专题04 初升高衔接词性之代词介词连词（课件+讲义+练习）-2025年英语初升高衔接课程（暑期自学通用版）

专题04 初升高衔接词性之代词介词连词 一、代词专项练习 （一）用适当的代词填空 1. I have two sisters. One is a doctor, and ______ is a teacher. 2. —Is this ______ (you) book?—No, it isn't. ______ (I) is in the schoolbag. 3. Help ______ (you) to some fruit, kids. 4. Tom and Jack enjoyed ______ (them) at the party last night. 5. There is ______ wrong with my bike. It doesn't work. 6. I asked him for some money, but he didn't have ______. 7. ______ (who) book is this? It's very interesting. 8. The weather in Beijing is colder than ______ in Shanghai. 9. —Who is knocking at the door?—______ must be the postman. 10. My mother bought ______ (I) a new schoolbag yesterday. （二）单项选择 1. —Is this your dictionary?—No, it isn't. I think it's ______. A. he B. him C. his D. himself 2. —Which of the two T - shirts will you take? —I'll take ______. One is for my brother and the other is for myself. A. either B. both C. neither D. all 3. —What do you think of the two pairs of shoes? —They don't fit me. They are ______ too big ______ too small. A. not only; but also B. both; and C. neither; nor D. either; or 4. The population of China is larger than ______ of Japan. A. one B. it C. that D. those 5. —Is there ______ in today's newspaper?—Yes, there is. A. something new B. new something C. anything new D. new anything 6. Mr. Wang teaches ______ English. We all like ______ very much. A. our; him B. us; him C. our; he D. us; he 7. ______ of the students in our class is interested in the game. A. All B. Both C. Each D. Every 8. —Who helped you clean the classroom yesterday? —______ . I did it all by myself. A. Somebody B. Anybody C. Nobody D. Everybody 9. —______ is your favorite singer? —Jay Chou. A. What B. Who C. Whose D. Which 10. My sister is old enough to dress ______ now. A. himself B. herself C. myself D. themselves 二、介词专项练习 （一）用适当的介词填空 1. We usually have breakfast ______ seven o'clock. 2. There is a map of China ______ the wall. 3. The students are listening ______ the teacher carefully. 4. My mother goes to work ______ bike every day. 5. He was born ______ May, 2008. 6. The ball is ______ the chair and the desk. 7. The book is ______ the table. You can see it. 8. She is looking ______ her lost keys. 9. The hospital is ______ the other side of the street. 10. We go to school from Monday ______ Friday. （二）单项选择 1. —When did you arrive ______ Beijing?—Yesterday afternoon. A. at B. in C. to D. for 2. The little girl is afraid ______ going out alone at night. A. of B. with C. to D. for 3. The teacher came into the classroom ______ a book in his hand. A. for B. of C. with D. about 4. We should be friendly ______ others. A. at B. to C. for D. with 5. There is a bridge ______ the river. A. on B. over C. above D. across 6. —How do you usually go to school?—______ foot. A. On B. By C. With D. In 7. They will have a party ______ the evening of New Year's Day. A. in B. on C. at D. for 8. The temperature is ______ zero today. Put on more clothes. A. above B. below C. over D. under 9. He often plays basketball ______ his classmates after school. A. for B. with C. at D. about 10. The Great Wall is famous ______ the world. A. at B. in C. for D. around 三、连词专项练习 （一）用适当的连词填空 1. Get up early, ______ you'll be late for school. 2. I like apples ______ my sister likes bananas. 3. He is very young, ______ he knows a lot. 4. She didn't go to school yesterday, ______ she was ill. 5. Hurry up, ______ we'll miss the early bus. 6. ______ you study hard, you will pass the exam. 7. She can speak English ______ French. 8. I will go to the park ______ it doesn't rain tomorrow. 9. The film was very boring, ______ I left the cinema early. 10. ______ he was tired, he still went on working. （二）单项选择 1. ______ Tom ______ Mary is busy at the moment. You'd better play with others. A. Both; and B. Not only; but also C. Neither; nor D. Either; or 2. Work hard, ______ you will get good grades in the coming exam. A. and B. but C. or D. so 3. I like music, ______ my brother likes sports. A. while B. and C. or D. so 4. ______ it was very cold, ______ he went out without a coat. A. Although; but B. Although; / C. But; although D. /; although 5. You can choose ______ the red one ______ the blue one. A. either; or B. both; and C. neither; nor D. not only; but also 6. He didn't go to school yesterday ______ he was ill. A. because B. because of C. if D. so 7. ______ you ______ I am right. Let's ask the teacher. A. Both; and B. Neither; nor C. Either; or D. Not only; but also 8. ______ he is very young, ______ he can do many things by himself. A. Although; but B. /; / C. Although; / D. But; although 9. ______ you study hard, you will fall behind others. A. If B. Unless C. Because D. When 10. The dress is very beautiful, ______ it is too expensive. A. and B. but C. or D. so 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题04 初升高衔接词性之代词介词连词 一、代词专项练习 （一）用适当的代词填空 1. I have two sisters. One is a doctor, and ______ is a teacher. 2. —Is this ______ (you) book?—No, it isn't. ______ (I) is in the schoolbag. 3. Help ______ (you) to some fruit, kids. 4. Tom and Jack enjoyed ______ (them) at the party last night. 5. There is ______ wrong with my bike. It doesn't work. 6. I asked him for some money, but he didn't have ______. 7. ______ (who) book is this? It's very interesting. 8. The weather in Beijing is colder than ______ in Shanghai. 9. —Who is knocking at the door?—______ must be the postman. 10. My mother bought ______ (I) a new schoolbag yesterday. （二）单项选择 1. —Is this your dictionary?—No, it isn't. I think it's ______. A. he B. him C. his D. himself 2. —Which of the two T - shirts will you take? —I'll take ______. One is for my brother and the other is for myself. A. either B. both C. neither D. all 3. —What do you think of the two pairs of shoes? —They don't fit me. They are ______ too big ______ too small. A. not only; but also B. both; and C. neither; nor D. either; or 4. The population of China is larger than ______ of Japan. A. one B. it C. that D. those 5. —Is there ______ in today's newspaper?—Yes, there is. A. something new B. new something C. anything new D. new anything 6. Mr. Wang teaches ______ English. We all like ______ very much. A. our; him B. us; him C. our; he D. us; he 7. ______ of the students in our class is interested in the game. A. All B. Both C. Each D. Every 8. —Who helped you clean the classroom yesterday? —______ . I did it all by myself. A. Somebody B. Anybody C. Nobody D. Everybody 9. —______ is your favorite singer? —Jay Chou. A. What B. Who C. Whose D. Which 10. My sister is old enough to dress ______ now. A. himself B. herself C. myself D. themselves 二、介词专项练习 （一）用适当的介词填空 1. We usually have breakfast ______ seven o'clock. 2. There is a map of China ______ the wall. 3. The students are listening ______ the teacher carefully. 4. My mother goes to work ______ bike every day. 5. He was born ______ May, 2008. 6. The ball is ______ the chair and the desk. 7. The book is ______ the table. You can see it. 8. She is looking ______ her lost keys. 9. The hospital is ______ the other side of the street. 10. We go to school from Monday ______ Friday. （二）单项选择 1. —When did you arrive ______ Beijing?—Yesterday afternoon. A. at B. in C. to D. for 2. The little girl is afraid ______ going out alone at night. A. of B. with C. to D. for 3. The teacher came into the classroom ______ a book in his hand. A. for B. of C. with D. about 4. We should be friendly ______ others. A. at B. to C. for D. with 5. There is a bridge ______ the river. A. on B. over C. above D. across 6. —How do you usually go to school?—______ foot. A. On B. By C. With D. In 7. They will have a party ______ the evening of New Year's Day. A. in B. on C. at D. for 8. The temperature is ______ zero today. Put on more clothes. A. above B. below C. over D. under 9. He often plays basketball ______ his classmates after school. A. for B. with C. at D. about 10. The Great Wall is famous ______ the world. A. at B. in C. for D. around 三、连词专项练习 （一）用适当的连词填空 1. Get up early, ______ you'll be late for school. 2. I like apples ______ my sister likes bananas. 3. He is very young, ______ he knows a lot. 4. She didn't go to school yesterday, ______ she was ill. 5. Hurry up, ______ we'll miss the early bus. 6. ______ you study hard, you will pass the exam. 7. She can speak English ______ French. 8. I will go to the park ______ it doesn't rain tomorrow. 9. The film was very boring, ______ I left the cinema early. 10. ______ he was tired, he still went on working. （二）单项选择 1. ______ Tom ______ Mary is busy at the moment. You'd better play with others. A. Both; and B. Not only; but also C. Neither; nor D. Either; or 2. Work hard, ______ you will get good grades in the coming exam. A. and B. but C. or D. so 3. I like music, ______ my brother likes sports. A. while B. and C. or D. so 4. ______ it was very cold, ______ he went out without a coat. A. Although; but B. Although; / C. But; although D. /; although 5. You can choose ______ the red one ______ the blue one. A. either; or B. both; and C. neither; nor D. not only; but also 6. He didn't go to school yesterday ______ he was ill. A. because B. because of C. if D. so 7. ______ you ______ I am right. Let's ask the teacher. A. Both; and B. Neither; nor C. Either; or D. Not only; but also 8. ______ he is very young, ______ he can do many things by himself. A. Although; but B. /; / C. Although; / D. But; although 9. ______ you study hard, you will fall behind others. A. If B. Unless C. Because D. When 10. The dress is very beautiful, ______ it is too expensive. A. and B. but C. or D. so 【答案】 （一）代词专项练习答案与解析 1. 答案：the other 解析：one...the other...表示“一个……另一个……”，用于两者之间。 2. 答案：your; Mine 解析：第一个空后有名词book，要用形容词性物主代词your；第二个空后没有名词，要用名词性物主代词Mine，相当于My book。 3. 答案：yourselves 解析：help oneself to...表示“随便吃……”，这里kids是复数，所以用yourselves。 4. 答案：themselves 解析：enjoy oneself表示“玩得开心”，Tom and Jack是两个人，用themselves。 5. 答案：something 解析：There is something wrong with...表示“……出了问题” 。 6. 答案：any 解析：在否定句中，用any表示“一些”。 7. 答案：Whose 解析：对所属关系提问，用whose“谁的”。 8. 答案：that 解析：比较天气时，用that指代前面提到的同类事物（the weather），以避免重复。 9. 答案：It 解析：不知道对方是谁时，常用it指代。 10. 答案：me 解析：bought是buy的过去式，buy sb. sth.表示“给某人买某物”，sb.用宾格形式me。 11. 答案：C 解析：根据语境，这里表示“我认为它是他的（字典）”，用名词性物主代词his，相当于his dictionary。 12. 答案：B 解析：either表示“两者中的任何一个”；both表示“两者都”；neither表示“两者都不”；all表示“三者或三者以上都”。根据“One is for my brother and the other is for myself.”可知两个都要，选B。 13. 答案：D 解析：not only...but also...表示“不但……而且……”；both...and...表示“两者都”；neither...nor...表示“两者都不”；either...or...表示“要么……要么……”。根据“They don't fit me.”可知要么太大要么太小，选D。 14. 答案：C 解析：that常用于比较结构中，指代前面提到的同类事物（the population），以避免重复。 15. 答案：C 解析：something用于肯定句，anything用于否定句和疑问句，形容词修饰不定代词要后置，所以选C。 16. 答案：B 解析：teach sb. sth.表示“教某人某事”，sb.用宾格形式us；like是动词，后面用人称代词宾格him。 17. 答案：C 解析：all和both作主语时，谓语动词用复数；each of...作主语时，谓语动词用单数；every不能和of连用。根据谓语动词is，选C。 18. 答案：C 解析：根据“I did it all by myself.”可知没人帮忙，用Nobody。 19. 答案：B 解析：对人提问，用Who“谁”。 20. 答案：B 解析：dress oneself表示“给自己穿衣服”，主语是My sister，所以用herself。 （二）介词专项练习答案与解析 1. 答案：at 解析：在具体的时间点前用at。 2. 答案：on 解析：在墙上用on the wall，表示在墙的表面。 3. 答案：to 解析：listen to表示“听……”。 4. 答案：by 解析：by bike表示“骑自行车”，是固定搭配。 5. 答案：in 解析：在月份前用in。 6. 答案：between 解析：between...and...表示“在……和……之间”。 7. 答案：on 解析：在桌子上用on the table。 8. 答案：for 解析：look for表示“寻找”。 9. 答案：on 解析：on the other side of...表示“在……的另一边”。 10. 答案：to 解析：from...to...表示“从……到……”。 11. 答案：B 解析：arrive in +大地点；arrive at +小地点。Beijing是大地点，用in。 12. 答案：A 解析：be afraid of doing sth.表示“害怕做某事”。 13. 答案：C 解析：with表示“带着，拿着”，with a book in his hand表示“手里拿着一本书”。 14. 答案：B 解析：be friendly to sb.表示“对某人友好”。 15. 答案：B 解析：on表示“在……上面”，有接触；over表示“在……正上方”，垂直且不接触；above表示“在……上方”，不一定垂直；across表示“横过，穿过”。桥在河的正上方，用over。 16. 答案：A 解析：on foot表示“步行”，是固定搭配。 17. 答案：B 解析：在具体某一天的晚上用on the evening of... 。 18. 答案：B 解析：below zero表示“零下”。 19. 答案：B 解析：play with sb.表示“和某人一起玩”。 20. 答案：D 解析：be famous around the world表示“闻名世界”。 （三）连词专项练习答案与解析 1. 答案：or 解析：“祈使句+or+陈述句”表示“否则，要不然”，这里表示“早点起床，否则你上学要迟到了”。 2. 答案：while 解析：while表示“而”，用于对比两个人的喜好，“我喜欢苹果，而我妹妹喜欢香蕉”。 3. 答案：but 解析：前后句是转折关系，“他很年轻，但是他知道很多”。 4. 答案：because 解析：解释她没去上学的原因，用because“因为”。 5. 答案：or 解析：“快点，否则我们要错过早班车了”，or表示“否则”。 6. 答案：If 解析：“如果你努力学习，你就会通过考试”，if引导条件状语从句。 7. 答案：and 解析：表示并列，“她会说英语和法语”。 8. 答案：if 解析：“如果明天不下雨，我就去公园”，if引导条件状语从句。 9. 答案：so 解析：前后是因果关系，“电影很无聊，所以我早早离开了电影院”。 10. 答案：Although 解析：“虽然他很累，但是他仍然继续工作”，although引导让步状语从句，不能和but连用。 11. 答案：B 解析：both...and...连接并列主语时，谓语动词用复数；not only...but also...，neither...nor...，either...or...连接并列主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则。根据is可知选B。 12. 答案：A 解析：“Work hard”和“you will get good grades in the coming exam.”是顺承关系，用and连接。 13. 答案：A 解析：while表示对比，“我喜欢音乐，而我哥哥喜欢运动”。 14. 答案：B 解析：although和but不能同时使用，“虽然天气很冷，但是他没穿外套就出去了”，选B。 15. 答案：A 解析：either...or...表示“要么……要么……”，“你可以选择红色的那个或者蓝色的那个”。 16. 答案：A 解析：because后接句子，because of后接名词或名词短语，“他昨天没去上学是因为他生病了”，选A。 17. 答案：B 解析：根据“Let's ask the teacher.”可知我们两个都不对，neither...nor...表示“两者都不”。 18. 答案：C 解析：although和but不能同时使用，“虽然他很小，但是他能自己做很多事情”，选C。 19. 答案：B 解析：unless表示“除非，如果不”，“除非你努力学习，否则你会落后于别人”。 20. 答案：B 解析：前后是转折关系，“这条裙子很漂亮，但是它太贵了”。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2025年 初升高衔接课程 词性之代词介词连词 专题四 英语 目录 1 2 3 代词 介词 连词 代词 代词（代替名词） 代词在句中可做主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语 Do you each know it is an old saying that god help those who help themselves? 天行健，君子当自强不息！ 代词 代替名词、形容词或数词的词 1.人称代词：第一、二、三人称 2.反身代词：带有后缀self, selves的代词 3.物主代词 (1)形容词性物主代词：起形容词作用（修饰作用）的代词 (2)名词性物主代词：起名词作用（修饰作用）的代词 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们 主格 （人称代词） 宾格 （人称代词） 名词性 物主代词 形容词性 物主代词 反身代词 I you he she it they me you you him her it them mine yours yours his hers its theirs my your your his her its their myself yourselve yourselves himself herself itself themselves you we us ours our ourselves 代词 4.指示代词：指代时间/空间上较近/较远的人/事物的代词,例如：this,that, these, those. 5.不定代词：代替不确定数目的词。例如：someone，no one, anything, everything, nobody,all, another,many,other,either,none, etc. 6.关系代词：在定语从句中代替先行词的代词，有which, that, who, whom, whose, as 7.疑问代词：在特殊疑问句中，指代人或事物的代词，有which, that, who, whom, whose 代词  人称代词 单数 复数   主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me  we us  第二人称 you  you you  you  第三人称  he/she/it him/her/it they  them 人称代词主格：作主语，表示“谁”怎么样了，干什么了。 I am a teacher. We/You/They are students. 人称代词宾格作宾语，表示动作行为的对象。 Give it to me. Let’s go. 代词  物主代词 单数 复数   形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 第一人称 my  mine  our ours 第二人称 your  yours your yours  第三人称  his/her/its his/hers/its their theirs  1、形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用，用在名词前。 This is my book. 这是我的书。 We love our motherland. 我们热爱我们的祖国。 2、名词性物主代词起名词的作用。 He likes my pen. He doesn't like hers. 他喜欢我的钢笔。不喜欢她的。 3、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词 代词  反身代词 单数 复数 第一人称 myself  ourselves 第二人称 yourself  yourselves 第三人称 himself/herself/itself  themselves 1. 用作同位语(加强被修饰词的语气，紧放在被修饰名词后, 或句末)： Mrs.Black herself is a lawyer. 布莱克太太本人就是一名律师。 You had better ask the driver himself. 你最好问司机本人。 2. 用作宾语(动词或介词的宾语)： Take good care of yourself. 好好照顾你自己。 He has a right to decide for himself. 他有权为自己做出决定。 代词 Look! Some boys are playing football. There aren’t any students in the classroom. He never eats so much breakfast. How many bottles of water do you need? I either go home by bike or by bus. He neither smokes nor drinks. some和any均表示_____，既可修饰_____名词，也可修饰_____名词，some用于_____句，any用于 ___________句中。 many修饰___________，much修饰__________。 either指_________________，neither指____________________ either…or…____________neither…nor…____________ 一些 可数 肯定 不可数 不可数名词 两个人或物中一个也不 可数名词复数 两个之中任意一个 否定、疑问 要么…要么… 既不…也不… 代词 Both she and I are students. Jim, Lucy and Lily all agree to stay here. A few cars passed close by me. Few people can live to be 100 years old. Come in and have a little whisky. Would you please buy some salt for me. Tony? There is little left. both表示_______,常与_______连用，all表示________，常与______连用。   修饰（ ）名词 修饰（ ）名词 肯定 a few ( ) a little ( ) 否定 few( ) little ( ) 两者都 and 三者或三者以上都 all 复数 不可数 有，一些 几乎没有 有一点儿 几乎没有 介词 介词的用法 介词在句中一般充当连接作用后面要接名词或动名词 构成介词短语可作表语状语定语等 In nowadays society, most parents in China attach more importance to knowledge and they even send their children who are still at a young age abroad to get a better education. 注意常用介词的搭配和固定短语. 介词 用 in on next to over above under 表示右边彩球和立方体的位置关系 1.The green ball is ____the cube. 2.The blue ball is _______the cube. 3.The red ball is ______the cube. 4.The purple ball is ____the cube. 5.The pink ball is _____the cube. 6.The orange ball is _____the cube in next to on over above under 介词 in 2011 in January in summer in the 21st century in the morning in 10 years on Monday on May Day on March 12th on Sunday afternoon on a cold morning at seven o’clock(7:00) at half past five(5:30) 1.表示年、月、季节、世纪、上午、下午、晚上等 2.“in+时间段”表示将来……（时间）以后 3.固定短语：in the future ; in the end of ; in class ; in a minute 表示具体某日或某日的上午、下午、晚上 1.表示具体时间点 2.固定短语：at night ; at present ; at the beginning (of) ; at the age of ; at Christmas in at on 介词 用between和among填空 1.The girl is between the two boys. 2.The red apple is among green apples. 用across和through填空 1.Go across the bridge, and you will find the park. 2. You’ll be closer to your destination if you go through the city. 用except和besides填空 1.They all passed the exam except Tom. 2.They all passed the exam besides Tom. between表示在两者之间 among表示在三者或三者以上的人或物之间 across强调从表面穿过 through强调从一定的空间内穿过 except表示“除…之外”，指从整体中排除，except所带的人或物 Besides表示“除…之外（还有）”，它的意思是在原来的基础上加上besides除外的人或物 介词 1.It is kind of you to help me. 2.It is important for us to learn English. 3.He seized me by the arm. 4.He succeeded by hard work. 5.The cup was broken by him. 1.It is + adj.+ of sb. to do sth.句型，形容词为描述人物性格特征的词。 2.It is + adj.+ for sb. to do sth.句型，形容词为描述真正主语不定式特征的词。 3.by表示触及或抓住人体或物体的某一部分 4.by表示由于…凭借…的意思 5.be done by表示被动 连词 连词（承上启下） I really like this skirt, but it's too expensive. So I have to wait another time. 连词 知识点一 、连词的种类和功能 用来连接两个或者两个以上功能相等的成分和引导从句的词称为连词。连词属于虚词，在句中不能单独充当句子成分。 连词分成两类：并列连词和从属连词。 1.并列连词 并列连词用来连接两个或者两个以上功能相等的成分（例如：两个或者两个以上的定语、状语等），它能够避免重复，精练语句，承上肩下。给句子添加逻辑意义等。 2.从属连词 从属连词用来引导名词性从句（即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句）和副词性从句（即状语从句）。之所以称为从属连词，是因为从属连词引导的句子是主句中的一个成分。 从属连词可以分成两类：引导名词性从句的从属连词和引导副词性从句的从属连词。 连词 知识点二 、并列连词的用法 表示并列关系的并列连词 这类词主要有：and 和； both...and... ......和......都； as well as 也，又 not only...but also... 不仅.....而且......； neither... nor... 既不......也不......; Go along the street and you will find the library.沿着这条街走你就会找到图书馆。 Both my father and my mother are workers.我的爸爸妈妈都是工人。 Not only you but also he wants to go hiking.不仅你，而且他也想去徒步旅行。 Neither I nor he has been to Beijing before. 我和他以前都没去过北京。 He as well as I is responsible for it.不但是我，他对此事也有责任。 一 both...and...连接并列主语时，谓语动词用复数 not only...but also...和neither... nor...连接并列主语时，谓语动词符合“就近原则” as well as 连接并列主语时，谓语动词符合“就前原则” 连词 表示选择关系的并列连词 此类词有：or 或者；否则； either...or...要么......要么......; rather than 而不是；whether...or... 是......还是...... eg.Which do you prefer, white or black?你更喜欢哪一个，白色还是黑色？ Put on your coat, or you'll catch a cold.穿上你的衣服，否则你会感冒的。 Either you or I am right.要么你是对的，要么我是对的。 Please tell us whether to go or not. 请告诉我们是去还是留下。 He is an explorer rather than a sailor. 与其说他是个海员，不如说他是个探险者。 二 either...or...连接并列主语时，谓语符合“就近原则” 注意！ 祈使句+or+陈述句 前后是对立的 祈使句+and+陈述句 前后是统一的 eg. Study hard, or you won't pass the exam. 努力学习，否则你通不过考试。 and you will pass the exam. 努力学习，你就会通过考试。 两者都可以转换成if 引导的条件状语从句，但要去掉or和and. If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exam. If you study hard,you will pass the exam. 连词 表示转折关系的并列连词 此类词有：but 但是； yet然而。 eg. I want to help you , but I really don't know what to do . 我想帮你，但是我真的不知道该做些什么。 eg.She had only a little food left, yet she decided to give it to the poor. 她只有一点食物了，然而她决定给穷人一些。 三 注意！ but 与however 意思相近，但but 常用于口语，however是较正式的说法； but放在句中，however放在句首、句中或句末。 but 之后一般不使用逗号，而however 则必须要用逗号与句子其它部分隔开。 but不能和although连用。 连词 表示因果关系的并列连词 此类词有：so 于是，所以； for 因为，由于； for 补充说明理由，不用于句首。 eg. He is not at school, for hr has a bad cold today. 他没在学校，因为他今天得了严重的感冒。 so 表示结果。 I didn't catch the early bus, so I was late for school. 我没有赶上早班车，因此我迟到了。 四 连词 知识点三 、从属连词的用法 （1）引导名词性从句的从属连词： ①that，本身无词义，在从句中也不充当句子成分；引导宾语从句时往往略。 例如：I find that most of the students have their own opinions. There was nobody else inside the house and it means that I couldn't get any help. ②which哪一个，哪些。 例如：I haven't decided which courses I'm going to take next term. ③who谁。 例如： Who do you think will teach us the Literature? ④what什么。 例如：What he said is nonsense. I'm considering what you have proposed. 一 连词 ⑤whether（..or not）/ if是否。 例如：I wonder whether it's true or not. I've no idea if she will accept my invitation. ⑥how如何，怎样；多么（表示方式和程度）。 例如：My parents care about how often I write to them. ⑦why 为什么（表示目的和原因）。 例如:I want to find out exactly why the accident happened. Please tell me why you are leaving. ⑧when何时（表示时间）。 例如：When the conference will be held has not been decided yet. ⑨where哪儿。 例如：Where the tour guide led us was a place of interest. We'll return where we come from. 引导主语从句和表语从句要用“whether”，不能用“if”。 连词 （2）引导副词性从句的从属连词： ①引导时间状语从句。 A.after 在……之后。 例如：After I typed the letter，I printed it out. B.before在……之前。 例如：Before we knoched at the door, it opened automatically. C. when 当……时；在……之后（或之前）；就在那个时候。 例如：The girl was out of sight when we looked around. D...had hardly...when（有时也用before)刚……就…… 例如：We'd hardly got (Hardly had we got) to the cinema when the film started. 连词 E.while 在……期间；另一方面。 例如:Miss Jin will be in charge of the company while the manager is out for a meeting. F.（just)as当，随着，一边……一边……。 例如：Just as I was having a shower, the telephone rang. As I set off early this morning, it rained suddenly and heavily. As time went by, the beautiful young girl changed into an old lady. And there was much talk and laughter as they ate. G.until（till)（持续）到……为止；not...until直到……才。 例如：They didn't go home until the teacher allowed them to do so. 连词 H.once一旦。 例如:Once you talk to him, you'll know he is a kind gentleman. I. as soon as—……就。 例如：As soon as I got on the train， it started to move. J.since自从（主句用完成时态，从句用一般过去时）。 例如：I have worked in this company since I was appointed. How long is it since you two first met? 连词 ②引导地点状语从句。 where（某地方）。 例如：Where there is a will, there is a way. ③引导原因状语从句。 A.because因为（不能和reason连） 例如：I do it, because I like it. I can not laugh àt him, because he is the only person that helped me out of the trouble. B.as由于。 例如：As it's raining cats and dogs, you'd better not leave right now. 连词 C.since由于，既然。 例如：Since you have come, stay here for more days. Since English is quite different from Chinese, it's not easy to learn it well. D.now that 既然（放在句首）。 例如：Now that everybody is here, we can say that more clearly. 连词 ④引导目的状语从句。 A.（so）that；so以便（通常放在句尾；从句中用情态动词；主、从句之间不用逗号）。 例如:They locked the barn so that nobody else could get into it. B.in order that为了，以便（放在句尾）。 例如：He tried to say that in English in order that the foreign guests could understand him. 连词 ⑤引导结果状语从句。 A.so that 所以（放在句尾）。 例如：It snowed heavily last night, so that we could not drive to work. B.so+形容词或者副词+that从句，意为“如此……以致”。 例如：The news was so exciting that they could hardly say a word. C.such+名词+that从句，意为“如此……以致”。 例如:He had such food for dinner that he had no strength to work. 连词 ⑥引导条件状语从句。 A.假如。 例如：If we're not interested in your project, we'll not contact you. B.unless除非，如果不（常放在句尾）。 例如：We needn't meet unless you are free. C.in case以免，万一，以防（常放在句尾）。 例如：Please be sure to take your ID card with you in case they'll check it. D.as（so)long as只要（常放在句尾）。 例如:You will surely get the certifieate as long as you study hard. 连词 ⑦引导让步状语从句。 A. though（although）虽然（不能和“but”搭配使用，但是可以和“yet”搭配使用）。 例如:He is polite and honest, although the teacher doesn't consider him as a good student. Although it was almost noon, the sun had not come up. B.even if； even though即使，纵然（常放在句尾）。 例如：I'll come even if it rains. She still regards me as her stepmother even if I treat her well. C.as虽然，尽管（as引导的从句必须用倒装结构；常放在句首）。 例如：Young as she was, she understands what adults mean. 连词 D.whether 不管，是否。 例如：I'll decorate the house whether I rent it myself or share it with my friend. E. no matter what(when，how，etc.）无论什么（何时，怎样，……）。 例如：No matter what you are going to say, I won't change my mind. F.以“ever”结尾的词（whatever,however + adj./ ad.，wherever,etc.）不论...... 例如：However fast the hare ran, the tortoise arrived first. We won't believe you whatever you say. Whenever he comes to Kunming, he'll call me. 连词 ⑧引导比较状语从句（参见形容词、副词部分）。 ⑨引导方式状语从句。 A.（just)as按照，正如。 例如：The earth goes around the sun, just as the moon goes around the earth. B.as if（as though）好像，宛如（从句中也可以用虚拟语气）。 例如：He sat till, watching TV as though he hadn't seen me. 连词 引导条件状语从句的从属连词 此类词有：if 如果， unless 除非， as long as 只要。 if, unless, as long as引导条件状语从句时，若主句为一般将来时或祈祷句及含有情态动词can, may, must 等时，从句用一般现在时表将来，即“主将从现”。 eg. If you go to the party, you will have a great time. 如果你去参加聚会，你将会玩得很高兴。 You will miss the bus unless you hurry up.=If you don't hurry up, you will miss the bus. 你要是不快点，就会错过公交车。 As long as you work hard, you will succeed.只要你好好学习，你就会成功。 二 unless 在含义上相当于if...not...,一般情况下两者可以互换 拓展：if 也可以引导宾语从句，意为“是否”；而在条件状语从句中意思是“如果”。 连词 引导原因状语从句的从属连词 此类词有： because 因为， as由于， since 既然。 1. because 语气最强烈，表示直接原因，用来回答why 引导的问句。另外，because 和 so 不能同时出现在一个句子中，只能用其中一个，翻译成汉语时，仍然是“因为......,所以......"。 eg. I was late for school because I didn't catch the early bus. = I didn't catch the early bus so I was late for school. 因为我没赶上早班车，所以我上学迟到了。 2. since 因为，既然，语气较because 弱。since引导的从句常位于句首。 eg. Since everyone is here, let's begin our lesson. 既然大家都来了，咱们上课吧。 3.as 由于，语气最弱，常说明比较明显的原因。 eg. As is cold outside, we will put on our overcoats. 因为外边冷，所以我们要穿上外套。 三 连词 引导目的状语从句的从属连词 此类词有： so that 为了，以便， in order that 以便，为了。 eg. The teacher spoke loudly so that/ in order that we could hear him clearly. 老师说话声音很大，以便我们能够清晰的听到他说话。 He worked day and night so that/ in order that he could succeed. =He worked day and night so as to/ in order to succeed. 他夜以继日地工作，为的是取得成功。 四 so that 和 in order that 引导的目的状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可和so as to do 和in order to do 结构相换。 连词 引导结果状语从句的从属连词 此类词有：so 因此、所以， so...that..., such...that... 如此......以至于...... He studied hard, so he passed the exam. 他学习努力，因此他通过了考试。 so...that... 和 such... that...的用法区别如下： 1.so+形容词/副词+that从句 eg. This box is so heavy that I can't carry it.这个盒子太重，我搬不动。 2.so+形容词+a/an +单数名词+that 从句=such+a/an+形容词+单数名词+that 从句 eg. She is so lovely a girl that we all like her. =She is such a lovely girl that we all like her. 她是一个如此可爱的女孩，我们都喜欢她。 3.such+形容词+复数名词/不可数名词+that 从句 eg.It's such good advice that I'll accept it.这个建议很好，我会接受它。 五 连词 4.so...that... 和 such... that...的用法区别如下： eg.He has so many books that I can't count them. 他有很多书，我数也数不清。 注意！ so...that...句式有时可以和 too...to... 或（not）...enough to do sth.结构互换。 eg. He is so young that he can't go to school.他太小了，还不能去上学。 =He is too young to go to school. =He is not old enough to go to school. 当名词前有 many,much, little,few等词修饰时，只能用so ,不能用such.常构成“so many/much/little/few +名词+ that 从句”结构。 连词 引导让步状语从句的从属连词 此类词有：though/although 虽然、尽管， even if/ even though即使。 eg. Although/ Though it is a very small country, it is very rich. 虽然它只是个小国家，但是它却很富有。 Even if /though you were here yesterday, you couldn't help him. 即使昨天你在这，你也帮不了他。 六 although/though 不能和but 出现在同一个句子里，只能用其中一个 连词 引导宾语从句的从属连词 此类词有：if/whether 是否， when 什么时候， why 为什么， where 在哪里， that （没有词义，仅起引导从句的作用）等。 eg.We know that the earth goes around the sun. 我们知道地球绕着太阳转。 Can you tell me if/whether he will come tomorrow? 你能告诉我他明天是否会来吗？ I want to know why he was late for school yesterday. 我想知道昨天他为什么迟到。 七 连词 引导定语从句的从属连词 此类词有：that, who, which, whom, when, where, why 和 whose。 eg. I prefer the music that I can dance to. 我喜欢我能随之跳舞的音乐。 This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村庄。 I live in a house whose window faces south. 我住在一个窗户朝南的房子里。 八 2025年 初升高衔接课程 专题四 英语 谢谢 聆听 $$ 专题04 初升高衔接词性之代词介词连词 代词（Pronouns） （一）定义 代词是代替名词、形容词和数词的词，在句子中可以起到避免重复、使表达更简洁的作用 。比如在“He has a book. He likes the book very much.”这个句子中，为了避免重复使用“book”，可以将第二句改为“He has a book. He likes it very much.”，这里的“it”就是代词，代替了前面提到的“book” 。 （二）分类及用法 1. 人称代词 ◦ 分类：人称代词分为主格和宾格，主格在句子中作主语，宾格作宾语 。第一人称单数主格是“I”，宾格是“me”；第二人称主格和宾格都是“you”；第三人称单数主格分别是“he”“she”“it” ，宾格分别是“him”“her”“it”；第一人称复数主格是“we”，宾格是“us”；第二人称复数主格和宾格都是“you”；第三人称复数主格是“they”，宾格是“them” 。 ◦ 用法示例：“I love my mother.（我 爱我的妈妈。）”中“I”作主语 ；“My father gave me a present.（我的爸爸给了我 一个礼物。）”中“me”作宾语 。注意在并列使用时，单数人称代词顺序通常是you, he/she and I（主格） ，you, him/her and me（宾格） ；复数人称代词顺序是we, you and they（主格） ，us, you and them（宾格） 。但在承认错误、承担责任时，第一人称放在前面 ，如“It was I and Tom that made the mistake.（是我和汤姆犯了这个错误。）” 。 2. 物主代词 ◦ 分类：物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词 。形容词性物主代词有my（我的）, your（你的，你们的）, his（他的）, her（她的）, its（它的）, our（我们的）, their（他们的，她们的，它们的） ，相当于形容词，后面要接名词 ；名词性物主代词有mine（我的）, yours（你的，你们的）, his（他的）, hers（她的）, its（它的）, ours（我们的）, theirs（他们的，她们的，它们的） ，相当于名词，后面不能再接名词，其用法相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词” 。 ◦ 用法示例：“This is my book.（这是我的 书。）”中“my”作定语修饰“book” ；“The book is mine.（这本书是我的 。）”中“mine”作表语，相当于“my book” 。注意物主代词不可与a, an, the, this, that等词一起前置修饰名词，要用双重所有格 ，如“a friend of mine（我的一个朋友 ，不能说a my friend ）” 。 3. 反身代词 ◦ 构成：第一、二人称反身代词由形容词性物主代词加 -self（单数）或 -selves（复数）构成，如myself（我自己）, ourselves（我们自己）, yourself（你自己）, yourselves（你们自己） ；第三人称反身代词由人称代词宾格加 -self（单数）或 -selves（复数）构成，如himself（他自己）, herself（她自己）, itself（它自己）, themselves（他们自己，她们自己，它们自己） 。 ◦ 用法示例：反身代词在句中可作宾语、表语、同位语 。“He hurt himself.（他伤到了自己 。）”中“himself”作宾语 ；“I'll be myself soon.（我很快就会恢复正常 。）”中“myself”作表语 ；“I myself cleaned the room.（我亲自打扫了房间 。）”中“myself”作主语“ I”的同位语 。常见短语有enjoy oneself（玩得开心）, help oneself to（随便吃，自取）, teach oneself（自学） 等 。 4. 指示代词 ◦ 分类：指示代词包括this（这个）, that（那个）, these（这些）, those（那些） 。 ◦ 用法示例：“this”和“these”一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人 ，“that”和“those”则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人 。“This is a pen and that is a pencil.（这是一支钢笔，那是一支铅笔 。）” ；“We are busy these days.（这些天我们很忙 。）” ；“In those days the workers had a hard time.（在那些日子里，工人们过得很艰难 。）” 。有时“that”和“those”指前面讲到过的事物 ，“this”和“these”则是指下面将要讲到的事物 ，“I had a cold. That's why I didn't come.（我感冒了。这就是我没来的原因 。）” ；“What I want to say is this: pronunciation is very important in learning English.（我想说的是：发音在学习英语中非常重要 。）” 。为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用“that”或“those”代替 ，“The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai.（北京的天气比上海的天气冷 。）（that代替the weather ）” ；“The computers in our school are better than those in theirs.（我们学校的电脑比他们学校的电脑好 。）（those代替the computers ）” 。另外，“this”在电话用语中代表自己 ，“that”则代表对方 ，“Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?（你好！我是玛丽。是杰克在说话吗？）” 。 5. 疑问代词 ◦ 分类：疑问代词主要有who（谁，主格）, whom（谁，宾格）, whose（谁的）, what（什么）, which（哪一个，哪一些） 。 ◦ 用法示例：“Who is singing in the classroom?（谁正在教室里唱歌？）”中“who”作主语 ；“Whom/Who did you meet yesterday?（你昨天遇见了谁？）”中“whom/who”作宾语 ，在口语中“who”可代替“whom”作宾语 ；“Whose book is this?（这是谁的书？）”中“whose”作定语修饰“book” ；“What do you want to eat?（你想吃什么？）”中“what”作宾语 ；“Which color do you like best, red, blue or green?（红色、蓝色和绿色，你最喜欢哪一种颜色？）”中“which”作定语修饰“color” 。 6. 不定代词 ◦ 定义：不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词 ，常见的不定代词有all（所有，全部）, both（两者都）, each（每个）, either（两者中任何一个）, neither（两者都不）, more（更多）, little（很少，几乎没有，修饰不可数名词）, few（很少，几乎没有，修饰可数名词）, much（许多，修饰不可数名词）, many（许多，修饰可数名词）, another（另一个，又一个）, other（其他的，另外的）, others（其他的人或物，相当于other + 名词复数）, the others（特定范围内其他的人或物）, some（一些，用于肯定句，也可用于希望得到肯定回答的疑问句 ，如“Would you like some tea?（你想喝点茶吗？）” ）, any（一些，任何，用于否定句和疑问句 ） 等 。 ◦ 用法示例：“Some of the students like English.（一些学生喜欢英语 。）”中“some”作主语 ；“I have many books.（我有许多书 。）”中“many”作定语修饰“books” ；“There is little water in the bottle.（瓶子里几乎没有水 。）”中“little”作定语修饰“water” ；“Either of the books is interesting.（这两本书中的任何一本都很有趣 。）”中“either”作主语，谓语动词用单数 ；“Both of my parents are teachers.（我的父母都是老师 。）”中“both”作主语，谓语动词用复数 ；“He has two books. One is a storybook, the other is a textbook.（他有两本书。一本是故事书，另一本是教科书 。）”中“the other”表示两者中的另一个 ；“Some students are playing basketball, others are playing football.（一些学生在打篮球，其他的学生在踢足球 。）”中“others”表示其他的人或物 。 介词（Prepositions） （一）定义 介词用于名词、代词或短语前 ，组成“介宾短语” ，作动词、形容词的附加成分 ，表示时间、处所、方式、条件、对象等 。例如：“He is in the classroom.（他在教室里 。）”中“in”是介词，“in the classroom”是介宾短语，表示处所 。 （二）分类及用法 1. 时间介词 ◦ at：表示时间点 ，如“at six o'clock（在六点钟）”“at noon（在中午）”“at night（在晚上）”“at dawn（在黎明）” 。 ◦ in：表示较长的时间，如年、月、季节、世纪等 ，“in 2025（在2025年）”“in May（在五月）”“in spring（在春天）”“in the 21st century（在21世纪）” ；也可表示“在……之后” ，用于将来时态，“He will come back in two days.（他将在两天后回来 。）” 。 ◦ on：表示具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午、晚上 ，“on Sunday（在星期天）”“on May 1st（在五月一日）”“on the morning of June 2nd（在六月二日的上午）” 。 ◦ for：表示一段时间 ，“He has lived here for ten years.（他已经在这里住了十年了 。）” ，常与完成时态连用 。 ◦ since：表示“自从……以来” ，后面接时间点 ，“I have studied English since 2010.（自从2010年以来我一直在学习英语 。）” ，常与现在完成时态连用 。 ◦ from...to...：表示“从……到……” ，“We go to school from Monday to Friday.（我们从星期一到星期五去上学 。）” 。 2. 地点介词 ◦ at：表示小地点 ，“at the bus stop（在公共汽车站）”“at home（在家）” 。 ◦ in：表示大地点 ，“in Beijing（在北京）”“in China（在中国）” ；也表示“在……里面” ，“in the box（在盒子里）” 。 ◦ on：表示“在……上面” ，有接触表面 ，“on the desk（在桌子上）” ；表示“在……旁边” ，“on the river（在河边）” ；表示“在……上（用于平面）” ，“on the wall（在墙上 ，张贴在墙上的东西用on ）” 。 ◦ under：表示“在……下面” ，“under the bed（在床下面）” 。 ◦ above：表示“在……上方” ，不一定垂直 ，“The plane is flying above the clouds.（飞机在云层上方飞行 。）” 。 ◦ below：表示“在……下方” ，不一定垂直 ，“The temperature is below zero.（温度在零度以下 。）” 。 ◦ over：表示“在……正上方” ，垂直 ，“There is a bridge over the river.（河上有一座桥 。）” 。 ◦ across：表示“横过，穿过” ，从物体表面穿过 ，“Go across the street.（穿过街道 。）” 。 ◦ through：表示“穿过，通过” ，从物体内部穿过 ，“The sunlight comes in through the window.（阳光透过窗户照进来 。）” 。 3. 方式介词 ◦ by：表示“通过……方式”“乘坐（交通工具）” ，“I go to school by bike.（我骑自行车去上学 。）”“He makes a living by selling newspapers.（他靠卖报纸谋生 。）” ；也可表示“被” ，用于被动语态 ，“The book was written by him.（这本书是他写的 。）” 。 ◦ with：表示“用（工具、手段）” ，“He writes with a pen.（他用钢笔写字 。）” ；表示“和……一起” ，“I go shopping with my mother.（我和妈妈一起去购物 。）” ；表示“带有，具有” ，“a girl with long hair（一个留着长发的女孩 ）” 。 ◦ in：表示“用（语言、材料等）” ，“in English（用英语）”“in ink（用墨水）” 。 4. 其他介词 ◦ about：表示“关于” ，“a book about history（一本关于历史的书）” ；表示“大约” ，“about ten o'clock（大约十点钟）” 。 ◦ for：表示“为了” ，“He studies hard for his future.（他为了自己的未来努力学习 。）” ；表示“对于” ，“It's important for us to learn English well.（学好英语对我们来说很重要 。）” 。 ◦ of：表示所属关系 ，“a map of China（一幅中国地图）” ；表示“……的” ，“the legs of the table（桌子的腿）” 。 ◦ to：表示“到……” ，“go to school（去上学）” ；表示“给……” ，“give the book to me（把书给我）” 。 ◦ from：表示“来自” ，“I am from China.（我来自中国 。）” ；表示“从……” ，“from now on（从现在起）” 。 （三）介词的语法特征 1. 介词不能独立成句 ，也不能单独充当句子成分 ，它只能组成介宾短语后再作句子成分 ，常作状语、定语、补语 。“He works in the factory.（他在工厂工作 。）（作状语）” ；“The book on the desk is mine.（桌子上的书是我的 。）（作定语）” ；“Put the book on the desk.（把书放在桌子上 。）（作补语）” 。 2. 介词不能重叠 。 3. 介词之后不能直接加时态助词“着、了、过”和趋向动词“来、上、下”等 。 连词（Conjunctions） 一、连词的定义 连词（Conjunctions）是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分，主要起连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子以及从句的作用，使它们之间形成并列、转折、因果、条件等逻辑关系 ，让句子或段落的表达更加连贯和流畅 。比如在“He likes apples and bananas.（他喜欢苹果和香蕉 。）”中，“and”连接了两个名词“apples”和“bananas” ；“I got up early, but I still missed the bus.（我起得很早，但是还是错过了公交车 。）”里，“but”连接了两个句子，并体现出转折关系 。 二、连词的分类及用法 （一）并列连词 1. 表并列关系 ◦ and：意为“和，并且” ，用来连接语法作用相同的词、短语或句子 ，表示并列、顺承或递进关系 。当连接三个或三个以上的并列成分时，通常在最后一个成分前加“and” ，其余成分之间用逗号隔开 。例如：“My father, mother and sister are all at home.（我的爸爸、妈妈和姐姐都在家 。）” ；“Go along the street, and you will find the post office.（沿着这条街走，你就会找到邮局 。）” ，这里“and”表示顺承关系 ；“He is tall and strong.（他又高又壮 。）” ，此句中“and”表示并列关系 。 ◦ both...and...：表示“两者都” ，连接两个并列的成分，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式 。例如：“Both Tom and Jerry like playing football.（汤姆和杰瑞都喜欢踢足球 。）” ◦ as well as：意思是“也，还，而且” ，连接两个并列成分，强调的重点在前一个成分上 ，作主语时，谓语动词的形式与前一个主语保持一致 （就远原则） 。例如：“My mother as well as my sisters is going shopping.（我的妈妈和我的姐妹们要去购物 。）” ，谓语动词“is”与“my mother”保持一致 。 2. 表选择关系 ◦ or：意为“或者，还是；否则” 。表示选择时，用于在两者或多者中进行选择 ；表示“否则”时，常用于“祈使句+or+陈述句”结构中 ，相当于“if...not”引导的条件状语从句 。例如：“Do you want tea or coffee?（你想要茶还是咖啡？）” ；“Hurry up, or you'll be late.（快点，否则你会迟到 。）” ，等同于“If you don't hurry up, you'll be late.” 。 ◦ either...or...：表示“要么……要么……；不是……就是……” ，连接两个并列成分，作主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则 ，即与or后面的主语在人称和数上保持一致 。例如：“Either you or he has to clean the classroom.（要么你要么他得打扫教室 。）” ，这里谓语动词“has”与“he”保持一致 。 ◦ neither...nor...：表示“既不……也不……” ，连接两个并列成分，作主语时，谓语动词也遵循就近原则 。例如：“Neither you nor I am wrong.（你和我都没错 。）” ，谓语动词“am”与“I”保持一致 。 3. 表转折关系 ◦ but：意为“但是” ，表示前后内容的转折，是最常用的表示转折的并列连词 。例如：“He is rich but not happy.（他很富有但是不快乐 。）” ◦ yet：意思也是“然而，但是” ，与“but”意思相近，但“yet”更强调一种出乎意料的转折 ，且常用于否定句或疑问句中 。例如：“He said he would come, yet he didn't.（他说他会来，然而他却没来 。）” ◦ however：意为“然而，可是” ，与“but”“yet”意思相近，但“however”的使用更加灵活，它可以位于句首、句中或句末 ，通常用逗号与句子其他部分隔开 。例如：“However, he didn't pass the exam.（然而，他没有通过考试 。）” ；“He hasn't finished his homework. He can, however, go out to play.（他还没有完成作业。不过，他可以出去玩 。）” ◦ while：作并列连词时，意为“而，然而” ，主要用于对比两个事物或人的不同情况 。例如：“I like playing basketball while my brother likes playing football.（我喜欢打篮球，而我的弟弟喜欢踢足球 。）” 4. 表因果关系 ◦ for：表示“因为” ，是并列连词，用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释，语气比“because”弱 ，且不能位于句首 。例如：“We must go now, for the movie will start soon.（我们现在必须走了，因为电影马上就要开始了 。）” ◦ so：意为“所以，因此” ，表示结果 ，连接两个句子时，前面的句子通常是原因 。例如：“It was raining heavily, so we didn't go out.（雨下得很大，所以我们没有出去 。）” 5. 特殊并列连词 ◦ not only...but also...：表示“不但……而且……” ，连接两个并列成分，强调的重点在“but also”后面的部分 ，作主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则 。例如：“Not only you but also he likes music.（不但你而且他也喜欢音乐 。）” ；当连接两个句子时，“not only”后的句子要用部分倒装 ，例如：“Not only did he pass the exam, but also he got a high mark.（他不但通过了考试，而且取得了高分 。）” ◦ not...but...：表示“不是……而是……” ，连接两个并列成分 。例如：“He is not a teacher but a doctor.（他不是一名老师而是一名医生 。）” ◦ when：当“when”作并列连词时，意为“这时，突然” ，常用于“be about to do sth. when...”“be doing sth. when...”“had just done sth. when...”等结构中 。例如：“I was about to go out when it began to rain.（我正要出去，这时突然下起了雨 。）” ；“I was doing my homework when someone knocked at the door.（我正在做作业，这时有人敲门 。）” ；“I had just finished my meal when he came in.（我刚吃完饭，这时他进来了 。）” （二）从属连词 1. 引导时间状语从句 ◦ when：既可以表示时间点，也可以表示时间段 ，从句中的动词可以是延续性动词，也可以是非延续性动词 。主句和从句的动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生 。例如：“When I got home, my mother was cooking.（当我到家时，我的妈妈正在做饭 。）” （从句动作先发生） ；“When I was a child, I often played football.（当我是个孩子的时候，我经常踢足球 。）” （主从句动作同时发生，延续性动词） ◦ while：表示主句和从句的动作同时发生，且从句中的动词必须是延续性动词 ，常用进行时态 。强调主从句动作的对比 。例如：“While my father was reading the newspaper, my mother was watching TV.（当我的爸爸在看报纸时，我的妈妈在看电视 。）” ；“Please don't talk while others are studying.（别人学习的时候，请不要讲话 。）” ◦ as：表示“一边……一边……；随着” ，主从句动作同时发生，强调两个动作的同时性 。例如：“As we walked, we talked.（我们一边走一边聊天 。）” ；“As time goes by, we are getting older.（随着时间的流逝，我们渐渐变老 。）” ◦ after：表示“在……之后” ，从句动作发生在主句动作之前 。例如：“After he finished his homework, he went to bed.（他完成作业后，就上床睡觉了 。）” ◦ before：表示“在……之前” ，主句动作发生在从句动作之前 。例如：“I must finish my work before I go home.（我必须在回家之前完成我的工作 。）” ◦ since：表示“自从……以来” ，从句常用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时 。例如：“I have lived here since I was born.（自从我出生以来，我就一直住在这里 。）” ◦ until/till：表示“直到……为止” ，在肯定句中，主句谓语动词通常是延续性动词 ；在否定句中，主句谓语动词通常是非延续性动词 ，构成“not...until/till...”结构 ，表示“直到……才……” 。“until”可以放在句首，而“till”一般不放在句首 。例如：“He waited until/till his mother came back.（他一直等到他妈妈回来 。）” ；“He didn't go to bed until/till his mother came back.（直到他妈妈回来，他才上床睡觉 。）” ；“Until you told me, I knew nothing about it.（直到你告诉我，我才知道这件事 。）” ◦ as soon as：表示“一……就……” ，引导的从句动作一发生，主句动作随即发生 ，从句中常用一般现在时表将来 。例如：“I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.（我一见到他就会告诉他这个消息 。）” 2. 引导原因状语从句 ◦ because：表示直接的、必然的因果关系，语气最强 ，用来回答“why”引导的疑问句 。例如：“He didn't come to school because he was ill.（他没来上学是因为他生病了 。）” ；“—Why are you late?（你为什么迟到？） —Because I got up late.（因为我起床晚了 。）” ◦ since：意为“既然” ，表示对方已知的、无需加以说明的原因或事实 ，语气比“because”弱 。例如：“Since you are here, you can help me.（既然你在这里，你可以帮我 。）” ◦ as：表示“因为，由于” ，语气较弱，说明比较明显的原因 ，主从句的因果关系不如“because”引导的从句那么强烈 。例如：“As it is raining, we can't go out.（因为在下雨，我们不能出去 。）” ◦ for：前面已提到，它作为并列连词补充说明理由 ，不能用于句首 ，且不是直接的因果关系 。例如：“It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.（昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面是湿的 。）” 3. 引导条件状语从句 ◦ if：表示“如果” ，引导的条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来 （主将从现原则） 。例如：“If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go to the park.（如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园 。）” ◦ unless：表示“除非，如果不” ，相当于“if...not” 。例如：“You won't pass the exam unless you study hard.（除非你努力学习，否则你不会通过考试 。）” ，等同于“You won't pass the exam if you don't study hard.” ◦ as/so long as：表示“只要” ，引导的条件状语从句强调条件的充分性 。例如：“As/So long as you work hard, you will succeed.（只要你努力工作，你就会成功 。）” ◦ once：表示“一旦” ，强调条件的一次性和重要性 。例如：“Once you make a promise, you should keep it.（一旦你做出承诺，你就应该遵守它 。）” 4. 引导让步状语从句 ◦ although/though：都表示“虽然，尽管” ，两者可以互换 ，引导的从句不能与“but”连用，但可以与“yet”“still”连用 。“although”比“though”更正式 ，“though”还可以作副词，意为“然而” ，放在句末，用逗号隔开 。例如：“Although/Though he is poor, he is happy.（虽然他很穷，但他很快乐 。）” ；“He said he would come; he didn't, though.（他说他会来，然而他没来 。）” ◦ even if/even though：表示“即使，纵然” ，引导的从句往往表达的是假设或不太可能发生的情况 ，语气比“although/though”更强 。例如：“Even if/Even though it rains tomorrow, we will still go.（即使明天下雨，我们还是会去 。）” ◦ no matter + 疑问词：如“no matter when（无论何时）”“no matter where（无论何地）”“no matter what（无论什么）”“no matter who（无论谁）”等 ，引导让步状语从句，相当于“疑问词 + ever” ，如“whenever”“wherever”“whatever”“whoever” 。例如：“No matter when/Whenever you come, you are welcome.（无论你什么时候来，都欢迎 。）” ；“No matter what/Whatever you say, I won't believe you.（无论你说什么，我都不会相信你 。）” 5. 引导结果状语从句 ◦ so...that...：表示“如此……以至于……” ，“so”后面接形容词或副词 ，“that”引导结果状语从句 。例如：“He is so tired that he can't walk any further.（他如此累以至于他再也走不动了 。）” ；“She runs so fast that I can't catch up with her.（她跑得如此快以至于我追不上她 。）” ◦ such...that...：表示“如此……以至于……” ，“such”后面接名词（名词前可以有形容词修饰） ，“that”引导结果状语从句 。例如：“It is such a fine day that we all want to go out.（天气如此好以至于我们都想出去 。）” ；“He made such rapid progress that his teacher praised him.（他取得了如此快的进步以至于他的老师表扬了他 。）” 6. 引导目的状语从句 ◦ so that：表示“以便，为了” ，引导的从句中常含有情态动词，如“can”“could”“may”“might”“will”“would”等 。例如：“He gets up early so that he can catch the first bus.（他早起以便能赶上第一班公共汽车 。）” ◦ in order that：表示“为了” ，引导的目的状语从句与“so that”引导的从句意思相近 ，也常含有情态动词 ，但“in order that”比“so that”更正式 ，可以位于句首 。例如：“In order that he could pass the exam, he studied hard.（为了能通过考试，他努力学习 。）” 7. 引导比较状语从句 ◦ as...as...：表示“和……一样” ，中间用形容词或副词的原级 。例如：“He is as tall as his father.（他和他爸爸一样高 。）” ；“She runs as fast as I do.（她跑得和我一样快 。）” ◦ not as/so...as...：表示“不如……” ，中间用形容词或副词的原级 。例如：“This book is not as/so interesting as that one.（这本书不如那本书有趣 。）” ◦ than：用于比较级中，表示“比” 。例如：“He is taller than I.（他比我高 。）” ；“She works harder than before.（她比以前工作更努力 。）” 8. 引导方式状语从句 ◦ as if/as though：表示“好像，似乎” ，引导的从句常用虚拟语气 ，即与现在事实相反，从句用一般过去时（be动词用were） ；与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时 ；与将来事实相反，从句用“would/could/might + 动词原形” 。但如果从句所表达的情况是真实的或极有可能发生的，也可以用陈述语气 。例如：“He talks as if/as though he knew everything.（他说起话来好像他什么都知道 。）” （与现在事实相反，虚拟语气） ；“It looks as if it is going to rain.（看起来好像要下雨了 。）” （极有可能发生，陈述语气） 9. 引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句） ◦ that：在名词性从句中，“that”无词义，不充当句子成分 ，只起连接作用 。在宾语从句中，“that”常可省略 ，但在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中一般不能省略 。例如：“That he is a good student is known to us all.（他是个好学生，这一点我们都知道 。）” （主语从句，“that”不可省略）；“We believe that he will succeed.（我们相信他会成功。）”（宾语从句，“that”可省略）。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$