UNIT 6 SECTION 3 GRAMMAR 1-【创新教程】2025-2026学年高中英语必修第二册五维课堂同步Word教案（北师大版2019）

SECTION Ⅲ　GRAMMAR GRAMMAR 1—— 介词＋关系代词(which/whom)引导的定语从句 语境美文 语法感悟 　　I still remember the days 1.in which I stayed with my grandparents in a small village.The little girl 2.with whom I often went to the hill to watch butterflies flying among the flowers and listen to birds singing was very clever and pretty.She often carried a novel,3.of which the cover was old，and from time to time read it.One day，we met an old couple,4.both of whom lived in the village.They invited us to their orchard(果园)5.in which there were kinds of fruits and treated us to some,6.all of which were delicious and juicy. From then on，I went there every vocation,7.during which I studied，played and tasted fruits together with the girl.Now，we are of a family with two lovely babies. 　介词＋关系代词在定语从句中可以作状语，表示时间或地点；也可以用于一些特殊的短语结构中。 从美文中可以看出： (1)1和7处在定语从句中作状语，表示时间，分别修饰days和vocation。 (2)5处在定语从句中作状语，表示地点，修饰orchard。 (3)3、4和6处则分别用于特殊的短语结构中。 关系代词在定语从句中可以作宾语，包括及物动词的宾语和介词的宾语。关系代词作介词宾语时，介词通常放在定语从句的末尾。但在很多情况下，需要把介词放在关系代词的前面。这就是“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。具体使用什么介词，可能与先行词的固定搭配有关，可能与定语从句中动词的要求有关，可能与定语从句中形容词的搭配有关。还有一种可能，就是与定语从句所要表达的具体意思有关。 Ⅰ.基本构成 介词(in，on，at，during，of，with，by等等)＋which(指物)/whom(指人)。 ①The ladder on which I was standing began to slip. ②They tried to think of a plan by which they could complete their task ahead of time. ③I met a man with whom I used to work. ④We'll go to see the famous singer about whom we have talked. Ⅱ.基本用法 (ⅰ)“介词＋which/whom”中介词的确定 1．根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯来确定。 I still remember the day on which I joined the army.我仍然记得我参军的那一天。(表示具体的“在哪一天”，用介词on) 2．根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词确定介词。该动词或形容词常与某些介词构成固定搭配。 He is the man for whom I'm waiting for a long time.他是我等了很久的那个人。(wait for等待，为固定搭配) He is a famous singer of whom we are proud. 他是一位我们引以为豪的著名歌唱家。(be proud of以……而自豪，为固定搭配) 3．根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子中，定语从句中谓语动词也不是固定的动词短语。这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思选用不同的介词。 This is the book without which I can't pass the exam.这是一本没有它我就不能通过考试的书。(根据句意判定) ◆[即学活用1] 单句语法填空 ①I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music. ②I'll never forget the day on which she said goodbye to me. ③He referred me to some books with which I am not very familiar. ④The tower from which people can have a good view is on the hill. ⑤The man to whom I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling. (ⅱ)“介词十关系代词”的特殊用法 有时“介词＋关系代词” 前会出现不定代词(all，both，none，neither，many，few，the rest 等)、数词(分数、百分数等) 及“the＋最高级/比较级”等，用来表示部分、数目等意义。 I live in the room，the windows of which (of which the windows/whose windows) face south. 我住在一个窗户朝南的房间里。 Last week，only two people came to look at the house，neither of whom wanted to buy it. 上周只有两个人来看了房子，但是没有一个想要买的。 The football team has 15 members，the oldest of whom is 25 years old. 这支足球队有15名队员，其中最大的25岁。 ◆[即学活用2] 单句语法填空 ①He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows，most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. ②The workers，some of whom stayed for four years，came from different countries. ③The committee is made up of 20 members,5 of whom are women. ④The book contains 50 poems，most of which were written in the 1930s. ⑤There are two left，one of which is almost finished，and the other of which is not. GRAMMAR 2——同义词和反义词 同义词是指在意义上相同或相近的词汇；反义词是指在意义上相反或相异的词汇。 (一)同义词 1．同义词是意义几乎相同的一组词语，它们词性相同。如look与see；ambition与hope、dream等。同义词虽然意义相同，但由于语义、感情色彩、语体色彩、词的搭配和位置分布的不同，有些同义词是有差异的，在不同场合要注意它们的运用。 statesman和politician在字面上都是“政治家”的意思，但是，后者往往用其贬义，表示“政客”的意思。 2．从语体角度来讲，不同的同义词出现在不同的语体中，带有语体色彩。 3．在写作上，很多时候同义词在从句和一些并列的语句中应用比较多，起解释说明的作用。 She is a vocalist，singer working in the CCTV.(这里的 singer是对前面的名词的解释。英语中常有一些这样的句子，我们可能不一定知道第一个名词的意思，但是紧跟其后的名词我们一定学过。) 4．此外，同义词也经常用在一些谚语中。 A single spark can start a prairie fire. 星星之火，可以燎原。 ◆[即学活用1] 写出下列词语的同义词 ①big— large ②beautiful— pretty ③photo— picture ④quick— fast ⑤be good at— do well in ⑥take a walk— go for a walk ⑦homeland— motherland ⑧scared— frightened ⑨smart— clever/bright/wise ⑩flee— escape (二)反义词 语义相对或者相反的词叫作反义词。和同义词一样，它们词性相同。 1．换位反义词。 换位反义词就是指一种对立统一的关系，一方的存在以另一方的存在为前提，双方形成一个对立的统一体。 If A sells a watch to B，B buys a watch from A. If A gives a pen to B，B receives a pen from A. 英语中有一词多义的特征，所以反义词可能有不止一个，所以在不同的场合要注意反义词的使用。 2．固定搭配中的反义词。 英语中有许多由一对反义词构成的固定搭配。例如：here and there，now and then，day and night，up and down，etc. 3．反义词在谚语中的使用，通常用对偶句，它们结构相似，意思相反。 A white lie is better than a black lie. 一个善意的谎言总比一个恶意的谎言要好。 As long as the mind is enslaved，the body can never be free. 只要思想被奴役，身体就永远不能自由。 Pain past is pleasure.苦尽甘来。 East or west，home is best. 东好西好，还是家里最好。 4．词根加上前缀/后缀形成反义词。前缀有im­， in­， un­等，后缀有­less等。 在英语里，如果两个词语的意思相同或相近，那么它们就被称作同义词(synonyms)，而意思相反的词语叫作反义词(antonyms)。同义词在英语文章中的显现能够证明学习者词汇量的大小，而反义词在写作中尤为重要，俗语或者谚语以及对偶句的应用往往使文章出彩，甚至起到强调警示的作用，令人印象深刻。当然，它们也有场合的差异，色彩的不同，甚至不同的人选词也会不尽相同。 ◆[即学活用2] 写出下列词语的反义词 ①beautiful— ugly ②cry— laugh ③clever— stupid ④different— same ⑤difficult— easy ⑥dirty— clean ⑦early— late ⑧fast— slow ⑨inside— outside ⑩tight— loose 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$