with. make up for弥补 5.A good speaker is supposed to run out of用光 manage to get across to the lis- put up with容忍 teners what he means. come up with提出 6.In English,if new words continue go in for喜欢 to be used for at least five years, hold on to抓住 they generally end up in the Ox- settle down to 开始做某事 ford English Dictionary. make fun of取笑 make peace with讲和 make sense of弄清楚 make way for让路给 make use of利用 1.The school isn't the one I really take account of考虑 wanted to go to,but I suppose I'll take advantage of利用 just have to make the best (use) take care of照顾 of it. take delight in乐于 2.The progress he takes pride in 6.动词十名词十 take hold of握住 still doesn't satisfy his parents. 介词 take notice of注意到 3.All the students are busy in mak- take part in参加 ing preparations for the College take pride in以…为自豪 Entrance Examination. take charge of负责，看管 4.Before the earthquake,people take command of开始控制 took no notice of the strange make contributions to对.…作出贡献 things. make friends with与…交朋友 make preparations for为…做好准备 make progress in在…取得进步 make room for为…腾出空间 ·67·