Unit2 Exploring English 构词法（语法专项）英语外研版2019必修第一册

Unit 2 Exploring English 核心语法精练（构词法） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 2 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 5 二、按要求改写单词 8 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 9 题型一 语篇语法填空（课文改编） 9 题型二 阅读理解 10 题型三 语篇语法填空（模考真题） 14 构词法 一、转化法(词性转换) 转化法是一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性。 转换类型 例词 动词 → 名词 walk（v. 行走 → n. 散步） swim（v. 游泳 → n. 游泳） 名词 → 动词 bottle（n. 瓶子 → v. 装瓶） email（n. 邮件 → v. 发邮件） 形容词 → 动词 empty（adj. 空的 → v. 倒空） dry（adj. 干燥的 → v. 烘干） 形容词 → 名词 poor（adj. 贫穷的 → n. 穷人） rich（adj. 富有的 → n. 富人） 副词 → 动词 down（adv. 向下 → v. 击倒） up（adv. 向上 → v. 提高） 介词 → 动词 off（prep. 离开 → v. 取消） out（prep. 外面 → v. 揭露） 二、派生法(前缀和后缀) 派生法是在词根之前加前缀或在词根之后加后缀构成一个与原来单词意思相近或截然相反的单词。除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意思，不改变词性；后缀一般改变单词的词性，而不引起词义的变化。 前缀（Prefixes） （通常改变词义，不改变词性） 前缀 含义/功能 例词 原词义 → 派生词义 un- 否定 happy → unhappy 快乐的 → 不快乐的 dis- 相反、否定 agree → disagree 同意 → 不同意 re- 重新 write → rewrite 写 → 重写 pre- 预先 pay → prepay 支付 → 预付 mis- 错误 understand → misunderstand 理解 → 误解 non- 非 sense → nonsense 意义 → 无意义 anti- 反对 virus → antivirus 病毒 → 杀毒软件 sub- 在…之下 way → subway 路 → 地铁 over- 过度 work → overwork 工作 → 过度工作 under- 不足 pay → underpay 支付 → 支付不足 后缀（Suffixes） （通常改变词性，可能影响词义） 1. 名词后缀 后缀 功能 例词 原词性 → 派生词性 -er 表示人或工具 teach → teacher 动词 → 名词（教师） -tion 表示行为或状态 act → action 动词 → 名词（行动） -ness 表示性质或状态 kind → kindness 形容词 → 名词（善良） -ment 表示行为或结果 develop → development 动词 → 名词（发展） -ity 表示抽象性质 possible → possibility 形容词 → 名词（可能性） 2. 形容词后缀 后缀 功能 例词 原词性 → 派生词性 -ful 充满…的 care → careful 名词 → 形容词（小心的） -less 缺乏…的 hope → hopeless 名词 → 形容词（无望的） -able 可…的 read → readable 动词 → 形容词（可读的） -ous 具有…性质的 danger → dangerous 名词 → 形容词（危险的） -ish 稍带…的 child → childish 名词 → 形容词（孩子气的） 3. 动词后缀 后缀 功能 例词 原词性 → 派生词性 -ize 使…化 modern → modernize 形容词 → 动词（现代化） -en 使…变得 weak → weaken 形容词 → 动词（削弱） -ify 使…成为 simple → simplify 形容词 → 动词（简化） 4. 副词后缀 后缀 功能 例词 原词性 → 派生词性 -ly 以…方式 quick → quickly 形容词 → 副词（快速地） 三、合成法 合成词是由两个或更多的词合成的词。最常见的合成词为合成名词、合成形容词，还有合成副词、合成动词、合成代词等。合成词一般直接连写在一起，也有的合成词之间用连字符“­”，还有的由分开的两个词构成。 分类 方法 例词 合成名词 名词＋名词 bookmark（书签） wheelchair（轮椅） guidebook（指南） 形容词＋名词 blackboard（黑板） greenhouse（温室） highway（高速公路） 动名词＋名词 swimming pool（游泳池） washing machine（洗衣机） 动词＋副词 check-in（登记） breakdown（故障） 副词＋动词 outcome（结果） income（收入） 合成形容词 形容词＋名词-ed kind-hearted（善良的） short-sighted（近视的） 名词＋形容词 world-famous（世界闻名的） snow-white（雪白的） 副词＋分词 well-known（著名的） hard-working（勤奋的） 合成动词 名词＋动词 babysit（临时照看孩子） sunbathe（日光浴） 副词＋动词 overcome（克服） underline（强调） 合成副词 形容词＋副词 everywhere（到处） anyhow（无论如何） 合成代词 代词＋self/selves myself（我自己） themselves（他们自己） 温馨提示: 1. 由“可数名词＋介词(＋名词)”构成的合成名词变复数时，只把前面的名词变复数。 father­in­law→fathers­in­law passer­by→passers­by looker­on→lookers­on 2. 由“man”和“woman”构成的合成名词变复数时，两个名词都要变复数。 a woman teacher→women teachers a man doctor→men doctors 3. 由“名词＋名词”构成的合成名词变复数时，只变化中心名词，而修饰名词不变。 a girlfriend→girlfriends 四、缩略法 缩略法是把词的音节加以省略或简化构成的缩略词。 分类 例词 首字母缩略法 IT—Information Technology VIP—Very Important Person 截头法 aeroplane/airplane—plane 去尾法 examination—exam photograph—photo 截头去尾法 prescription—script 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 1．If you find yourself in an (familiar) situation, take a moment to observe and adapt. (所给词的适当形式填空) 2．His hopes fled when he lost the (elect). (所给词的适当形式填空) 3．In addition the school, the town’s new hospital was also built with government support. (用适当的词填空) 4．And some think that if health is gone, is likely that they will lose everything. (用适当的词填空) 5．The high-speed train that connects the two cities is both fast and (comfort). (所给词的适当形式填空) 6．If (harm) actions are the opposite of (harm) actions, why are (shame) and (shame) behaviors the same? (所给词的适当形式填空) 7．For example, in our free time we can sculpt a (sculpt) and paint a (paint), but we take a photo.(所给词的适当形式填空) 8．Tom was (courage) by his father to take part in the singing competition. (所给词的适当形式填空) 9．But such a small thing couldn’t (possible) destroy a village. (所给词的适当形式填空) 10．In (add), there are famous artists who will perform how to cut paper on the spot. (所给词的适当形式填空) 11．While reading the article, I come some interesting facts about climate change. (用适当的词填空) 12．This charity is a non-profit (organize). (所给词的适当形式填空) 13．The book is full of (refer) to growing up in India. (所给词的适当形式填空) 14．He said that people shouldn’t hesitate (contact) police if noticing any strangers. (所给词的适当形式填空) 15．It is (legal)to drive after drinking alcohol in our country. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】 1．unfamiliar 【详解】考查形容词。 句意：如果你发现自己处于一个不熟悉的情境中，花点时间观察并适应。 根据句意可知，空处填familiar反义词unfamiliar作定语。故填 unfamiliar。 2．election 【详解】考查名词。句意：选举失败后，他的希望破灭了。空处应填名词作宾语，故填election。 3．to 【详解】考查介词短语。句意：除了学校，镇上的新医院也是在政府的支持下修建的。in addition to意思为：除了……，为固定短语。故填to。 4．it 【详解】考查it作形式主语。句意：有些人认为，如果没有了健康，他们很可能会失去一切。it is likely that…为固定句型，其中it为形式主语，真正主语为that引导的从句。故填it。 5．comfortable 【详解】考查形容词。句意：连接这两个城市的高铁既快又舒适。设空处和fast并列作表语，应用形容词，故填comfortable。 6． harmless harmful shameless shameful 【详解】考查形容词。句意：如果无害的行为是有害行为的对立面，那么为什么无耻的行为和可耻的行为是一样的呢？第一个和第二个空格处都用形容词作定语，修饰后面的名词actions，根据句意两个形容词的词义是对立的，所以第一个用形容词harmless“无害的”，第二个用形容词harmful“有害的”；第三个和第四个空格处用形容词作定语，修饰名词behaviors，根据句意两个形容词的词义是相近的，所以第三个空格处用shameless“无耻的”，第四个空格处用shameful“可耻的”。故答案为harmless；harmful；shameless；shameful。 7．sculpture painting 【详解】考查名词。句意：例如，在我们的空闲时间，我们可以雕刻雕塑和绘画，但我们拍照。第一空作宾语，应用名词sculpture；第二空作动词的宾语，应用名词painting。上文不定冠词提示用单数。故填①sculpture；②painting。 8．encouraged 【详解】考查动词及被动语态。句意：Tom被他父亲鼓励参加歌唱比赛。根据空前的was以及空后的by可知，本句话为一般过去时的被动语态，所以空处需要动词的过去分词。courage的动词形式为encourage“鼓励”。故填encouraged。 9．possibly 【详解】考查副词。句意：但这么小的东西不可能摧毁一个村庄。根据动词destroy可知，空处应填副词“可能地”possibly，作状语。故填possibly。 10．addition 【详解】考查名词。句意：此外，有一些著名的艺术家将在现场表演如何剪纸。空处用于介词In之后，应用名词形式addition作宾语，in addition表示“此外”。故填addition。 11．across 【详解】考查介词。句意：在阅读这篇文章时，我遇到了一些关于气候变化的有趣事实。根据some interesting facts about climate change可知，空处应填介词across与come构成固定短语，come across“偶遇”。故填across。 12．organization 【详解】考查名词。句意：这个慈善机构是一个非营利性组织。第一个空根据non-profit 可知此处要用名词，做表语，由a判断用单数名词，故填organization。 13．references 【详解】考查名词。句意：这本书谈到许多在印度怎样长大成人的事。由句意及空前的The book is full of可知应填名词复数形式references，reference to...“提到；谈到；涉及”，作宾语。故填references。 14．to contact 【详解】考查非谓语。句意：他说，如果人们发现任何陌生人，应该毫不犹豫地联系警察。hesitate to do sth，表“对做某事犹豫不决”，为固定搭配，所以空处应用不定式形式作宾语。故填to contact。 15．illegal 【详解】考查形容词。句意：在我国，酒后驾车是违法的。根据“to drive after drinking alcohol in our country”以及提示词legal为形容词可知，此处为形容词legal的否定形式illegal“违法的”作表语。故填illegal。 二、按要求改写单词 1. happy → _________ (反义词：不快乐的) 2. like → __________ (反义词：不喜欢) 3. agree → ____________ (反义词：不同意) 4. honest → ___________(反义词：不诚实的) 5. possible →___________ (反义词：不可能的) 6. legal →___________ (反义词：非法的) 7. polite →___________ (反义词：不礼貌的) 8. appear →___________ (反义词：消失) 9. certain →___________ (反义词：不确定的) 10. comfortable →___________ (反义词：不舒服的) 11. write →___________ (重新写) 12. view →___________ (预览) 13. pay →___________ (预付) 14. school →___________ (学前班) 15. cycle →___________ (自行车) 16. teach →___________ (名词：教师) 17. kind →___________ (名词：善良) 18. quick →___________ (副词：快速地) 19. care →___________ (形容词：小心的) 20. friend →___________ (名词：友谊) 【答案】 1. unhappy 2. dislike 3. disagree 4. dishonest 5. impossible 6. illegal 7. impolite 8. disappear 9. uncertain 10. uncomfortable 11. rewrite 12. preview 13. prepay 14. preschool 15. bicycle 16. teacher 17. kindness 18. quickly 19. careful 20. friendship 题型一 语篇语法填空（课文改编） Why do people have trouble 1. (learn) English? I hadn't asked myself that until one day my son asked me 2. there was ham in a hamburger, which got me 3. (think) how English can be a crazy language to learn. There are many words that can be 4. (confuse) and also can make us wonder 5.at the unique madness of English. For example, we can sculpt a sculpture and paint a painting, but we take a photo. “Hard” and “soft” are opposite in meaning, but “hardly” and “softly” aren't. And do you read the capitalized “WHO” in a medical report as the “who” in “Who's that？” All the 6. (example) tell us that English 7. (invent) by people and it reflects the 8. (create) of the human race. That's 9. when the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, they are 10. (visible). 【答案】 1. learning 2. whether 3. thinking 4. confusing 5. at 6. examples 7. was invented 8. creativity 9. why 10. invisible 题型二 阅读理解 A Merriam-Webster’s Vocabulary Builder is designed to achieve two goals: (1) to add a large number of words to your permanent working vocabulary, and (2) to teach the most useful of the classical word-building roots to help you continue expanding your vocabulary in the future. To achieve these goals, Merriam-Webster’s Vocabulary Builder employs an original way that takes into account how people learn and remember. Some vocabulary builders simply present their words in alphabetical (字母) order; some provide little or no discussion of the words and how to use them; and a few even fail to show the kinds of sentences in which the words usually appear. But memorizing a series of random and unrelated things can be difficult and time-consuming. The fact is that we tend to remember words easily and naturally when they appear in some meaningful context, when they’ve been shown to be useful and therefore worth remembering, and when they’ve been properly explained to us. Knowing exactly how to use a word is just as important as knowing what it means. Studies have shown that the only way a new word will remain alive in your vocabulary is if it’s regularly strengthened through use and through reading. Learn the word here and look and listen for it elsewhere; you’ll probably find yourself coming across it frequently, just as when you’ve bought a new car you soon realize how many other people own the same model. Pick a single word; study it, test yourself, and then try making up new sentences for each word. Be sure to pronounce every new word aloud at least once, along with its definition (释义). Start using the words immediately. As soon as you feel confident with a word, start trying to work it into your writing wherever proper-your papers and reports, your diary and your poetry. An old saying goes, “Use it three times and it’s yours.” That may be, but don’t stop at three. Make the words part of your working vocabulary, the words that you can not only recognize when you see or hear them but that you can call on whenever you need them. Astonish your friends, amaze your relatives, surprise yourself (while trying not to be too much of a show-off) — and have fun! 1．What is Merriam-Webster’s Vocabulary Builder? A．A brochure. B．A fiction. C．A textbook. D．A magazine. 2．What can we know about Merriam-Webster’s Vocabulary Builder? A．It is scientific. B．It is expensive. C．It is traditional. D．It is simplified. 3．What does the author think is the best way to master a new word? A．Repeating the pronunciation. B．Memorizing the definition. C．Consulting with specialists. D．Using it when possible. 4．How does the author end this passage? A．Sharply. B．Humorously. C．Emotionally. D．Logically. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了《韦氏词汇构建者》这本书的设计目标、使用方法以及学习词汇的建议等内容，旨在向读者说明如何有效地学习和扩充词汇量。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Merriam-Webster’s Vocabulary Builder is designed to achieve two goals: (1) to add a large number of words to your permanent working vocabulary, and (2) to teach the most useful of the classical word-building roots to help you continue expanding your vocabulary in the future. (《韦氏词汇构建者》旨在实现两大目标：（1）为你的永久工作词汇库增添大量单词；（2）教授最实用的古典构词词根，帮助你在未来持续扩充词汇量。)”以及第二段“To achieve these goals, Merriam-Webster’s Vocabulary Builder employs an original way that takes into account how people learn and remember.(为达成这些目标，该书采用了一种基于人类学习与记忆规律的原创方法。)”可推测，文中多次提到该词汇构建工具旨在帮助读者扩充词汇量，并介绍了其教学方法和使用建议，具有典型的教材功能。此外，第三段和第四段还详细说明了学习词汇的具体步骤和应用方法，进一步体现了其作为教学材料的属性。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“To achieve these goals, Merriam-Webster’s Vocabulary Builder employs an original way that takes into account how people learn and remember.(为达成这些目标，该书采用了一种基于人类学习与记忆规律的原创方法。)”可知，《韦氏词汇构建器》采用了一种考虑人们学习和记忆方式的原创方法，这体现了其科学性。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Studies have shown that the only way a new word will remain alive in your vocabulary is if it’s regularly strengthened through use and through reading.(研究表明，一个新单词要在你的词汇库中保持活跃，唯一的方法是通过使用和阅读不断强化。)”以及第四段“Start using the words immediately. As soon as you feel confident with a word, start trying to work it into your writing wherever proper-your papers and reports, your diary and your poetry. An old saying goes, “Use it three times and it’s yours.”(立即开始使用这些单词。一旦你对某个单词有了自信，就开始尝试在合适的写作中运用它——你的论文和报告、日记甚至诗歌。有句老话说：“用三次，它就是你的了。”)”可知，作者认为掌握新单词的最佳方式是通过频繁使用和阅读来强化记忆，且明确提到应尽快在写作等场景中运用所学词汇。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Astonish your friends, amaze your relatives, surprise yourself (while trying not to be too much of a show-off) — and have fun!(用它们惊艳你的朋友、让亲戚赞叹、给自己惊喜（同时尽量不要太炫耀——并享受其中的乐趣！)”可知，作者以“用词汇让朋友惊叹、让亲戚惊讶，同时避免炫耀并享受乐趣”结尾，通过轻松诙谐的语言和略带调侃的语气营造幽默感。故选B。 B Cross-cultural communication is common in our daily life, but it’s often not easy due to many barriers. However, there are useful strategies we can use to communicate better with people from different cultures. There are several common barriers to cross-cultural communication. Language differences top the list. When people speak different languages, they may misunderstand each other easily. Besides, different cultures have various rules about what’s polite and how to express feelings, which can also cause problems. What’s more, personal beliefs and a lack of standing in other’s shoes can make it hard for people to understand one another. To communicate effectively across cultures, the first strategy is to show respect. We should accept cultural differences, avoid making quick judgments, and be ready to learn from others. For example, in some cultures, making eye contact is a sign of respect, while in others, it may be seen as rude. So, learning about these differences shows our respect. Active listening is also key. When others are talking, we should give them our full attention, not just to their words but also to their body language. This helps us understand their real meaning. If something is unclear, don’t hesitate to ask questions. It’s much better to clarify doubts than to guess and possibly misunderstand. Using visual aids like pictures or simple videos can be very helpful, too. They can make ideas easier to understand, especially when language is a barrier. Finally, patience is necessary. Building good cross-cultural communication skills takes time. We should give ourselves and others time to adapt and get along well. By being aware of the barriers and using these strategies, we can improve our cross-cultural communication, make more friends from different cultures, and work better in diverse teams. 5．What ranks first in cross-cultural communication? A．Similar body language. B．Common cultural rules. C．Various language types. D．Conflicting personal beliefs. 6．What is key to cross-cultural communication? A．Asking for explanations. B．Controlling body language. C．Making quick judgments. D．Shaping cultural differences. 7．Why is patience necessary in cross-cultural communication? A．Understanding visuals needs time. B．Developing friendships needs time. C．Fixing misunderstandings takes time. D．Boosting communication skills requires time. 8．What can we infer from the text? A．Using visual aids is not common. B．Cross-cultural communication is easy. C．Cultural differences need highlighting. D．Realizing barriers betters communication. 【答案】5．C 6．A 7．D 8．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述跨文化交流存在语言、文化规则等障碍，可通过尊重、积极倾听等策略改善沟通。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“Language differences top the list.(语言差异位居榜首。)”可知，跨文化交流中最主要的障碍是语言差异。故选C项。 6．细节理解题。根据第四段“If something is unclear, don’t hesitate to ask questions. It’s much better to clarify doubts than to guess and possibly misunderstand.(如果有不清楚的地方，不要犹豫提问。澄清疑虑比猜测并可能误解要好得多。)”可知，跨文化交流的关键在于“请求解释”。故选A项。 7．细节理解题。根据第五段“Building good cross-cultural communication skills takes time.(培养良好的跨文化沟通技能需要时间。)”可知，耐心的必要性在于提升沟通技能需要时间。故选D项。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“By being aware of the barriers and using these strategies, we can improve our cross-cultural communication, make more friends from different cultures, and work better in diverse teams.(通过了解障碍并使用这些策略，我们可以改善跨文化交流，结交更多来自不同文化的朋友，并在不同的团队中更好地工作。)”可推知，意识到障碍能更好地促进沟通。故选D项。 题型三 语篇语法填空（模考真题） （福建省福州市八县市联盟2024-2025学年高一期中考试） Learning a second language has become 1 (increasing) important in today’s globalized world. It not only allows you to communicate with people from different countries but also opens up many opportunities in your career. Knowing another language is 2 valuable skill, as it can improve your chances of getting a good job. For example, many companies prefer employees who are bilingual because they can interact with clients from different parts of the world. In addition 3 career benefits, learning a second language has cognitive (认知的) effects. Research shows that people 4 speak more than one language tend to have better memory, problem-solving skills, and 5 (high) concentration levels. Not only 6 they improve their cognitive abilities, but they also find it easier to switch between tasks. Moreover, knowing a second language allows you to experience a new culture. You can travel to different countries and understand their traditions and lifestyles better. This cultural awareness can lead to personal growth and a greater 7 (appreciate) for diversity. However, learning a second language 8 (require) time and effort. It can be 9 (challenge), especially if you are starting later in life. But with the right motivation and resources, anyone can succeed in learning a new language. The best way 10 (learn) a language is through practice. 【答案】 1．increasingly 2．a 3．to 4．who/that 5．higher 6．do 7．appreciation 8．requires 9．challenging 10．to learn 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍学习第二语言的重要性、益处及方法。 1．考查副词。句意：在当今全球化的世界里，学习第二语言变得越来越重要。本空修饰形容词important，作状语，用副词increasingly“越来越多地”。故填increasingly。 2．考查冠词。句意：了解另一门语言是一项宝贵的技能。此处表泛指“一项宝贵的技能”，且valuable以辅音音素开头，用不定冠词a。故填a。 3．考查介词。句意：除了职业上的好处，学习第二语言还有认知方面的影响。in addition to为固定搭配，意为“除……之外”，其中to为介词。故填to。 4．考查定语从句。句意：研究表明，说不止一种语言的人往往有更好的记忆力、解决问题的能力和更高的注意力水平。本空引导定语从句，先行词为people，指人，关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，用关系代词who/that引导。故填who/that。 5．考查形容词比较级。句意同上。强调双语者的优势，本空表示“更高的”，用形容词high的比较级higher，作定语。故填higher。 6．考查倒装句。句意：他们不仅提高认知能力，还更容易地在任务之间切换。not only位于句首时，句子需部分倒装，根据find可知，本句描述一般事实，时态用一般现在时，将助动词do放在主语they前。故填do。 7．考查名词。句意：这种文化意识可以促进个人成长，并增强对多样性的欣赏。作can lead to的宾语，本空需用名词appreciation“欣赏”。故填appreciation。 8．考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：然而，学习第二语言需要时间和努力。本句陈述一般事实，时态用一般现在时；主语为动名词短语learning a second language，谓语动词用require“需要”的第三人称单数形式。故填requires。 9．考查形容词。句意：这可能具有挑战性，尤其是如果你在晚年才开始学习。本空作表语，用challenge的形容词形式challenging“具有挑战性的”。故填challenging。 10．考查非谓语动词。句意：学习一门语言的最佳方法是通过练习。the best way to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“做某事的最佳方法”，本空用不定式to learn作后置定语。故填to learn。 1 / 15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 2 Exploring English 核心语法精练（构词法） 目录 1 B 考点夯基·专项突破 5 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 5 二、按要求改写单词 7 C 综合攻坚·能力跃升 7 题型一 语篇语法填空（课文改编） 7 题型二 阅读理解 7 题型三 语篇语法填空（模考真题） 10 构词法 一、转化法(词性转换) 转化法是一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性。 转换类型 例词 动词 → 名词 walk（v. 行走 → n. 散步） swim（v. 游泳 → n. 游泳） 名词 → 动词 bottle（n. 瓶子 → v. 装瓶） email（n. 邮件 → v. 发邮件） 形容词 → 动词 empty（adj. 空的 → v. 倒空） dry（adj. 干燥的 → v. 烘干） 形容词 → 名词 poor（adj. 贫穷的 → n. 穷人） rich（adj. 富有的 → n. 富人） 副词 → 动词 down（adv. 向下 → v. 击倒） up（adv. 向上 → v. 提高） 介词 → 动词 off（prep. 离开 → v. 取消） out（prep. 外面 → v. 揭露） 二、派生法(前缀和后缀) 派生法是在词根之前加前缀或在词根之后加后缀构成一个与原来单词意思相近或截然相反的单词。除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意思，不改变词性；后缀一般改变单词的词性，而不引起词义的变化。 前缀（Prefixes） （通常改变词义，不改变词性） 前缀 含义/功能 例词 原词义 → 派生词义 un- 否定 happy → unhappy 快乐的 → 不快乐的 dis- 相反、否定 agree → disagree 同意 → 不同意 re- 重新 write → rewrite 写 → 重写 pre- 预先 pay → prepay 支付 → 预付 mis- 错误 understand → misunderstand 理解 → 误解 non- 非 sense → nonsense 意义 → 无意义 anti- 反对 virus → antivirus 病毒 → 杀毒软件 sub- 在…之下 way → subway 路 → 地铁 over- 过度 work → overwork 工作 → 过度工作 under- 不足 pay → underpay 支付 → 支付不足 后缀（Suffixes） （通常改变词性，可能影响词义） 1. 名词后缀 后缀 功能 例词 原词性 → 派生词性 -er 表示人或工具 teach → teacher 动词 → 名词（教师） -tion 表示行为或状态 act → action 动词 → 名词（行动） -ness 表示性质或状态 kind → kindness 形容词 → 名词（善良） -ment 表示行为或结果 develop → development 动词 → 名词（发展） -ity 表示抽象性质 possible → possibility 形容词 → 名词（可能性） 2. 形容词后缀 后缀 功能 例词 原词性 → 派生词性 -ful 充满…的 care → careful 名词 → 形容词（小心的） -less 缺乏…的 hope → hopeless 名词 → 形容词（无望的） -able 可…的 read → readable 动词 → 形容词（可读的） -ous 具有…性质的 danger → dangerous 名词 → 形容词（危险的） -ish 稍带…的 child → childish 名词 → 形容词（孩子气的） 3. 动词后缀 后缀 功能 例词 原词性 → 派生词性 -ize 使…化 modern → modernize 形容词 → 动词（现代化） -en 使…变得 weak → weaken 形容词 → 动词（削弱） -ify 使…成为 simple → simplify 形容词 → 动词（简化） 4. 副词后缀 后缀 功能 例词 原词性 → 派生词性 -ly 以…方式 quick → quickly 形容词 → 副词（快速地） 三、合成法 合成词是由两个或更多的词合成的词。最常见的合成词为合成名词、合成形容词，还有合成副词、合成动词、合成代词等。合成词一般直接连写在一起，也有的合成词之间用连字符“­”，还有的由分开的两个词构成。 分类 方法 例词 合成名词 名词＋名词 bookmark（书签） wheelchair（轮椅） guidebook（指南） 形容词＋名词 blackboard（黑板） greenhouse（温室） highway（高速公路） 动名词＋名词 swimming pool（游泳池） washing machine（洗衣机） 动词＋副词 check-in（登记） breakdown（故障） 副词＋动词 outcome（结果） income（收入） 合成形容词 形容词＋名词-ed kind-hearted（善良的） short-sighted（近视的） 名词＋形容词 world-famous（世界闻名的） snow-white（雪白的） 副词＋分词 well-known（著名的） hard-working（勤奋的） 合成动词 名词＋动词 babysit（临时照看孩子） sunbathe（日光浴） 副词＋动词 overcome（克服） underline（强调） 合成副词 形容词＋副词 everywhere（到处） anyhow（无论如何） 合成代词 代词＋self/selves myself（我自己） themselves（他们自己） 温馨提示: 1. 由“可数名词＋介词(＋名词)”构成的合成名词变复数时，只把前面的名词变复数。 father­in­law→fathers­in­law passer­by→passers­by looker­on→lookers­on 2. 由“man”和“woman”构成的合成名词变复数时，两个名词都要变复数。 a woman teacher→women teachers a man doctor→men doctors 3. 由“名词＋名词”构成的合成名词变复数时，只变化中心名词，而修饰名词不变。 a girlfriend→girlfriends 四、缩略法 缩略法是把词的音节加以省略或简化构成的缩略词。 分类 例词 首字母缩略法 IT—Information Technology VIP—Very Important Person 截头法 aeroplane/airplane—plane 去尾法 examination—exam photograph—photo 截头去尾法 prescription—script 一、单句语法填空（词汇句式全考查） 1．If you find yourself in an (familiar) situation, take a moment to observe and adapt. (所给词的适当形式填空) 2．His hopes fled when he lost the (elect). (所给词的适当形式填空) 3．In addition the school, the town’s new hospital was also built with government support. (用适当的词填空) 4．And some think that if health is gone, is likely that they will lose everything. (用适当的词填空) 5．The high-speed train that connects the two cities is both fast and (comfort). (所给词的适当形式填空) 6．If (harm) actions are the opposite of (harm) actions, why are (shame) and (shame) behaviors the same? (所给词的适当形式填空) 7．For example, in our free time we can sculpt a (sculpt) and paint a (paint), but we take a photo.(所给词的适当形式填空) 8．Tom was (courage) by his father to take part in the singing competition. (所给词的适当形式填空) 9．But such a small thing couldn’t (possible) destroy a village. (所给词的适当形式填空) 10．In (add), there are famous artists who will perform how to cut paper on the spot. (所给词的适当形式填空) 11．While reading the article, I come some interesting facts about climate change. (用适当的词填空) 12．This charity is a non-profit (organize). (所给词的适当形式填空) 13．The book is full of (refer) to growing up in India. (所给词的适当形式填空) 14．He said that people shouldn’t hesitate (contact) police if noticing any strangers. (所给词的适当形式填空) 15．It is (legal)to drive after drinking alcohol in our country. (所给词的适当形式填空) 二、按要求改写单词 1. happy → _________ (反义词：不快乐的) 2. like → __________ (反义词：不喜欢) 3. agree → ____________ (反义词：不同意) 4. honest → ___________(反义词：不诚实的) 5. possible →___________ (反义词：不可能的) 6. legal →___________ (反义词：非法的) 7. polite →___________ (反义词：不礼貌的) 8. appear →___________ (反义词：消失) 9. certain →___________ (反义词：不确定的) 10. comfortable →___________ (反义词：不舒服的) 11. write →___________ (重新写) 12. view →___________ (预览) 13. pay →___________ (预付) 14. school →___________ (学前班) 15. cycle →___________ (自行车) 16. teach →___________ (名词：教师) 17. kind →___________ (名词：善良) 18. quick →___________ (副词：快速地) 19. care →___________ (形容词：小心的) 20. friend →___________ (名词：友谊) 题型一 语篇语法填空（课文改编） Why do people have trouble 1. (learn) English? I hadn't asked myself that until one day my son asked me 2. there was ham in a hamburger, which got me 3. (think) how English can be a crazy language to learn. There are many words that can be 4. (confuse) and also can make us wonder 5.at the unique madness of English. For example, we can sculpt a sculpture and paint a painting, but we take a photo. “Hard” and “soft” are opposite in meaning, but “hardly” and “softly” aren't. And do you read the capitalized “WHO” in a medical report as the “who” in “Who's that？” All the 6. (example) tell us that English 7. (invent) by people and it reflects the 8. (create) of the human race. That's 9. when the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, they are 10. (visible). 题型二 阅读理解 A Merriam-Webster’s Vocabulary Builder is designed to achieve two goals: (1) to add a large number of words to your permanent working vocabulary, and (2) to teach the most useful of the classical word-building roots to help you continue expanding your vocabulary in the future. To achieve these goals, Merriam-Webster’s Vocabulary Builder employs an original way that takes into account how people learn and remember. Some vocabulary builders simply present their words in alphabetical (字母) order; some provide little or no discussion of the words and how to use them; and a few even fail to show the kinds of sentences in which the words usually appear. But memorizing a series of random and unrelated things can be difficult and time-consuming. The fact is that we tend to remember words easily and naturally when they appear in some meaningful context, when they’ve been shown to be useful and therefore worth remembering, and when they’ve been properly explained to us. Knowing exactly how to use a word is just as important as knowing what it means. Studies have shown that the only way a new word will remain alive in your vocabulary is if it’s regularly strengthened through use and through reading. Learn the word here and look and listen for it elsewhere; you’ll probably find yourself coming across it frequently, just as when you’ve bought a new car you soon realize how many other people own the same model. Pick a single word; study it, test yourself, and then try making up new sentences for each word. Be sure to pronounce every new word aloud at least once, along with its definition (释义). Start using the words immediately. As soon as you feel confident with a word, start trying to work it into your writing wherever proper-your papers and reports, your diary and your poetry. An old saying goes, “Use it three times and it’s yours.” That may be, but don’t stop at three. Make the words part of your working vocabulary, the words that you can not only recognize when you see or hear them but that you can call on whenever you need them. Astonish your friends, amaze your relatives, surprise yourself (while trying not to be too much of a show-off) — and have fun! 1．What is Merriam-Webster’s Vocabulary Builder? A．A brochure. B．A fiction. C．A textbook. D．A magazine. 2．What can we know about Merriam-Webster’s Vocabulary Builder? A．It is scientific. B．It is expensive. C．It is traditional. D．It is simplified. 3．What does the author think is the best way to master a new word? A．Repeating the pronunciation. B．Memorizing the definition. C．Consulting with specialists. D．Using it when possible. 4．How does the author end this passage? A．Sharply. B．Humorously. C．Emotionally. D．Logically. B Cross-cultural communication is common in our daily life, but it’s often not easy due to many barriers. However, there are useful strategies we can use to communicate better with people from different cultures. There are several common barriers to cross-cultural communication. Language differences top the list. When people speak different languages, they may misunderstand each other easily. Besides, different cultures have various rules about what’s polite and how to express feelings, which can also cause problems. What’s more, personal beliefs and a lack of standing in other’s shoes can make it hard for people to understand one another. To communicate effectively across cultures, the first strategy is to show respect. We should accept cultural differences, avoid making quick judgments, and be ready to learn from others. For example, in some cultures, making eye contact is a sign of respect, while in others, it may be seen as rude. So, learning about these differences shows our respect. Active listening is also key. When others are talking, we should give them our full attention, not just to their words but also to their body language. This helps us understand their real meaning. If something is unclear, don’t hesitate to ask questions. It’s much better to clarify doubts than to guess and possibly misunderstand. Using visual aids like pictures or simple videos can be very helpful, too. They can make ideas easier to understand, especially when language is a barrier. Finally, patience is necessary. Building good cross-cultural communication skills takes time. We should give ourselves and others time to adapt and get along well. By being aware of the barriers and using these strategies, we can improve our cross-cultural communication, make more friends from different cultures, and work better in diverse teams. 5．What ranks first in cross-cultural communication? A．Similar body language. B．Common cultural rules. C．Various language types. D．Conflicting personal beliefs. 6．What is key to cross-cultural communication? A．Asking for explanations. B．Controlling body language. C．Making quick judgments. D．Shaping cultural differences. 7．Why is patience necessary in cross-cultural communication? A．Understanding visuals needs time. B．Developing friendships needs time. C．Fixing misunderstandings takes time. D．Boosting communication skills requires time. 8．What can we infer from the text? A．Using visual aids is not common. B．Cross-cultural communication is easy. C．Cultural differences need highlighting. D．Realizing barriers betters communication. 题型三 语篇语法填空（模考真题） （福建省福州市八县市联盟2024-2025学年高一期中考试） Learning a second language has become 1 (increasing) important in today’s globalized world. It not only allows you to communicate with people from different countries but also opens up many opportunities in your career. Knowing another language is 2 valuable skill, as it can improve your chances of getting a good job. For example, many companies prefer employees who are bilingual because they can interact with clients from different parts of the world. In addition 3 career benefits, learning a second language has cognitive (认知的) effects. Research shows that people 4 speak more than one language tend to have better memory, problem-solving skills, and 5 (high) concentration levels. Not only 6 they improve their cognitive abilities, but they also find it easier to switch between tasks. Moreover, knowing a second language allows you to experience a new culture. You can travel to different countries and understand their traditions and lifestyles better. This cultural awareness can lead to personal growth and a greater 7 (appreciate) for diversity. However, learning a second language 8 (require) time and effort. It can be 9 (challenge), especially if you are starting later in life. But with the right motivation and resources, anyone can succeed in learning a new language. The best way 10 (learn) a language is through practice. 10 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$