Unit 4 Breaking boundaries（知识清单）英语外研版2019选择性必修第二册

Unit 4 Breaking boundaries 一、词汇清单 单词 1. boundary n. 分界线；边界 2. statistic n. （一项）统计数据 3. assist v. 协助，帮助 4. tackle v. 处理，对付（难题） 5. vital adj. 极其重要的 6. tragic adj. 悲惨的，不幸的 7. combat v. 防止，抑制 8. specialist n. 专家 9. infectious adj. 传染性的 10. clinic n. 诊所；门诊部 11. disinfect v. 为……消毒，给……杀菌 12. outbreak n. 爆发，突然发生 13. devotion n. 奉献 14. miracle n. 意外的幸运事；奇迹 15. compensate v. 弥补，补偿 16. collaborate v. 合作，协作 17. mankind n. 人类 18. realistic adj. （目标、希望）能够实现的 19. minority n. 少数派；少数 20. cast v. 选派（角色） 21. inclusive adj. 包容广阔的 22. joint adj. 联合的，共同的 23. harmonious adj. 和睦的，融洽的 24. mutual adj. 共有的，共同的 25. rewarding adj. 值得做的，有意义的 26. mount v. 走上，登上 27. civil adj. 公民的，国民的 28. civilian adj. 平民的；百姓的 29. division n. 分歧，分裂 30. conceive v. 构想，设想 31. liberty n. 自由 32. dedicate v. 致力于，献身于 33. endure v. 持续存在 34. portion n. 一部分 35. altogether adv. 完全 36. consecrate v. 宣布……为神圣之处 37. detract v. 减低，破坏，损害 38. nobly adv. 高尚地，崇高地 39. influential adj. 有影响力的 40. communist adj. 共产主义的 短语 1. take any chances 心存侥幸，冒险 2. comrade in arms 朋友，同事(尤指战争期间的)战友 3. put… at risk 把……置于危险中 4. against all odds 尽管凶多吉少，尽管极其困难 5. step into somebody’s shoes 接替某人 6. in memory of 为了纪念 7. at a great cost 以巨大的代价 8. suffer for 遭受 9. look to 展望；指望；注意 10. die for 为……献出生命 11. bring forth 使产生，使出现 12. dedicate to 献身于…… 13. engage in 从事，参与 14. in a larger sense 从更大的意义上来说 15. in vain 白白地 熟词生义 1. posting 常见义：n. 邮寄 生义：n. 工作任期/派驻 2. relieve 常见义：v. 缓解 生义：v. 接替 3. address 常见义：n. 地址 生义：n. 演讲 4. conceive 常见义：v. 怀孕 生义：v. 构想 5. proposition 常见义：n. 提议 生义：n. 原则/主张 6. endure 常见义：v. 忍受 生义：v. 持续存在 7. hallow 常见义：adj. 神圣的 生义：v. 使神圣 8. detract 常见义：v. 贬低 生义：v. 减损 9. resolve 常见义：v. 解决 生义：v. 决心 10. perish 常见义：v. 死亡 生义：v. 消亡 句型 1. It is/has been＋一段时间＋since...表示“自从……已经多长时间了” It’s exactly one month since the last reported case. 距上次报告的病例已经过去整整一个月了。 2. hear＋宾语＋宾语补足语 As she talked, I could hear at least three different languages being spoken at the tables around us. 她说话的时候，我能听到我们周围桌子上的人至少说了三种不同的语言。 3. It/This/That is the first time (that)．..意为“第一次……”，从句要用现在完成时 It is not the first time the author has worked with MSF. 这不是作者第一次与无国界医生合作。 语法 It 作形式主语 二、知识点精讲 知识点1 assist v．协助，帮助 【教材原句】　It assists people based on need, regardless of which country they are from. 它根据需要帮助人们，不管他们来自哪个国家。(教材P38) 【拓展】 (1) assist sb in doing sth/to do sth 帮助某人做某事 assist (sb) with/in sth 帮助(某人)某事 (2) assistance n. 帮助；协助 with the assistance of... 在……的帮助下 be of assistance to sb 有助于某人 turn to sb for assistance 向某人求助 (3) assistant n. 助手，助理；售货员 【写作佳句】Anyone willing to assist can contact this number. 凡愿协助者可拨此号码联系。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①As an assistant, he assists the professor with the experiment. And his assistance makes the experiment easier to do. (assist) ②You will be employed to assist in/with the development of new equipment. ③The guide managed to assist the tourists to find(find) a comfortable hotel to live in. [链接写作]一句多译 ④在老师的帮助下，我逐渐适应了学校生活。 With the assistance of my teacher, I gradually adjusted to the school life.(介词短语) Assisted by my teacher, I gradually adjusted to the school life.(分词作状语) 知识点2 vital adj. 极其重要的，必不可少的 【教材原句】　But it is vital not to take any chances.但重要的是不要冒险。(教材P38) 【拓展】 (1)be vital for/to sth 对……极为重要 be of vital importance to... 对……至关重要 (2)It is vital that sb (should) do sth. ……是极重要的。 【写作佳句】When it comes to hero-themed education, parents play a vital role. 谈到英雄主题教育时，父母起着至关重要的作用。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①(2019·天津卷)Understanding history is vital to understanding(understand) ourselves as a people and as a nation. ②What's more, some drivers, cyclists and pedestrians do not think it vital to obey(obey) traffic rules. [链接写作]补全句子 ③Besides, it's vital that you(should) mind your table manners in China when you attend a dinner party. 此外，在中国，当你参加晚宴时，注意餐桌礼仪是至关重要的。 知识点3 relieve v．给(某人)换班；解除；减轻，缓解(疼痛或不快的感觉)；调剂，使有趣 【教材原句】　My mission was to relieve Emma, a Canadian specialist in infectious diseases at the end of her posting. 的任务是接替埃玛，她是一位加拿大传染病专家，任期届满。(教材P38) 【拓展】 (1)relieve sb of... 解除某人的(负担、职务等) (2)relief n. 减轻，缓解；宽慰，轻松 to one's relief＝to the relief of sb 令某人感到欣慰的是 in relief 如释重负；松了口气 It is a relief to do sth. 做某事很放心/舒心。 (3)relieved adj. 感到宽慰的，放心的 【写作佳句】Not only does it broaden our horizons but it also relieves our academic burden. 这不仅拓宽了我们的视野，还减轻了我们的学业压力。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Your suggestions are helpful to me because they relieve me of my pressure from schoolwork. ②We were relieved(relieve) to hear that she was out of danger. ③Seeing her son return home safely，she smiled in relief(relieve)． [链接写作] 一句多译 ④令父母感到宽慰的是，孩子们安全地到家了。 To the parents' relief, their children arrived at home safely. To the relief of the parents, their children arrived at home safely. 知识点4 compensate v．弥补，补偿 【教材原句】　This small but unexpected success compensated for many other less fortunate cases. 这次小小的却出乎意料的成功相对其他没有那么幸运的病例来说，是一种弥补。(教材P39) 【拓展】 (1)compensate for 赔偿，补偿 compensate sb for sth 因为某事补偿某人 (2)compensation n. 补偿，赔偿；赔偿金，补偿金 【写作佳句】The position compensates employees with a competitive salary and benefits. 该职位提供具有竞争力的薪资和福利作为报酬。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①The insurance company will compensate you for your loss in the disaster. ②He received a large sum of money as compensation(compensate) for his loss in the fire. 补全句子 ③Nothing can compensate for the loss of time. 没有什么能弥补失去的时间。 知识点5 collaborate v．合作，协作 【教材原句】　In a world still facing so many problems, it is absolutely essential for us all to collaborate to create a global community with a shared future of peace and prosperity. 这个世界仍然面临着许多问题，我们所有人都必须团结合作，打造一个共享和平繁荣未来的“地球村”。(教材P39) 【拓展】 (1)collaborate with sb on sth 和某人在某事上合作 collaborate with sb in doing sth 和某人合作做某事 (2)collaboration n. 合作，协作 in collaboration with 与……合作 【写作佳句】We collaborated on the science project and won first prize in the competition. 我们在科学项目中合作，并在比赛中获得了一等奖。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①We have collaborated closely with the university on many projects for over ten years. ②The two companies are working in close collaboration(collaborate) with each other. 补全句子 ③We attach great importance to the close collaboration with your company. 我们非常重视与贵公司的密切合作。 知识点6 rewarding adj.值得做的；有益的；有意义的；有报酬的 【教材原句】　It was rewarding to see how our work helped mutual benefits from different cultures. 看到我们的工作促进了不同文化的互利共赢，这非常有意义。 (教材P45) 【拓展】 (1) reward v. 酬谢；奖励，奖赏 n. 奖金；回报；报酬 reward sb for (doing) sth 因(做)某事而奖赏/酬谢某人 reward sb with sth 用某物奖赏/回报某人 (2 in reward for 为奖赏……；为报答…… as a reward for 作为对……的奖赏/回报索 【写作佳句】So rewarding and appealing will the competition be that you can't afford to miss it! 这场比赛如此有意义且吸引人，你绝不能错过！ 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①From Bellevue's success, we can learn it is rewarding(reward) to try new things. ②To many people, saving lives is part of the job but styling hair is an extra and should be rewarded(reward)． [链接写作] 翻译句子 ③我很乐意带你游玩北京，以报答你的慷慨相助。 I'm more than willing to show you around Beijing in reward for/as a reward for your generous help. 知识点7 dedicate v．致力于，献身于 【教材原句】　We have come to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives hat that nation might live. 现在我们聚集在这场内战的一个重要战场上，我们来到这里，是为了把这里的一部分土地献给那些为了国家存续而献出自己生命的人，作为他们最终的安息之地。(教材P45) 【拓展】 (1)dedicate oneself to (doing) sth 致力于(做)某事，献身于(做)某事 (2)dedicated adj. 献身的；专心致志的；一心一意的 be dedicated to (doing) sth 致力于(做)某事，献身于(做)某事 (3)dedication n. 献身，奉献 【写作佳句】She then dedicated her life to advocating for people with disabilities. 她随后毕生致力于为残障人士发声/争取权益。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Zhong Nanshan felt that medicine was the most important cause that he could dedicate himself to. ②China will continue to be dedicated to promoting(promote) international cooperation in this area. ③The teacher's dedication(dedicate) to teaching gained the respect of all his students. [链接写作]一句多译 ④50多年来，樊锦诗一直致力于保护和研究莫高窟。 Fan Jinshi has dedicated herself to protecting and researching the Mogao Caves for more than 50 years. Fan Jinshi has been dedicated to protecting and researching the Mogao Caves for more than 50 years. 知识点8 influential adj.有影响力的 【教材原句】　Edgar Snow was an American journalist who wrote influential books and articles about China in the 1930s. 埃德加·斯诺是一位美国记者，他在20世纪30年代撰写了多部关于中国的具有深远影响的著作和文章。 (教材P47) 【拓展】 (1)be influential in (doing) sth 对(做)某事有影响 (2)influence n. 影响，作用 v. 影响，对……起作用 have an influence on/upon 对……有影响 under the influence of... 在……的影响下 influence sb to do sth 影响某人去做某事 【写作佳句】The knowledge acquired from travel is no less valuable than that from any influential reference book. 从旅行中获取的知识，其价值不亚于任何一本具有影响力的参考书。 【经典练】单句语法填空/补全句子 ①Confucius is considered to be one of the most influential(influence) figures in Chinese history. ②To test the effect of social influence on/upon eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. ③Under the influence of a high school biology teacher, he took up the study of medicine. ④What influenced you to choose(choose) a career in nursing? 补全句子 ⑤Watching TV for a long time has a great influence on/upon children's health. 长时间看电视对孩子的健康有很大的影响。 三、句式清单 句式1 It is/has been＋一段时间＋since ... 【教材原句】　It's exactly one month since the last reported case. 距上次报告病例已经过去整整一个月了。(教材P38) 句式分析：　It is/was...since...表示“自从……以来多长时间了或出现了某种状态”，从句用一般过去时态，since后面是一个时间点，当从句中的动词是非延续性动词时，表示从这个动作开始计时；若从句中的动词是延续性的动词或状态时，则表示从这个动作或状态结束的时间算起。注意it后面的谓语动词一般是be，它也可用其完成时，即：It has been...since...。 【拓展】 (1)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...意为“自从……以来已有一段时间了”。since引导的时间状语从句常用一般过去时。 (2)It was＋时间段＋before...过了多久才…… (3)It was not long ＋before...没过多久就…… (4)It will (not) be＋时间段＋before...要过多久才……/不久就…… (5)It＋is/was＋时间状语＋that＋其他 (6)It is/was＋时间点＋when引导的定语从句或时间状语从句 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①It has been three years since I graduated (graduate) from college. ②It will be some time before everyone accepts (accept) his idea. ③It was already midnight when I returned home from my office last night. ④It is usually at 5：30 pm that the students begin to have sports at school. [链接写作]句型转换 ⑤I have been learning wood carving for half a year. →It is/has been half a year since I began to learn wood carving. ⑥After a short time, we'll adapt to the new environment. →It will be a short time before we adapt to the new environment. 句式2 do/does/did＋谓语动词 【教材原句】　But, although the death rate is very high，we will never give up on a patient，and our efforts do sometimes end in miracles.不过，虽然死亡率极高，但是我们永远不会放弃任何一个患者，何况我们的努力有时真的会产生奇迹。(教材P39) 句式分析：do/does/did放在动词前，强调谓语动词。 【拓展】 (1)“do/does/did＋谓语动词”只有一般现在时和一般过去时，且只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调，不用于否定式和疑问式。do在句中要重读。(2)在祈使句中使用时，往往不表示命令，而表示强烈的请求，有时表达更加客气的语气。(3)强调句子的其他成分用强调句型：It is/was...that… 【经典练】完成句子 ①I do hope you can get your driver's license as soon as possible.我真的希望你能尽快拿到驾照。 ②I know that you didn't expect me to go, but I did go.我知道你没料到我会去，但我确实去了。 四、语法清单 It 作形式主语 【感知·语法规律】 1．It's not easy for us to learn a foreign language. 对我们来说，学习一门外语并不容易。 2．It happens that I have had some experience in dealing with him. 碰巧我在与他打交道方面有些经验。 3．It is no use arguing with Bill because he will never change his mind. 和比尔争论没有用，因为他永远不会改变主意。 4．It takes me 30 minutes to go to school by bike every day. 我每天骑自行车上学要花30分钟。 5．It's not much good conducting such a survey. 进行这样的调查没有太大意义。 【精讲·语法知识】 当动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或者从句作句子的主语时，通常用it(不能用that，this等词)来作形式主语代替它们，而将真正的主语放在后面，以保持句子结构的平衡。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。 1．it作不定式的形式主语句型 (1)It＋be＋名词/名词词组＋to do sth.，这类名词有：a pleasure，a fact等。 It is not a good habit to stay up too late. 睡得太迟不是个好习惯。 (2)It＋be＋形容词＋(for sb.)＋to do sth.，这类形容词用来描述不定式行为本身的性质有：wrong，right，important，difficult，easy等。 It is necessary for you to be fully aware of your own shortcomings.充分认识自己的缺点是很必要的。 (3)It is＋形容词＋of sb.＋to do sth.，这些形容词用来描述不定式行为者的性格、品行等时，不定式前常可加一个由of引起的短语。这类句型所涉及的常用形容词有：kind，good，polite，selfish等。 It was foolish of you to behave like that.你那种表现真是太蠢了。 (4)It takes＋sb.＋时间或金钱＋to do sth.，这是一个表示某人花了多少时间或金钱做某事的句型。其中it是形式主语，代替后面的不定式，句中的sb.也可省略。 It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.成千上万的人花了很多年才建成了长城。 2．it作动名词的形式主语的常用句型 It＋be＋名词/名词词组＋doing sth.，这类名词有：(no) use，a waste of time等。 The doctor told us that it is no good eating too much meat.医生告诉我们吃太多的肉没有好处。 【经典练】　单句语法填空 ①It is essential you to accomplish the papers before Sunday. 【答案】for 【详解】考查介词搭配。句意：你在周日之前完成这些论文是必要的。固定句型"It is essential for sb to do sth"表示"对某人来说做某事是必要的"，其中介词用"for"引出对象。 ②It's clever you to work out the maths problem. 【答案】of 【详解】考查介词辨析。句意：你真聪明，能解出这道数学题。固定句型"It is clever of sb to do sth"强调主语（you）本身具有"clever"的特质，此时介词需用"of"（若用"for"则侧重客观评价，如"It is difficult for you"）。 ③It is necessary for high school students (learn) another foreign language. 【答案】to learn 【详解】考查不定式。句意：高中生有必要再学一门外语。句型"It is necessary (for sb) to do sth"中，不定式"to learn"作真正主语，表示必要性指向的动作。 ④As far as I'm concerned，it's no use (argue) with him，he won't change his mind. 【答案】arguing 【详解】考查固定搭配。句意：在我看来，和他争论没有用，他不会改变主意的。句型"It is no use doing sth"中，"no use"后必须接动名词形式，表示"做某事徒劳无益"。 3．it作主语从句的形式主语的常用句型 (1)It＋be＋形容词＋主语从句。     It's certain that William will do well in the exam.威廉肯定能考得很好。 It's important that we (should) show consideration for others if we are to live in harmony with them in social life.在社会生活中，如果我们要与别人和谐共处，关心别人是很重要的。 [名师提醒]　 在“It is important that...”句式中，it代替从句作主语时，that引导的主语从句中要用虚拟语气，即谓语动词应用“should＋动词原形(或should have done)”或只用动词原形。 (2)It＋be＋名词/名词词组＋主语从句，这类名词有：a fact，a pity，a shame等。 It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language all over the world. 事实上，在世界范围内英语是公认的国际语言。 (3)It＋be＋过去分词＋主语从句，这类过去分词有：known，announced，believed，decided等。 It is known to all that Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492. 众所周知，克里斯托夫·哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。 [名师提醒]　 在下列句式中，that从句要用虚拟语气： “It is desired/suggested/settled/ requested/required/demanded/ordered/proposed/recommended...that...” Is it settled that he (should) resign his office? 他辞职已成定局了吗？。 (4)It＋不及物动词＋主语从句，这类动词有：seem，matter，strike，occur等。 It occurred to me that he had gone to the USA.我突然想到他已经去美国了。 【经典练】　完成句子 ①大家提议每个学生都要唱一首英文歌曲。 It is suggested that each student ． ②对你来说，努力学习很重要。 It is important that you ． ③他在考试之前彻底复习了笔记。难怪他获得这么高的分数。 He went over all his notes thoroughly before the exam. he should have achieved such a high grade in it. ④碰巧我在某个地方读过这篇文章。 I had read that article somewhere. 【答案】 1.(should) sing a song in English2.(should) study hard3.It is no wonder that 4.It happened that     三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 演讲稿属于应用文的一种。写作时要首先点明演讲的主题和目的，以引起听众的注意；主体部分可以通过事例、细节描述等有步骤地展开对主题的介绍；结尾总结时，要对主题进行概括、强调。 本单元的写作部分要求写一篇人物介绍类的演讲稿，文章除了要符合一般演讲稿的特点和要求外，还要指明人物、时间、地点、事件及结果等要素。具体写作步骤归纳如下： 【积累·写作素材】 1. 常用短语 1. focus on 把重点集中在…… 2. help each other 互相帮助 3. for example 例如 4. the topic of my speech 演讲的主题 5. as far as I am concerned 就我而言 6. concentrate on 集中于 7. according to a report 据报道 8. last but not least 最后但同样重要的是 2. 常用语句 (1) My name is… Today I am very glad to have the opportunity to make this presentation. I shall be speaking about…我是……今天很高兴能有机会做这个演讲。我演讲的内容是…… (2) Today, I'm going to introduce…今天，我要介绍…… (3) He/ She made a contribution to…他/她为……做出了贡献。 (4) Although he/ she was…, what set him/ her apart from the others was that…虽然他/她……，但让他/她与众不同的是…… (5) I admire him/ her for… and I'm determined to learn from him/ her.我钦佩他/她……我决心向他/她学习。 【示例·分步写作】 假如你是李华。你校正举办主题为“An Inspiring Person” 演讲比赛。请你写一篇演讲稿，内容包括： 1.人物简介及事迹； 2.意义或启示。 注意： 1.词数80左右； 2.短文题目已为你写好，可适当加入细节，以使行文连贯。 An Inspiring Person Hello, everyone! That's all. Thank you. 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 演讲稿（介绍人物） 时态 根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时和现在完成时。 框架 第一段：演讲主题 第二段：人物简洁或事迹 第三段：意义或启示 第二步：要点翻译 1. 当我们想到鼓舞人心的人物时，海伦·凯勒总是最先浮现在脑海中。 When we think of inspiring people, Helen Keller is always among the first that come to mind. 2. 她的故事感动了无数人。 Her life story has moved/touched millions. 3. 她向世人证明即使面对最艰巨的挑战也能创造奇迹。 She proved to the world that even the most daunting challenges can be overcome miraculously. 4. 幼年失聪失明的海伦·凯勒，在安妮·沙利文老师的帮助下，不仅学会了沟通交流，更成为首位获得大学学位的聋盲人士。 Helen Keller became deaf and blind when she was a child. She learned to communicate from her teacher Anne Sullivan's and became the first deaf-blind person to earn a college degree. 5. 此后她毕生致力于为残障人士发声。 She then devoted her entire life to being a voice for people with disabilities. 6. 海伦的故事向我们诠释了坚韧与同理心的力量。 Helen's story demonstrates to us the power of resilience and compassion. 7. 她的决心既激励我们勇敢迎接挑战，也提醒我们要帮助他人绽放潜能。（inspire） Her determination both inspires us to face challenges courageously and reminds us to help others blossom to their full potential. 第三步：词句升级 1．用现在分词结构合并句子2和3 Her life story has moved millions, proving to the world that even the most daunting challenges can be overcome miraculously. 2．用with复合结构和现在分词短语改写句子5 Having lost both sight and hearing in early childhood, Helen Keller, with the help of her teacher Anne Sullivan, not only learned to communicate but also became the first deaf-blind person to earn a college degree. 第四步：连句成篇 An Inspiring Person Hello, everyone! The topic of my speech is “An Inspiring Person”. When we think of inspiring people, Helen Keller is one of the first who come to mind. Her life story has touched millions, showing how one can overcome even the most difficult challenges. Helen Keller lost both her sight and hearing as a young child. With the help of her teacher, Anne Sullivan, she learned to communicate and went on to become the first deaf - blind person to earn a college degree. She then dedicated her life to advocating for people with disabilities. Helen’s story teaches us the power of resilience and compassion. Her determination encourages us to face challenges bravely and reminds us to help others achieve their potential. That's all. Thank you. 8 / 15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 4 Breaking boundaries 一、词汇清单 单词 1. _________________n. 分界线；边界 2. _________________n. （一项）统计数据 3. _________________v. 协助，帮助 4. _________________v. 处理，对付（难题） 5. _________________adj. 极其重要的 6. _________________adj. 悲惨的，不幸的 7. _________________v. 防止，抑制 8. _________________n. 专家 9. _________________adj. 传染性的 10. _________________n. 诊所；门诊部 11. _________________v. 为……消毒，给……杀菌 12. _________________n. 爆发，突然发生 13. _________________n. 奉献 14. _________________n. 意外的幸运事；奇迹 15. _________________v. 弥补，补偿 16. _________________v. 合作，协作 17. _________________n. 人类 18. _________________adj. （目标、希望）能够实现的 19. _________________n. 少数派；少数 20. _________________ v. 选派（角色） 21. _________________adj. 包容广阔的 22. _________________adj. 联合的，共同的 23. _________________adj. 和睦的，融洽的 24. _________________adj. 共有的，共同的 25. _________________adj. 值得做的，有意义的 26. _________________v. 走上，登上 27. _________________adj. 公民的，国民的 28. _________________adj. 平民的；百姓的 29. _________________n. 分歧，分裂 30. _________________v. 构想，设想 31. _________________n. 自由 32. _________________v. 致力于，献身于 33. _________________v. 持续存在 34. _________________n. 一部分 35. _________________adv. 完全 36. _________________v. 宣布……为神圣之处 37. _________________v. 减低，破坏，损害 38. _________________adv. 高尚地，崇高地 39. _________________adj. 有影响力的 40. _________________adj. 共产主义的 短语 1. _________________ 心存侥幸，冒险 2. _________________ 朋友，同事(尤指战争期间的)战友 3. _________________ 把……置于危险中 4. _________________ 尽管凶多吉少，尽管极其困难 5. _________________ 接替某人 6. _________________ 为了纪念 7. _________________ 以巨大的代价 8. _________________ 遭受 9. _________________ 展望；指望；注意 10. _________________ 为……献出生命 11. _________________ 使产生，使出现 12. _________________ 献身于…… 13. _________________ 从事，参与 14. _________________ 从更大的意义上来说 15. _________________ 白白地 熟词生义 1. posting 常见义：n. 邮寄 生义：n. _________________ 2. relieve 常见义：v. 缓解 生义：v. _________________ 3. address 常见义：n. 地址 生义：n. _________________ 4. conceive 常见义：v. 怀孕 生义：v. _________________ 5. proposition 常见义：n. 提议 生义：n. _________________ 6. endure 常见义：v. 忍受 生义：v. _________________ 7. hallow 常见义：adj. 神圣的 生义：v. _________________ 8. detract 常见义：v. 贬低 生义：v. _________________ 9. resolve 常见义：v. 解决 生义：v. _________________ 10. perish 常见义：v. 死亡 生义：v. _________________ 句型 1. It is/has been＋一段时间＋since...表示“自从……已经多长时间了” It’s exactly one month since the last reported case. 距上次报告的病例已经过去整整一个月了。 2. hear＋宾语＋宾语补足语 As she talked, I could hear at least three different languages being spoken at the tables around us. 她说话的时候，我能听到我们周围桌子上的人至少说了三种不同的语言。 3. It/This/That is the first time (that)．..意为“第一次……”，从句要用现在完成时 It is not the first time the author has worked with MSF. 这不是作者第一次与无国界医生合作。 语法 It 作形式主语 二、知识点精讲 知识点1 assist v．协助，帮助 【教材原句】　It assists people based on need, regardless of which country they are from. 它根据需要帮助人们，不管他们来自哪个国家。(教材P38) 【拓展】 (1) assist sb in doing sth/to do sth 帮助某人做某事 assist (sb) with/in sth 帮助(某人)某事 (2) assistance n. 帮助；协助 with the assistance of... 在……的帮助下 be of assistance to sb 有助于某人 turn to sb for assistance 向某人求助 (3) assistant n. 助手，助理；售货员 【写作佳句】Anyone willing to assist can contact this number. 凡愿协助者可拨此号码联系。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①As an _________________, he _________________ the professor with the experiment. And his _________________ makes the experiment easier to do. (assist) ②You will be employed to assist _________________ the development of new equipment. ③The guide managed to assist the tourists _________________ (find) a comfortable hotel to live in. [链接写作]一句多译 ④在老师的帮助下，我逐渐适应了学校生活。 ____________________________________________________________________ (介词短语) ____________________________________________________________________ (分词作状语) 知识点2 vital adj. 极其重要的，必不可少的 【教材原句】　But it is vital not to take any chances.但重要的是不要冒险。(教材P38) 【拓展】 (1)be vital for/to sth 对……极为重要 be of vital importance to... 对……至关重要 (2)It is vital that sb (should) do sth. ……是极重要的。 【写作佳句】When it comes to hero-themed education, parents play a vital role. 谈到英雄主题教育时，父母起着至关重要的作用。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①(2019·天津卷)Understanding history is vital to _________________ (understand) ourselves as a people and as a nation. ②What's more, some drivers, cyclists and pedestrians do not think it vital _________________ (obey) traffic rules. [链接写作]补全句子 ③Besides, ____________________________________________________________________in China when you attend a dinner party. 此外，在中国，当你参加晚宴时，注意餐桌礼仪是至关重要的。 知识点3 relieve v．给(某人)换班；解除；减轻，缓解(疼痛或不快的感觉)；调剂，使有趣 【教材原句】　My mission was to relieve Emma, a Canadian specialist in infectious diseases at the end of her posting. 的任务是接替埃玛，她是一位加拿大传染病专家，任期届满。(教材P38) 【拓展】 (1)relieve sb of... 解除某人的(负担、职务等) (2)relief n. 减轻，缓解；宽慰，轻松 to one's relief＝to the relief of sb 令某人感到欣慰的是 in relief 如释重负；松了口气 It is a relief to do sth. 做某事很放心/舒心。 (3)relieved adj. 感到宽慰的，放心的 【写作佳句】Not only does it broaden our horizons but it also relieves our academic burden. 这不仅拓宽了我们的视野，还减轻了我们的学业压力。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Your suggestions are helpful to me because they relieve me _________________ my pressure from schoolwork. ②We were _________________ (relieve) to hear that she was out of danger. ③Seeing her son return home safely，she smiled in _________________ (relieve)． [链接写作] 一句多译 ④令父母感到宽慰的是，孩子们安全地到家了。 ___________________________________________________, their children arrived at home safely. ___________________________________________________, their children arrived at home safely. 知识点4 compensate v．弥补，补偿 【教材原句】　This small but unexpected success compensated for many other less fortunate cases. 这次小小的却出乎意料的成功相对其他没有那么幸运的病例来说，是一种弥补。(教材P39) 【拓展】 (1)compensate for 赔偿，补偿 compensate sb for sth 因为某事补偿某人 (2)compensation n. 补偿，赔偿；赔偿金，补偿金 【写作佳句】The position compensates employees with a competitive salary and benefits. 该职位提供具有竞争力的薪资和福利作为报酬。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①The insurance company will compensate you _________________ your loss in the disaster. ②He received a large sum of money as _________________ (compensate) for his loss in the fire. 补全句子 ③Nothing can ____________________________________________________________________. 没有什么能弥补失去的时间。 知识点5 collaborate v．合作，协作 【教材原句】　In a world still facing so many problems, it is absolutely essential for us all to collaborate to create a global community with a shared future of peace and prosperity. 这个世界仍然面临着许多问题，我们所有人都必须团结合作，打造一个共享和平繁荣未来的“地球村”。(教材P39) 【拓展】 (1)collaborate with sb on sth 和某人在某事上合作 collaborate with sb in doing sth 和某人合作做某事 (2)collaboration n. 合作，协作 in collaboration with 与……合作 【写作佳句】We collaborated on the science project and won first prize in the competition. 我们在科学项目中合作，并在比赛中获得了一等奖。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①We have collaborated closely _________________ the university on many projects for over ten years. ②The two companies are working in close _________________ (collaborate) with each other. 补全句子 ③We attach great importance to the _____________________________________ your company. 我们非常重视与贵公司的密切合作。 知识点6 rewarding adj.值得做的；有益的；有意义的；有报酬的 【教材原句】　It was rewarding to see how our work helped mutual benefits from different cultures. 看到我们的工作促进了不同文化的互利共赢，这非常有意义。 (教材P45) 【拓展】 (1) reward v. 酬谢；奖励，奖赏 n. 奖金；回报；报酬 reward sb for (doing) sth 因(做)某事而奖赏/酬谢某人 reward sb with sth 用某物奖赏/回报某人 (2 in reward for 为奖赏……；为报答…… as a reward for 作为对……的奖赏/回报索 【写作佳句】So rewarding and appealing will the competition be that you can't afford to miss it! 这场比赛如此有意义且吸引人，你绝不能错过！ 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①From Bellevue's success, we can learn it is _________________ (reward) to try new things. ②To many people, saving lives is part of the job but styling hair is an extra and should _________________ (reward)． [链接写作] 翻译句子 ③我很乐意带你游玩北京，以报答你的慷慨相助。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 知识点7 dedicate v．致力于，献身于 【教材原句】　We have come to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives hat that nation might live. 现在我们聚集在这场内战的一个重要战场上，我们来到这里，是为了把这里的一部分土地献给那些为了国家存续而献出自己生命的人，作为他们最终的安息之地。(教材P45) 【拓展】 (1)dedicate oneself to (doing) sth 致力于(做)某事，献身于(做)某事 (2)dedicated adj. 献身的；专心致志的；一心一意的 be dedicated to (doing) sth 致力于(做)某事，献身于(做)某事 (3)dedication n. 献身，奉献 【写作佳句】She then dedicated her life to advocating for people with disabilities. 她随后毕生致力于为残障人士发声/争取权益。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Zhong Nanshan felt that medicine was the most important cause that he could dedicate himself _________________. ②China will continue to be dedicated to _________________ (promote) international cooperation in this area. ③The teacher's _________________ (dedicate) to teaching gained the respect of all his students. [链接写作]一句多译 ④50多年来，樊锦诗一直致力于保护和研究莫高窟。 Fan Jinshi _______________________________ protecting and researching the Mogao Caves for more than 50 years. Fan Jinshi _______________________________ protecting and researching the Mogao Caves for more than 50 years. 知识点8 influential adj.有影响力的 【教材原句】　Edgar Snow was an American journalist who wrote influential books and articles about China in the 1930s. 埃德加·斯诺是一位美国记者，他在20世纪30年代撰写了多部关于中国的具有深远影响的著作和文章。 (教材P47) 【拓展】 (1)be influential in (doing) sth 对(做)某事有影响 (2)influence n. 影响，作用 v. 影响，对……起作用 have an influence on/upon 对……有影响 under the influence of... 在……的影响下 influence sb to do sth 影响某人去做某事 【写作佳句】The knowledge acquired from travel is no less valuable than that from any influential reference book. 从旅行中获取的知识，其价值不亚于任何一本具有影响力的参考书。 【经典练】单句语法填空/补全句子 ①Confucius is considered to be one of the most _________________ (influence) figures in Chinese history. ②To test the effect of social influence _________________ eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. ③_________________ the influence of a high school biology teacher, he took up the study of medicine. ④What influenced you _________________ (choose) a career in nursing? 补全句子 ⑤Watching TV for a long time _____________________________________________ children's health. 长时间看电视对孩子的健康有很大的影响。 三、句式清单 句式1 It is/has been＋一段时间＋since ... 【教材原句】　It's exactly one month since the last reported case. 距上次报告病例已经过去整整一个月了。(教材P38) 句式分析：　It is/was...since...表示“自从……以来多长时间了或出现了某种状态”，从句用一般过去时态，since后面是一个时间点，当从句中的动词是非延续性动词时，表示从这个动作开始计时；若从句中的动词是延续性的动词或状态时，则表示从这个动作或状态结束的时间算起。注意it后面的谓语动词一般是be，它也可用其完成时，即：It has been...since...。 【拓展】 (1)It is/has been＋时间段＋since...意为“自从……以来已有一段时间了”。since引导的时间状语从句常用一般过去时。 (2)It was＋时间段＋before...过了多久才…… (3)It was not long ＋before...没过多久就…… (4)It will (not) be＋时间段＋before...要过多久才……/不久就…… (5)It＋is/was＋时间状语＋that＋其他 (6)It is/was＋时间点＋when引导的定语从句或时间状语从句 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①It has been three years since I _________________ (graduate) from college. ②It will be some time before everyone _________________ (accept) his idea. ③It was already midnight _________________ I returned home from my office last night. ④It is usually at 5：30 pm _________________ the students begin to have sports at school. [链接写作]句型转换 ⑤I have been learning wood carving for half a year. →________________________________________________________ I began to learn wood carving. ⑥After a short time, we'll adapt to the new environment. →________________________________________________________ we adapt to the new environment. 句式2 do/does/did＋谓语动词 【教材原句】　But, although the death rate is very high，we will never give up on a patient，and our efforts do sometimes end in miracles.不过，虽然死亡率极高，但是我们永远不会放弃任何一个患者，何况我们的努力有时真的会产生奇迹。(教材P39) 句式分析：do/does/did放在动词前，强调谓语动词。 【拓展】 (1)“do/does/did＋谓语动词”只有一般现在时和一般过去时，且只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调，不用于否定式和疑问式。do在句中要重读。(2)在祈使句中使用时，往往不表示命令，而表示强烈的请求，有时表达更加客气的语气。(3)强调句子的其他成分用强调句型：It is/was...that… 【经典练】完成句子 ①I _________________ hope you can get your driver's license as soon as possible.我真的希望你能尽快拿到驾照。 ②I know that you didn't expect me to go, but I _________________ go.我知道你没料到我会去，但我确实去了。 四、语法清单 It 作形式主语 【感知·语法规律】 1．It's not easy for us to learn a foreign language. 对我们来说，学习一门外语并不容易。 2．It happens that I have had some experience in dealing with him. 碰巧我在与他打交道方面有些经验。 3．It is no use arguing with Bill because he will never change his mind. 和比尔争论没有用，因为他永远不会改变主意。 4．It takes me 30 minutes to go to school by bike every day. 我每天骑自行车上学要花30分钟。 5．It's not much good conducting such a survey. 进行这样的调查没有太大意义。 【精讲·语法知识】 当动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或者从句作句子的主语时，通常用it(不能用that，this等词)来作形式主语代替它们，而将真正的主语放在后面，以保持句子结构的平衡。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。 1．it作不定式的形式主语句型 (1)It＋be＋名词/名词词组＋to do sth.，这类名词有：a pleasure，a fact等。 It is not a good habit to stay up too late. 睡得太迟不是个好习惯。 (2)It＋be＋形容词＋(for sb.)＋to do sth.，这类形容词用来描述不定式行为本身的性质有：wrong，right，important，difficult，easy等。 It is necessary for you to be fully aware of your own shortcomings.充分认识自己的缺点是很必要的。 (3)It is＋形容词＋of sb.＋to do sth.，这些形容词用来描述不定式行为者的性格、品行等时，不定式前常可加一个由of引起的短语。这类句型所涉及的常用形容词有：kind，good，polite，selfish等。 It was foolish of you to behave like that.你那种表现真是太蠢了。 (4)It takes＋sb.＋时间或金钱＋to do sth.，这是一个表示某人花了多少时间或金钱做某事的句型。其中it是形式主语，代替后面的不定式，句中的sb.也可省略。 It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.成千上万的人花了很多年才建成了长城。 2．it作动名词的形式主语的常用句型 It＋be＋名词/名词词组＋doing sth.，这类名词有：(no) use，a waste of time等。 The doctor told us that it is no good eating too much meat.医生告诉我们吃太多的肉没有好处。 【经典练】　单句语法填空 ①It is essential you to accomplish the papers before Sunday. ②It's clever you to work out the maths problem. ③It is necessary for high school students (learn) another foreign language. ④As far as I'm concerned，it's no use (argue) with him，he won't change his mind. 3．it作主语从句的形式主语的常用句型 (1)It＋be＋形容词＋主语从句。     It's certain that William will do well in the exam. 威廉肯定能考得很好。 It's important that we (should) show consideration for others if we are to live in harmony with them in social life.在社会生活中，如果我们要与别人和谐共处，关心别人是很重要的。 [名师提醒]　 在“It is important that...”句式中，it代替从句作主语时，that引导的主语从句中要用虚拟语气，即谓语动词应用“should＋动词原形(或should have done)”或只用动词原形。 (2)It＋be＋名词/名词词组＋主语从句，这类名词有：a fact，a pity，a shame等。 It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language all over the world. 事实上，在世界范围内英语是公认的国际语言。 (3)It＋be＋过去分词＋主语从句，这类过去分词有：known，announced，believed，decided等。 It is known to all that Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492. 众所周知，克里斯托夫·哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。 [名师提醒]　 在下列句式中，that从句要用虚拟语气： “It is desired/suggested/settled/ requested/required/demanded/ordered/proposed/recommended...that...” Is it settled that he (should) resign his office? 他辞职已成定局了吗？。 (4)It＋不及物动词＋主语从句，这类动词有：seem，matter，strike，occur等。 It occurred to me that he had gone to the USA.我突然想到他已经去美国了。 【经典练】　完成句子 ①大家提议每个学生都要唱一首英文歌曲。 It is suggested that each student ． ②对你来说，努力学习很重要。 It is important that you ． ③他在考试之前彻底复习了笔记。难怪他获得这么高的分数。 He went over all his notes thoroughly before the exam. he should have achieved such a high grade in it. ④碰巧我在某个地方读过这篇文章。 I had read that article somewhere. 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 演讲稿属于应用文的一种。写作时要首先点明演讲的主题和目的，以引起听众的注意；主体部分可以通过事例、细节描述等有步骤地展开对主题的介绍；结尾总结时，要对主题进行概括、强调。 本单元的写作部分要求写一篇人物介绍类的演讲稿，文章除了要符合一般演讲稿的特点和要求外，还要指明人物、时间、地点、事件及结果等要素。具体写作步骤归纳如下： 【积累·写作素材】 1. 常用短语 1. focus on 把重点集中在…… 2. help each other 互相帮助 3. for example 例如 4. the topic of my speech 演讲的主题 5. as far as I am concerned 就我而言 6. concentrate on 集中于 7. according to a report 据报道 8. last but not least 最后但同样重要的是 2. 常用语句 (1) My name is… Today I am very glad to have the opportunity to make this presentation. I shall be speaking about…我是……今天很高兴能有机会做这个演讲。我演讲的内容是…… (2) Today, I'm going to introduce…今天，我要介绍…… (3) He/ She made a contribution to…他/她为……做出了贡献。 (4) Although he/ she was…, what set him/ her apart from the others was that…虽然他/她……，但让他/她与众不同的是…… (5) I admire him/ her for… and I'm determined to learn from him/ her.我钦佩他/她……我决心向他/她学习。 【示例·分步写作】 假如你是李华。你校正举办主题为“An Inspiring Person” 演讲比赛。请你写一篇演讲稿，内容包括： 1.人物简介及事迹； 2.意义或启示。 注意： 1.词数80左右； 2.短文题目已为你写好，可适当加入细节，以使行文连贯。 An Inspiring Person Hello, everyone! That's all. Thank you. 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 演讲稿（介绍人物） 时态 根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时和现在完成时。 框架 第一段：演讲主题 第二段：人物简洁或事迹 第三段：意义或启示 第二步：要点翻译 1. 当我们想到鼓舞人心的人物时，海伦·凯勒总是最先浮现在脑海中。 _________________ inspiring people, Helen Keller is always among the first that come to mind. 2. 她的故事感动了无数人。 Her life story has _________________ millions. 3. 她向世人证明即使面对最艰巨的挑战也能创造奇迹。 She _________________ even the most daunting challenges can be overcome miraculously. 4. 幼年失聪失明的海伦·凯勒，在安妮·沙利文老师的帮助下，不仅学会了沟通交流，更成为首位获得大学学位的聋盲人士。 Helen Keller became _________________ when she was a child. She learned _________________ from her teacher Anne Sullivan's and became the first deaf-blind person to earn a college degree. 5. 此后她毕生致力于为残障人士发声。 She then devoted her entire life _________________ being a voice for people with disabilities. 6. 海伦的故事向我们诠释了坚韧与同理心的力量。 Helen's story demonstrates to us the power of resilience and _________________. 7. 她的决心既激励我们勇敢迎接挑战，也提醒我们要帮助他人绽放潜能。（inspire） Her determination both _________________ us to face challenges courageously and _________________ us to help others blossom to their full potential. 第三步：词句升级 1．用现在分词结构合并句子2和3 Her life story has moved millions, _________________________________________________________________. 2．用with复合结构和现在分词短语改写句子5 __________________________________, Helen Keller, _____________________________________________, not only learned to communicate but also became the first deaf-blind person to earn a college degree. 第四步：连句成篇 An Inspiring Person Hello, everyone! The topic of my speech is “An Inspiring Person”. When we think of inspiring people, Helen Keller is one of the first who come to mind. Her life story has touched millions, showing how one can overcome even the most difficult challenges. Helen Keller lost both her sight and hearing as a young child. With the help of her teacher, Anne Sullivan, she learned to communicate and went on to become the first deaf - blind person to earn a college degree. She then dedicated her life to advocating for people with disabilities. Helen’s story teaches us the power of resilience and compassion. Her determination encourages us to face challenges bravely and reminds us to help others achieve their potential. That's all. Thank you. 4 / 14 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$