第11讲 句子成分和长难句精析（专项训练）（北京专用）2026年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

第11讲 句子成分和长难句精析 目录 01 课标达标练 考向01 句子成分分析 考向02 历年北京卷真题甄选长难句精析 02 核心突破练 03 真题溯源练 考向01 句子成分分析 1、 句子成分分析基础练 1）指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分。 1. They have worked for months and even years. 成分： 2. The film you see on the screen is the product of a huge amount of hard work 成分： 3. I didn’t understand all of the traditional customs at first. 成分： 4. Traditional festivals teach us a lot about our nation’s history 成分： 5. Traditional festivals enable us to learn fine Chinese values 成分： 2）指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。(将划线部分的句子成分写在横线上) 1.Jack and Tom are doing their homework now. 2.Betty planted many trees and flowers on her farm 3.The boy under the tree is a policeman. 4.We went on a visit to the Great Wall last week? 5.Yangjing was my best friend in my childhood. 6.He always walks in the park after supper with his wife. 7.Mary asked me to help her yesterday. 8.I bought my girlfriend a gold ring on her birthday. 9.Mr. Wei remains a doctor. 10.The boys and girls seemed excited when they heard the news. 2、 句子成分分析升级练（单句语法填空） 1.Anyway, travelers who like natural scenery may find the trip to Wulong 65 (reward). 2.Standing a little distance away from each of the three bridges and absorbing the sights is an 58 (forget) experience for tourists. 3.“Growing tasty and healthy food has been my dream since I was a teenager. I know how challenging it can be, but if you take the soil 63 (serious), I believe it will pay off,” Guo says. 4.Additionally, Chen expressed a vision for the future, hoping that the operatic arts can evolve by integrating with other 65 (artist) forms, creating a cultural landscape full of vitality. 5.Throughout the years, they have staged numerous 59 (adapt) of classic stories, attracting audiences with their creativity. 6.The village will offer people 40 (free) and a space, where they can rediscover their goals. 7.（“The village should be 38 (comfort) to live in, so that they can feel confident enough and pull themselves up gradually. And the village needs to give them some assistance so they can live on their own.” 8.The results of the study, published in the Science Bulletin, revealed two major migration waves in history. In this 36 (pioneer) study, scientists from Fudan University have dug into the ancient DNA of individuals buried in Gansu province, revealing interesting insights into the genetic makeup of Hexi Corridor residents dating back over 12 centuries. 9. 44 the team concluded was that the genetic mix could be partially attributed to those migrations. 10.However, 65 (attract) a large number of travelers, these destinations need to increase their supply of tourism products and improve service. 11.If you have not heard of Yangshi Lei, the 27 (honor) name of the Lei family responsible for imperial architecture during the Qing Dynasty, then you have missed an important detail about the Temple of Heaven, the Summer Palace and Yuanmingyuan Garden. 12.What throws people in confusion is 32 eight generations of the Lei family were appointed director of Yangshifang consecutively from 1662 to 1911． 13.During the war-torn Dynasties of Han and Song from 207 to 906 AD, the 61 (popular) of jianzi exploded. Leaders used the game to train their troops alongside military exercise. 14.By 1994, the Hong Kong team 65 (steady) grew into a reformed union known as the Hong Kong Association of Shuttlecock (HKSA). 15.Every day, I am learning from the amazing people around me—whether it’s from the wisdom of ancient traditions 45 the fresh perspectives(视角) of the young minds I teach. The Chinese people, with their eagerness to learn and their deep respect for knowledge, inspire me daily. 3、 句子成分分析高级练（完成句子） 1.____________________________________（1934年毕业于上海交通大学）, he set out for Massachusetts Institute of Technology to pursue advanced study in 1935, and a year later California Institute of Technology, ____________________________________（在那里1939年获得了两个博士学位）. 2.He devoted himself whole-heartedly to scientific research during his lifetime, ____________________________________（在中国航空航天工业领域取得了显著的成就）. 3.____________________________________（出于对祖国的强烈热爱）, he was determined to go back to China. 4.The books, ____________________________________（无论是教科书还是课外的书）, satisfy my curiosity, offer me excellent stories and enrich my life. 5.____________________________________（每当我想懒惰）, the sound of the clock tells me to value time. 6.We did some cleaning and washing for them, ____________________________________（然后是一些表演）, including singing songs, dancing and magic shows, ____________________________________（这绝对让他们很开心）. 7.___________________________________（这绝对让他们很开心）, I believe you would undoubtedly appreciate the fantastic experience I had. 8.Therefore, as a student, I strongly believe_____________________（延长课间的休息时间是必要的和有益的）. 9.Those _____________________（注册参加它的） will have the privilege of observing masters at work, _____________________（了解这一古老工艺背后的历史和技术） and even attempting some basic porcelain shaping. 10._____________________（如果你愿意） , please let me know as soon as possible _____________________（这样我就可以做一些必要的安排）. 考向02 历年北京卷真题甄选长难句精析 分析下面句子成分并给出汉语意思 2025年北京卷真题卷 1.（）The shadow of this mysterious institution steals away what success means to us. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Determined to follow my instincts on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.With my father's support, I learned a valuable lesson: attention cannot be forced; true recognition comes from honourable acts. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Tourists left over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, which accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.If these life cycles are delayed, interrupted, or denied, you feel incapable of accessing your states of self, controlling unpleasant feelings, and manipulating the energy that puts together the fabric of your inner world. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Inspired by magical maps in her stories, she wondered: what if we could build a real-world app that helps people explore hidden places in their own cities? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2024年北京卷真题卷 1.During my third year, I discovered that after treating thousands of seeds, I obtained just one plant I could use for experiments. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.A few months later, when I repeated the experiment in my home lab, I produced more publishable data. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.If empirical experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won't reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.By my fourth year, my desperation to succeed overshadowed my desire for independence. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.By learning when to ask for help, I eventually found myself on the way to becoming an independent scientist. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2023年北京卷真题卷 1.Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn't help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.By my fourth year, my desperation to succeed overshadowed my desire for independence. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life's endless 'creativity' in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.Rather than setting plans in stone, I've learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don't sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 题型一 阅读理解 1 （2025·北京西城·二模）A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to “accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology.” Some of this discussion was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster. The WEF meeting took place just two weeks after Harvard University President Claudine Gay stepped down after complaints were made about her political science scholarship. Gay’s troubles came after Stanford University President Marc Tessier Lavigne stepped down, after an internal investigation concluded that his neuroscience research had “multiple problems” and “fell below customary standards of scientific rigor.” Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it’s hard to imagine that the phenomenon of high-profile scholars correcting and withdrawing papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly. In recent years we’ve seen important papers withdrawn because of questionable data or methods. In one interesting case, Frances H. Arnold, who shared the 2018Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily withdrew a paper when her lab was unable to reproduce her results — but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did not do my job well.” Arnold’s honesty is admirable, but it raises a question: Are scholars at highly competitive places such as Harvard and Standford rushing to publishing rather than taking the time to do their work right? It’s impossible to answer this question scientifically because there’s no scientific definition of what constitutes “rushing”. But there’s little doubt that we live in a culture where academics at leading universities are under enormous pressure to produce results — and a lot of them — quickly. However, nearly a century passed between biochemist Friedrich Miescher’s identification of the DNA molecule and suggestion that it might be involved in inheritance (遗传) and the clarification of its double-helix (双螺旋) structure in the 1950s. And it took just about half a century for geologists and geophysicists to accept Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift (漂移). There’s plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. One recent study put the number at more than seven million a year, compared with fewer than a million as recently as 1980. Another study found 265 academic authors — two thirds of whom were in the medical and life sciences — published a paper every five days on average. The numbers suggest that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researchers may need to slow down — not speed up — if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust. 31．What does the word “rigor” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Quickness and convenience. B．Flexibility and openness. C．Strictness and precision. D．Fame and popularity. 32．DNA and continental drift are examples to demonstrate that _______. A．good science takes time B．science advances with time C．research across disciplines is needed D．breakthroughs seldom happen by chance 33．Which of the following situations can best reflect the author’s concern? A．A researcher fails to produce evidence for his paper. B．A university loses young talent due to a lack of funding. C．An editor overlooks the errors in a writer’s research methods. D．A scholar publishes a paper with limited data to gain recognition. 34．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Danger of Fast Science B．The Need for Trust in Science C．An Alarming Warning to Science Editors D．A Popular Trend towards Rushing Science 2 （2025·北京市丰台区·一模）Recent findings from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument(DESI) in Arizona, which produced the largest 3D map of the universe, suggest that dark energy — the mysterious force driving the universe’s accelerated( 加速的) expansion — might change over time. This challenges the standard model of cosmology (宇宙学), which assumes a steady acceleration. Dark energy is thought to make up nearly 70% of the cosmos, so if its behaviour really is changing as time passes, it could have significant implications for our understanding of the universe. Since the DESI data came out, researchers have been working on ways to explain the apparent changes in the universe’s expansion rate. Dark energy isn’t directly observable, so there are several options that could fit. One solution suggested by Michael Garda at the Federal University in Brazil and his colleagues involves letting dark energy interact with dark matter, an invisible and abundant form of matter that outweighs ordinary matter. This interaction is forbidden in the standard model, but if energy could flow from the universe’s dark matter to its dark energy — essentially changing the former to the latter — the researchers’ simulations (模拟) showed that this would match the DESI measurements. Yet, the mechanism for such an energy transfer isn’t clear. This solution might also help resolve the Hubble tension, a difference in the ways we measure the expansion rate of the cosmos. Measurements of this made by analysing nearby galaxies (known as “local” measurements) give an expansion rate, or Hubble constant, which is slightly higher than the one obtained from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) — the remaining radiation from the early universe. CMB measurements rely on a theoretical model of cosmic evolution, which may need adjustment if Garda’s proposal is correct. By allowing energy transfer between dark matter and dark energy, the adjusted model could bring CMB-based estimates more closely into line with local measurements, potentially resolving the tension. Another proposed solution involves dark radiation, an invisible form of radiation similar to light but composed of dark photons (光子). Tamar Allali at Brown University and his team suggest that dark radiation could explain the DESI data and lessened the Hubble tension by increasing the universe’s expansion rate in its early stages. “If you have more radiation, the expansion is faster in the early universe,” says Allali. Unlike adjustments to dark energy, dark radiation introduces a new component without changing existing physical laws, making it a more conservative approach. Allali notes that the DESI data does not rule out dark radiation and even shows a slight preference for it. Both models — interacting dark energy and dark radiation — fit the DESI data, but neither has been confirmed. Shawn Smith at the University of Edinburgh, UK, points out that while many unconventional models could explain the observations, none currently compete with the standard cosmological model from a fundamental physics perspective. Nevertheless, these models serve as catalysts for progress, ensuring that cosmology remains a dynamic and evolving field. 32．What does this passage mainly talk about? A．The development of scientific models to study the universe. B．The discovery of dark energy and its impact on the universe. C．The importance of DESI in studying the universe’s behavior. D．The attempts to explain the universe’s unexpected expansion. 33．Which of the following might the author agree with? A．Garda’s proposal outperforms Allali’s in its simplicity. B．Recent research has found ways for dark energy transfer. C．The DESI data has confirmed the existence of dark radiation. D．The two models share similarities in reducing Hubble tension. 34．The passage is organized in the pattern of ________. A．cause — effect — solution B．problem—  solution — evaluation C．example —a nalysis — conclusion D．introduction — comparison — result 题型二 语法填空 1 （2025·北京通州·一模）As the world is becoming more digital, the importance of information security cannot be ignored. Currently, many countries 11 (take) measures to protect their online systems. For example, governments are investing heavily in advanced technologies 12 (prevent) cyberattacks. At the same time, individuals 13 (encourage) to improve their awareness of online safety. The 14 (grow) number of cyber threats has made it essential for everyone to stay alert. By working together, we can create a safer digital environment for all. 2 （2025·北京通州·一模）In Ne Zha 2, Ne Zha is a brave and kind hero. 15 (know) for his strong will and fiery spirit, he faces many challenges but never gives up. Ne Zha deeply cares for his friends and family, always ready to protect them. His journey shows how he grows 16 a true hero. Through his actions, Ne Zha teaches us about courage, loyalty, and the importance of fighting for 17 is right. His story is both exciting and inspiring, making him a character everyone can admire. 【答案】15．known 16．into 17．what 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是动画电影《哪吒2》中的哪吒角色，描述了他的勇敢、善良以及成长历程，通过他的故事传达了勇气、忠诚和为正义而战的重要性。 15．考查过去分词。句意：他以坚强的意志和炽热的精神著称，面对许多挑战但从不放弃。此处为非谓语动词作状语，know与逻辑主语he（Ne Zha）之间为被动关系，需用过去分词known，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Known。 16．考查介词。句意：他的旅程展示了他是如何成长为一名真正的英雄的。此处为固定短语grow into表示“逐渐成长为，长成（某种类型的人）”，需用介词into。故填into。 17．考查宾语从句。句意：通过他的行动，哪吒教会我们关于勇气、忠诚以及为正确的事情而战的重要性。此处为连接词引导宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，此处指的是事情，所以使用连接代词what。故填what。 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 （2025·北京通州·一模）In China, it is said that the egg can be set upright on the first day of the Start of Spring. It is believed that if someone can make the egg stand on that day, he 18 (have) good luck in the future. According to astronomers and physicists, setting the egg upright has nothing to do with time, but with mechanics. The most important thing is to shift the egg’s center of gravity to the 19 (low) part of the egg. In this way, the trick is holding the egg until the yolk (蛋黄) sinks as much as possible. For this, people should choose an egg of 4-5 days 20 yolk tends to sink down. 3 （2025·北京通州·一模）As the world is becoming more digital, the importance of information security cannot be ignored. Currently, many countries 11 (take) measures to protect their online systems. For example, governments are investing heavily in advanced technologies 12 (prevent) cyberattacks. At the same time, individuals 13 (encourage) to improve their awareness of online safety. The 14 (grow) number of cyber threats has made it essential for everyone to stay alert. By working together, we can create a safer digital environment for all. 1 （2025年北京卷）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 31. What can be inferred about personal stories? A. They are unrelated to health. B. Consistent ones lead to stress. C They are relevant to happiness. D. Thematic ones hold back change. 32. What can we learn from this passage? A. Talking about gains from failure is negative. B. New Year resolutions are well received. C. The West tends to overvalue optimism. D. Social roles fail to be highlighted. 33. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event. C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach. 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made. C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity. 2 （2024年北京卷）The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 30. As for Kant’s argument the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 20 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第11讲 句子成分和长难句精析 目录 01 课标达标练 考向01 句子成分分析 考向02 历年北京卷真题甄选长难句精析 02 核心突破练 03 真题溯源练 考向01 句子成分分析 1、 句子成分分析基础练 1）指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分。 1. They have worked for months and even years. 成分：主语 谓语 时间状语 2. The film you see on the screen is the product of a huge amount of hard work 成分：主语 定语 谓语 表语 3. I didn’t understand all of the traditional customs at first. 成分： 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 4. Traditional festivals teach us a lot about our nation’s history 成分： 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 5. Traditional festivals enable us to learn fine Chinese values 成分： 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 2）指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。(将划线部分的句子成分写在横线上) 1.Jack and Tom are doing their homework now. 宾语 2.Betty planted many trees and flowers on her farm 谓语 3.The boy under the tree is a policeman. 表语 4.We went on a visit to the Great Wall last week? 状语 5.Yangjing was my best friend in my childhood. 定语 6.He always walks in the park after supper with his wife. 状语 7.Mary asked me to help her yesterday. 宾语补足语 8.I bought my girlfriend a gold ring on her birthday. 双宾语 9.Mr. Wei remains a doctor. 谓语（系动词） 10.The boys and girls seemed excited when they heard the news. 系表结构 2、 句子成分分析升级练（单句语法填空） 1.Anyway, travelers who like natural scenery may find the trip to Wulong 65 (reward). 【答案】rewarding 【解析】考查形容词。句意：不管怎样，喜欢自然风光的游客可能会发现武隆之旅有意义。此处宾补，宾语为the trip to Wolong，故应用形容词“rewarding有价值的，有意义的”，故填rewarding。 2.Standing a little distance away from each of the three bridges and absorbing the sights is an 58 (forget) experience for tourists. 【答案】unforgettable 【解析】考查形容词。句意：对于游客来说，站在离三座桥稍远的地方欣赏风景是一种难忘的体验。此处作定语，修饰名词experience，且意为“难忘的”，故应用形容词unforgettable作定语，故填unforgettable。 3.“Growing tasty and healthy food has been my dream since I was a teenager. I know how challenging it can be, but if you take the soil 63 (serious), I believe it will pay off,” Guo says. 【答案】seriously 【解析】考查副词。。句意：“我知道这很有挑战性，但如果你认真对待土壤，我相信它会有回报的，”Guo说。空处修饰动词take，应用副词seriously作状语，take sth. seriously (认真对待某事)，故填seriously。 4.Additionally, Chen expressed a vision for the future, hoping that the operatic arts can evolve by integrating with other 65 (artist) forms, creating a cultural landscape full of vitality. 【答案】artistic 【解析】考查形容词。句意：此外，陈还表达了他对未来的愿景，希望戏曲艺术能够与其他艺术形式相融合，创造出充满活力的文化景观。提示词修饰名词forms，用形容词artistic作定语，意为“艺术的”。故填artistic。 5.Throughout the years, they have staged numerous 59 (adapt) of classic stories, attracting audiences with their creativity. 【答案】adaptations/adaptions 【解析】考查名词。句意：多年来，他们上演了许多经典故事的改编，以其创造力吸引了观众。提示词adapt作宾语，用名词形式adaptation或者adaption，意为“改编”， 是可数名词，由numerous(众多的，许多的)修饰，用复数形式。故填adaptations/adaptions。 6.The village will offer people 40 (free) and a space, where they can rediscover their goals. 【答案】freedom 【解析】考查名词。句意：村庄将为人们提供自由和空间，在那里他们可以重新发现自己的目标。此处应用名词freedom作宾语，表示“自由”，为不可数名词，故填freedom。 7.（“The village should be 38 (comfort) to live in, so that they can feel confident enough and pull themselves up gradually. And the village needs to give them some assistance so they can live on their own.” 【答案】comfortable 【解析】考查形容词。句意：村子里要住得舒服，这样他们才有足够的自信，才能慢慢地振作起来。此处应用形容词comfortable作表语，故填comfortable。 8.The results of the study, published in the Science Bulletin, revealed two major migration waves in history. In this 36 (pioneer) study, scientists from Fudan University have dug into the ancient DNA of individuals buried in Gansu province, revealing interesting insights into the genetic makeup of Hexi Corridor residents dating back over 12 centuries. 【答案】pioneering 【解析】考查形容词。句意：在这项开创性的研究中，复旦大学的科学家们深入研究了埋葬在甘肃省的个体的古代DNA，揭示了12世纪前河西走廊居民基因组成的有趣见解。该空需要一个形容词作定语，pioneer为名词兼动词，其形容词pioneering意为“开创性的”符合句意。故填pioneering。 9. 44 the team concluded was that the genetic mix could be partially attributed to those migrations. 【答案】What 【解析】考查主语从句。句意：研究小组得出的结论是，基因混合可以部分归因于这些迁徙。该空需要一个连接词引导主语从句，并指代事物在从句中作宾语，应填what，注意句首字母大写。故填What。 10.However, 65 (attract) a large number of travelers, these destinations need to increase their supply of tourism products and improve service. 【答案】to attract 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，为了吸引大量游客，这些目的地需要增加旅游产品的供应并改善服务。本句已有谓语动词need，空处需填非谓语动词，作目的状语，需填动词不定式。故填to attract。 11.If you have not heard of Yangshi Lei, the 27 (honor) name of the Lei family responsible for imperial architecture during the Qing Dynasty, then you have missed an important detail about the Temple of Heaven, the Summer Palace and Yuanmingyuan Garden. 【答案】honorable或honored 【解析】考查形容词。句意：如果你还没有听说过杨世雷，清朝负责皇家建筑的雷氏家族的光荣名字，那你就错过了天坛、颐和园和圆明园的一个重要细节。空处作定语修饰名词name，应用形容词honorable或honored“光荣的”。故填honorable或honored。 12.What throws people in confusion is 32 eight generations of the Lei family were appointed director of Yangshifang consecutively from 1662 to 1911． 【答案】why 【解析】考查表语从句。句意：令人困惑的是为什么从1662年到1911年雷氏家族连续八代人被任命为杨世坊的主管。此处在句中系动词is后，作表语，由句意可知，应用连接副词why“为什么”引导表语从句。故填why。 13.During the war-torn Dynasties of Han and Song from 207 to 906 AD, the 61 (popular) of jianzi exploded. Leaders used the game to train their troops alongside military exercise. 【答案】popularity 【解析】考查名词。句意：在公元207年至906年战乱不断的汉、宋等朝代期间，毽子的流行度飙升。此处作主语，应用名词popularity，表示“流行度”。故填popularity。 14.By 1994, the Hong Kong team 65 (steady) grew into a reformed union known as the Hong Kong Association of Shuttlecock (HKSA). 【答案】steadily 【解析】考查副词。句意：到1994年，香港队稳步发展，改革后成立了香港毽球总会（HKSA）。修饰后文动词grew应用副词steadily，作状语。故填steadily。 15.Every day, I am learning from the amazing people around me—whether it’s from the wisdom of ancient traditions 45 the fresh perspectives(视角) of the young minds I teach. The Chinese people, with their eagerness to learn and their deep respect for knowledge, inspire me daily. 【答案】or 【解析】考查连词。句意：每一天，我都在向身边了不起的人学习——无论是从古老传统的智慧，还是从我所教的年轻人的全新视角。whether…or…无论是……还是……。故填or。 3、 句子成分分析高级练（完成句子） 1.____________________________________（1934年毕业于上海交通大学）, he set out for Massachusetts Institute of Technology to pursue advanced study in 1935, and a year later California Institute of Technology, ____________________________________（在那里1939年获得了两个博士学位）. 【答案】Having graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1934；where he obtained two doctorates in 1939 【解析】考查高级句式。句意：1934年毕业于上海交通大学，1935年进入麻省理工学院进行高级学习，一年后进入加州理工学院，1939年获得了两个博士学位。 2.He devoted himself whole-heartedly to scientific research during his lifetime, ____________________________________（在中国航空航天工业领域取得了显著的成就）. 【答案】making remarkable achievements in the Chinese aerospace industry 【解析】考查高级句式。句意：他一生中全心全意地致力于科学研究，在中国航空航天工业领域取得了显著的成就。 3.____________________________________（出于对祖国的强烈热爱）, he was determined to go back to China. 【答案】Out of a strong love for his homeland 【解析】考查高级句式。句意：出于对祖国的强烈热爱，他决心回到中国去。 4.The books, ____________________________________（无论是教科书还是课外的书）, satisfy my curiosity, offer me excellent stories and enrich my life. 【答案】whether textbooks or extracurricular ones 【解析】考查高级句式。句意：这些书，无论是教科书还是课外的书，都满足了我的好奇心，为我提供了精彩的故事，丰富了我的生活。 5.____________________________________（每当我想懒惰）, the sound of the clock tells me to value time. 【答案】Whenever I want to be lazy 【解析】考查高级句式。句意：每当我想懒惰，时钟的声音告诉我珍惜时间。 6.We did some cleaning and washing for them, ____________________________________（然后是一些表演）, including singing songs, dancing and magic shows, ____________________________________（这绝对让他们很开心）. 【答案】followed by some performances；which definitely kept them entertained 【解析】考查高级句式。句意：我们为他们做了一些清洁和洗涤，然后是一些表演，包括唱歌，跳舞，舞蹈和魔术表演，这绝对让他们很开心。 7.___________________________________（这绝对让他们很开心）, I believe you would undoubtedly appreciate the fantastic experience I had. 【答案】Given your passion for our traditional culture 【解析】考查高级句式。句意：鉴于你对我们传统文化的热情，我相信你无疑会欣赏我的美妙经历。 8.Therefore, as a student, I strongly believe_____________________（延长课间的休息时间是必要的和有益的）. 【答案】that extending the break time between classes is necessary and beneficial 【解析】考查高级句式。句意：因此，作为一名学生，我坚信延长课间的休息时间是必要的和有益的。 9.Those _____________________（注册参加它的） will have the privilege of observing masters at work, _____________________（了解这一古老工艺背后的历史和技术） and even attempting some basic porcelain shaping. 【答案】who sign up for it；learning about the history and techniques behind this ancient craft 【解析】考查高级句式。句意：那些注册参加它的人将有特权观察工作中的大师，了解这一古老工艺背后的历史和技术，甚至尝试一些基本的瓷器塑造。 10._____________________（如果你愿意） , please let me know as soon as possible _____________________（这样我就可以做一些必要的安排）. 【答案】If you’re up for it；so I can make some necessary arrangements 【解析】考查高级句式。句意：如果你愿意，请尽快告诉我，这样我就可以做一些必要的安排。 考向02 历年北京卷真题甄选长难句精析 分析下面句子成分并给出汉语意思 2025年北京卷真题 1.The shadow of this mysterious institution steals away what success means to us. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】主句为“The shadow steals away what...”。“what success means to us”是宾语从句，作steals away的宾语。 【句意】这个神秘机构的阴影窃取了我们心中对成功的定义。 2. Determined to follow my instincts on what I felt success means, I only chose two classes that I knew I would enjoy. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】 “Determined to...success means”是过去分词短语作原因状语 “what I felt success means”是介词on的宾语从句 “that I knew I would enjoy”是定语从句修饰classes 【句意】决心追随我对成功本质的直觉，我只选了两门我知道会喜欢的课程。 3.Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】 主句：“Bob Johnson created the model” “in which...lives”是非限制性定语从句 “that...lives”是proposes的宾语从句 “as we go through life”是宾语从句中的时间状语从句 “through which we understand our lives”是定语从句修饰story 【句意】鲍勃·约翰逊创立了身份的生活故事模型，其中提出：当我们经历人生时，这些核心特征与记忆结合，构建出我们理解自我生活的个人故事。 4.She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】“that...cloud”是宾语从句（嵌套不定式短语作宾补）。 【句意】她说西方文化早已驱使人们在每朵乌云背后寻找银边（喻指寻找希望）。 5.With my father's support, I learned a valuable lesson: attention cannot be forced; true recognition comes from honourable acts. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】 “With my father's support”是介词短语作状语 冒号后是两个并列分句作lesson的同位语 【句意】在父亲的支持下，我学到宝贵一课：关注无法强求，真正的认可源于高尚行为。 6.Tourists left over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, which accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】“which...2024”是非限制性定语从句修饰前面整句话。 【句意】去年游客留下13亿吨食物垃圾，占2024年全球气体排放总量的8%。 7.If these life cycles are delayed, interrupted, or denied, you feel incapable of accessing your states of self, controlling unpleasant feelings, and manipulating the energy that puts together the fabric of your inner world. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】 “If...denied”是条件状语从句 “accessing..., controlling..., and manipulating...”是三个并列动名词短语作of的宾语 “that...world”是定语从句修饰energy 【句意】若这些生命周期被延迟、打断或否定，你会感到无力触及自我状态、控制不快情绪、驾驭构筑内心世界的能量。 8.Inspired by magical maps in her stories, she wondered: what if we could build a real-world app that helps people explore hidden places in their own cities? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】 “Inspired by...”是过去分词短语作原因状语 冒号后是宾语从句（含虚拟语气） “that...cities”是定语从句修饰app 【句意】受故事中神奇地图启发，她思考：若能开发一款现实APP，助人探索城市隐秘角落会怎样？ 2024年北京卷真题 1.During my third year, I discovered that after treating thousands of seeds, I obtained just one plant I could use for experiments. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】 “that...experiments”是宾语从句 “after treating...”是时间状语 “I could use for experiments”是省略that的定语从句修饰plant 【句意】第三年我发现，处理数千颗种子后，仅获得一株可用于实验的植株。 2.A few months later, when I repeated the experiment in my home lab, I produced more publishable data. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】“when...lab”是时间状语从句。 【句意】数月后，当我在家庭实验室重做实验时，产出了更多可发表数据。 3.If empirical experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won't reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】 “If...reality”是条件状语从句 “since...histories”是原因状语从句 “that...histories”是定语从句修饰concepts and words 【句意】若经验无法揭示现实，推理同样不能，因其依赖的概念和词语受制于社会、文化及心理历史。 4.Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】“if...computation”是宾语从句作arguing的宾语。 【句意】模型并非现实。争论宇宙是时钟、粒子集合抑或计算输出毫无意义。 5.By my fourth year, my desperation to succeed overshadowed my desire for independence. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】“to succeed”是不定式作后置定语修饰desperation。 【句意】到第四年，我对成功的渴望压倒了对独立的追求。 6.By learning when to ask for help, I eventually found myself on the way to becoming an independent scientist. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】“when to ask for help”是“疑问词+不定式”结构作learning的宾语。 【句意】通过学会何时求助，我终踏上成为独立科学家之路。 2023年北京卷真题 1.Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】“in that...evolution”是原因状语从句（嵌套过去分词短语作后置定语）。 【句意】人工智能可谓人工生命的表亲，因两领域研究者都痴迷于开放式进化概念。 2.The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn't help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】“that...paths”是定语从句修饰projects。 【句意】人工生命学者间缺乏共识亦无益。结果是一系列项目各自沿独特路径推进。 3.By my fourth year, my desperation to succeed overshadowed my desire for independence. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】同2024年第13句解析（真题重复出现）。 【句意】到第四年，我对成功的渴望压倒了对独立的追求。 4.If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life's endless 'creativity' in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】“If...model”是条件状语从句（嵌套不定式作宾语）。 【句意】若人工生命领域能在虚拟模型中复现生命无穷“创造力”，相同原理或催生真正创新的机器。 5.Rather than setting plans in stone, I've learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don't sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【句型分析】 “that...them”是宾语从句 “that are offered”是定语从句修饰opportunities “even if...time”是让步状语从句 “and make...”与take并列作need的宾语 【句意】我领悟到：与其固守计划，有时更需抓住机遇——即便当时看似不完美——并善加利用。 题型一 阅读理解 1 （2025·北京西城·二模）A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to “accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology.” Some of this discussion was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster. The WEF meeting took place just two weeks after Harvard University President Claudine Gay stepped down after complaints were made about her political science scholarship. Gay’s troubles came after Stanford University President Marc Tessier Lavigne stepped down, after an internal investigation concluded that his neuroscience research had “multiple problems” and “fell below customary standards of scientific rigor.” Although it may be impossible to determine just how widespread such problems really are, it’s hard to imagine that the phenomenon of high-profile scholars correcting and withdrawing papers has not had a negative impact on public trust in science and perhaps in experts broadly. In recent years we’ve seen important papers withdrawn because of questionable data or methods. In one interesting case, Frances H. Arnold, who shared the 2018Nobel Prize in Chemistry, voluntarily withdrew a paper when her lab was unable to reproduce her results — but after the paper had been published. In an open apology, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did not do my job well.” Arnold’s honesty is admirable, but it raises a question: Are scholars at highly competitive places such as Harvard and Standford rushing to publishing rather than taking the time to do their work right? It’s impossible to answer this question scientifically because there’s no scientific definition of what constitutes “rushing”. But there’s little doubt that we live in a culture where academics at leading universities are under enormous pressure to produce results — and a lot of them — quickly. However, nearly a century passed between biochemist Friedrich Miescher’s identification of the DNA molecule and suggestion that it might be involved in inheritance (遗传) and the clarification of its double-helix (双螺旋) structure in the 1950s. And it took just about half a century for geologists and geophysicists to accept Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift (漂移). There’s plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. One recent study put the number at more than seven million a year, compared with fewer than a million as recently as 1980. Another study found 265 academic authors — two thirds of whom were in the medical and life sciences — published a paper every five days on average. The numbers suggest that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researchers may need to slow down — not speed up — if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust. 31．What does the word “rigor” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Quickness and convenience. B．Flexibility and openness. C．Strictness and precision. D．Fame and popularity. 32．DNA and continental drift are examples to demonstrate that _______. A．good science takes time B．science advances with time C．research across disciplines is needed D．breakthroughs seldom happen by chance 33．Which of the following situations can best reflect the author’s concern? A．A researcher fails to produce evidence for his paper. B．A university loses young talent due to a lack of funding. C．An editor overlooks the errors in a writer’s research methods. D．A scholar publishes a paper with limited data to gain recognition. 34．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．The Danger of Fast Science B．The Need for Trust in Science C．An Alarming Warning to Science Editors D．A Popular Trend towards Rushing Science 【答案】31．C 32．A 33．D 34．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。 31．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“his neuroscience research had “multiple problems” and “fell below customary standards of scientific (他的神经科学研究存在“多重问题”，并且“低于科学……的标准)”可知，斯坦福大学的校长因他的神经科学研究存在“多个问题”且“低于科学严谨性的惯常标准”而辞职。由于研究存在问题且未达到标准，这里的“rigor”意味着在科学研究中高水平的严格性和精确性。故划线词意思是“严格、精确”。故选C。 32．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“However, nearly a century passed between biochemist Friedrich Miescher’s identification of the DNA molecule and suggestion that it might be involved in inheritance (遗传) and the clarification of its double-helix (双螺旋) structure in the 1950s. And it took just about half a century for geologists and geophysicists to accept Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift (漂移). (然而，从生物化学家弗里德里希·米歇尔鉴定出DNA分子并提出它可能与遗传有关，到20世纪50年代对其双螺旋结构的澄清，已经过去了近一个世纪。地质学家和地球物理学家仅仅用了半个世纪的时间就接受了阿尔弗雷德·韦格纳的大陆漂移学说。)”可知，DNA和大陆漂移就是证明好的科学需要时间的例子。故选A。 33．细节理解题。根据最后一段“There’s plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. (有大量的间接证据表明，科学家和其他学者推出结果的速度比过去快得多。)”以及“Another study found 265 academic authors — two thirds of whom were in the medical and life sciences — published a paper every five days on average. The numbers suggest that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researchers may need to slow down — not speed up — if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust. (另一项研究发现，265位学术作者——其中三分之二在医学和生命科学领域——平均每五天发表一篇论文。这些数字表明，研究界更看重数量而不是质量。如果我们要产生值得信任的知识，研究人员可能需要放慢速度，而不是加快速度。)”可知，“学者发表了一篇数据有限的论文以获得认可”最能反映作者的担忧。故选D。 34．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need to “accelerate breakthroughs in research and technology.” Some of this discussion was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster. (今年世界经济论坛会议的一个主题是人们认为有必要“加速研究和技术的突破”。其中一些框架是由气候紧急情况推动的，另一些是由可生成人工智能带来的机遇和挑战推动的。然而，在各种对话中，人们似乎理所当然地认为，要解决世界上的问题，科学研究需要加快步伐。)”结合文章主要说明了如今科学研究存在急于发表论文，过于注重数量导致了很多问题。可知，A选项“快速科学的危险”最符合文章标题。故选A。 2 （2025·北京市丰台区·一模）Recent findings from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument(DESI) in Arizona, which produced the largest 3D map of the universe, suggest that dark energy — the mysterious force driving the universe’s accelerated( 加速的) expansion — might change over time. This challenges the standard model of cosmology (宇宙学), which assumes a steady acceleration. Dark energy is thought to make up nearly 70% of the cosmos, so if its behaviour really is changing as time passes, it could have significant implications for our understanding of the universe. Since the DESI data came out, researchers have been working on ways to explain the apparent changes in the universe’s expansion rate. Dark energy isn’t directly observable, so there are several options that could fit. One solution suggested by Michael Garda at the Federal University in Brazil and his colleagues involves letting dark energy interact with dark matter, an invisible and abundant form of matter that outweighs ordinary matter. This interaction is forbidden in the standard model, but if energy could flow from the universe’s dark matter to its dark energy — essentially changing the former to the latter — the researchers’ simulations (模拟) showed that this would match the DESI measurements. Yet, the mechanism for such an energy transfer isn’t clear. This solution might also help resolve the Hubble tension, a difference in the ways we measure the expansion rate of the cosmos. Measurements of this made by analysing nearby galaxies (known as “local” measurements) give an expansion rate, or Hubble constant, which is slightly higher than the one obtained from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) — the remaining radiation from the early universe. CMB measurements rely on a theoretical model of cosmic evolution, which may need adjustment if Garda’s proposal is correct. By allowing energy transfer between dark matter and dark energy, the adjusted model could bring CMB-based estimates more closely into line with local measurements, potentially resolving the tension. Another proposed solution involves dark radiation, an invisible form of radiation similar to light but composed of dark photons (光子). Tamar Allali at Brown University and his team suggest that dark radiation could explain the DESI data and lessened the Hubble tension by increasing the universe’s expansion rate in its early stages. “If you have more radiation, the expansion is faster in the early universe,” says Allali. Unlike adjustments to dark energy, dark radiation introduces a new component without changing existing physical laws, making it a more conservative approach. Allali notes that the DESI data does not rule out dark radiation and even shows a slight preference for it. Both models — interacting dark energy and dark radiation — fit the DESI data, but neither has been confirmed. Shawn Smith at the University of Edinburgh, UK, points out that while many unconventional models could explain the observations, none currently compete with the standard cosmological model from a fundamental physics perspective. Nevertheless, these models serve as catalysts for progress, ensuring that cosmology remains a dynamic and evolving field. 32．What does this passage mainly talk about? A．The development of scientific models to study the universe. B．The discovery of dark energy and its impact on the universe. C．The importance of DESI in studying the universe’s behavior. D．The attempts to explain the universe’s unexpected expansion. 33．Which of the following might the author agree with? A．Garda’s proposal outperforms Allali’s in its simplicity. B．Recent research has found ways for dark energy transfer. C．The DESI data has confirmed the existence of dark radiation. D．The two models share similarities in reducing Hubble tension. 34．The passage is organized in the pattern of ________. A．cause — effect — solution B．problem—  solution — evaluation C．example —a nalysis — conclusion D．introduction — comparison — result 【答案】32．D 33．D 34．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。DESI 数据表明宇宙膨胀有异常，科研人员提出两种模型解释，虽未证实，但推动了宇宙学发展。 32．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Recent findings from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) in Arizona, which produced the largest 3D map of the universe, suggest that dark energy — the mysterious force driving the universe’s accelerated expansion — might change over time. This challenges the standard model of cosmology, which assumes a steady acceleration.(亚利桑那州的暗能量光谱仪（DESI）最近的发现绘制出了宇宙最大的三维地图，表明暗能量 —— 驱动宇宙加速膨胀的神秘力量 —— 可能会随时间变化。这挑战了假设宇宙是稳定加速的标准宇宙学模型)”可知，宇宙的膨胀出现了与标准模型不符的情况。再结合第三段“Since the DESI data came out, researchers have been working on ways to explain the apparent changes in the universe’s expansion rate.(自从 DESI 数据公布以来，研究人员一直在努力寻找方法来解释宇宙膨胀率的明显变化)”可知，本文主要讲的是对解释宇宙意外膨胀的尝试。故选D。 33．推理判断题。根据第四段“By allowing energy transfer between dark matter and dark energy, the adjusted model could bring CMB-based estimates more closely into line with local measurements, potentially resolving the tension.(通过允许暗物质和暗能量之间的能量转移，调整后的模型可以使基于宇宙微波背景（CMB）的估计值更接近局部测量值，有可能解决哈勃张力问题)”以及第五段“Tamar Allali at Brown University and his team suggest that dark radiation could explain the DESI data and lessened the Hubble tension by increasing the universe’s expansion rate in its early stages.(布朗大学的塔玛尔・阿拉利（Tamar Allali）和他的团队认为，暗辐射可以解释 DESI 数据，并通过提高宇宙早期的膨胀率来减轻哈勃张力)” 可知，这两种模型都在减少哈勃张力方面有相似之处，即都有可能解决哈勃张力问题。故选D。 34．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章第一段提出了问题，即暗能量可能随时间变化，挑战了标准宇宙学模型，宇宙膨胀出现意外情况；第三、四、五段介绍了两种解释宇宙膨胀率变化的解决方案，即让暗能量与暗物质相互作用和暗辐射的模型；第六段对这两种模型进行了评价，指出它们都符合 DESI 数据，但都未得到证实，且目前没有一个能从基础物理学角度与标准宇宙学模型竞争，不过它们推动了宇宙学的发展。由此推知，文章是按照“问题 — 解决方案 — 评价”的模式组织的。故选B。 题型二 语法填空 1 （2025·北京通州·一模）As the world is becoming more digital, the importance of information security cannot be ignored. Currently, many countries 11 (take) measures to protect their online systems. For example, governments are investing heavily in advanced technologies 12 (prevent) cyberattacks. At the same time, individuals 13 (encourage) to improve their awareness of online safety. The 14 (grow) number of cyber threats has made it essential for everyone to stay alert. By working together, we can create a safer digital environment for all. 【答案】11．are taking 12．to prevent 13．are encouraged 14．growing 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了网络安全问题需要被重视。 11．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：目前，许多国家正在采取措施保护他们的在线系统。根据Currently可知，句子用现在进行时，主语是复数，be动词用are。故填are taking。 12．考查非谓语动词。句意：例如，各国政府正在大力投资先进技术以防止网络攻击。此处表示目的，用不定式形式作目的状语。故填to prevent。 13．考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：与此同时，鼓励个人提高网络安全意识。句子描述现在的客观事实，应用一般现在时，individuals和encourage之间是被动关系，句子用一般现在时的被动语态，主语是复数，be动词用are。故填are encouraged。 14．考查形容词。句意：网络威胁的数量不断增加，这使得每个人都必须保持警惕。此处用形容词作定语，修饰名词number，growing意为“增长的”。故填growing。 2 （2025·北京通州·一模）In Ne Zha 2, Ne Zha is a brave and kind hero. 15 (know) for his strong will and fiery spirit, he faces many challenges but never gives up. Ne Zha deeply cares for his friends and family, always ready to protect them. His journey shows how he grows 16 a true hero. Through his actions, Ne Zha teaches us about courage, loyalty, and the importance of fighting for 17 is right. His story is both exciting and inspiring, making him a character everyone can admire. 【答案】15．known 16．into 17．what 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是动画电影《哪吒2》中的哪吒角色，描述了他的勇敢、善良以及成长历程，通过他的故事传达了勇气、忠诚和为正义而战的重要性。 15．考查过去分词。句意：他以坚强的意志和炽热的精神著称，面对许多挑战但从不放弃。此处为非谓语动词作状语，know与逻辑主语he（Ne Zha）之间为被动关系，需用过去分词known，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Known。 16．考查介词。句意：他的旅程展示了他是如何成长为一名真正的英雄的。此处为固定短语grow into表示“逐渐成长为，长成（某种类型的人）”，需用介词into。故填into。 17．考查宾语从句。句意：通过他的行动，哪吒教会我们关于勇气、忠诚以及为正确的事情而战的重要性。此处为连接词引导宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，此处指的是事情，所以使用连接代词what。故填what。 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 （2025·北京通州·一模）In China, it is said that the egg can be set upright on the first day of the Start of Spring. It is believed that if someone can make the egg stand on that day, he 18 (have) good luck in the future. According to astronomers and physicists, setting the egg upright has nothing to do with time, but with mechanics. The most important thing is to shift the egg’s center of gravity to the 19 (low) part of the egg. In this way, the trick is holding the egg until the yolk (蛋黄) sinks as much as possible. For this, people should choose an egg of 4-5 days 20 yolk tends to sink down. 【答案】18．will have 19．lowest 20．whose 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是中国立春时节竖蛋的传统习俗，以及实现这一过程所需的技巧和背后涉及的力学原理 18．考查动词时态。句意：据说如果有人能在这一天让鸡蛋竖立起来，那么他将来会拥有好运气。此处为谓语动词，结合句意和“主将从现”原则，此处描述将来发生的动作或状态，需用一般将来时，所以谓语动词为will have。故填will have。 19．考查形容词最高级。句意：最重要的事情是将鸡蛋的重心移到鸡蛋的最低部分。此处为形容词作定语，结合句意以及上文的“The most important thing”和空前的the可知，此处需用形容词最高级修饰名词part，low的最高级形式为lowest表示“最低的部分”。故填lowest。 20．考查定语从句。句意：为此，人们应该选择一个4到5天的鸡蛋，其蛋黄更容易下沉。此处为关系词引导的定语从句，先行词egg与空后的名词yolk之间为所属关系，作定语修饰yolk，所以此处需用关系代词whose。故填whose。 3 （2025·北京通州·一模）As the world is becoming more digital, the importance of information security cannot be ignored. Currently, many countries 11 (take) measures to protect their online systems. For example, governments are investing heavily in advanced technologies 12 (prevent) cyberattacks. At the same time, individuals 13 (encourage) to improve their awareness of online safety. The 14 (grow) number of cyber threats has made it essential for everyone to stay alert. By working together, we can create a safer digital environment for all. 【答案】11．are taking 12．to prevent 13．are encouraged 14．growing 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了网络安全问题需要被重视。 11．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：目前，许多国家正在采取措施保护他们的在线系统。根据Currently可知，句子用现在进行时，主语是复数，be动词用are。故填are taking。 12．考查非谓语动词。句意：例如，各国政府正在大力投资先进技术以防止网络攻击。此处表示目的，用不定式形式作目的状语。故填to prevent。 13．考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：与此同时，鼓励个人提高网络安全意识。句子描述现在的客观事实，应用一般现在时，individuals和encourage之间是被动关系，句子用一般现在时的被动语态，主语是复数，be动词用are。故填are encouraged。 14．考查形容词。句意：网络威胁的数量不断增加，这使得每个人都必须保持警惕。此处用形容词作定语，修饰名词number，growing意为“增长的”。故填growing。 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 1 （2025年北京卷）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 31. What can be inferred about personal stories? A. They are unrelated to health. B. Consistent ones lead to stress. C They are relevant to happiness. D. Thematic ones hold back change. 32. What can we learn from this passage? A. Talking about gains from failure is negative. B. New Year resolutions are well received. C. The West tends to overvalue optimism. D. Social roles fail to be highlighted. 33. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event. C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach. 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made. C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity. 【答案】31. C 32. C 33. D 34. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间关系及如何改变个人故事。 【31题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合题意。故选A。 2 （2024年北京卷）The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 30. As for Kant’s argument the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. A 31. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。 【29题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingent on我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词concepts and words，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。 20 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$