专题1 第1讲 名词(Word教参)-【精讲精练】2026年高考英语一轮复习（人教版）

第1讲　名词 [对应学生用书P226] 考点一　名词的数 1．可数名词单数变复数的变化规则 (1)规则变化 情况 构成 例词 一般情况 加­s acquaintance→acquaintances display→displays 以­s、­x、­ch、­sh等结尾的词 加­es approach→approaches crash→crashes virus→viruses box→boxes 例外 stomach→stomachs 以“辅音字母＋­y”结尾的词 将y变为i加­es discovery→discoveries　facility→facilities 以­o结尾的词 加­s studio→studios 加­es hero→heroes potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes 加­s或 ­es均可 motto→mottos/mottoes　volcano→volcanos/volcanoes 以­f或­fe 结尾的词 将f或fe变为v加­es knife→knives thief→thieves wolf→wolves 加­s gulf→gulfs　cliff→cliffs roof→roofs　chief→chiefs belief→beliefs　proof→proofs (2)不规则变化 变化方式 示例 单复数同形 deer　sheep　 means　aircraft　 works(作品)　series　species head头(表示牲畜的数目)　 Chinese　Japanese　Swiss 变内部元音 foot→feet　 tooth→teeth goose→geese　man→men woman→women 词尾加­ren/­en child→children　ox→oxen 特殊名词变化 crisis→crises　 analysis→analyses criterion→criteria　phenomenon→phenomena (3)复合名词的复数变化规则 形式 变化规则 示例 有主体名词 将主体名词变为复数 passer­by→passers­by editor­in­chief→ editors­in­chief 无主体名词 在最后加­s grown­up→grown­ups go­between→go­betweens 含man/woman 若man/woman在词尾，把man/woman变成复数 firewoman→firewomen 若man/woman前置，各组成部分皆变为复数 man doctor→men doctors 2．不可数名词 (1)常考的不可数名词 advice建议　 baggage/luggage行李 change零钱　 equipment设备 fun乐趣　 furniture家具 health健康　 information信息 jewellery珠宝　 luck运气 music音乐　 news新闻 progress进步　 weather天气 work工作 (2)不可数名词的转化 情况 示例 物质名词表示数量、种类、份数等时，可转化为可数名词 tea茶→two teas两杯茶 rain雨→a rain一场雨 抽象名词表示具体的人或事物时，可转化为可数名词 success成功→a success一个成功的人/事 surprise惊讶→a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 单句语法填空 ①(2024·重庆三诊)Since the introduction of cranberries from North America in 2014，Fuyuan City in Heilongjiang province has planted 280 hectares of cranberries，making it one of the largest cranberry growing bases (base) in Asia. ②During the festival，which lasts three or four days，people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of rich and colourful activities (activity). ③The best solution might be to find the weaknesses (weakness) in the idea and to try and strengthen them，rather than use them simply as an excuse for rejecting the whole idea. ④Timmins and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on passers­by (passer­by). ⑤We usually expect Hollywood heroes (hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys. 考点二　名词所有格 类型 情况 示例 ­'s/­s' 所有格 表示有生命的东西或时间、空间、距离、价格、重量等名词的所有格 Women's Day，an hour's walk，students' reading room，today's paper of所 有格 表示无生命的东西的名词所有格(但表示事物的“类型”时不用of所有格) a map of China，the top of the mountain 双重所 有格 名词＋of＋名词所有格/名词性物主代词 a friend of Lily's，this little cat of yours 考点三　名词作定语 1．名词作定语多用来说明被修饰名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。 a cotton shirt一件棉布衬衫 a tennis court一个网球场 school education学校教育 2．多数情况下，名词作定语时要使用单数形式；但clothes，goods，sports，sales等名词作定语时，要用复数形式。 a glasses store眼镜店 a clothes shop服装店 a sports meeting运动会 利用修饰特点判断定语形式 提示词为名词，且所填词在名词前面作定语时，所填词具体使用什么形式需要考虑所填词所表达的“修饰意义”。常见情况有以下三种： 情况1　如果定语描述被修饰对象的特征和属性，常用形容词作定语； 情况2　如果定语表示被修饰对象的类别、用途、材料或来源等，常用名词作定语； 情况3　如果定语表示所属关系，用名词所有格作定语。 单句语法填空 ①(2024·青海二模)There is a longstanding Chinese tradition of including chopsticks in a girl's (girl) dowry(嫁妆)，symbolizing a blessing for the bride's future family. ②As a matter of fact，a person's (person) educational background is of great importance in forming his viewpoint towards the world and thinking patterns of approaching things. ③Nowadays，more and more teenagers prefer to eat snacks and other fast food，which accounts for the rise in weight (weigh) problems. 考点四　名词的词形转换 1．动词变名词的后缀 后缀 例词 ­al approve→approval　 refuse→refusal ­ance/ ­ence appear→appearance　guide→guidance prefer→preference　 refer→reference ­ion/ ­tion/ ­ation expect→expectation　invite→invitation solve→solution　compete→competition describe→description　explain→ explanation　pronounce→pronunciation ­s(s)ion admit→admission　decide→decision ­ment achieve→achievement　argue→argument ­ure/ ­ture fail→failure　expose→exposure ­y recover→recovery discover→discovery ­er/ ­or announce→announcer conduct→conductor 其他常 见变化 choose→choice　vary→variety tend→tendency　grow→growth marry→marriage 2．形容词变名词的后缀 后缀 例词 ­cy fluent→fluency　accurate→accuracy efficient→efficiency ­dom free→freedom　wise→wisdom ­ness dark→darkness　aware→awareness ­th warm→warmth　 true→truth deep→depth　strong→strength long→length　wide→width ­y/­ty/­ity difficult→difficulty　 honest→honesty cruel→cruelty　responsible→responsibility ­ce absent→absence　confident→ confidence　convenient→convenience　significant→significance 单句语法填空 ①(2025·南昌模拟)The oldest evidence (evident) of noodles was from 4，000 years ago in China. ②(2024·济宁二模)The Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo，once struggling to sustain its survival (survive)，has undergone a remarkable turnaround. ③(2024·广州三模)Huang Bingbing，living in Shenzhen，Guangdong，is an enthusiastic supporter (support) of this idea. ◆技法图解 ◆学以致用 1．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) These plants included modern Western (favourite) such as rosemary，lavender and fennel. 2．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷) The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design，to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route that brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the (rich) of gardening in England. 1．解析　favourites　考查名词复数。分析句子结构可知，空处作动词included的宾语，前面的modern Western为定语，所以此处应填名词；根据空后的“such as rosemary，lavender and fennel”可知，空处表示复数概念，应用favourites。 2．解析　richness　考查词形转换。空处跟在定冠词the之后，且空后的of gardening对空处进行限定，因此应用名词richness。 [对应学生用书P229] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Although they could never have met，there are common (theme) in their works，said Paul Edmondson，head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. 解析　themes　考查名词复数。根据空前的there are可知，此处应用名词复数themes。 2．(2024·全国甲卷) They are (treasure) of American heritage (遗产). 解析　treasures　考查名词复数。根据空前的are和空后的of可知，空处应用名词复数，表示它们是美国遗产中的珍宝。 3．(2023·全国乙卷)The (remark) development of this city，which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world，means there is always something new to discover here，and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years. 解析　remarkable　考查词性转换。空处在句中作定语，修饰名词development，应用形容词。故填remarkable“非凡的，卓越的”。 4．(2023·全国甲卷) (difference) from traditional fables，Carson's story ends with an accusation instead of a moral. 解析　Different　考查词性转换。 be different from“与……不同”是固定短语，此处作状语，去掉be动词，且空处位于句首，单词首字母要大写，故填Different。 5．(2024·长沙雅礼中学月考)She shows us through her actions that regardless of the circumstances，as long as you have determination and (persevere)，you can definitely achieve success. 解析　perseverance　考查名词。设空处与名词determination并列，作动词have 的宾语，应使用名词形式，意为“毅力”，为不可数名词，故填 perseverance。 6．(2025·岳阳一模) Species are disappearing at a rate much faster than that millions of years ago，with up to one million species on the edge of (extinct). 解析　extinction　考查名词。设空处作介词of的宾语，应使用名词形式，意为“灭绝，消亡”，故填extinction。固定短语on the edge of extinction 意为“濒临灭绝”。 7．(2024·张家界二模) The railway not only further facilitates the flow of people and trade between China and Laos，but promotes the recovery of tourism and other (industry)，and brings vitality to the development between these two countries。 解析　industries　考查名词。此处表示“旅游业和其他行业”。根据other可知，此处应使用复数形式，故填industries。 8．(2024·宁波十校二模)The Siberian tiger is the largest of all tigers.An adult male can grow up to 2.9 meters in (long) and weigh as much as 300 kilograms. 解析　length　考查名词。设空处作介词in的宾语，应使用名词形式，意为“长度”，故填 length。in length 意为“在长度上”。 9．(2024·长沙雅礼中学月考) Among the Han people，which make up a vast majority of (China) total population，the passage into adulthood is no longer celebrated，except in those very traditional families. 解析　China's　考查名词所有格。此处表示“中国的人口总数”，设空处与population 构成所属关系，应使用所有格，故填China's。 10．They were widely read by people and contained philosophical ideas，history and viewpoints about human society that defined part of the worldviews of the scholar and the (politics)，which had a significant effect on the development of Chinese societies in past eras. 解析　politician　考查名词。设空处与名词scholar(学者)并列，作介词of的宾语，表示人，意为“从政者”，故填 politician。 Ⅱ.语法填空 The Analects of Confucius or The Analects (《论语》) is a collection of the sayings and teachings of Confucius and his disciples (追随者).It 1. (edit) in the early Warring States Period，from the notes that his disciples took according to the answers 2. their questions. Today's The Analects is based on the Lu version compiled during the Han Dynasty and embodies 3. Confucian concept of ren or humanity or benevolence.Ren is rich in content，and varied in form. The core of the concept is “The benevolent love of others” or universal love，4. is the basic virtue of a gentleman of noble character.Confucius believed that being benevolent does not mean 5. (be) without principles.One should be clear about what 6. (love) or hate.Ren comes from learning and self­cultivation：It can be seen from a person's appearance.To be sure，li or rites and yue or music are important.7. ，ren is the No.1 principle of being a decent man.It is 8. (actual) the essence of li and yue.Without ren，li or yue would be 9. (meaning). Apart from ren，Confucius put forward another concept，which is yi or righteousness.Yi is the code of conduct under the 10. (guide) of ren.“The virtuous man cherishes a respect for the law，while the vile (邪恶的) man cherishes generous treatment.” [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了《论语》的核心理念。 1．解析　was edited　考查动词的时态和语态及主谓一致。句意为：它编纂于战国初期，是孔子的弟子根据他们的问答记录的笔记汇编而成的。分析句子结构可知，设空处作谓语，主语It指代上文提到的The Analects，为单数概念，与谓语动词edit之间是被动关系，且此处描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was edited。 2．解析　to　考查介词。句意见上一题解析。answer to...意为“……的答案”，是固定用法。故填to。 3．解析　the　考查冠词。句意为：如今《论语》是以汉代编纂的《鲁论语》为基础，体现了儒家的“仁”的思想。设空处修饰Confucian concept，表示特指，应用定冠词修饰。故填the。 4．解析　which　考查定语从句。句意为：这一理念的核心是“仁者爱人”或“博爱”，这是品格高尚的君子的基本美德。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代“‘The benevolent love of others’ or universal love”，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which。故填which。 5．解析　being　考查非谓语动词。句意为：孔子认为，“仁”不等于无原则。根据句意可知，此处表示“意味着”，mean doing sth为固定搭配，表示“意味着做某事”。故填being。 6．解析　to love　考查非谓语动词。句意为：一个人应该清楚地知道爱什么或恨什么。根据or后的动词原形hate可知，此处为“疑问词＋不定式”作介词about的宾语。故填to love。 7．解析　However　考查副词。句意为：然而，“仁”是做一个正派的人的第一原则。根据句意可知，此处与上文之间为转折关系，且有逗号隔开，应用副词however；此处位于句首，首字母应大写。故填However。 8．解析　actually　考查词性转换。句意为：它事实上是“礼”和“乐”的本质。设空处修饰系动词is，应用副词。故填actually。 9．解析　meaningless　考查词性转换。句意为：没有“仁”，“礼”或“乐”就没有意义了。设空处作表语，应用形容词；根据句意可知，此处表示“无意义的”。故填meaningless。 10．解析　guidance　考查词性转换。句意为：“义”是“仁”指导下的行为准则。根据空前的the和空后的of可知，设空处应用名词，under the guidance of为固定搭配，意为“在……的指导下”。故填guidance。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$