Unit 5 Working the land(知识清单）英语人教版2019选择性必修第一册

Unit 5 Working the Land 单词 1.devote vt.把……献给；把……专用于；专心于 2.shortage n.不足；缺少；短缺 3.tackle vt.解决；应付；处理 4.crisis n.危机；危急关头 5.boost vt.使增长；使兴旺 n.增长； 6.convince vt.使相信；使确信；说服 7.characteristic n.特点；特征；品质adj.典型的； 8.attain vt.获得；得到 9.conventional adj.传统的；习惯的 10.assumption n.假定；承担；获得 11.intense adj.热切的；十分强烈的；激烈的 12.overcome vt.克服；解决；战胜 13.expand vt.扩展； vi. & vt.扩大； 14.estimate n.估计；估算vt.估计； 15.domestic adj.本国的；国内的；家用的 16.consumption n.消耗；消耗量；消费 17.comprise vt.包括；包含；由……组成 18.generate vt.产生；引起 19.leisure n.闲暇；休闲；空闲 20.soil n.泥土；土壤；国土；领土 21.celebrity n.名望；名誉；名人；名流 22.vision n.想象；视力；视野；影像 23.urban adj.城市的；都市的；城镇的 24.chemical adj.化学的； n.化学制品；化学品 25.wheat n.小麦；小麦籽 26.fertiliser n.肥料 27.nutrition n.营养；滋养 28.poverty n.贫穷；贫困 29.organic adj.有机的；不使用化肥的；有机物的 30.digest vi.& vt.消化vt.领会；领悟n.摘要； 短语 1.devote … to… 把……用于，献身 2.a shortage of… 缺乏…… 3.succeed in doing sth.成功做某事 4.at home and abroad在国内外 5.take on… 呈现…… 6.be comprised of… 包括……，包含…… 7.in turn相应地，转而，依次，轮流 8.for instance例如，比如 9.make an effort to do sth.努力做某事 10.in addition除此之外 11.as for… 至于…… 12.focus on… 关注…… 13.free of… 免于…… 14.be similar to… 与……相似 15.carry out执行，实施 16.have an impact on… 对……有影响 17.take up a position担任，任职 18.as a consequence结果是 19.apart from… 除此之外 20.play a role in… 在……中起作用 句型 It +be+过去分词+that 语法 主语从句 一、词汇清单 知识点1 devote vt.把……献(给);把……专用于；专心于 教材原句P50 Indeed,his slim but strong body was just like that of millions of Chinese farmers, to whom he had devoted his life. 的确，他瘦削但 结实的身体就像他为之奉献了一生的千百万中国 农民一样。 联想词①devoted adj.忠诚的；深爱的；投入的 be devoted to … 对……忠诚；深爱…… a devoted father 一位尽职的父亲 ②devotion n. 奉献；忠诚；深爱 知识点2 convince ( vt. 使相信；使确信；说服 ) 教材原句P50 Yuan was convinced that the answer could be found in the creation of hybrid rice.袁隆平确信答案可以在杂交水稻的培育中找到。 I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself,not with me. 我 试 图 说 服 自 己，问题出于问题本身，而不是我。 常见用法convince sb of sth 使某人确信某事/说 服某人相信某事 convince sb to do sth 说服某人做某事 convince sb that … 使某人相信 … … The officials were eager to convince us of the safety of the nuclear reactors.官员们急于说服我 们，核反应堆是安全的。[《朗文当代》] I've been trying to convince Jean to come with me. 我一直在设法说服琼跟我一起来。 联 想 词① convinced adj. 确信的；信服的 be convinced of/that… 坚信/深信 … … Iwas convinced that we were doing the right thing. 我确信我们做的事情是正确的。 ②convincing adj. 有说服力的；令人信服的 知识点3 assumption ( n. 假定；设定；(责任的)承担；(权力的)获得 ) 教材原句P50 The common assumption then was that it could not be done. 当时人们普遍认为这 是不可能实现的。 常见用法make an assumption 作出假设 on the assumption that… 假设 … … 联 想 词assume vt.假定；假设；认为 it is assumed that….=it is supposed/believed that.. 假定……;人们认为 …… assuming that…=providing/supposing that..假如 …… ;如果 …… Where unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former. 在失业率和犯罪率高的地方，我们可以认为后 者是由前者造成的。 知识点4 expand ( vt.&vi. 扩大；增加 vt. 扩展；发展(业务) ) 三教材原句P50 This hybrid enabled farmers to expand their output greatly.这种杂交作物使农民 大大增加了作物的产量。 A child's vocabulary expands through reading. 孩子的词汇量通过阅读得到扩大。 Thisworkexpanded mymind in ways that are impossible inside the four walls of a classroom. 这项工作拓展了我的思维，这在教室里是不可 能做到的。[2022年6月浙江] 常用搭配expand in … 在……方面扩充/膨胀 expand into….发展成/扩展到 … … expand on/upon 详述；进一步说明 I don't quite understand your reasoning.Can you expand on it? 我不是很理解你的推理。你能将 它详细说明一下吗? 联 想 词expansion n. 扩张；扩大；扩充 知识点5 comprise ( vt. 包括；包含；由……组成 ) 教材原句P50 Today,it is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan's hybrid strains….据估计，目前中国国内消 费的稻米有约60%来自袁隆平的杂交水稻品种 形成的作物…… The collection comprises 327 paintings. 那 一 组收 藏有327幅画。 常用搭配 be comprised of(=be composed of=be made up of)包括；包含；由……组成 Afootball team is comprised of eleven players. 一 支足球队由11名队员组成。 狂K 重点 联 想 拓 展consist of由……组成；由……构成(一 般不用于进行时和被动语态) The committee consists of ten members.委员会由 十名成员组成。 知识点6 extension n.扩建部分；扩大；电话分机 教材原句P52 The shelter,which could protect up to 8,000 people from wartime bombs,was comprised of two large tunnels that were intended to one day become an extension of the London Underground.这个避难所可以保护多达八千人免受战时炸弹袭击，它由两条大隧道组成，预计有一天会成为伦敦地铁的延伸部分。 联 想 词①extended adj. 延长了的；扩展了的 ②extend vt. 延 长 vi. 延伸(距离) The main stem will extend to around 12 feet if left to develop naturally. 如果任其自然生长，主干可 以长到12英尺左右。 熟 词 生义 extend 作动词还有“扩大；扩展；舒展； 给予，提供”之意。 There are plans to extend the no-smoking area. 现已有扩大无烟区的计划。 I'm sure you will join me in extending a very warm welcome to our visitor.我确信你们会同我 一起 向来访者表示非常热烈的欢迎。 知识点7 in turn 相应地；转而；依次；轮流 教材原句P55 This affects the crops grown on the land and,in turn,the animals and humans who digest them.这影响了生长在土地上的作物， 进而影响了食用它们的动物和人类。 The girls called out their own names in turn . 这 些 女孩依次大声喊出了自己的名字。 Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.理论来源于实践，反过来又服务于 实践。 联想拓展 含有 turn 的其他常用表达 by turns轮流地，交替地(表现某些特质或情感) take turns(=take it in turns)to do sth 轮流做某事 it's one's turn to do sth轮到某人做某事 The young parents had to take turns to look after their sick baby.这对年轻父母不得不轮流照顾 他们生病的孩子。 I think it's our turn to drive the kids to school this week. 我想这周轮到我们开车送孩子们上学了。 知识点8 alternative n. 可供选择的事物 教材原句P55 As an alternative ,some farmers have switched to organic farming,and many customers have turned to organic food when they shop at the local grocery.作为替代， 一些农民已 转向有机耕作，并且许多顾客在当地杂货店购物 时也转为购买有机食品。 常 用 搭 配have no alternative but to do sth 除 了 做 某事别无选择 an alternative to sth 某事物的替代品 We had no alternative but to fire Gibson. 我们别无他法，只能辞退吉布森。 ② adj.可供替代的；另外的；非传统的；另类的 联 想 词alternatively adv. 或 者 The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively,you can organize your own transport. 旅行社将为你安排旅行，或者你也可以自己安 排交通工具。 二、语法清单 【感知·语法规律】 (1)That he survived the serious traffic accident was a wonder.   他在那次严重的交通事故中幸存下来是个奇迹。 (2)How this could be done was a challenging question at the time.   如何做到这一点在当时是一个具有挑战性的问题。 (3)Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.   无论谁最后离开房间都应该关灯。 (4)It happened that I met my teacher on my way home.   我在回家路上碰巧遇上我的老师。 (5)It is no wonder that my fellow guests had had only a few bites of each dish.   怪不得跟我在一起吃饭的客人, 每道菜也就浅尝几口。 【精讲·语法知识】 主语从句 一、定义 主语是动作的发出者，通常放在句首，谓语动词前。 若一个句子放在句首，充当主语成分，则称为主语从句。 Guangzhou has many yummy dishes. 主语是一个名词 What she likes to eat is shrimp dumplings. 主语是一个句子 二、引导主语从句的连接词： 1. that 无含义，在句中不做成分，一般不可以省略。 That you will win the game seems impossible. That she survived the accident is a miracle. 2.whether有含义(是否)，在句中不做成分，一般不可以省略。 Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather. 1. who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever 其连接代词在句中起名词性作用，担当一定成分(主语，宾语，表语). What we can’t get seems better than what we have .（宾语） What seemed strange before now appears quite normal.（主语） What amazed me most was that such a little boy could play the violin so well. *常见What 引导的主语从句： (1)What impressed=struck/surprised/annoyed/touched=moved/relieved/interested/concerned me most was that...... (2)What I’m interested in/ I’ concerned about/left an (deep/good) impression on me is that...... (3)What（really）matters most is......... Whatever parents do is for their children.（宾语） Whoever breaks the law should be punished. （主语） 4.when, where, why, how连接副词有含义,在句中作状语。 Where we should go for the holiday needs to be discussed. When they will come hasn’t been made public. Why he left so suddenly is not known to any of us. How we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel. Δ 在下面情况下经常用 it作形式主语，真正的主语从句放在句尾。 句式1： It is +名词+从句 It is a fact that… 事实是…… It is a pity that....真遗憾.... It is still a mystery when/where/how the accident happened. It is no surprise that Bob won the game. It is a pity that he missed the opportunity to attend the important meeting due to a sudden illness. 句式2：It is +形容词+从句 It is necessary that … 有必要…… It is clear/obvious that … 很清楚…… It is likely that … 很有可能…… It is obvious that we can not go on like this. It is natural that they have different views. ‌It is vital that‌ we (should) protect the environment. 句式3：It is +过去分词+从句 It is said /reported/claimed that … 据说/据报道 It is thought/believed/supposed that …人们认为 It It is (universally) acknowledged that … 公认为…… It is (generally) considered that....普遍认为... It is (widely) assumed that....人们广泛认为/假定/推测... It is（highly/strongly) recommended that...强烈推荐... It was reported that the road to the city had been closed. It is unknown when and where the meeting will be held. It has been proved that eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illness in later life. 句式4：It +某些动词+从句 （固定搭配） It occurred to/struck/ hit sb that... 某人(突然)想到... It never occurs to sb that... 某人从没想到... It happened that... 碰巧.... It often happens that.... ...这是常有的事 【经典练】　 (用适当的词填空) 1． makes it striking is that it shows a thin figure with an expression of fear. 【答案】What 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：它引人注目的地方在于它展示了一个带着恐惧表情的瘦弱的身影。空处引导名词性从句作整个句子的主语，主语从句缺少主语，结合“it shows a thin figure with an expression of fear”可知，主语指物，应用连接代词what作引导词，句首单词的首字母需大写。故填What。 2．It has been proved a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction. 【答案】that 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：事实证明，在降低风险上花费一美元至少可以在重建上节省两美元。分析句子可知，空处引导主语从句，句中“It”作形式主语，真正的主语为“that”引导的从句，故空格处应用“that”。故填that。 3．It is suggested the project should be carried out at once. 【答案】that 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：建议立即执行该项目。此处为连接词引导的主语从句，真正的主语是“_______ the project should be carried out at once”，而形式主语是“it”，由于从句结构和意义完整，不缺少成分，因此需用只起连接作用、无实义的引导词that。故填that。 4．The head teacher said broke the rules would be punished. 【答案】whoever 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：校长说无论谁违反规定都会受到惩罚。said后是宾语从句，空处引导名词性从句作宾语从句的主语，主语从句中broke前无主语，结合“broke the rules”可知，主语指人，再结合“would be punished”可知，受到惩罚的是“任何违反规定的人”，因此用连接代词whoever作引导词。故填whoever。 5． the ancient people built the pyramids in the past with primitive tools puzzled people for centuries. 【答案】How 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：古代人是如何用原始的工具建造金字塔的，这个问题困扰了人们好几个世纪。空处引导主语从句，在句中作状语，表示“如何、怎样”，故应用连接副词how；句首字母大写。故填How。 6． they can grow more vegetables in space depends on how much time and space it takes. 【答案】Whether 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：他们能否在太空中种植更多的蔬菜取决于需要多少时间和空间。该句主句谓语动词为depends on，该空需要一个连接词引导主语从句，从句是一个成分完整的陈述句，有可能使用that或whether引导；下文宾语从句是一个问句，由此可知，主句也应该是一个问句，应填whether表示“是否”；在句首注意首字母大写。故填Whether。 7． he turned down the invitation was not clear. 【答案】Why 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：他为什么拒绝邀请尚不清楚。空处引导主语从句，结合“was not clear”可推知，空处需表达“为什么，为何”，应用连接副词why作引导词，在从句中作原因状语，句首单词的首字母需大写。故填Why。 8． charity they will go to has not been decided. 【答案】Which 【详解】考查主语从句连接词。句意：他们将去哪个慈善机构尚未决定。______charity they will go to是主语从句，从句缺少“哪个”之意，应用which引导，句首单词首字母大写，故填Which。 9． the new mayor will take office hasn’t been made public yet. 【答案】When 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：新市长何时上任还没有公布。空处引导主语从句，表达“何时上任”之意，用连接副词when引导；句首单词首字母大写。故填When。 10．Passion is passion and it doesn’t matter it’s directed. 【答案】where 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：酷爱就是酷爱，它无关方向。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，it doesn’t matter中的it是形式主语，空处引导主语从句，在从句中作地点状语，故填where。 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 如何写表达观点的文章 　　高考英语应用文写作中, 发表观点, 议论情景是常见的书写手法。发表议论就是通过议论或说理来表达作者的见解和主张, 作者对某一问题持有一种看法, 为了使读者同意自己的看法, 提出若干理由, 试图说服他人。 发表议论时, 我们要注意三个要素: 论点、论据、论证。 议论文的类型: 1. “一分为二”的观点: 从两方面去分析一个问题, 然后阐述自己的观点。 2. “两者选一”的观点: 分析两种食物的优劣势, 阐述自己的观点。 3. “我认为……”型: 阐述对某事物的客观看法。 4. “看图(表)”作文: 通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法。 如: 我们要写一篇关于支持有机农业的议论文, 需要注意哪些方面呢? (1)说明、论述时要注意动词时态, 属于过去发生的用一般过去时, 属于经常发生的应用一般现在时。 (2)句子结构要有变化, 不要总是用一个句型“I am. . . and I agree. . . and I. . . ” (3)熟练掌握一些固定句型和表达方式。 (4)熟练使用一些数据、百分比等作为观点的支撑。 (5)注意将作文的论据分层次展示, 然后列举出相应的细节去支撑主要观点。一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持, 不同层次之间要分明, 过渡清晰自然。 (6)观点要鲜明, 一篇文章要有一个明确的中心论点。最后一段总结, 得出结论。整篇文章语言要简洁有力, 一般不采用口语。 议论文的写作步骤: (1)引言(introduction)。由于英语作文受时间和字数的限制, 因此, 审清题意之后在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题, 并明白地亮出自己的观点, 如提倡什么, 支持什么, 反对什么。 (2)主体段(main body)。主体段是议论的过程, 作者必须有足够的证据( adequate proofs)来论证自己的观点。一般可提出一个或两个 proofs, 并对此用几句话分别进行阐述。 (3)结论(conclusion)。结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章。同时要注意与引言段呼应, 但不能照搬前面的原话。 【积累·写作素材】 1. 话题词汇 (1)introduction(引言): Nowadays more and more people. . . /. . . plays an important role in. . . /. . . have both advantages and disadvantages. . . /Generally speaking, the favorable aspects/advantages can be listed as follows. . . (2)main body(主体): Firstly. . . Secondly. . . In addition/What’s more/Moreover. . . /Every coin has two sides. . . / To make things worse. . . (3)Conclusion(结论): Through above analysis/All things considered, we can see. . . /Therefore. . . 2. 话题句式 (1)总起: Different people hold different opinions/The opinions are divided/People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards/People have different opinions on this problem/People take different views on this question (2)表达不同观点: of them hold the opinion that/of them are in favor of the idea that/People who are for/against the idea think/Some people believe that. . . Others argue that. . . (3)不同观点之间的衔接: However, some of them hold a different view/ hold the opposite opinion/People who are against it don’t think so/However, each coin has two sides/Different from those, people think/On the other hand. . . /People object that. . . (4)并列关系: and, as well as, also (5)递进关系: besides, in addition, moreover, what’s more (6)比较、对比: like, unlike, on the contrary, on the other hand 写作句型： 常用表达 1. We had a discussion about whether it is necessary to. . . 2. We’ve had a survey on. . . 3. I’m writing to tell you about a discussion we have had about. . . 过渡句： 1. Opinions are divided on this issue. 2. Opinions are mainly divided into two groups. 3. Different people，however，have different opinions on this matter. 4. Different people，however，think quite differently on this matter. 介绍正方观点： 1. 45% of the students hold the view that. . . For one thing，. . . For another，. . . 2. 60% of the students are for the idea. 介绍反方观点： On the contrary/However/As the old saying goes，each coin has two sides. Nearly half of the students think that. . . on one hand，. . . on the other hand，. . . 【示例·分步写作】 　　关于有机农业和化学农业, 你们班举行了一场辩论。请结合你们的讨论结果, 写一篇支持有机农业的英语作文, 词数不低于80。 注意要点: 1. 化学农业的危害; 2. 有机农业的优点及理由; 3. 讨论的结果和大家的期待; 4. 根据自己掌握的相关知识, 批判性地发表自己的观点。 【写作分析】 【句式准备】 完成句子 1. Chemical agriculture and organic agriculture are two key words.   化学农业和有机农业是两个关键词。 2. There are various opinions about chemical agriculture and organic agriculture.   关于化学农业和有机农业有各种观点。 3. There is no doubt that the chemicals staying inside the crops can lead to cancer or other illnesses. The vegetables grow so fast that they contain little nutrition.   毫无疑问, 残留在农作物中的化学物质会导致癌症或其他疾病。蔬菜生长得太快, 几乎没有营养。 4. The first reason is that as people are richer, they attach great importance to health. The second reason is that organic produce simply uses natural fertilisers, making vegetables and fruit tasty and nutritive.   第一个原因是, 随着人们越来越富裕, 他们非常重视健康。第二个原因是有机农产品仅使用天然肥料, 使蔬菜和水果既美味又营养。 5. As a saying goes, health is the first wealth. And it is wiser to choose organic food.   俗话说, 健康是第一财富。选择有机食品是更明智的。 词句升级 6. 请用主从复合句连接1、2两句话。 Chemical agriculture and organic agriculture are two key words, over which there are various opinions.   7. 请使用合适的衔接词将3改写, 使其逻辑清晰, 层次分明。 Above all, there is no doubt that the chemicals staying inside the crops can lead to cancer or other illnesses. Besides, the vegetables grow so fast that they contain little nutrition.   8. 使用适当的衔接词, 变化4的结构, 使其层次分明, 避免口语化。 There are many reasons for this. The first one is that as people are richer, they attach great importance to health. Secondly, organic produce simply uses natural fertilisers, making vegetables and fruit tasty and nutritive.   9. 用因果关系改写5, 使其更具逻辑性。 As a saying goes, health is the first wealth, so it is wiser to choose organic food.   【参考范文】 　　In terms of the development of modern agriculture, chemical agriculture and organic agriculture are two key words, over which there are various opinions. 　　It is obvious that using chemical fertilisers has many disadvantages. Above all, there is no doubt that the chemicals staying inside the crops can lead to cancer or other illnesses. Besides, the vegetables grow so fast that they contain little nutrition. 　　Organic foods are becoming increasingly popular with customers. There are many reasons for this. The first one is that as people are richer, they attach great importance to health. Secondly, organic produce simply uses natural fertilisers, making vegetables and fruit tasty and nutritive. Moreover, the produce grows in clean water and never uses pesticides, which is beneficial for our health. As a saying goes, health is the first wealth, so it is wiser to choose organic food. ( 14 / 14 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 5 Working the Land 单词 1.devote vt.把……献给；把……专用于；专心于 2.shortage n.不足；缺少；短缺 3.tackle vt.解决；应付；处理 4.crisis n.危机；危急关头 5.boost vt.使增长；使兴旺 n.增长； 6.convince vt.使相信；使确信；说服 7.characteristic n.特点；特征；品质adj.典型的； 8.attain vt.获得；得到 9.conventional adj.传统的；习惯的 10.assumption n.假定；承担；获得 11.intense adj.热切的；十分强烈的；激烈的 12.overcome vt.克服；解决；战胜 13.expand vt.扩展； vi. & vt.扩大； 14.estimate n.估计；估算vt.估计； 15.domestic adj.本国的；国内的；家用的 16.consumption n.消耗；消耗量；消费 17.comprise vt.包括；包含；由……组成 18.generate vt.产生；引起 19.leisure n.闲暇；休闲；空闲 20.soil n.泥土；土壤；国土；领土 21.celebrity n.名望；名誉；名人；名流 22.vision n.想象；视力；视野；影像 23.urban adj.城市的；都市的；城镇的 24.chemical adj.化学的； n.化学制品；化学品 25.wheat n.小麦；小麦籽 26.fertiliser n.肥料 27.nutrition n.营养；滋养 28.poverty n.贫穷；贫困 29.organic adj.有机的；不使用化肥的；有机物的 30.digest vi.& vt.消化vt.领会；领悟n.摘要； 短语 1.devote … to… 把……用于，献身 2.a shortage of… 缺乏…… 3.succeed in doing sth.成功做某事 4.at home and abroad在国内外 5.take on… 呈现…… 6.be comprised of… 包括……，包含…… 7.in turn相应地，转而，依次，轮流 8.for instance例如，比如 9.make an effort to do sth.努力做某事 10.in addition除此之外 11.as for… 至于…… 12.focus on… 关注…… 13.free of… 免于…… 14.be similar to… 与……相似 15.carry out执行，实施 16.have an impact on… 对……有影响 17.take up a position担任，任职 18.as a consequence结果是 19.apart from… 除此之外 20.play a role in… 在……中起作用 句型 It +be+过去分词+that 语法 主语从句 一、词汇清单 知识点1 devote vt.把……献(给);把……专用于；专心于 教材原句P50 Indeed,his slim but strong body was just like that of millions of Chinese farmers, to whom he had devoted his life. 的确，他瘦削但 结实的身体就像他为之奉献了一生的千百万中国 农民一样。 联想词①devoted adj.忠诚的；深爱的；投入的 be devoted to … 对……忠诚；深爱…… a devoted father 一位尽职的父亲 ②devotion n. 奉献；忠诚；深爱 知识点2 convince ( vt. 使相信；使确信；说服 ) 教材原句P50 Yuan was convinced that the answer could be found in the creation of hybrid rice.袁隆平确信答案可以在杂交水稻的培育中找到。 I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself,not with me. 我 试 图 说 服 自 己，问题出于问题本身，而不是我。 常见用法convince sb of sth 使某人确信某事/说 服某人相信某事 convince sb to do sth 说服某人做某事 convince sb that … 使某人相信 … … The officials were eager to convince us of the safety of the nuclear reactors.官员们急于说服我 们，核反应堆是安全的。[《朗文当代》] I've been trying to convince Jean to come with me. 我一直在设法说服琼跟我一起来。 联 想 词① convinced adj. 确信的；信服的 be convinced of/that… 坚信/深信 … … Iwas convinced that we were doing the right thing. 我确信我们做的事情是正确的。 ②convincing adj. 有说服力的；令人信服的 知识点3 assumption ( n. 假定；设定；(责任的)承担；(权力的)获得 ) 教材原句P50 The common assumption then was that it could not be done. 当时人们普遍认为这 是不可能实现的。 常见用法make an assumption 作出假设 on the assumption that… 假设 … … 联 想 词assume vt.假定；假设；认为 it is assumed that….=it is supposed/believed that.. 假定……;人们认为 …… assuming that…=providing/supposing that..假如 …… ;如果 …… Where unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former. 在失业率和犯罪率高的地方，我们可以认为后 者是由前者造成的。 知识点4 expand ( vt.&vi. 扩大；增加 vt. 扩展；发展(业务) ) 三教材原句P50 This hybrid enabled farmers to expand their output greatly.这种杂交作物使农民 大大增加了作物的产量。 A child's vocabulary expands through reading. 孩子的词汇量通过阅读得到扩大。 Thisworkexpanded mymind in ways that are impossible inside the four walls of a classroom. 这项工作拓展了我的思维，这在教室里是不可 能做到的。[2022年6月浙江] 常用搭配expand in … 在……方面扩充/膨胀 expand into….发展成/扩展到 … … expand on/upon 详述；进一步说明 I don't quite understand your reasoning.Can you expand on it? 我不是很理解你的推理。你能将 它详细说明一下吗? 联 想 词expansion n. 扩张；扩大；扩充 知识点5 comprise ( vt. 包括；包含；由……组成 ) 教材原句P50 Today,it is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan's hybrid strains….据估计，目前中国国内消 费的稻米有约60%来自袁隆平的杂交水稻品种 形成的作物…… The collection comprises 327 paintings. 那 一 组收 藏有327幅画。 常用搭配 be comprised of(=be composed of=be made up of)包括；包含；由……组成 Afootball team is comprised of eleven players. 一 支足球队由11名队员组成。 狂K 重点 联 想 拓 展consist of由……组成；由……构成(一 般不用于进行时和被动语态) The committee consists of ten members.委员会由 十名成员组成。 知识点6 extension n.扩建部分；扩大；电话分机 教材原句P52 The shelter,which could protect up to 8,000 people from wartime bombs,was comprised of two large tunnels that were intended to one day become an extension of the London Underground.这个避难所可以保护多达八千人免受战时炸弹袭击，它由两条大隧道组成，预计有一天会成为伦敦地铁的延伸部分。 联 想 词①extended adj. 延长了的；扩展了的 ②extend vt. 延 长 vi. 延伸(距离) The main stem will extend to around 12 feet if left to develop naturally. 如果任其自然生长，主干可 以长到12英尺左右。 熟 词 生义 extend 作动词还有“扩大；扩展；舒展； 给予，提供”之意。 There are plans to extend the no-smoking area. 现已有扩大无烟区的计划。 I'm sure you will join me in extending a very warm welcome to our visitor.我确信你们会同我 一起 向来访者表示非常热烈的欢迎。 知识点7 in turn 相应地；转而；依次；轮流 教材原句P55 This affects the crops grown on the land and,in turn,the animals and humans who digest them.这影响了生长在土地上的作物， 进而影响了食用它们的动物和人类。 The girls called out their own names in turn . 这 些 女孩依次大声喊出了自己的名字。 Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.理论来源于实践，反过来又服务于 实践。 联想拓展 含有 turn 的其他常用表达 by turns轮流地，交替地(表现某些特质或情感) take turns(=take it in turns)to do sth 轮流做某事 it's one's turn to do sth轮到某人做某事 The young parents had to take turns to look after their sick baby.这对年轻父母不得不轮流照顾 他们生病的孩子。 I think it's our turn to drive the kids to school this week. 我想这周轮到我们开车送孩子们上学了。 知识点8 alternative n. 可供选择的事物 教材原句P55 As an alternative ,some farmers have switched to organic farming,and many customers have turned to organic food when they shop at the local grocery.作为替代， 一些农民已 转向有机耕作，并且许多顾客在当地杂货店购物 时也转为购买有机食品。 常 用 搭 配have no alternative but to do sth 除 了 做 某事别无选择 an alternative to sth 某事物的替代品 We had no alternative but to fire Gibson. 我们别无他法，只能辞退吉布森。 ② adj.可供替代的；另外的；非传统的；另类的 联 想 词alternatively adv. 或 者 The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively,you can organize your own transport. 旅行社将为你安排旅行，或者你也可以自己安 排交通工具。 二、语法清单 【感知·语法规律】 (1)That he survived the serious traffic accident was a wonder.   他在那次严重的交通事故中幸存下来是个奇迹。 (2)How this could be done was a challenging question at the time.   如何做到这一点在当时是一个具有挑战性的问题。 (3)Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.   无论谁最后离开房间都应该关灯。 (4)It happened that I met my teacher on my way home.   我在回家路上碰巧遇上我的老师。 (5)It is no wonder that my fellow guests had had only a few bites of each dish.   怪不得跟我在一起吃饭的客人, 每道菜也就浅尝几口。 【精讲·语法知识】 主语从句 一、定义 主语是动作的发出者，通常放在句首，谓语动词前。 若一个句子放在句首，充当主语成分，则称为主语从句。 Guangzhou has many yummy dishes. 主语是一个名词 What she likes to eat is shrimp dumplings. 主语是一个句子 二、引导主语从句的连接词： 1. that 无含义，在句中不做成分，一般不可以省略。 That you will win the game seems impossible. That she survived the accident is a miracle. 2.whether有含义(是否)，在句中不做成分，一般不可以省略。 Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather. 1. who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever 其连接代词在句中起名词性作用，担当一定成分(主语，宾语，表语). What we can’t get seems better than what we have .（宾语） What seemed strange before now appears quite normal.（主语） What amazed me most was that such a little boy could play the violin so well. *常见What 引导的主语从句： (1)What impressed=struck/surprised/annoyed/touched=moved/relieved/interested/concerned me most was that...... (2)What I’m interested in/ I’ concerned about/left an (deep/good) impression on me is that...... (3)What（really）matters most is......... Whatever parents do is for their children.（宾语） Whoever breaks the law should be punished. （主语） 4.when, where, why, how连接副词有含义,在句中作状语。 Where we should go for the holiday needs to be discussed. When they will come hasn’t been made public. Why he left so suddenly is not known to any of us. How we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel. Δ 在下面情况下经常用 it作形式主语，真正的主语从句放在句尾。 句式1： It is +名词+从句 It is a fact that… 事实是…… It is a pity that....真遗憾.... It is still a mystery when/where/how the accident happened. It is no surprise that Bob won the game. It is a pity that he missed the opportunity to attend the important meeting due to a sudden illness. 句式2：It is +形容词+从句 It is necessary that … 有必要…… It is clear/obvious that … 很清楚…… It is likely that … 很有可能…… It is obvious that we can not go on like this. It is natural that they have different views. ‌It is vital that‌ we (should) protect the environment. 句式3：It is +过去分词+从句 It is said /reported/claimed that … 据说/据报道 It is thought/believed/supposed that …人们认为 It It is (universally) acknowledged that … 公认为…… It is (generally) considered that....普遍认为... It is (widely) assumed that....人们广泛认为/假定/推测... It is（highly/strongly) recommended that...强烈推荐... It was reported that the road to the city had been closed. It is unknown when and where the meeting will be held. It has been proved that eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illness in later life. 句式4：It +某些动词+从句 （固定搭配） It occurred to/struck/ hit sb that... 某人(突然)想到... It never occurs to sb that... 某人从没想到... It happened that... 碰巧.... It often happens that.... ...这是常有的事 【经典练】　 (用适当的词填空) 1． makes it striking is that it shows a thin figure with an expression of fear. 2．It has been proved a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction. 3．It is suggested the project should be carried out at once. 4．The head teacher said broke the rules would be punished. 5． the ancient people built the pyramids in the past with primitive tools puzzled people for centuries. 6． they can grow more vegetables in space depends on how much time and space it takes. 7． he turned down the invitation was not clear. 8． charity they will go to has not been decided. 9． the new mayor will take office hasn’t been made public yet. 10．Passion is passion and it doesn’t matter it’s directed. 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 如何写表达观点的文章 　　高考英语应用文写作中, 发表观点, 议论情景是常见的书写手法。发表议论就是通过议论或说理来表达作者的见解和主张, 作者对某一问题持有一种看法, 为了使读者同意自己的看法, 提出若干理由, 试图说服他人。 发表议论时, 我们要注意三个要素: 论点、论据、论证。 议论文的类型: 1. “一分为二”的观点: 从两方面去分析一个问题, 然后阐述自己的观点。 2. “两者选一”的观点: 分析两种食物的优劣势, 阐述自己的观点。 3. “我认为……”型: 阐述对某事物的客观看法。 4. “看图(表)”作文: 通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法。 如: 我们要写一篇关于支持有机农业的议论文, 需要注意哪些方面呢? (1)说明、论述时要注意动词时态, 属于过去发生的用一般过去时, 属于经常发生的应用一般现在时。 (2)句子结构要有变化, 不要总是用一个句型“I am. . . and I agree. . . and I. . . ” (3)熟练掌握一些固定句型和表达方式。 (4)熟练使用一些数据、百分比等作为观点的支撑。 (5)注意将作文的论据分层次展示, 然后列举出相应的细节去支撑主要观点。一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持, 不同层次之间要分明, 过渡清晰自然。 (6)观点要鲜明, 一篇文章要有一个明确的中心论点。最后一段总结, 得出结论。整篇文章语言要简洁有力, 一般不采用口语。 议论文的写作步骤: (1)引言(introduction)。由于英语作文受时间和字数的限制, 因此, 审清题意之后在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题, 并明白地亮出自己的观点, 如提倡什么, 支持什么, 反对什么。 (2)主体段(main body)。主体段是议论的过程, 作者必须有足够的证据( adequate proofs)来论证自己的观点。一般可提出一个或两个 proofs, 并对此用几句话分别进行阐述。 (3)结论(conclusion)。结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章。同时要注意与引言段呼应, 但不能照搬前面的原话。 【积累·写作素材】 1. 话题词汇 (1)introduction(引言): Nowadays more and more people. . . /. . . plays an important role in. . . /. . . have both advantages and disadvantages. . . /Generally speaking, the favorable aspects/advantages can be listed as follows. . . (2)main body(主体): Firstly. . . Secondly. . . In addition/What’s more/Moreover. . . /Every coin has two sides. . . / To make things worse. . . (3)Conclusion(结论): Through above analysis/All things considered, we can see. . . /Therefore. . . 2. 话题句式 (1)总起: Different people hold different opinions/The opinions are divided/People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards/People have different opinions on this problem/People take different views on this question (2)表达不同观点: of them hold the opinion that/of them are in favor of the idea that/People who are for/against the idea think/Some people believe that. . . Others argue that. . . (3)不同观点之间的衔接: However, some of them hold a different view/ hold the opposite opinion/People who are against it don’t think so/However, each coin has two sides/Different from those, people think/On the other hand. . . /People object that. . . (4)并列关系: and, as well as, also (5)递进关系: besides, in addition, moreover, what’s more (6)比较、对比: like, unlike, on the contrary, on the other hand 写作句型： 常用表达 1. We had a discussion about whether it is necessary to. . . 2. We’ve had a survey on. . . 3. I’m writing to tell you about a discussion we have had about. . . 过渡句： 1. Opinions are divided on this issue. 2. Opinions are mainly divided into two groups. 3. Different people，however，have different opinions on this matter. 4. Different people，however，think quite differently on this matter. 介绍正方观点： 1. 45% of the students hold the view that. . . For one thing，. . . For another，. . . 2. 60% of the students are for the idea. 介绍反方观点： On the contrary/However/As the old saying goes，each coin has two sides. Nearly half of the students think that. . . on one hand，. . . on the other hand，. . . 【示例·分步写作】 　　关于有机农业和化学农业, 你们班举行了一场辩论。请结合你们的讨论结果, 写一篇支持有机农业的英语作文, 词数不低于80。 注意要点: 1. 化学农业的危害; 2. 有机农业的优点及理由; 3. 讨论的结果和大家的期待; 4. 根据自己掌握的相关知识, 批判性地发表自己的观点。 【写作分析】 【句式准备】 完成句子 1. Chemical agriculture and organic agriculture are two key words.   化学农业和有机农业是两个关键词。 2. There are various opinions about chemical agriculture and organic agriculture.   关于化学农业和有机农业有各种观点。 3. There is no doubt that the chemicals staying inside the crops can lead to cancer or other illnesses. The vegetables grow so fast that they contain little nutrition.   毫无疑问, 残留在农作物中的化学物质会导致癌症或其他疾病。蔬菜生长得太快, 几乎没有营养。 4. The first reason is that as people are richer, they attach great importance to health. The second reason is that organic produce simply uses natural fertilisers, making vegetables and fruit tasty and nutritive.   第一个原因是, 随着人们越来越富裕, 他们非常重视健康。第二个原因是有机农产品仅使用天然肥料, 使蔬菜和水果既美味又营养。 5. As a saying goes, health is the first wealth. And it is wiser to choose organic food.   俗话说, 健康是第一财富。选择有机食品是更明智的。 词句升级 6. 请用主从复合句连接1、2两句话。 Chemical agriculture and organic agriculture are two key words, over which there are various opinions.   7. 请使用合适的衔接词将3改写, 使其逻辑清晰, 层次分明。 Above all, there is no doubt that the chemicals staying inside the crops can lead to cancer or other illnesses. Besides, the vegetables grow so fast that they contain little nutrition.   8. 使用适当的衔接词, 变化4的结构, 使其层次分明, 避免口语化。 There are many reasons for this. The first one is that as people are richer, they attach great importance to health. Secondly, organic produce simply uses natural fertilisers, making vegetables and fruit tasty and nutritive.   9. 用因果关系改写5, 使其更具逻辑性。 As a saying goes, health is the first wealth, so it is wiser to choose organic food.   ( 12 / 13 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$