第07讲 阅读理解推断题、主旨大意题（复习讲义）（上海专用）2026年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

第07讲 阅读理解推断题、主旨大意题 目录 01 2 02 体系构建·思维可视 4 03 核心突破·靶向攻坚 5 考点一 考查阅读理解推理判断 5 知识点1 推断隐含意义 5 知识点2 推断写作意图 6 知识点3 推断文章出处或读者对象 6 知识点4 推断观点态度 6 考向1 考查逻辑分析推断隐含意义 7 考向2 考查文体特点推断写作意图 8 考向3 考查忠于措辞推断观点态度 9 考向4 考查语言特色推断文章出处和目标读者 10 【思维建模】立足原文找线索；排除干扰辨逻辑 考点二 考查阅读理解主旨大意 12 知识点1 文章大意类 12 知识点2 段落大意类 12 知识点3 标题归纳类 13 考向1 考查文章大意题 13 考向2 考查段落大意题 12 考向3 考查标题归纳题 17 【思维建模】三大方法搞定文章主旨大意 0424 近年上海高考阅读理解题细目表 高考年份 判断推理题题号/数量 主旨大意题题号/数量 2023上海春考 56、61、63、65 (4) 59、62、66、（3） 2022上海春考 58、60、65 (3) 59、62、66、(3) 2021上海春考 56、61、63、65 (4) 66、(1) 2020上海春考 57、59、64、65(4) 66、(1) 2023上海秋考 58、59、61、62 (4) 63 (1) 2022上海秋考 58、62、64 (3) 59、63、66、(3) 2021上海秋考 56、57、59、61、62、64、(6) 65、66、(2) 2020上海秋考 58、59、61、62 (4) 60、63、66、(3) ( ) 考点一、考查阅读理解推理判断 知识点1 推断隐含意义 锁定关键词： 根据题干关键词infer（推断），suggest（表明，暗示），conclude（得出结论）, indicate（暗示，象征）, imply（暗示）, assume(假定，设想)迅速确定题型 设题方式： It can be inferred from the passage that ． The author implied（suggested）that．．． ． It can be concluded from the passage that ． The writer indicates/implies/suggests that ． 解题指导： (1)抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断；(2)整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须以文章所提供的事实内容为依据，切忌凭空想象。 【示例】（2025·上海松江·二模） But monitoring these organisms presents a grand challenge for scientists. Traditional methods, such as ship-based surveys and sampling, are time-consuming, expensive, and geographically limited. Scientists are using slight differences in seawater colour to count Antarctic krill from space. Dr Cait McCarry, a researcher from the University of Strathclyde, recently returned from Antarctica, where she conducted experiments to measure this effect. She explained, “We start with seawater, then add a krill and measure how much light the water absorbs. Then we add another krill and take another measurement.” This process helps scientists understand how krill concentration affects ocean colour, enabling them to track krill populations from space. 2．It can be concluded that ______. A．light absorption changes with krill concentration B．krill’s waste helps plants absorb CO2 more efficiently C．the species of deep-sea plants are enriched due to krill D．krill are mainly threatened by natural hunters like whales 知识点2 推断写作意图 锁定关键词： 根据题干关键词purpose（目的），intend to（打算），want to tell us ...（想要告诉我们），write this passage to（写这篇文章为了）迅速确定题型。 设题方式： What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? The purpose of the text is to get more people to ． The writer of the story wants to tell us that ． The fact ... is mentioned by the author to show ． The author writes the last paragraph in order to ． 解题指导： 记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开（to tell a story, to entertain readers, to share an experience...）； 应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言（to sell, to attract, to persuade, to promote...） 说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，应找准主题句（to introduce, to explain, to inform, to make comparisons...）； 议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。 【示例】（2025·上海闵行·二模） Beyond practice, creativity grows in environments that encourage exploration and problem-solving. Many breakthroughs in music, science, and art do not emerge from sudden inspiration but rather from sustained effort and experimentation. A composer might spend weeks testing different chord (和弦) progressions before discovering a unique combination. Similarly, a scientist may conduct numerous failed experiments before uncovering a groundbreaking solution. Thomas Edison, for example, famously said that his success was built on “1,000 ways that won’t work” before inventing the lightbulb (灯泡). 2．The role of the example of Thomas Edison in paragraph 3 is _________. A．to illustrate that failure can lead to success B．to show that perseverance is essential for creativity C．to emphasize that success depends on the initial talent D．to argue that failure is the main source of creativity 知识点3 推断观点态度 锁定关键词： 根据题干中表达情感的形容词、副词、动词或介词短语等，如attitude（态度），outstanding（ 优秀的，突出的），disagree（不同意），hopefully（有希望的）,against（反对）, in favor of（赞成）, 迅速确定题型。 设题方式： The attitude of the author towards something is ． The writer of the passage seems to think that ． What's the author's opinion on ...? What do we know about ... in the passage? What does the author think about ...？ 解题指导： (1)注意作者或文中人物的措辞：①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；③结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断。 (2)牢记观点态度的常见词语： 附注：英语阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇 观点态度 例词 positive (积极的)、supportive (支持的)、optimistic (乐观的)、concerned 关心的 humorous(幽默的)、enthusiastic(热情的)、pleasant (愉快的)；subjective 主观的 neutral (中立的)、objective(客观的)、not mentioned(未提及的)、unconcerned 不关心的、uninterested(不感兴趣的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)；conservative 保守的 negative(否定的)、suspicious/skeptical(怀疑的)、disgusted(憎恶的) critical(批评的)、disappointed(失望的)、disapproving(不赞成的)、puzzled/ confused 困惑的、pessimistic 悲观的 【示例】（2025·上海黄浦·二模） The more powerful A．I. gets, the less humans understand about it — but perhaps we shouldn’t judge ourselves too harshly for that. As it turns out, A．I. doesn’t even understand itself. It’s one thing to honor the mystery of the human brain, but quite another to admit that artificial intelligence — both creative and plotting — is slipping away from our understanding. 4．Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with? A．The human brain is less complicated than A．I. B．Humans have control over the progress of A．I. C．A．I. may have to give in when challenged by humans. D．It’s hard to accept that A．I. is beyond our understanding. （2025·上海奉贤·二模）The technological singularity (技术奇点) is a theoretical scenario where technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, leading to profound and unpredictable changes to human civilization. ….. Moreover, figures such as Roman Yampolskiy point out that predicting the exact timeline is extremely difficult due to the exceptional nature of the singularity itself. The developments leading to a singularity involve many variables, including breakthroughs in AI algorithms, hardware capabilities and socictal factors that are hard to forecast with accuracy. …… 3．What best describes Roman Yampolskiy’s attitude toward predicting the singularity? A．Reserved. B．Optimistic. C．Indifferent. D．Neutral. 知识点4 推断文章出处和目标读者 设题方式: This passage would be most likely to be found in ． The passage is probably taken from ． Were does this text probably come from? Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from? The text is intended for ． 解题指导： (1) 根据文章的话题和细节确定文章出处或写作对象 (2) 根据文章的体裁和内容判断文章的中心话题 广告：语言简洁鲜明，有亮点； 报刊：时事性强，分不同板块，高考中常以政治、生活的话题为主； 杂志：覆盖生活各个层面，更贴近幕后，更贴近生活； 产品说明书：对某产品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介绍； 药品说明：说明药品的服用时间、次数、药量、禁忌等； 网络：文体不限，找到click here，download，up­load，link，mouse, surf等网络标志 【示例】（2025·上海浦东新·二模） In Shanghai’s busy streets and towering highrises, a new dialect appears — one spoken in algorithms(算法). From decoding local idioms in conference rooms to preserving disappearing crafts and guiding graduates toward tech careers, AI is becoming the city’s cultural bridge. This is urban intelligence with local flavor. ……... 3．Where would readers most likely find this article? A．A business blog. B．A career journal. C．A policy brief. D．A tech magazine. 考向1 逻辑分析推断隐含意义 （2025年浦东新区一模） It was hard to get information about what was going on across Asheville. Within hours, we lost power, Internet and even cell service. A neighbor told me we could get information on the radio, so I sat in my car to listen to the local radio station’s updates. That’s how I learned that the water wasn’t safe to drink. The treatment plant was under eight feet of water and the distribution pipes had washed away. 38. What can be inferred from paragragh 5? A. Timely access to information is important during a disaster. B. The treatment plant is supposed to be built deep underwater. C. People must depend on neighbors for survival in a disaster. D. Protecting water resources promotes a sense of community. （2025年徐汇一模） ...... Keller’s research adds a significant piece to the still-incomplete puzzle of shark biology. Sharks have been declining at an alarming rate due to mostly overfishing and habitat change. Studying the life cycles and migration patterns of sharks can help us understand what arcas to protect when managing marine spaces. 45. From the passage, we can infer that Keller’s research is significant because it ________. A. provides a new method for capturing sharks. B. supports the idea that sharks’ migration patterns are random. C. adds crucial information to our understanding of shark biology. D. suggests that sharks should be protected from overfishing. （2024虹口二模） Of course, there are typically many participants in the pricing process: Accounting provides cost estimates; marketing communicates the pricing strategy; sales provides specific customer input; production sets supply boundaries; and finance establishes the requirements for the entire company’s financial health. Input from diverse sources is necessary. However, problems arise when the philosophy of wide participation is carried over to the price-setting process without strong coordinating mechanisms (协调机制). For example, if the marketing department sets list prices, the salespeople negotiate discounts in the field, the legal department adjusts prices if necessary to prevent breaking the laws or contractual agreements, and the people filling orders negotiate price adjustments for delays in shipment, everybody’s best intentions usually end up bringing about less than the best results. In fact, the company may actually lose money on some orders. 65. What can be inferred from the wide participation in the pricing process? A. Decision making requires gathering comprehensive information. B. The coordinating mechanism won’t work without a lot of input. C. Potential customers are easily upset at any stage of the process. D. The company loses money unless everyone intends for the best. （2023虹口二模） It’s hard to imagine today, but back in the 1970s, most sidewalks in the United States ended with a sharp drop-off. That was a big deal for people in wheelchairs because there were no ramps (斜坡) to help them move along city blocks without assistance. According to one disability rights leader, a six-inch curb “might as well have been Mount Everest”. So, activists from Berkeley, California, who also needed wheelchairs, organized a campaign to create tiny ramps at intersections to help people dependent on wheels move up and down curbs independently. 41．By “might as well have been Mount Everest” (paragraph 3), the disability rights leader implies that a six-inch curb may become ________. A．as famous as the world’s highest mountain B．an almost impassable barrier C．a connection between people D．a most unforgettable matter （2023闵行二模） Four types of learnersType A Learner People in this group adapt observations into complex but logical theories. They think problems through in a logical way. They tend to be perfectionists who won’t rest easy until everything is reasonable. They like to analyze and are keen on basic principles and theories. They pay great attention to logic, so questions they frequently ask are: “ ________________ ”, and “How does this go with that?”. They tend to be objective, approaching problems in a consistently logical manner. This is their “mental set” and they reject anything that conflicts with it. They prefer to maximize certainty and feel uncomfortable with subjective judgements. Type B Learner 1．Which of the following can be put into the blank in the first paragraph? A．Do we need more experiments? B．Do you understand me? C．Do you believe the theory? D．Does it make sense? 考向2 文体特点推断写作意图 （2025年杨浦一模） Neurodiversity is a term that refers to the natural range of differences in people’s brains. The neurodiversity movement says that the brains that wander from the average within that range shouldn’t be dismissed as insufficient automatically. The term dates back to the autism (自闭症) community in the 1990s, though it’s now applied to all sorts of mental differences. In the past, “autism was widely seen as an individual medical tragedy,” says Robert Chapman, a neurodivergent (脑功能异于常人的) philosopher with autism, “The only hope for autistic people and our families, it was thought, was that we would one day be fixed through behavioral or biomedical intervention.” .......... Crucially, the neurodiversity movement allows neurodivergent people to transform their thinking about themselves. “The dominant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me somehow tragic, broken, and in need of fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 book. “This was why I found discovering neurodiversity movement, which offered a different analysis, so liberating.” 46. The main purpose of the article is to ______. A. introduce the effective treatment methods for autism B. explain the history and significance of the neurodiversity movement C. argue for the necessity of promoting the neurodiversity movement D. criticize the wrong focus of research in understanding autism （2024普陀二模） And when I say “extremely lucky” I mean it. Despite trying this technique for over a decade, it is only now that astronomers have found a candidate black hole through microlensing. Two teams used the same data, a microlensing event recorded from both the OGLE (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment) telescope in Chile and the MOA (Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics) telescope in New Zealand. One team found that the mass was somewhere around seven times the mass of the sun – definitely black hole territory. But the other team estimated a much smaller mass, around 2-4 times the mass of the Sun. If the true mass of the object is at the lower end of that spectrum (光谱), then the wanderer is probably not a black hole. 66. What conclusion can we draw from the last paragraph? A. To persevere in the end is to win. B. Facts speak louder than words. C. Failure is the mother of success. D. Things are not always what they seem. （2023普陀二模） Guterres said: “The heat is on, and as the contents of the report show, the leadership we need is off. Far off. Countries are wasting a massive opportunity to invest Covid-19 finance and recovery resources in sustainable, cost-saving, planet-saving ways. As world leaders prepare for Cop26, this report is another thundering wake-up call. How many do we need?” 45. What is the author’s purpose in saying “How many do we need?”in Para. 5? A. To show the number of alarm clocks required. B. To inquire the number of the countries attending the meeting. C. To explain the reason for the world’s wasting chances. D. To stress the need to save energy and reduce emissions. （2023金山二模） If you have an investment portfolio (投资组合) of $500,000 or more, get... 19．What is the main purpose of this passage? A．To give investment advice to anyone planning to retire. B．To provide a free guide on retirement planning to everyone. C．To seek potential customers who are interested in retirement planning. D．To offer a special bonus report on maximizing Social Security benefits for retirement. 考向3 忠于措辞推断观点态度 （2025·上海杨浦·二模） Since the Industrial Revolution, every generation of farmers has had to deal with the technological changes of the day and they have successfully adapted to survive. Who knows! AI may well turn out to be just the latest in a long line of challenges to be embraced by adaptable and spirited farmers. And anything that saves me the worry of checking the weather forecast day and night during harvest season must be a good thing. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the use of AI in agriculture? A．Suspicious. B．Optimistic. C．Neutral. D．Concerned. （2024浦东新区二模） The whole purpose of individuality is excellence. Those who invent, who improvise(即兴发挥), who know more about a subject than other people do, and who take something that doesn’t work and make it work––these people are the very soul of capitalism. 44. The author would most probably agree that _________. A. an individualist tends to seek difference both in character and appearance B. the essence of individualism lies in pursuing excellence to the full C. being different in appearance is the very first step to being individual D. those who strive to win the recognition of others are real individualists （2023奉贤二模） If the progress of the times is unable to hold back the coming revolution in education, it seems unlikely that the traditional classroom is going to have any luck in its attempts trying to turn back the clock. As Laurillard puts it, “It took a global pandemic to drive home what we’ve been saying for 20 years.” 32．According to the passage, what does the author most probably agree with? A．Speed learning harms students’ learning efficiency. B．The coming revolution in education is irreversible. C．Teachers will play a less important role in the future. D．The traditional classrooms will eventually disappear. （2023奉贤一模） Youth involves a certain innocence but also perseverance. The word “can’t” wasn’t in my vocabulary. I partnered with a friend buying distressed multifamily properties around Houston. Even though we were enthusiastic and backed with start-up sums, I didn’t make a deal work. My friend moved on to other projects. Alone, I put all my money into the next real-estate project. I put the time in, I dreamed it, but once again the deal fell through. Two months later, though, the deal came back around. That was when the path opened, luck changed, and I was ready to form my own company. I haven’t looked back. Only ahead. I’m now able to give back to communities and causes. I donate about $500,000 a year, much of that going to research to cure rare diseases. We also support a lot of services for disadvantaged children in Houston and other places. 38. Which quality of the author is not shown in the passage? A. Perseverance. B. Optimism. C. Innocence. D. Kindness. 考向4 语言特色推断文章出处和目标读者 【典例】（2024金山二模） Looking for a career change? Check out these unconventional options! The Waterslide Tester When the pool where he worked as a lifeguard was closed during the COVID-19 pandemic, Guillaume Pop took jobs at various other pools that were virtually deserted. In one video on the social platform, he pretended to be a “professional waterslide tester”. Unexpectedly, Pop became a social media sensation. He was then hired to “test” slides and other facilities at water parks and swimming pools all over France. “It’s the best job in the world,” declares Pop, whose videos have received 80 million views. “I’m not behind a desk. I’m active and outside in the sun. In fact, all the children tell me they want to be a waterslide tester!” 62. Who is most probably interested in this passage? A. Employees who are considering switching jobs. B. Students who are applying for ideal universities. C. Children who are interested in unusual activities. D. Graduates who are deciding on their essay topics. （2023青浦二模） Clearly, everyone — whether he/she is a British citizen or a foreigner investor — who wants to start a business in London must detect first the most profitable areas. And the four most appealing ones are listed below. 14．This article is intended for ______. A．British citizens who want to buy luxury goods B．visitors looking for recreational activities in Britain C．investors interested in starting a business in London D．foreigners participating in commercial activities in London （2023长宁二模） In case you want to know more about the benefits of tax-free municipal bonds, we now have an offer for you. Our specialists have created a helpful Bond Guide for investors. It’s free and comes with no obligation (义务) at all. 10．Who would be the most likely target readers of this leaflet? A．Municipal bond administrators. B．Federal tax calculators. C．The copyright owners of the Bond Guide. D．Senior-citizen investors. 思维建模 立足原文找线索；排除干扰辨逻辑 推理判断题是高考英语阅读理解中的重要题型，着重考查考生在理解文章字面意思的基础上，对文章深层含义的推理和判断能力。它要求考生依据文章提供的信息，通过逻辑推理、归纳总结、分析判断等思维过程，得出文章隐含的意义、作者的意图、观点态度等内容。这种题型难度相对较高，因为答案不能直接从原文中获取，需要考生具备较强的综合理解能力。题型和考查角度： 1.高频考点：隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。 2.低频考点：文章出处、文章结构、目标读者。 · 立足原文内容：推理判断必须以文章内容为依据，不能脱离原文进行主观臆断。仔细阅读文章，理解文章的主题、结构和细节信息，找出与题目相关的关键部分。 · 寻找线索和暗示：关注文章中的关键词、连接词、修辞手法等，这些可能是推理的重要线索。例如，“however”“therefore” 等连接词可以帮助我们理解作者的思路和观点变化；比喻、象征等修辞手法可能暗示作者的情感倾向。 · 分析逻辑关系：考虑文章中的因果、对比、类比等逻辑关系。如果文章提到某种现象是由某个原因引起的，那么在推理时可以依据这个因果关系进行推断；如果是对比不同事物的特点，就可以从对比中得出对这些事物的评价。 · 排除干扰选项：对于不符合原文逻辑和信息的选项要果断排除。有些选项可能本身内容正确，但与题目要求的推理判断无关；有些选项可能是过度推断，超出了原文所提供的范围。 ( ) 考点二、考查阅读理解主旨大意 知识点1 文章大意类 寻找主题句确定文章大意。主题句的位置一般有以下几种： (1)主题句出现在文首。文章开门见山，给出了主题句，随之用细节对其进行解释、支撑。 (2)主题句出现在文末。文章先表述细节，之后在文末归纳概括出主题。 (3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次升华主题。 (4)主题句出现在文章的中间。文章首先提出问题，对问题进行描述，讨论之后在文章的中间部分给出主题句，而后又做进一步的解释。 【示例】（2025·上海浦东新·二模） Yoshiko Abe is about to turn 89, but that hasn’t stopped her from going to the gym every day and trying the free-of-charge makeup course at her housing complex. “It was really helpful,” she said, smiling after putting on foundation and pink lipstick, something she hadn’t done in years. Japan is the fastest-aging society in the world, where more than a quarter of its population is 65 and older, at 36 million people. In about a decade, the percentage will be 33%. The market for older people is estimated to grow to more than 100 trillion yen ($650 billion) in size this year. No wonder the young-at-heart are an expanding community for business. …….. Yoshihiko Hotta, 85, the only man in the class of about 30 people, didn’t try the lipstick but happily put on the hand cream and went along with all the exercise routines. While acknowledging he felt something like aching legs, he declared firmly, “I don’t think age is relevant.” 4．What’s the main idea of this passage? A．Seniors in Japan are well aware of group identity. B．The rise of Japan’s silver economy redefines aging. C．Experts appeal to seniors to remain mentally active. D．Makeup courses are popular with the young-at-heart in Japan. 知识点2 段落大意类 通过结构或暗示概括段落大意。 (1)根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。 (2)通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。 【示例】（2025·上海青浦·二模） Fortunately, the bias of clinical testing may be changing. Almost half of trial participants in America are now women (in the rest of the world it is still only 40%). America and Britain look likely to publish regulations that require trial organisers to explain whom they ought to include and how they plan to involve them. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．There will be no bias in clinical testing very soon. B．Women used to be under-represented in clinical trials. C．Regulations on subjects in clinical trials have come into effect. D．Clinical trials are increasingly improving, thus attracting women. 知识点3 标题归纳类 三大方法定标题。①正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；②反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；③研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。 【示例】（2025·上海奉贤·二模） George Barris is not just an ordinary car designer; he is a visionary who transforms vehicles into custom-crafted masterpieces tailored to his clients’ wildest imaginations. Since the early 1940s, his pioneering creations have dominated both big screens and the private collections of Hollywood’s celebrities. 4．What is the most appropriate title for the passage? A．Custom Car Clubs: Post-War Boom in Popularity B．Hollywood’s Great Car Designer: George Barris C．George Barris: A Legend in Custom Car Innovation D．Classic Car Designs: Batmobile &Koach Highlights 考向1 考查文章大意题 （2025年嘉定一模） Some dishes give off an unmistakable air of elegance. Take a flawlessly clear consommé (清炖肉汤) for instance. Others are less so, like a pizza with a dense crust. And then there are dishes that seem to bridge the gap, appearing on menus across the range of taste and class. The chocolate fondant is one such dessert, loved for its simple, rich pleasure and luxury. ....... Though different in technique, both chéfs shared a vision of the fondant as a fancy, rich treat, a dessert designed to satisfy both the taste buds (味蕾) and a desire for elegance. Initially, it was a delicacy reserved for high-end dining rooms and the most exclusive restaurants. In America, it became a symbol of refined dessert culture, representing a particular kind of elegance. ......... 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The chocolate fondant's simplicity makes it easy for chefs to prepare. B. The chocolate fondant has gone from a high-end dessert to a common treat. C. The chocolate fondant originates in France and then spread to the whole world. D. The chocolate fondant is superior to other desserts because of its molten center. （2024静安二模） AI is now disrupting the industry that helped bring it into being. Every part of entertainment stands to be affected by generative AI, which digests inputs of text, image, audio or video to create new outputs of the same. But the games business will change the most, argues Andreessen Horowitz, a venture-capital (VC) firm. Games interactivity requires them to be stuffed with laboriously designed content: consider the 30 square miles of landscape or 60 hours of music in “Red Dead Redemption 2”, a recent cowboy adventure. Enlisting AI assistants to churn it out could drastically shrink timescales and budgets. 46. What is this passage mainly about? A. The evolution of graphics-processing units (GPUs). B. The impact of generative AI on the gaming industry. C. The societal significance of graphics-processing units (GPUs). D. The challenges generative AI presents to gaming studios. （2024年徐汇区一模） Zion National Park in Utah has plenty of trails, but Angels Landing may be the most breathtaking. Picture this. You begin the hike on the wide and well-maintained West Rim Trail. It follows the river and then crosses the bottom of the canyon, surrounded by 270-million-year-old layers of rock. Relaxing, right? Just wait for it. The trail then starts to climb via a series of switchbacks (急转弯) leading up the side of the mountain. Then more switchbacks: 21 tighter turns, called “Walter’s Wiggles,” where elevation levels rapidly increase. Your heartbeat is probably rapidly increasing at this point, too. 66. Which of the following could be the best title for the passage? A. Unveiling the Hidden Beauty: Exploring Zion National Park’s Trails B. Zion’s Ultimate Thrill: The Adrenaline-Pumping Angels Landing Expedition C. Chasing Heights: Angels Landing Adventure in Utah’s Zion National Park D. Angels Landing: Conquering Utah’s Breathtaking and Daring Hike in Zion National Park （2023徐汇二模） Casting blame is natural: it is tempting to fault someone else for a mistake rather than taking responsibility yourself. But blame is also harmful. It makes it less likely that people will own up to mistakes, and thus less likely that organizations can learn from them. Research published in 2015 suggests that firms whose managers pointed to external factors to explain their failings underperformed companies that blamed themselves. Blame culture can spread like a virus. Just as children fear mom and dad’s punishment if they admit to wrongdoing, in a blaming environment, employees are afraid of criticism and punishment if they acknowledge making a mistake at work. Blame culture asks, “who dropped the ball?” instead of “where did our systems and processes fail?” The focus is on the individuals, not the processes. It’s much easier to point fingers at a person or department instead of doing the harder, but the more beneficial, exercise of fixing the root cause, so the problem does not happen again. 66. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Why We Fail to Learn from Our Own Mistakes B. How to Avoid Disastrous Errors in Organizations C. Why We Should Stop the Blame Game at Work D. How to Deal with Workplace Blame Culture 考向2 考查段落大意类 （2025年长宁一模） Unemployment is a significant problem in many developing countries. Without steady work, individuals struggle to rise out of poverty, and the community as a whole also misses out. Many unemployed people could have done much good through their labour if they had been given the opportunity to contribute. Worse, without opportunities for proper employment, young people sometimes turn to crime and violence in order to provide for themselves. Thus, giving people opportunities to work is essential for the community’s well-being. 43. What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A. The role of the government in creating job opportunities. B. The importance of education for reducing unemployment rates. C. The necessity of providing work opportunities to prevent crime. D. The consequences of unemployment on individuals and communities. （2024年青浦一模） In the roughly 250 years since the Industrial Revolution, the world’s population, like its wealth, has exploded. Before the end of this century, however, the number of people on the planet could shrink for the first time since the Black Death. The root cause is not an increase in deaths, but a drop in births. Across much of the world the fertility rate, the average number of births per woman, is collapsing. Although the trend may be familiar, its extent and its consequences are not. Even as artificial intelligence (AI) leads to optimism in some quarters, the baby bust (婴儿荒) hangs over the future of the world economy. 63. What can be learned from the first paragraph? A. The collapsing fertility rate is to blame for the shrinking population. B. Black Death marked the shrinking number of people for the first time. C. Industrial Revolution weakened the increase of the world’s population. D. The public are familiar with the extent and the influence of the baby bust. （2024闵行一模） In cooperation with a team from MIT, the ETH team tested their new, TRAP-based search algorithm in two separate ocean experiments near Martha’s Vineyard, which is on the northeastern coast of the United States. Working from the same real-time data available to the Coast Guard, the team successfully identified TRAPs in the region in real-time. They found that buoys and manikins (浮标和人体模型) thrown in the water indeed quickly gathered along these emerging curves. “Of several competing approaches tested in this project, this was the only algorithm that consistently found the right location”, says Haller. 65. Paragraph 5 mainly talks about ________. A. the collection of data B. the testing of the algorithm C. the identification of the TRAPs D. the cooperation of two research teams （2023青浦一模） 3. ____________________ Almost three quarters of food wasted could still be eaten, meaning that the food is not spoiled, and is fine for consumption. Many people aren’t aware “best before” dates are suggestions, rather than rules. In contrast, however, the “use by” date refers to the last date a food is fit for consumption, and should be watched carefully for safety. When it comes to consuming food, use your senses: look at and smell the food. If it smells good and looks fine, the produce is more than likely completely fit to be eaten and enjoyed. 42. Which of the following can be the best subtitle for “3”? A. Save your money B. Enhance your food consumption C. Use your sense D. Follow your “best before” date 考向3 考查标题归纳类 （2025年长宁一模） We often picture today’s teens as social-media addicts. They stare at their phones 24/7 and lash out when they can’t have their WeChat fix. But the truth is more complicated: While they depend on social media to keep up with friends, it does have a tendency to make them feel helpless under the pressure, and they know it. When I spoke to four students at Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, Calif., as part of my nation-wide teen listening tour, they told me they make conscious choices about who they share things with on social media, how they manage their accounts and how they handle their own burnout. While teens generally acknowledge that social media helps them keep up with their friends, around 45% of them say they feel troubled by the drama they often encounter, according to Pew Research Center. Roughly four in 10 teenagers say they feel pressure to post only things that show them in a positive light or that generate a lot of comments or likes. ....... The Sherman Oaks teens I spoke with say they too have taken breaks to avoid burnout. They all have friends who don’t even bother with social media, and they say they admire it. Still, the fear of missing out usually draws them back. Or, as one of the four students told me, “It kind of gets a little lonely after a while.” 39. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. The downside of social media: Why teens get addicted B. The social media: More connectivity than isolation among teens C. The unseen consequences of social media: A teenage perspective D. The influence of social media: A comprehensive teenage analysis （2024松江二模） Although Bierman’s explanation is still based on guesses and has not accepted by mainstream science, Watt does think it is worth considering. For now, believing that it’s possible to predict future with dreams remains an act of faith. Yet, it’s possible that one day we’ll wake up to a true understanding of this fascinating phenomenon. 46. Which might be the best title of the passage? A. Should Dreams Be Assessed? B. Can Dreams Predict the Future? C. How Can Physics Be Changed to Explain Dreams? D. Why Should Scientists Study Precognitive Dreams? （2024年嘉定一模） New research confirms that human footprints found in New Mexico are probably the oldest direct evidence of human presence in the Americas, a finding that upends what many scientists knew about human habitation and migration(迁徙). 46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Scientists Discovers New Species of Humans in Americas B. Humans Reached Americas 15, 000 Years Earlier Than Believed C. American Archaeologists Unearthed Valuable Manmade Objects D. New Research Confirms Early Human Presence in Americas （2023宝山二模） Far below every town and city lies an invisible network of pipes crucial to the lives of their residents. Once water disappears down a pipe or toilet, people rarely think about what happens to it. It’s out of sight, out of mind. The water flows into pipes that carry excess rainwater, wastewater and solid waste away, keeping the city clean. 40．What would be the proper title for the passage? A．A City’s Underground Construction B．A City’s Hidden Network C．How A City Operates Well D．Two Aspects of A City or Town 思维建模 三大方法搞定文章主旨大意 主旨大意题主要考查考生对文章中心思想或段落大意的归纳、概括和总结能力。它要求考生能够理解文章的整体结构和主要内容，把握作者的写作意图。 · 寻找主题句法 · 位置判断：主题句在文章中的位置通常有一定规律。大部分情况下，主题句出现在文章的开头部分，开门见山地阐述文章主旨；有些文章主题句在结尾，起到总结全文的作用；还有少数文章主题句在中间，需要结合上下文来判断。 · 特点把握：主题句一般具有概括性强、涵盖范围广的特点，能够准确地表达文章或者段落的核心内容。例如，在一篇讲述环境保护措施的文章中，开头的主题句可能是 “Various effective measures have been taken to protect the environment in recent years.”。 · 归纳法 · 细节整合：如果文章没有明显的主题句，就需要对文章的细节信息进行归纳总结。把各个段落的主要内容提炼出来，寻找它们的共同点或者关联点，从而概括出文章的主旨。 · 注意事项：在归纳过程中，要避免遗漏重要信息，同时也要排除那些只涉及部分内容的选项。比如，一篇文章分别介绍了科技对教育、医疗和交通的积极影响，归纳主旨时就要涵盖这三个方面，不能只强调其中一个领域。 · 关注关键词法 · 高频词识别：注意文章中反复出现的关键词。这些关键词往往与文章的主题密切相关。例如，一篇文章多次出现 “AI（人工智能）”“machine learning（机器学习）”“big data（大数据）” 等词汇，那么文章主旨很可能是关于人工智能技术及其相关应用的。 · 同义替换词注意：同时还要留意与这些关键词意思相近的表达，它们也有助于确定文章主旨。比如，除了 “AI” 之外，还出现了 “artificial intelligence technology” 等表达。 （2023年6月·上海高考真题） (A) In the vast, untouched expanse of wilderness, Isla and her faithful golden retriever(猎犬), Finn danced in a harmony of souls. Together, they weaved through myriad terrains, from shadowed forests echoing with ancient secrets to rugged mountain paths that touched the heavens. Their bond was not of mere circumstance, but of shared dreams, Isla sought quiet away from the urban noise, while every rustle and murmur of the wild ignited Finn's spirit. As dawn's first light kissed the earth, Isla deliberately packed away memories of the nigh while Finn, with eager anticipation, wagged ( 摇摆)his tail, eager for the day's melodies. Their journey was not charted by maps or compasses, but by the gentle touches of their hearts, caressed by nature's ideal breezes. One dusky evening, painted with deep red colors and ethereal purples, an unexpected storm took them off guard, Raindrops, heavy with sorrow, transformed familiar trails into flowing streams, in a desperate bid for refuge, Isla was trapped by the fierce embrace of the currents. It twas Finn's instinctive courage that shone brightly in that moment of despair, as he moved forward suddenly, securing her backpack with a steadfast grip, drawing her back to safety's shore. Nestled in u rocky embrace, they clung to each other against the storm's fury. Isla whispered tales of bygone days and distant horizons into Finn's eager cars, In return , he moved slowly and complained weakly, weaving tales without words, sharing a symphony of silent stories. When the storm's rage decreased, the world they knew was covered in unfamiliarity. Trails they once danced upon had vanished, and landmarks whispered in unfamiliar tongues. For the first time, Isla felt the weight of disorientation. But Finn, with unwavering confidence, stepped forward, trusting his instincts to unveil the path ahead. As days melted into weeks, just when hope seemed a distant star, the embrace of a hidden village hugged them gently, Interested by the long exciting journey, villagers welcomed them ,their journey becoming woven into the picture of local legend. But the wild's temptation could not be ignored. Restored, the two partners ventured once more into the embrace of nature, carrying with them the blessings and hopes of newfound friends. Through the rich and colorful picture of their adventures, it became evident that their true strength was not in conquering the elements but in the unyielding bond they shared. The wild was but a stage for their eternal ballet of friendship and perseverance. 56. What connected Isla to Finn? A. The untouched expanse of wilderness. B. Shadowed forests echoing with ancient secrets. C.Circumstance and shared dreams. D. The urban noise. 57. What drove Isla into despair? A. A dusk of crimson and purple. B. A sudden storm. C. The familiar trails. D. A rocky embrace. 58. What were the villagers interested in? A. Finn's confidence and intuition. B. Isla's respect for nature. C. Isla and Finn's exciting journey D. The wild's temptation. 59. What can we learn from the passage? A. Isla and Finn made their journeys based on a map or a compass. B. Finn failed to pull Isla back to the safety of shore. C, The villagers wove Isla and Finn's journey into local legend. D. Isla and Finn's real strength lied in conquering harsh environments. (B) The Motivated Sequence (序列) of Public Speech The motivated sequence gets its name partly because it follows john Dewey's problem solution model for thinking and partly because it makes attractive analyses of these problems and their solutions by tying them to human motives. That is, the motivated sequence is both problem-driven and motivation-centered. There are five basic steps in the motivated sequence 1.You must get people to attend to some problem, or to feel discomfort strongly enough to want to hear more. 2. You can create more specific wants or desires, a personal sense of need. 3. When wants or needs are created, you can attempt to satisfy them by showing what can be done to solve the problem or relieve the sense of discomfort. 4. Simply describing a course of action may not be enough, so in the fourth place you can visualize the world as it would look if the actions were carried out, and what it might be like if they were not. 5. With that,if you have done these four tasks well, accidence members should be ready to act --to put into practice the proposed solution to their problems. Five steps Audience response l.Attention Getting attention I want to listen. 2.Need Showing the need : Describing the solution Something needs to be done. 3.Satisfaction Satisfying the need : presenting the solution This is what to do to satisfy the need. 4.Visualization Visualizing the results _________ ? _________ 5. Action Requesting action or approval l will do this. The motivated sequence can be used to structure many different sorts of speeches, It could be used, for example, in a speech urging your classmates to join a blood donors’ association. Or, you could use it to sell a friend insurance. And you can also use it to talk about social problems, such as the environment and the economic crisis. 60. What do we know about the motivated sequence? A. It is the basic principle of problem-solution model. B. It has nothing to do with human motivation. C. It's both problem-driven and motivation-centered. D. There are six basic steps in the motivated sequence. 6l. What can the motivated sequence be used for? A. A speech urging your classmates to quit a blood donors’ association. B. A speech to get your friends to promote a blood donors' association C. A speech to get your friends to sell insurance. D, A speech on the environmental and economic crisis. 62. Xiao Wang is trying to persuade his classmates to join a blood donors’ association. Help him draft a speech by putting the following five sentences in the right order based on the motivated sequence. (1 ) With the steady supply of blood , emergencies will be met with timely treatment (2)You can help by filling out the blood donors"cards l am passing out. (3)Our area is short of blood of all types to meet emergency needs. (4) A man died last night in a traffic accident because he lost too much blood. (5)A blood donors' association guarantees a predictable, steady supply of blood to the medical community. A. (4 ) (3) (5) (1) (2) B. (4 ) (2) (3) (1) (5) C. (4 ) (5) (3) (1) (2) D. (4 ) (2) (1) (5) (3) (C) The universe expands with every passing second, stretching the space between galaxies like dough rising in an oven. But just how fast is this expansion happening? As telescopes like Hubble strive to answer this fundamental question, they encounter a perplexing gap between theoretical predictions and observed data. Hubble's measurements indicate a faster rate of expansion in the modern universe compared to what was expected based on observations of the universe more than 13 billion years ago by the European Space Agency's Planck satellite. This inconsistency has been a subject of scientific inquiry for several years. However, it remains uncertain whether differences in measurement techniques or chance variations are responsible for this disparity. Recent data from the Hubble telescope have significantly reduced the possibility that this discrepancy is merely a statistical fluke, with the chances now estimated at only 1 in 100,000. This marks a substantial improvement from previous estimates, which placed the odds at 1 in 3,000 less than a year ago. These precise measurements from Hubble lend weight to the hypothesis that new physics may be necessary to reconcile the observed mismatch. Lead researcher Adam Riess, a Nobel laureate from the Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, describes the tension between the early and late universe as one of the most exciting developments in cosmology in decades. He emphasizes that the growing disparity cannot be dismissed as a random occurrence and suggests that it may signal the need for a deeper understanding of the cosmos. To determine distances in the universe, scientists rely on a "cosmic distance ladder" method. This involves accurately measuring distances to nearby galaxies and then using progressively distant galaxies as reference points. By observing stars like Cepheid variables, astronomers can calibrate this distance ladder. Riess and his team have been refining these measurements since 2005, aiming to improve our understanding of cosmic distances. In their latest study, astronomers used Hubble to observe 70 Cepheid variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud. By comparing these stars with their more distant counterparts in galaxies hosting supernovae, they refined their measurement of the Hubble constant, reducing its uncertainty from 2.2% to 1.9%. Despite this increased precision, their calculated Hubble constant remains at odds with the value predicted by observations of the early universe conducted by Planck. The Planck satellite, which maps the cosmic microwave background – a remnant of the universe's early stages – provides crucial data for understanding the universe's expansion. However, the discrepancy between these measurements and those from Hubble underscores the need for further investigation and the potential for new discoveries in cosmology. 63. Where do measurements of the early universe come from? A. The space between galaxies. B.Measurements from Hubble and other telescopes C. European Space Agency's Planck satellite. D. The latest Hubble data. 64. Which of the following statements is in line with Adam Riess’ opinion? A. The expansion speed of the modern universe is faster than expected B. New physics may be needed to explain this mismatch. C, It is unlikely that this discrepancy occurred by chance. D. Hubble's tension is the most exciting development in cosmology in decades. 65. What do scientists use to determine the distance of things in the universe? A. A cosmic distance ladder. B. Accurate measurements of distances. C.Milepost markers. D. The Hubble constant. 66. What did Riess’ team do? A. They used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe pulsating stars B. They improved the comparison between C.They raised the uncertainty of the Hubble constant to 2.2% D. They reduced the uncertainty in their Hubble constant value to 1.9. 29 / 32 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第07讲 阅读理解推断题、主旨大意题 目录 01 2 02 体系构建·思维可视 4 03 核心突破·靶向攻坚 5 考点一 考查阅读理解推理判断 5 知识点1 推断隐含意义 5 知识点2 推断写作意图 6 知识点3 推断文章出处或读者对象 6 知识点4 推断观点态度 6 考向1 考查逻辑分析推断隐含意义 7 考向2 考查文体特点推断写作意图 8 考向3 考查忠于措辞推断观点态度 9 考向4 考查语言特色推断文章出处和目标读者 10 【思维建模】立足原文找线索；排除干扰辨逻辑 考点二 考查阅读理解主旨大意 12 知识点1 文章大意类 12 知识点2 段落大意类 12 知识点3 标题归纳类 13 考向1 考查文章大意题 13 考向2 考查段落大意题 12 考向3 考查标题归纳题 17 【思维建模】三大方法搞定文章主旨大意 0424 近年上海高考阅读理解题细目表 高考年份 判断推理题题号/数量 主旨大意题题号/数量 2023上海春考 56、61、63、65 (4) 59、62、66、（3） 2022上海春考 58、60、65 (3) 59、62、66、(3) 2021上海春考 56、61、63、65 (4) 66、(1) 2020上海春考 57、59、64、65(4) 66、(1) 2023上海秋考 58、59、61、62 (4) 63 (1) 2022上海秋考 58、62、64 (3) 59、63、66、(3) 2021上海秋考 56、57、59、61、62、64、(6) 65、66、(2) 2020上海秋考 58、59、61、62 (4) 60、63、66、(3) ( ) 考点一、考查阅读理解推理判断 知识点1 推断隐含意义 锁定关键词： 根据题干关键词infer（推断），suggest（表明，暗示），conclude（得出结论）, indicate（暗示，象征）, imply（暗示）, assume(假定，设想)迅速确定题型 设题方式： It can be inferred from the passage that ． The author implied（suggested）that．．． ． It can be concluded from the passage that ． The writer indicates/implies/suggests that ． 解题指导： (1)抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断；(2)整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须以文章所提供的事实内容为依据，切忌凭空想象。 【示例】（2025·上海松江·二模） But monitoring these organisms presents a grand challenge for scientists. Traditional methods, such as ship-based surveys and sampling, are time-consuming, expensive, and geographically limited. Scientists are using slight differences in seawater colour to count Antarctic krill from space. Dr Cait McCarry, a researcher from the University of Strathclyde, recently returned from Antarctica, where she conducted experiments to measure this effect. She explained, “We start with seawater, then add a krill and measure how much light the water absorbs. Then we add another krill and take another measurement.” This process helps scientists understand how krill concentration affects ocean colour, enabling them to track krill populations from space. 2．It can be concluded that ______. A．light absorption changes with krill concentration B．krill’s waste helps plants absorb CO2 more efficiently C．the species of deep-sea plants are enriched due to krill D．krill are mainly threatened by natural hunters like whales 【答案】 2．A 2．推理判断题。根据第四段 “She explained, “We start with seawater, then add a krill and measure how much light the water absorbs. Then we add another krill and take another measurement.” This process helps scientists understand how krill concentration affects ocean colour, enabling them to track krill populations from space.(她解释说：“我们从海水开始，然后加入一只磷虾并测量水吸收了多少光。然后我们再加入一只磷虾并进行另一次测量。” 这个过程帮助科学家了解磷虾浓度如何影响海洋颜色，使他们能够从太空追踪磷虾的数量。）可推知，光的吸收随着磷虾浓度的变化而变化。故选 A。 知识点2 推断写作意图 锁定关键词： 根据题干关键词purpose（目的），intend to（打算），want to tell us ...（想要告诉我们），write this passage to（写这篇文章为了）迅速确定题型。 设题方式： What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? The purpose of the text is to get more people to ． The writer of the story wants to tell us that ． The fact ... is mentioned by the author to show ． The author writes the last paragraph in order to ． 解题指导： 记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开（to tell a story, to entertain readers, to share an experience...）； 应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言（to sell, to attract, to persuade, to promote...） 说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，应找准主题句（to introduce, to explain, to inform, to make comparisons...）； 议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。 【示例】（2025·上海闵行·二模） Beyond practice, creativity grows in environments that encourage exploration and problem-solving. Many breakthroughs in music, science, and art do not emerge from sudden inspiration but rather from sustained effort and experimentation. A composer might spend weeks testing different chord (和弦) progressions before discovering a unique combination. Similarly, a scientist may conduct numerous failed experiments before uncovering a groundbreaking solution. Thomas Edison, for example, famously said that his success was built on “1,000 ways that won’t work” before inventing the lightbulb (灯泡). 2．The role of the example of Thomas Edison in paragraph 3 is _________. A．to illustrate that failure can lead to success B．to show that perseverance is essential for creativity C．to emphasize that success depends on the initial talent D．to argue that failure is the main source of creativity 【答案】2．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要论述了创造力是可以通过有目的的练习、坚持不懈和正确的心态来培养的技能，并对此进行了举例说明。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Similarly, a scientist may conduct numerous failed experiments before uncovering a groundbreaking solution. Thomas Edison, for example, famously said that his success was built on “1,000 ways that won’t work” before inventing the lightbulb (灯泡).(同样，科学家在发现突破性的解决方案之前，可能会进行无数次失败的实验。例如，托马斯·爱迪生在发明灯泡之前曾说过，他的成功建立在“1000种行不通的方法”之上)”可推知，托马斯·爱迪生的例子是为了说明创造力需要坚持不懈的努力，即毅力对创造力至关重要。故选B。 知识点3 推断观点态度 锁定关键词： 根据题干中表达情感的形容词、副词、动词或介词短语等，如attitude（态度），outstanding（ 优秀的，突出的），disagree（不同意），hopefully（有希望的）,against（反对）, in favor of（赞成）, 迅速确定题型。 设题方式： The attitude of the author towards something is ． The writer of the passage seems to think that ． What's the author's opinion on ...? What do we know about ... in the passage? What does the author think about ...？ 解题指导： (1)注意作者或文中人物的措辞：①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；③结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断。 (2)牢记观点态度的常见词语： 附注：英语阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇 观点态度 例词 支持肯定 positive (积极的)、supportive (支持的)、optimistic (乐观的)、concerned 关心的 humorous(幽默的)、enthusiastic(热情的)、pleasant (愉快的)；subjective 主观的 中立 neutral (中立的)、objective(客观的)、not mentioned(未提及的)、unconcerned 不关心的、uninterested(不感兴趣的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)；conservative 保守的 否定反对 negative(否定的)、suspicious/skeptical(怀疑的)、disgusted(憎恶的) critical(批评的)、disappointed(失望的)、disapproving(不赞成的)、puzzled/ confused 困惑的、pessimistic 悲观的 【示例】（2025·上海黄浦·二模） The more powerful A．I. gets, the less humans understand about it — but perhaps we shouldn’t judge ourselves too harshly for that. As it turns out, A．I. doesn’t even understand itself. It’s one thing to honor the mystery of the human brain, but quite another to admit that artificial intelligence — both creative and plotting — is slipping away from our understanding. 4．Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with? A．The human brain is less complicated than A．I. B．Humans have control over the progress of A．I. C．A．I. may have to give in when challenged by humans. D．It’s hard to accept that A．I. is beyond our understanding. 【答案】 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是自ChatGPT发布以来，AI的迅速发展及其带来的正面与负面影响，特别是AI在数据控制和欺骗方面的潜在风险。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The more powerful A. I. gets, the less humans understand about it - but perhaps we shouldn’t judge ourselves too harshly for that. As it turns out, A. I. doesn’t even understand itself. It’s one thing to honor the mystery of the human brain, but quite another to admit that artificial intelligence—both creative and plotting—is slipping away from our understanding(人工智能越强大，人类对它的了解就越少——但也许我们不应该因此过于苛责自己。事实证明，人工智能甚至不了解自己。尊重人类大脑的奥秘是一回事，但承认具有创造性和谋划能力的人工智能正在逐渐超出我们的理解范围则是另一回事)”可知，人工智能越强大，人类对它的了解就越少，事实证明，人工智能甚至不了解自己。尊重人类大脑的奥秘是一回事，但承认具有创造性和谋划能力的人工智能正在逐渐超出我们的理解范围则是另一回事，可推理出作者认为很难 接受人工智能超出了我们的理解范围。故选D。 （2025·上海奉贤·二模）The technological singularity (技术奇点) is a theoretical scenario where technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, leading to profound and unpredictable changes to human civilization. ….. Moreover, figures such as Roman Yampolskiy point out that predicting the exact timeline is extremely difficult due to the exceptional nature of the singularity itself. The developments leading to a singularity involve many variables, including breakthroughs in AI algorithms, hardware capabilities and socictal factors that are hard to forecast with accuracy. …… 3．What best describes Roman Yampolskiy’s attitude toward predicting the singularity? A．Reserved. B．Optimistic. C．Indifferent. D．Neutral. 【答案】 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了技术奇点的概念、影响及专家对其到来时间的争议。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段的“Moreover, figures such as Roman Yampolskiy point out that predicting the exact timeline is extremely difficult due to the exceptional nature of the singularity itself.(此外，罗曼·亚姆波尔斯基等人指出，由于技术奇点本身的特殊性，预测其确切的时间线极其困难)”可推知，罗曼·亚姆波尔斯基对预测技术奇点的态度是有所保留的。故选A。 知识点4 推断文章出处和目标读者 设题方式: This passage would be most likely to be found in ． The passage is probably taken from ． Were does this text probably come from? Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from? The text is intended for ． 解题指导： (1) 根据文章的话题和细节确定文章出处或写作对象 (2) 根据文章的体裁和内容判断文章的中心话题 广告：语言简洁鲜明，有亮点； 报刊：时事性强，分不同板块，高考中常以政治、生活的话题为主； 杂志：覆盖生活各个层面，更贴近幕后，更贴近生活； 产品说明书：对某产品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介绍； 药品说明：说明药品的服用时间、次数、药量、禁忌等； 网络：文体不限，找到click here，download，up­load，link，mouse, surf等网络标志 【示例】（2025·上海浦东新·二模） In Shanghai’s busy streets and towering highrises, a new dialect appears — one spoken in algorithms(算法). From decoding local idioms in conference rooms to preserving disappearing crafts and guiding graduates toward tech careers, AI is becoming the city’s cultural bridge. This is urban intelligence with local flavor. ……... 3．Where would readers most likely find this article? A．A business blog. B．A career journal. C．A policy brief. D．A tech magazine. 【答案】 3．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在上海，人工智能（AI）在不同场景下的应用，如作为外国专业人士的文化翻译工具、保护即将消失的传统工艺、帮助大学毕业生匹配技术驱动市场的职业等。 3．推理判断题。根据文章大意以及第一段“In Shanghai’s busy streets and towering highrises, a new dialect appears — one spoken in algorithms(算法). From decoding local idioms in conference rooms to preserving disappearing crafts and guiding graduates toward tech careers, AI is becoming the city’s cultural bridge. This is urban intelligence with local flavor.( 在上海繁忙的街道和高耸的高楼中，一种新的方言出现了——一种用算法说的方言。从破译会议室里的当地习语，到保护消失的手工艺，再到引导毕业生从事科技职业，人工智能正在成为这座城市的文化桥梁。这是带有地方风味的城市智慧。)”可知，文章主要介绍了在上海，人工智能（AI）在不同场景下的应用，如作为外国专业人士的文化翻译工具、保护即将消失的传统工艺、帮助大学毕业生匹配技术驱动市场的职业等，重点围绕AI技术在不同方面的应用展开。D 选项“科技杂志”符合文章围绕 AI 技术应用的主题，所以读者最有可能在科技杂志上找到这篇文章。故选D项。 考向1 逻辑分析推断隐含意义 （2025年浦东新区一模） It was hard to get information about what was going on across Asheville. Within hours, we lost power, Internet and even cell service. A neighbor told me we could get information on the radio, so I sat in my car to listen to the local radio station’s updates. That’s how I learned that the water wasn’t safe to drink. The treatment plant was under eight feet of water and the distribution pipes had washed away. 38. What can be inferred from paragragh 5? A. Timely access to information is important during a disaster. B. The treatment plant is supposed to be built deep underwater. C. People must depend on neighbors for survival in a disaster. D. Protecting water resources promotes a sense of community. 【答案】38. A 推理判断题。第五段主要讲述了因为飓风，作者所在的地方很快失去了电力、网络甚至手机信号，很难获取信息，后来通过听收音机才得知水不安全等重要信息。由此可以推断出在灾难期间及时获取信息是很重要的。故选 A。 （2025年徐汇一模） ...... Keller’s research adds a significant piece to the still-incomplete puzzle of shark biology. Sharks have been declining at an alarming rate due to mostly overfishing and habitat change. Studying the life cycles and migration patterns of sharks can help us understand what arcas to protect when managing marine spaces. 45. From the passage, we can infer that Keller’s research is significant because it ________. A. provides a new method for capturing sharks. B. supports the idea that sharks’ migration patterns are random. C. adds crucial information to our understanding of shark biology. D. suggests that sharks should be protected from overfishing. 【答案】 45. C 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Keller’s research adds a significant piece to the still-incomplete puzzle of shark biology.(凯勒的研究为尚不完整的鲨鱼生物学之谜增添了重要的一环)”可推知，凯勒的研究重要是因为Keller的研究为我们理解鲨鱼生物学增添了至关重要的信息。故选C。 （2024虹口二模） Of course, there are typically many participants in the pricing process: Accounting provides cost estimates; marketing communicates the pricing strategy; sales provides specific customer input; production sets supply boundaries; and finance establishes the requirements for the entire company’s financial health. Input from diverse sources is necessary. However, problems arise when the philosophy of wide participation is carried over to the price-setting process without strong coordinating mechanisms (协调机制). For example, if the marketing department sets list prices, the salespeople negotiate discounts in the field, the legal department adjusts prices if necessary to prevent breaking the laws or contractual agreements, and the people filling orders negotiate price adjustments for delays in shipment, everybody’s best intentions usually end up bringing about less than the best results. In fact, the company may actually lose money on some orders. 65. What can be inferred from the wide participation in the pricing process? A. Decision making requires gathering comprehensive information. B. The coordinating mechanism won’t work without a lot of input. C. Potential customers are easily upset at any stage of the process. D. The company loses money unless everyone intends for the best. 【答案】 65. A 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Of course, there are typically many participants in the pricing process: Accounting provides cost estimates; marketing communicates the pricing strategy; sales provides specific customer input; production sets supply boundaries; and finance establishes the requirements for the entire company’s financial health. Input from diverse sources is necessary. (当然，定价过程中通常有很多参与者：会计提供成本估算;营销传达定价策略；销售人员提供具体的客户意见；生产设置供应边界；财务部门为整个公司的财务 状况制定了要求。来自不同来源的投入是必要的。)”可知，定价过程的广泛参与是因为决策需要收集全面的信息，故选A项。 （2023虹口二模） It’s hard to imagine today, but back in the 1970s, most sidewalks in the United States ended with a sharp drop-off. That was a big deal for people in wheelchairs because there were no ramps (斜坡) to help them move along city blocks without assistance. According to one disability rights leader, a six-inch curb “might as well have been Mount Everest”. So, activists from Berkeley, California, who also needed wheelchairs, organized a campaign to create tiny ramps at intersections to help people dependent on wheels move up and down curbs independently. 41．By “might as well have been Mount Everest” (paragraph 3), the disability rights leader implies that a six-inch curb may become ________. A．as famous as the world’s highest mountain B．an almost impassable barrier C．a connection between people D．a most unforgettable matter 【答案】41．B 41．推理判断题。根据第三段第二三句“That was a big deal for people in wheelchairs because there were no ramps (斜坡) to help them move along city blocks without assistance. According to one disability rights leader, a six-inch curb “might as well have been Mount Everest”.  (这对坐轮椅的人来说是一件大事，因为没有斜坡可以帮助他们在没有帮助的情况下沿着城市街区移动。一位残疾人权益领袖表示，6英寸长的路缘“就像珠穆朗玛峰一样”。)”可知，没有斜坡，6英寸长的路缘对于坐轮椅的人来说是一个几乎无法逾越的障碍。故选B。 （2023闵行二模） Four types of learnersType A Learner People in this group adapt observations into complex but logical theories. They think problems through in a logical way. They tend to be perfectionists who won’t rest easy until everything is reasonable. They like to analyze and are keen on basic principles and theories. They pay great attention to logic, so questions they frequently ask are: “ ________________ ”, and “How does this go with that?”. They tend to be objective, approaching problems in a consistently logical manner. This is their “mental set” and they reject anything that conflicts with it. They prefer to maximize certainty and feel uncomfortable with subjective judgements. Type B Learner 1．Which of the following can be put into the blank in the first paragraph? A．Do we need more experiments? B．Do you understand me? C．Do you believe the theory? D．Does it make sense? 【答案】1．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了四种类型的学习者。 1．推理判断题。根据设空处上文“They pay great attention to logic, so questions they frequently ask are(他们非常注重逻辑，所以他们经常问的问题是)”及下文“How does this go with that?(这个和那个怎么搭配？)”可知，A型学习者注重逻辑分析及实用性。由此推知，Does it make sense?(这有意义吗？)属于A型学习者会问的问题，可以放在第一段的空白处。故选D。 考向2 文体特点推断写作意图 （2025年杨浦一模） Neurodiversity is a term that refers to the natural range of differences in people’s brains. The neurodiversity movement says that the brains that wander from the average within that range shouldn’t be dismissed as insufficient automatically. The term dates back to the autism (自闭症) community in the 1990s, though it’s now applied to all sorts of mental differences. In the past, “autism was widely seen as an individual medical tragedy,” says Robert Chapman, a neurodivergent (脑功能异于常人的) philosopher with autism, “The only hope for autistic people and our families, it was thought, was that we would one day be fixed through behavioral or biomedical intervention.” .......... Crucially, the neurodiversity movement allows neurodivergent people to transform their thinking about themselves. “The dominant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me somehow tragic, broken, and in need of fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 book. “This was why I found discovering neurodiversity movement, which offered a different analysis, so liberating.” 46. The main purpose of the article is to ______. A. introduce the effective treatment methods for autism B. explain the history and significance of the neurodiversity movement C. argue for the necessity of promoting the neurodiversity movement D. criticize the wrong focus of research in understanding autism 【答案】46. B 推理判断题。根据第一段“Neurodiversity is a term that refers to the natural range of differences in people’s brains. The neurodiversity movement says that the brains that wander from the average within that range shouldn’t be dismissed as insufficient automatically.(神经多样性是一个术语，指的是人类大脑的自然差异范围。神经多样性运动表示，在这个范围内偏离平均水平的大脑不应该被自动视为不充分)”可知，这句话引出神经多样性这一话题，接下来文章围绕神经多样性运动展开，解释了其历史、意义和影响。由此推知，文章的主要目的是解释神经多样性运动的历史和意义。故选B项。 （2024普陀二模） And when I say “extremely lucky” I mean it. Despite trying this technique for over a decade, it is only now that astronomers have found a candidate black hole through microlensing. Two teams used the same data, a microlensing event recorded from both the OGLE (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment) telescope in Chile and the MOA (Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics) telescope in New Zealand. One team found that the mass was somewhere around seven times the mass of the sun – definitely black hole territory. But the other team estimated a much smaller mass, around 2-4 times the mass of the Sun. If the true mass of the object is at the lower end of that spectrum (光谱), then the wanderer is probably not a black hole. 66. What conclusion can we draw from the last paragraph? A. To persevere in the end is to win. B. Facts speak louder than words. C. Failure is the mother of success. D. Things are not always what they seem. 【答案】 66. D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段内容“Two teams used the same data, a microlensing event recorded from both the OGLE (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment) telescope in Chile and the MOA (Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics) telescope in New Zealand. One team found that the mass was somewhere around seven times the mass of the sun – definitely black hole territory. But the other team estimated a much smaller mass, around 2-4 times the mass of the Sun.(两个团队使用了相同的数据，智利的OGLE(光学引力透镜实验)望远镜和新西兰的MOA(天体物理学中的微透镜观测)望远镜都记录了一个微透镜事件。一个研究小组发现，它的质量大约是太阳质量的7倍——绝对是黑洞的范围。但另一个小组估计的质量要小得多，大约是太阳质量的2-4倍。)”可知，最后一段提到了分析微透镜事件的两个团队在质量估计上的差异。这种差异表明，即使有科学数据和分析，一个物体的真实性质(在这种情况下，无论它是否是黑洞)也可能无法立即显现。不同的结论表明，即使有科学证据，事情也并不总是像它们看起来的那样。故选D。 （2023普陀二模） Guterres said: “The heat is on, and as the contents of the report show, the leadership we need is off. Far off. Countries are wasting a massive opportunity to invest Covid-19 finance and recovery resources in sustainable, cost-saving, planet-saving ways. As world leaders prepare for Cop26, this report is another thundering wake-up call. How many do we need?” 45. What is the author’s purpose in saying “How many do we need?”in Para. 5? A. To show the number of alarm clocks required. B. To inquire the number of the countries attending the meeting. C. To explain the reason for the world’s wasting chances. D. To stress the need to save energy and reduce emissions. 【答案】45. D 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Countries are wasting a massive opportunity to invest Covid-19 finance and recovery resources in sustainable, cost-saving, planet-saving ways. As world leaders prepare for Cop26, this report is another thundering wake-up call.（各国正在浪费以可持续、节约成本和保护地球的方式投入Covid-19融资和恢复资源的巨大机会。在世界各国领导人为Cop26做准备之际，这份报告再次敲响了警钟。）”和第六段中“Climate change is no longer a future problem. It is a now problem. To stand a chance of limiting global warming to 1.5℃, we have 8 years to almost halve greenhouse gas emissions: 8 years to make the plans, put in place the policies, carry them out and deliver the cuts.（气候变化不再是未来的问题。这是一个现在的问题。为了有机会将全球变暖控制在1.5℃以内，我们有8年的时间将温室气体排放量减少近一半:8年的时间来制定计划、实施政策、执行并实现减排。）”，可知，在第5段作者说“How many do we need?”的目的是强调节能减排的必要性。故选D。 （2023金山二模） If you have an investment portfolio (投资组合) of $500,000 or more, get... 19．What is the main purpose of this passage? A．To give investment advice to anyone planning to retire. B．To provide a free guide on retirement planning to everyone. C．To seek potential customers who are interested in retirement planning. D．To offer a special bonus report on maximizing Social Security benefits for retirement. 【答案】 19．C 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍的是一家投资公司为有投资意向的退休人员提供的投资建议。 19．推理判断题。根据首段中的“If you have an investment portfolio (投资组合) of $500,000 or more, get...(如果你有50万美元以上的投资组合，请获得……)”和第一幅图片中的“99 TIPS TO MAKE YOUR RETIREMENT MORE COMFORTABLE(99个小贴士让你的退休生活更舒适)”可知，有投资意向的退休人员可以得到一些投资建议，让他们的退休生活更舒适，由此可知，本文主要是在退休人员中寻找一些潜在的投资客户。故选C项。 考向3 忠于措辞推断观点态度 （2025·上海杨浦·二模） Since the Industrial Revolution, every generation of farmers has had to deal with the technological changes of the day and they have successfully adapted to survive. Who knows! AI may well turn out to be just the latest in a long line of challenges to be embraced by adaptable and spirited farmers. And anything that saves me the worry of checking the weather forecast day and night during harvest season must be a good thing. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the use of AI in agriculture? A．Suspicious. B．Optimistic. C．Neutral. D．Concerned. 【答案】 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨人工智能（AI）在农业领域的应用现状与未来前景，包括智能奶牛监测、农业技术教育、劳动力替代问题以及作者对AI农业化的积极态度。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“AI may well turn out to be just the latest in a long line of challenges to be embraced by adaptable and spirited farmers. And anything that saves me the worry of checking the weather forecast day and night during harvest season must be a good thing. (人工智能很可能只是一长串挑战中最新的一个，这些挑战将被适应能力强、精神充沛的农民所接受。任何能让我不用在收获季节日夜查看天气预报的事情都是好事。)”可知，作者对AI节省人力，如免于日夜查看天气预报积极评价，因此推断作者对人工智能在农业上的应用持乐观态度。故选B。 （2024浦东新区二模） The whole purpose of individuality is excellence. Those who invent, who improvise(即兴发挥), who know more about a subject than other people do, and who take something that doesn’t work and make it work––these people are the very soul of capitalism. 44. The author would most probably agree that _________. A. an individualist tends to seek difference both in character and appearance B. the essence of individualism lies in pursuing excellence to the full C. being different in appearance is the very first step to being individual D. those who strive to win the recognition of others are real individualists 【答案】44. B 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The whole purpose of individuality is excellence. Those who invent, who improvise(即兴发挥), who know more about a subject than other people do, and who take something that doesn’t work and make it work—these people are the very soul of capitalism. (个性的全部目的就是追求卓越。那些发明创造，即兴发挥，比别人更了解一个主题，并采取无效的东西，并使其发挥作用的人-这些人是资本主义的灵魂。)”可知，作者可能同意个人主义的本质在于追求卓越。故选B。 （2023奉贤二模） If the progress of the times is unable to hold back the coming revolution in education, it seems unlikely that the traditional classroom is going to have any luck in its attempts trying to turn back the clock. As Laurillard puts it, “It took a global pandemic to drive home what we’ve been saying for 20 years.” 32．According to the passage, what does the author most probably agree with? A．Speed learning harms students’ learning efficiency. B．The coming revolution in education is irreversible. C．Teachers will play a less important role in the future. D．The traditional classrooms will eventually disappear. 【答案】 32．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。疫情之后，教育也发生了一些变化。文章认为教育的内容应该有所转变，而学习的主动权则应该交给学生。 32．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“If the progress of the times is unable to hold back the coming revolution in education, it seems unlikely that the traditional classroom is going to have any luck in its attempts trying to turn back the clock. As Laurillard puts it, “It took a global pandemic to drive home what we’ve been saying for 20 years.”(如果时代的进步无法阻挡即将到来的教育改革，那么传统课堂似乎不太可能在试图让时光倒流的尝试中有任何运气。正如劳里拉德所言，“我们20年来一直在说的话，只有一场全球大流行才能让人明白。”)”可知，作者认为教育改革是不可逆转的。故选B。 （2023奉贤一模） Youth involves a certain innocence but also perseverance. The word “can’t” wasn’t in my vocabulary. I partnered with a friend buying distressed multifamily properties around Houston. Even though we were enthusiastic and backed with start-up sums, I didn’t make a deal work. My friend moved on to other projects. Alone, I put all my money into the next real-estate project. I put the time in, I dreamed it, but once again the deal fell through. Two months later, though, the deal came back around. That was when the path opened, luck changed, and I was ready to form my own company. I haven’t looked back. Only ahead. I’m now able to give back to communities and causes. I donate about $500,000 a year, much of that going to research to cure rare diseases. We also support a lot of services for disadvantaged children in Houston and other places. 38. Which quality of the author is not shown in the passage? A. Perseverance. B. Optimism. C. Innocence. D. Kindness. 【答案】38. C 【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在成长过程中经常遇到困难，所以无论发生什么，都习惯了勇往直前。 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Youth involves a certain innocence but also perseverance. The word “can’t” wasn’t in my vocabulary.(青春既有一定的天真，也有一定的毅力。我的字典里没有“不能”这个词)”以及倒数第二段中“I’m now able to give back to communities and causes. I donate about $500,000 a year, much of that going to research to cure rare diseases.(我现在能够回馈社区和事业。我每年捐赠大约50万美元，其中大部分用于治疗罕见疾病的研究)”可知，作者单纯的品质在文章中没有表现出来。故选C。 考向4 语言特色推断文章出处和目标读者 【典例】（2024金山二模） Looking for a career change? Check out these unconventional options! The Waterslide Tester When the pool where he worked as a lifeguard was closed during the COVID-19 pandemic, Guillaume Pop took jobs at various other pools that were virtually deserted. In one video on the social platform, he pretended to be a “professional waterslide tester”. Unexpectedly, Pop became a social media sensation. He was then hired to “test” slides and other facilities at water parks and swimming pools all over France. “It’s the best job in the world,” declares Pop, whose videos have received 80 million views. “I’m not behind a desk. I’m active and outside in the sun. In fact, all the children tell me they want to be a waterslide tester!” 62. Who is most probably interested in this passage? A. Employees who are considering switching jobs. B. Students who are applying for ideal universities. C. Children who are interested in unusual activities. D. Graduates who are deciding on their essay topics. 【答案】62. A 推理判断题。根据第一段“Looking for a career change? Check out these unconventional options!(想换个工作？看看这些非传统的选择吧！)”可推知，考虑换工作的员工最有可能对这篇文章感兴趣。故选A。 （2023青浦二模） Clearly, everyone — whether he/she is a British citizen or a foreigner investor — who wants to start a business in London must detect first the most profitable areas. And the four most appealing ones are listed below. 14．This article is intended for ______. A．British citizens who want to buy luxury goods B．visitors looking for recreational activities in Britain C．investors interested in starting a business in London D．foreigners participating in commercial activities in London 【答案】14．C 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了伦敦四个最适合投资者投资的地方。 14．推理判断题。根据第三自然段“Clearly, everyone — whether he/she is a British citizen or a foreigner investor — who wants to start a business in London must detect first the most profitable areas. And the four most appealing ones are listed below. (显然，每个想在伦敦创业的人，无论是英国公民还是外国投资者，都必须首先发现最有利可图的领域。下面列出了四个最吸引人的)”可推知，本文是的受众群体是有兴趣在伦敦创业的投资者。故选C。 （2023长宁二模） In case you want to know more about the benefits of tax-free municipal bonds, we now have an offer for you. Our specialists have created a helpful Bond Guide for investors. It’s free and comes with no obligation (义务) at all. 10．Who would be the most likely target readers of this leaflet? A．Municipal bond administrators. B．Federal tax calculators. C．The copyright owners of the Bond Guide. D．Senior-citizen investors. 【答案】 10．D 【导语】这是一篇应用文。向读者介绍了市政债券的相关信息。 10．推理判断题。根据第五段第一二句“In case you want to know more about the benefits of tax-free municipal bonds, we now have an offer for you. Our specialists have created a helpful Bond Guide for investors. (如果您想了解更多关于免税市政债券的好处，我们现在为您提供优惠。我们的专家为投资者创建了一份有用的债券指南)”可知，本文的目标读者是对市政债券感兴趣的投资者。故选D项。 思维建模 立足原文找线索；排除干扰辨逻辑 推理判断题是高考英语阅读理解中的重要题型，着重考查考生在理解文章字面意思的基础上，对文章深层含义的推理和判断能力。它要求考生依据文章提供的信息，通过逻辑推理、归纳总结、分析判断等思维过程，得出文章隐含的意义、作者的意图、观点态度等内容。这种题型难度相对较高，因为答案不能直接从原文中获取，需要考生具备较强的综合理解能力。题型和考查角度： 1.高频考点：隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。 2.低频考点：文章出处、文章结构、目标读者。 · 立足原文内容：推理判断必须以文章内容为依据，不能脱离原文进行主观臆断。仔细阅读文章，理解文章的主题、结构和细节信息，找出与题目相关的关键部分。 · 寻找线索和暗示：关注文章中的关键词、连接词、修辞手法等，这些可能是推理的重要线索。例如，“however”“therefore” 等连接词可以帮助我们理解作者的思路和观点变化；比喻、象征等修辞手法可能暗示作者的情感倾向。 · 分析逻辑关系：考虑文章中的因果、对比、类比等逻辑关系。如果文章提到某种现象是由某个原因引起的，那么在推理时可以依据这个因果关系进行推断；如果是对比不同事物的特点，就可以从对比中得出对这些事物的评价。 · 排除干扰选项：对于不符合原文逻辑和信息的选项要果断排除。有些选项可能本身内容正确，但与题目要求的推理判断无关；有些选项可能是过度推断，超出了原文所提供的范围。 ( ) 考点二、考查阅读理解主旨大意 知识点1 文章大意类 寻找主题句确定文章大意。主题句的位置一般有以下几种： (1)主题句出现在文首。文章开门见山，给出了主题句，随之用细节对其进行解释、支撑。 (2)主题句出现在文末。文章先表述细节，之后在文末归纳概括出主题。 (3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次升华主题。 (4)主题句出现在文章的中间。文章首先提出问题，对问题进行描述，讨论之后在文章的中间部分给出主题句，而后又做进一步的解释。 【示例】（2025·上海浦东新·二模） Yoshiko Abe is about to turn 89, but that hasn’t stopped her from going to the gym every day and trying the free-of-charge makeup course at her housing complex. “It was really helpful,” she said, smiling after putting on foundation and pink lipstick, something she hadn’t done in years. Japan is the fastest-aging society in the world, where more than a quarter of its population is 65 and older, at 36 million people. In about a decade, the percentage will be 33%. The market for older people is estimated to grow to more than 100 trillion yen ($650 billion) in size this year. No wonder the young-at-heart are an expanding community for business. …….. Yoshihiko Hotta, 85, the only man in the class of about 30 people, didn’t try the lipstick but happily put on the hand cream and went along with all the exercise routines. While acknowledging he felt something like aching legs, he declared firmly, “I don’t think age is relevant.” 4．What’s the main idea of this passage? A．Seniors in Japan are well aware of group identity. B．The rise of Japan’s silver economy redefines aging. C．Experts appeal to seniors to remain mentally active. D．Makeup courses are popular with the young-at-heart in Japan. 【答案】4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了日本老龄化社会中，老年市场不断发展，针对老年人的商业不只是传统的医疗和养老院，还包括化妆课程、豪华邮轮、“老歌”摇滚音乐会等，而且老年人对这些很感兴趣，他们依然活跃，对潮流敏感，化妆等活动对他们的身心健康有积极作用，这重新定义了老龄化。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了日本老龄化社会中，老年市场不断发展，针对老年人的商业不只是传统的医疗和养老院，还包括化妆课程、豪华邮轮、“老歌”摇滚音乐会等，而且老年人对这些很感兴趣，他们依然活跃，对潮流敏感，化妆等活动对他们的身心健康有积极作用，这重新定义了老龄化。B选项“The rise of Japan’s silver economy redefines aging”（日本银发经济的崛起重新定义了老龄化）能很好地概括文章主旨。故选B项。 知识点2 段落大意类 通过结构或暗示概括段落大意。 (1)根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。 (2)通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。 【示例】（2025·上海青浦·二模） Fortunately, the bias of clinical testing may be changing. Almost half of trial participants in America are now women (in the rest of the world it is still only 40%). America and Britain look likely to publish regulations that require trial organisers to explain whom they ought to include and how they plan to involve them. 4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．There will be no bias in clinical testing very soon. B．Women used to be under-represented in clinical trials. C．Regulations on subjects in clinical trials have come into effect. D．Clinical trials are increasingly improving, thus attracting women. 【答案】 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了临床试验中代表性不足的问题及其改进措施，强调了扩大参与者范围对医疗进步的重要性。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Fortunately, the bias of clinical testing may be changing. Almost half of trial participants in America are now women (in the rest of the world it is still only 40%). (幸运的是，临床试验的偏见可能正在改变。现在美国近一半的试验参与者是女性（在世界其他地区仍然只有40%）)”由此可推断出过去女性在临床试验中的参与比例是较低的，也就是女性过去在临床试验中的代表性不足。故选B项。 知识点3 标题归纳类 三大方法定标题。①正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；②反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；③研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。 【示例】（2025·上海奉贤·二模） George Barris is not just an ordinary car designer; he is a visionary who transforms vehicles into custom-crafted masterpieces tailored to his clients’ wildest imaginations. Since the early 1940s, his pioneering creations have dominated both big screens and the private collections of Hollywood’s celebrities. 4．What is the most appropriate title for the passage? A．Custom Car Clubs: Post-War Boom in Popularity B．Hollywood’s Great Car Designer: George Barris C．George Barris: A Legend in Custom Car Innovation D．Classic Car Designs: Batmobile &Koach Highlights 【答案】 4．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了汽车改造大师乔治·巴里斯的个人经历以及他在汽车改造行业所取得的成就。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“George Barris is not just an ordinary car designer; he is a visionary who transforms vehicles into custom-crafted masterpieces tailored to his clients’ wildest imaginations.(乔治·巴里斯不仅仅是一位普通的汽车设计师；他是一个有远见的人，他把汽车改造成定制的杰作，以满足客户最疯狂的想象)”结合文章主要介绍了汽车改造大师乔治·巴里斯的个人经历以及他在汽车改造行业所取得的成就。可知，C选项“乔治·巴里斯：定制汽车创新的传奇”最符合文章标题。故选C。 考向1 考查文章大意题 （2025年嘉定一模） Some dishes give off an unmistakable air of elegance. Take a flawlessly clear consommé (清炖肉汤) for instance. Others are less so, like a pizza with a dense crust. And then there are dishes that seem to bridge the gap, appearing on menus across the range of taste and class. The chocolate fondant is one such dessert, loved for its simple, rich pleasure and luxury. ....... Though different in technique, both chéfs shared a vision of the fondant as a fancy, rich treat, a dessert designed to satisfy both the taste buds (味蕾) and a desire for elegance. Initially, it was a delicacy reserved for high-end dining rooms and the most exclusive restaurants. In America, it became a symbol of refined dessert culture, representing a particular kind of elegance. ......... 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The chocolate fondant's simplicity makes it easy for chefs to prepare. B. The chocolate fondant has gone from a high-end dessert to a common treat. C. The chocolate fondant originates in France and then spread to the whole world. D. The chocolate fondant is superior to other desserts because of its molten center. 【答案】 46. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巧克力软糖的发明以及从高端甜点如何变成普通食物的过程。 主旨大意题。根据第三段“Initially, it was a delicacy reserved for high-end dining rooms and the most exclusive restaurants. In America, it became a symbol of refined dessert culture, representing a particular kind of elegance. (最初，它是高端餐厅和最高档餐厅的美食。在美国，它成为精致甜点文化的象征，代表着一种特殊的优雅。)”以及最后一段“Over time, the fondant evolved into what many now known as the “molten chocolate cake” or “chocolate lava cake.” (随着时间的推移，这种糖演变成了现在人们所知的“熔融巧克力蛋糕”或“巧克力熔岩蛋糕”。)”结合文章主要介绍了巧克力软糖的发明以及从高端甜点如何变成普通食物的过程。可知，这篇文章的主旨是巧克力软糖已经从一种高端甜点变成了一种普通的食物。故选B。 （2024静安二模） AI is now disrupting the industry that helped bring it into being. Every part of entertainment stands to be affected by generative AI, which digests inputs of text, image, audio or video to create new outputs of the same. But the games business will change the most, argues Andreessen Horowitz, a venture-capital (VC) firm. Games interactivity requires them to be stuffed with laboriously designed content: consider the 30 square miles of landscape or 60 hours of music in “Red Dead Redemption 2”, a recent cowboy adventure. Enlisting AI assistants to churn it out could drastically shrink timescales and budgets. 46. What is this passage mainly about? A. The evolution of graphics-processing units (GPUs). B. The impact of generative AI on the gaming industry. C. The societal significance of graphics-processing units (GPUs). D. The challenges generative AI presents to gaming studios. 【答案】 46. B 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中“AI is now disrupting the industry that helped bring it into being. Every part of entertainment stands to be affected by generative AI, which digests inputs of text, image, audio or video to create new outputs of the same. But the games business will change the most (人工智能现在正在颠覆帮助它诞生的行业。娱乐的每个部分都将受到生成式人工智能的影响，它可以消化文本、图像、音频或视频的输入，以创造相同的新输出。但变化最大的将是游戏行业)”可知，文章主要围绕生成式人工智能对游戏行业的影响展开，介绍了人工智能有望简化游戏开发过程，可以被用来创造新的游戏内容，并且可能改变游戏开发的格局。小型公司可能会更快地意识到人工智能可能带来的新机遇，但大型工作室也能够利用人工智能技术来增强他们的业务。故选B项。 （2024年徐汇区一模） Zion National Park in Utah has plenty of trails, but Angels Landing may be the most breathtaking. Picture this. You begin the hike on the wide and well-maintained West Rim Trail. It follows the river and then crosses the bottom of the canyon, surrounded by 270-million-year-old layers of rock. Relaxing, right? Just wait for it. The trail then starts to climb via a series of switchbacks (急转弯) leading up the side of the mountain. Then more switchbacks: 21 tighter turns, called “Walter’s Wiggles,” where elevation levels rapidly increase. Your heartbeat is probably rapidly increasing at this point, too. 66. Which of the following could be the best title for the passage? A. Unveiling the Hidden Beauty: Exploring Zion National Park’s Trails B. Zion’s Ultimate Thrill: The Adrenaline-Pumping Angels Landing Expedition C. Chasing Heights: Angels Landing Adventure in Utah’s Zion National Park D. Angels Landing: Conquering Utah’s Breathtaking and Daring Hike in Zion National Park 【答案】D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了Zion国家公园Angels Landing路段有令人惊叹的美景，且该路段比较危险，在此徒步旅行，将会是一次大胆且非常有活力的经历。 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Zion National Park in Utah has plenty of trails, but Angels Landing may be the most breathtaking.(犹他州的钖安国家公园有很多路径，但是Angels Landing可能是最令人激动的。)”可知，文章主要介绍了Zion国家公园Angels Landing路段有令人惊叹的美景，且该路段比较危险，在此徒步旅行，将会是一次大胆且非常有活力的经历，D“Angels Landing：在锡安国家公园征服犹他州的惊险徒步”。故选D。 （2023徐汇二模） Casting blame is natural: it is tempting to fault someone else for a mistake rather than taking responsibility yourself. But blame is also harmful. It makes it less likely that people will own up to mistakes, and thus less likely that organizations can learn from them. Research published in 2015 suggests that firms whose managers pointed to external factors to explain their failings underperformed companies that blamed themselves. Blame culture can spread like a virus. Just as children fear mom and dad’s punishment if they admit to wrongdoing, in a blaming environment, employees are afraid of criticism and punishment if they acknowledge making a mistake at work. Blame culture asks, “who dropped the ball?” instead of “where did our systems and processes fail?” The focus is on the individuals, not the processes. It’s much easier to point fingers at a person or department instead of doing the harder, but the more beneficial, exercise of fixing the root cause, so the problem does not happen again. 66. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Why We Fail to Learn from Our Own Mistakes B. How to Avoid Disastrous Errors in Organizations C. Why We Should Stop the Blame Game at Work D. How to Deal with Workplace Blame Culture 【答案】 66. C 【解析】这是一篇议论文。主要论述了职场中“责怪文化”的弊端及引进“不责怪”文化的好处及担忧。 主旨大意题。根据第一段第二句“But blame is also harmful. It makes it less likely that people will own up to mistakes, and thus less likely that organizations can learn from them.”（但是责备也是有害的。这使得人们不太可能承认错误，因此组织也不太可能从中吸取教训。）及第二段第一句“Blame culture can spread like a virus.”（责备就像病毒一样传播。）可知文章前两段主要论述了职场中“责怪文化”的弊端，并结合下文对“不责怪文化”好处的论述可知，文章主要分析了职场中应该停止“责怪文化”的原因，并引进“不责怪文化”，C项“为什么我们应该停止工作中的指责文化”适合做文章标题。故选C项。 考向2 考查段落大意类 （2025年长宁一模） Unemployment is a significant problem in many developing countries. Without steady work, individuals struggle to rise out of poverty, and the community as a whole also misses out. Many unemployed people could have done much good through their labour if they had been given the opportunity to contribute. Worse, without opportunities for proper employment, young people sometimes turn to crime and violence in order to provide for themselves. Thus, giving people opportunities to work is essential for the community’s well-being. 43. What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A. The role of the government in creating job opportunities. B. The importance of education for reducing unemployment rates. C. The necessity of providing work opportunities to prevent crime. D. The consequences of unemployment on individuals and communities. 【答案】43. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了在许多发展中国家，失业是一个严重的问题，并通过卢旺达的一个创业案例说明支持年轻人创业是帮助减少失业、解决社区问题的有效途径。 【43题详解】 主旨大意题 。根据文章第一段“Unemployment is a significant problem in many developing countries. Without steady work, individuals struggle to rise out of poverty, and the community as a whole also misses out.(失业是许多发展中国家的一个重要问题。没有稳定的工作，个人难以摆脱贫困，整个社区也无法受益)”和“Worse, without opportunities for proper employment, young people sometimes turn to crime and violence in order to provide for themselves.(更糟糕的是，没有适当就业的机会，年轻人有时会为了养活自己而诉诸犯罪和暴力。)”可知，本段主要讨论失业对个人和社区的影响。故选D。 （2024年青浦一模） In the roughly 250 years since the Industrial Revolution, the world’s population, like its wealth, has exploded. Before the end of this century, however, the number of people on the planet could shrink for the first time since the Black Death. The root cause is not an increase in deaths, but a drop in births. Across much of the world the fertility rate, the average number of births per woman, is collapsing. Although the trend may be familiar, its extent and its consequences are not. Even as artificial intelligence (AI) leads to optimism in some quarters, the baby bust (婴儿荒) hangs over the future of the world economy. 63. What can be learned from the first paragraph? A. The collapsing fertility rate is to blame for the shrinking population. B. Black Death marked the shrinking number of people for the first time. C. Industrial Revolution weakened the increase of the world’s population. D. The public are familiar with the extent and the influence of the baby bust. 【答案】A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了婴儿荒的原因和对经济的影响。 【63题详解】由文章第一段中“The root cause is not an increase in deaths, but a drop in births. (根本原因不是死亡人数的增加，而是出生率的下降。)”可知，不断下降的生育率是造成人口减少的原因。故选A。 （2024闵行一模） In cooperation with a team from MIT, the ETH team tested their new, TRAP-based search algorithm in two separate ocean experiments near Martha’s Vineyard, which is on the northeastern coast of the United States. Working from the same real-time data available to the Coast Guard, the team successfully identified TRAPs in the region in real-time. They found that buoys and manikins (浮标和人体模型) thrown in the water indeed quickly gathered along these emerging curves. “Of several competing approaches tested in this project, this was the only algorithm that consistently found the right location”, says Haller. 65. Paragraph 5 mainly talks about ________. A. the collection of data B. the testing of the algorithm C. the identification of the TRAPs D. the cooperation of two research teams 【答案】65. B 主旨大意题。根据第五段“In cooperation with a team from MIT, the ETH team tested their new, TRAP-based search algorithm in two separate ocean experiments near Martha’s Vineyard, which is on the northeastern coast of the United States. Working from the same real-time data available to the Coast Guard, the team successfully identified TRAPs in the region in real-time. They found that buoys and manikins (浮标和人体模型) thrown in the water indeed quickly gathered along these emerging curves. “Of several competing approaches tested in this project, this was the only algorithm that consistently found the right location”, says Haller. (ETH团队与麻省理工学院的一个团队合作，在美国东北海岸玛莎葡萄园附近的两个独立海洋实验中测试了他们新的基于TRAP的搜索算法。该团队利用海岸警卫队可用的相同实时数据，成功地实时识别了该地区的TRAP。他们发现，扔到水中的浮标和人体模型确实很快沿着这些新出现的曲线聚集起来。Haller说：“在这个项目中测试的几种竞争方法中，这是唯一一种始终找到正确位置的算法。”)”可知，这一段主要介绍这项算法的测试。故选B。 （2023青浦一模） 3. ____________________ Almost three quarters of food wasted could still be eaten, meaning that the food is not spoiled, and is fine for consumption. Many people aren’t aware “best before” dates are suggestions, rather than rules. In contrast, however, the “use by” date refers to the last date a food is fit for consumption, and should be watched carefully for safety. When it comes to consuming food, use your senses: look at and smell the food. If it smells good and looks fine, the produce is more than likely completely fit to be eaten and enjoyed. 42. Which of the following can be the best subtitle for “3”? A. Save your money B. Enhance your food consumption C. Use your sense D. Follow your “best before” date 【答案】 42. C 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要给读者提供了三个建议，帮助大家保持一个可持续的生活习惯，减 主旨大意题。空处为第三种做法的主旨句。根据该部分下文“When it comes to consuming food, use your senses: look at and smell the food.(吃东西的时候，运用你的感官：看食物、闻食物)”可知，本文讲的是如何在吃东西时运用自己的感官。故选C项。 考向3 考查标题归纳类 （2025年长宁一模） We often picture today’s teens as social-media addicts. They stare at their phones 24/7 and lash out when they can’t have their WeChat fix. But the truth is more complicated: While they depend on social media to keep up with friends, it does have a tendency to make them feel helpless under the pressure, and they know it. When I spoke to four students at Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, Calif., as part of my nation-wide teen listening tour, they told me they make conscious choices about who they share things with on social media, how they manage their accounts and how they handle their own burnout. While teens generally acknowledge that social media helps them keep up with their friends, around 45% of them say they feel troubled by the drama they often encounter, according to Pew Research Center. Roughly four in 10 teenagers say they feel pressure to post only things that show them in a positive light or that generate a lot of comments or likes. ....... The Sherman Oaks teens I spoke with say they too have taken breaks to avoid burnout. They all have friends who don’t even bother with social media, and they say they admire it. Still, the fear of missing out usually draws them back. Or, as one of the four students told me, “It kind of gets a little lonely after a while.” 39. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. The downside of social media: Why teens get addicted B. The social media: More connectivity than isolation among teens C. The unseen consequences of social media: A teenage perspective D. The influence of social media: A comprehensive teenage analysis 【答案】 39. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了在社交媒体上的一些行为对于青少年的影响。 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“But the truth is more complicated: While they depend on social media to keep up with friends, it does have a tendency to make them feel helpless under the pressure, and they know it.(但事实要复杂得多：虽然他们依靠社交媒体与朋友保持联系，但这确实会让他们在压力下感到无助，他们也知道这一点)”以及大意可知，本文主要讲述了在社交媒体上的一些行为对于青少年的影响。结合选项可知，C项：The unseen consequences of social media: A teenage perspective“社交媒体的隐性后果：青少年的视角”符合题意，故答案为C。 （2024松江二模） Although Bierman’s explanation is still based on guesses and has not accepted by mainstream science, Watt does think it is worth considering. For now, believing that it’s possible to predict future with dreams remains an act of faith. Yet, it’s possible that one day we’ll wake up to a true understanding of this fascinating phenomenon. 46. Which might be the best title of the passage? A. Should Dreams Be Assessed? B. Can Dreams Predict the Future? C. How Can Physics Be Changed to Explain Dreams? D. Why Should Scientists Study Precognitive Dreams? 【答案】 46. B 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据最后一段的“Although Bierman’s explanation is still based on guesses and has not accepted by mainstream science, Watt does think it is worth considering. For now, believing that it’s possible to predict future with dreams remains an act of faith. Yet, it’s possible that one day we’ll wake up to a true understanding of this fascinating phenomenon.(虽然比尔曼的解释仍然是基于猜测，并没有被主流科学所接受， 但瓦特确实认为这是值得考虑的。现在，相信可以通过梦来预测未来仍然是一种信仰行为。然而，有可能有一天我们会对这个迷人的现象有一个真正的理解)”可知，文章探讨了先知性梦是否能够预测未来的可能性，以及相关的科学和心理学观点。文章提到了一些专家的看法，包括法国教授Christopher French、爱丁堡大学的Caroline Watt教授以及物理学家和心理学家Dick Bierman的理论。这些观点涉及到先知性梦的可能解释和相关的挑战，以及对科学理论的影响，因此B项“Can Dreams Predict the Future?(梦能预测未来吗？)”是最佳标题。故选B。 （2024年嘉定一模） New research confirms that human footprints found in New Mexico are probably the oldest direct evidence of human presence in the Americas, a finding that upends what many scientists knew about human habitation and migration(迁徙). 46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Scientists Discovers New Species of Humans in Americas B. Humans Reached Americas 15, 000 Years Earlier Than Believed C. American Archaeologists Unearthed Valuable Manmade Objects D. New Research Confirms Early Human Presence in Americas 【答案】. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新研究，这项研究提供了更令人信服的证据，证实美洲早期存在人类。 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“New research confirms that human footprints found in New Mexico are probably the oldest direct evidence of human presence in the Americas, a finding that upends  what many scientists knew about human habitation and migration.(新的研究证实，在新墨西哥州发现的人类足迹可能是美洲人类存在的最古老的直接证据，这一发现质疑了许多科学家对人类居住和迁徙的认识)”可知，文章主要介绍了这项新研究证实美洲早期存在人类。故选D项。 （2023宝山二模） Far below every town and city lies an invisible network of pipes crucial to the lives of their residents. Once water disappears down a pipe or toilet, people rarely think about what happens to it. It’s out of sight, out of mind. The water flows into pipes that carry excess rainwater, wastewater and solid waste away, keeping the city clean. 40．What would be the proper title for the passage? A．A City’s Underground Construction B．A City’s Hidden Network C．How A City Operates Well D．Two Aspects of A City or Town 【答案】 40．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了城市下方看不见的管道网络：下水道。 40．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Far below every town and city lies an invisible network of pipes crucial to the lives of their residents. (在每个城镇的下方，都有一个无形的管道网络，对居民的生活至关重要)”可知，本文主要介绍了城市下方的看不见的管道网络。由此可知，B项“A City’s Hidden Network (城市的隐藏网络)”适合作本文标题。故选B。 思维建模 三大方法搞定文章主旨大意 主旨大意题主要考查考生对文章中心思想或段落大意的归纳、概括和总结能力。它要求考生能够理解文章的整体结构和主要内容，把握作者的写作意图。 · 寻找主题句法 · 位置判断：主题句在文章中的位置通常有一定规律。大部分情况下，主题句出现在文章的开头部分，开门见山地阐述文章主旨；有些文章主题句在结尾，起到总结全文的作用；还有少数文章主题句在中间，需要结合上下文来判断。 · 特点把握：主题句一般具有概括性强、涵盖范围广的特点，能够准确地表达文章或者段落的核心内容。例如，在一篇讲述环境保护措施的文章中，开头的主题句可能是 “Various effective measures have been taken to protect the environment in recent years.”。 · 归纳法 · 细节整合：如果文章没有明显的主题句，就需要对文章的细节信息进行归纳总结。把各个段落的主要内容提炼出来，寻找它们的共同点或者关联点，从而概括出文章的主旨。 · 注意事项：在归纳过程中，要避免遗漏重要信息，同时也要排除那些只涉及部分内容的选项。比如，一篇文章分别介绍了科技对教育、医疗和交通的积极影响，归纳主旨时就要涵盖这三个方面，不能只强调其中一个领域。 · 关注关键词法 · 高频词识别：注意文章中反复出现的关键词。这些关键词往往与文章的主题密切相关。例如，一篇文章多次出现 “AI（人工智能）”“machine learning（机器学习）”“big data（大数据）” 等词汇，那么文章主旨很可能是关于人工智能技术及其相关应用的。 · 同义替换词注意：同时还要留意与这些关键词意思相近的表达，它们也有助于确定文章主旨。比如，除了 “AI” 之外，还出现了 “artificial intelligence technology” 等表达。 （2023年6月·上海高考真题） (A) In the vast, untouched expanse of wilderness, Isla and her faithful golden retriever(猎犬), Finn danced in a harmony of souls. Together, they weaved through myriad terrains, from shadowed forests echoing with ancient secrets to rugged mountain paths that touched the heavens. Their bond was not of mere circumstance, but of shared dreams, Isla sought quiet away from the urban noise, while every rustle and murmur of the wild ignited Finn's spirit. As dawn's first light kissed the earth, Isla deliberately packed away memories of the nigh while Finn, with eager anticipation, wagged ( 摇摆)his tail, eager for the day's melodies. Their journey was not charted by maps or compasses, but by the gentle touches of their hearts, caressed by nature's ideal breezes. One dusky evening, painted with deep red colors and ethereal purples, an unexpected storm took them off guard, Raindrops, heavy with sorrow, transformed familiar trails into flowing streams, in a desperate bid for refuge, Isla was trapped by the fierce embrace of the currents. It twas Finn's instinctive courage that shone brightly in that moment of despair, as he moved forward suddenly, securing her backpack with a steadfast grip, drawing her back to safety's shore. Nestled in u rocky embrace, they clung to each other against the storm's fury. Isla whispered tales of bygone days and distant horizons into Finn's eager cars, In return , he moved slowly and complained weakly, weaving tales without words, sharing a symphony of silent stories. When the storm's rage decreased, the world they knew was covered in unfamiliarity. Trails they once danced upon had vanished, and landmarks whispered in unfamiliar tongues. For the first time, Isla felt the weight of disorientation. But Finn, with unwavering confidence, stepped forward, trusting his instincts to unveil the path ahead. As days melted into weeks, just when hope seemed a distant star, the embrace of a hidden village hugged them gently, Interested by the long exciting journey, villagers welcomed them ,their journey becoming woven into the picture of local legend. But the wild's temptation could not be ignored. Restored, the two partners ventured once more into the embrace of nature, carrying with them the blessings and hopes of newfound friends. Through the rich and colorful picture of their adventures, it became evident that their true strength was not in conquering the elements but in the unyielding bond they shared. The wild was but a stage for their eternal ballet of friendship and perseverance. 56. What connected Isla to Finn? A. The untouched expanse of wilderness. B. Shadowed forests echoing with ancient secrets. C.Circumstance and shared dreams. D. The urban noise. 57. What drove Isla into despair? A. A dusk of crimson and purple. B. A sudden storm. C. The familiar trails. D. A rocky embrace. 58. What were the villagers interested in? A. Finn's confidence and intuition. B. Isla's respect for nature. C. Isla and Finn's exciting journey D. The wild's temptation. 59. What can we learn from the passage? A. Isla and Finn made their journeys based on a map or a compass. B. Finn failed to pull Isla back to the safety of shore. C, The villagers wove Isla and Finn's journey into local legend. D. Isla and Finn's real strength lied in conquering harsh environments. 【答案】56-59 CBCC 【导读】这篇文章描述了女孩Isla和她的金毛猎犬Finn在荒野中的冒险故事。他们的强大纽带不仅仅是命运的巧合，更是梦想的共享。在一场突如其来的暴风雨中，Finn展现了无畏的勇气，拯救了Isla。他们共同面对了困境，展现出了深厚的友谊和坚韧的品质。在冒险中，他们发现真正的力量不在于征服自然，而在于彼此之间坚不可摧的纽带。 56.C【解析】根据文章第一段倒数第二句Their bond was not of mere c mere circumstance, but of shared dreams, Isla sought quiet away from the urban noise, while every rustle and murmur of the wild ignited Finn's spirit..可知，Isis和Finn之间的联系不仅仅是环境，而是共同的梦想。A项（未触及的原野）、B项(回荡着古老秘密的阴影森林)、D项(城市的嘈杂声)都说法错误。C项（环境和共同的梦想)正确，故选C。 57.B【解析】根据文章第三段的内容可知，一场突如其来的暴风雨使他们猝不及防。雨点把熟悉的小路变成了奔流的小溪。在绝望地寻求庇护时，Isla被激流的猛烈拥抱所困。在那绝望的时刻，Finn猛扑过去，紧紧抓住她的背包，把她拉回了安全的海岸。这说明是暴风雨让Isla 陷入了绝望。A 项(深红色和紫色的黄昏)、C项(熟悉的小径)、D项(岩石般的拥抱)都说法错误。B项(突然的暴风雨)正确，故选B。 58.C 【 解折】文章第六段 Intrigued by their odyssey, villagers welcomed them, their journey becoming woven into the tapestry of local lore,中的odyssey表示“漫长而刺激的历程”，由此可知村民们对Isla 和 Finn 的这些旅程感兴趣。A 项(Finn 的自信和直觉)、B项(Isla 对自然的崇敬)、D项(野性的吸引)都错误。 C项(Isla 和Finn 激动人心的旅程)正确，故选C。 59.C【解析】根据文章第二段第二句 Their journey was not charted by maps or compasses, but by the gentle touches of their hearts, caressed by nature's ideal breezes,可知，他们的旅程不是由地图或指南针绘制的，而是由他们内心的温柔触动的。A项(Isla和Finn 根据地图或指南针来旅行)错误;根据第三段最后一句It was Finn's instinctive courage that shone brightly in that moment of despair, as he lunged, securing her backpack with a steadfast grip, drawing her back to safety's shore.可知，在那绝望的时刻,Finn 本能的勇气闪耀着光芒，他猛扑过去，紧紧抓住Isla 的背包，把她拉回了安全的海岸。B项(Finn没能把Isla拉回安全的海岸)错误;根据第六段第二句 Interest by the long exciting journey, villagers welcomed them, their journey becoming woven into the picture of local legend.可知村民们对他们的旅程感兴趣，对他们表示欢迎，他们的旅程被编织进了当地传说的画面中。C项(村民们把Isla 和Finn 的旅程编织进了当地的传说)正确;根据最后一段的Through the tapestry of their adventures,it became evident that their true strength was not in conquering the elements but in the unyielding bond they shared.可知，很明显，他们真正的力量不在于征服恶劣的环境，而在于他们共同拥有的不屈的纽带。D项(Isla和Finn 真正的实力在于征服恶劣的环境)错误。故选C。 (B) The Motivated Sequence (序列) of Public Speech The motivated sequence gets its name partly because it follows john Dewey's problem solution model for thinking and partly because it makes attractive analyses of these problems and their solutions by tying them to human motives. That is, the motivated sequence is both problem-driven and motivation-centered. There are five basic steps in the motivated sequence 1.You must get people to attend to some problem, or to feel discomfort strongly enough to want to hear more. 2. You can create more specific wants or desires, a personal sense of need. 3. When wants or needs are created, you can attempt to satisfy them by showing what can be done to solve the problem or relieve the sense of discomfort. 4. Simply describing a course of action may not be enough, so in the fourth place you can visualize the world as it would look if the actions were carried out, and what it might be like if they were not. 5. With that,if you have done these four tasks well, accidence members should be ready to act --to put into practice the proposed solution to their problems. Five steps Audience response l.Attention Getting attention I want to listen. 2.Need Showing the need : Describing the solution Something needs to be done. 3.Satisfaction Satisfying the need : presenting the solution This is what to do to satisfy the need. 4.Visualization Visualizing the results _________ ? _________ 5. Action Requesting action or approval l will do this. The motivated sequence can be used to structure many different sorts of speeches, It could be used, for example, in a speech urging your classmates to join a blood donors’ association. Or, you could use it to sell a friend insurance. And you can also use it to talk about social problems, such as the environment and the economic crisis. 60. What do we know about the motivated sequence? A. It is the basic principle of problem-solution model. B. It has nothing to do with human motivation. C. It's both problem-driven and motivation-centered. D. There are six basic steps in the motivated sequence. 6l. What can the motivated sequence be used for? A. A speech urging your classmates to quit a blood donors’ association. B. A speech to get your friends to promote a blood donors' association C. A speech to get your friends to sell insurance. D, A speech on the environmental and economic crisis. 62. Xiao Wang is trying to persuade his classmates to join a blood donors’ association. Help him draft a speech by putting the following five sentences in the right order based on the motivated sequence. (1 ) With the steady supply of blood , emergencies will be met with timely treatment (2)You can help by filling out the blood donors"cards l am passing out. (3)Our area is short of blood of all types to meet emergency needs. (4) A man died last night in a traffic accident because he lost too much blood. (5)A blood donors' association guarantees a predictable, steady supply of blood to the medical community. A. (4 ) (3) (5) (1) (2) B. (4 ) (2) (3) (1) (5) C. (4 ) (5) (3) (1) (2) D. (4 ) (2) (1) (5) (3) 【答案】60-62 CDA 【导读】这篇文章介绍了公共演讲中的“动机序列”，该序列分为五个基本步骤，包括吸引注意力、展示需求、提出解决方案、展示解决方案的成效以及请求行动。这种序列可以用于组织各种类型的演讲，包括说服同学参加献血组织、推销保险以及讨论社会问题等。 60. C【解析】根据文章第一段第一句 The motivated sequence gets its name partly because it follows John Dewey's problem solution model for thinking and partly because it makes attractive analyses of' these problems and their solutions by tying them to human motives.可知动机序列之所以得名，部分原因是它遵循了约翰·杜的问题解决模式，部分原因是它通过将这些问题与人类动机联系起来，对这些问题及其解决方案进行了有吸引力的分析。A项(这是问解决模型的基本原则)和B项(这与人的动机无关)表述错误;根据该段最后一句That is, the motivated sequence is both problem-driven and motivation-centered,可知，动机序列既是问题驱动的，也是以动机为中心的。C项(它既是问题驱动型的，也是以动机为中心的)正确。根据 There are five basic steps in the motivated sequence,可知，在动机序列中有五个基本步骤。D项(动机序列有六个基本步骤)表述错误。故选C。 61. D【解析】根据最后一段的内容可知，动机序列可以用来组织许多不同类型的演讲。例如,它可以用在演讲中，敦促你的同学加入献血者协会。或者，你可以用它来卖给朋友保险。你也可以用它来谈论社会问题，比如环境和经济危机。A项(一场敦促同学退出献血者协会的演讲)、B项(一场让你的朋友来宜传一个献血者协会的演讲)、C项(一场让你的朋友推销保险的演讲)都说法错误。D项(一场关于环境和经济危机的演讲)正确。故选D。 62.A【解析】根据动机序列的五个基本步骤可知，小王说服他的同学加入献血者协会的演讲首先要让人们关注某个问题，吸引听众的注意力,让他们强烈地感到不舒服,想要听到更多。即第一步为(4) 昨晚一名男子因失血过多而死于交通事故。接下来要创造更具体的需求或欲望，即第二步为(3) 我们地区缺乏各种类型的血液以满足紧急需要。接着通过展示可以做些什么来解决问题或减轻不适感来满足它们，即第三步为(5)献血者协会保证向医学界提供可预测的、稳定的血液供应。然后描述如果行动被执行后会带来什么影响，即第四步为(1)有了稳定的血液供应，突发事件就能得到及时的处理。最后就是将解决问题的办法付诸实践，即第五步为(2)你可以帮忙填写我发的献血者登记卡。所以正确组织该演讲的顺序为(4)(3)(5)(1)(2)，故选A。 (C) The universe expands with every passing second, stretching the space between galaxies like dough rising in an oven. But just how fast is this expansion happening? As telescopes like Hubble strive to answer this fundamental question, they encounter a perplexing gap between theoretical predictions and observed data. Hubble's measurements indicate a faster rate of expansion in the modern universe compared to what was expected based on observations of the universe more than 13 billion years ago by the European Space Agency's Planck satellite. This inconsistency has been a subject of scientific inquiry for several years. However, it remains uncertain whether differences in measurement techniques or chance variations are responsible for this disparity. Recent data from the Hubble telescope have significantly reduced the possibility that this discrepancy is merely a statistical fluke, with the chances now estimated at only 1 in 100,000. This marks a substantial improvement from previous estimates, which placed the odds at 1 in 3,000 less than a year ago. These precise measurements from Hubble lend weight to the hypothesis that new physics may be necessary to reconcile the observed mismatch. Lead researcher Adam Riess, a Nobel laureate from the Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, describes the tension between the early and late universe as one of the most exciting developments in cosmology in decades. He emphasizes that the growing disparity cannot be dismissed as a random occurrence and suggests that it may signal the need for a deeper understanding of the cosmos. To determine distances in the universe, scientists rely on a "cosmic distance ladder" method. This involves accurately measuring distances to nearby galaxies and then using progressively distant galaxies as reference points. By observing stars like Cepheid variables, astronomers can calibrate this distance ladder. Riess and his team have been refining these measurements since 2005, aiming to improve our understanding of cosmic distances. In their latest study, astronomers used Hubble to observe 70 Cepheid variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud. By comparing these stars with their more distant counterparts in galaxies hosting supernovae, they refined their measurement of the Hubble constant, reducing its uncertainty from 2.2% to 1.9%. Despite this increased precision, their calculated Hubble constant remains at odds with the value predicted by observations of the early universe conducted by Planck. The Planck satellite, which maps the cosmic microwave background – a remnant of the universe's early stages – provides crucial data for understanding the universe's expansion. However, the discrepancy between these measurements and those from Hubble underscores the need for further investigation and the potential for new discoveries in cosmology. 63. Where do measurements of the early universe come from? A. The space between galaxies. B.Measurements from Hubble and other telescopes C. European Space Agency's Planck satellite. D. The latest Hubble data. 64. Which of the following statements is in line with Adam Riess’ opinion? A. The expansion speed of the modern universe is faster than expected B. New physics may be needed to explain this mismatch. C, It is unlikely that this discrepancy occurred by chance. D. Hubble's tension is the most exciting development in cosmology in decades. 65. What do scientists use to determine the distance of things in the universe? A. A cosmic distance ladder. B. Accurate measurements of distances. C.Milepost markers. D. The Hubble constant. 66. What did Riess’ team do? A. They used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe pulsating stars B. They improved the comparison between C.They raised the uncertainty of the Hubble constant to 2.2% D. They reduced the uncertainty in their Hubble constant value to 1.9. 【答案】63-66 CCAD 【导读】这篇文章探讨了宇宙膨胀的速度以及科学家在测量中遇到的矛盾。哈勃望远镜的最新数据表明，现代宇宙的膨胀速度比早期宇宙的预期要快，这与之前从欧洲空间局的普朗克卫星获得的数据不符。研究人员使用哈勃望远镜观察了大麦哲伦星云中的70颗脉动星，并通过比较它们与更遥远的超新星宿主星系中的脉动星，改进了距离测量方法。这一研究结果强化了一种新物理可能需要解释这种不匹配的观点。 64. C【解析】根据文章第一段第六句 These measurements of the early universe come from the European Space Agency's Planck satellite.可知,这些早期宇宙的测量数据来自欧洲航天局的普朗克卫星。A项(星系之间的空间)、B项(哈和其他望远镜的测量结果)、D项(最新的哈勃数掘)都说法错误。C项(欧洲航天局的普朗克卫星)正确，故选C。 65. C【解析】阅读文章可知Adam Riess出现在第二段，所以答案应定位在第二段。根据第二第一句中的 The Hubble tension between the early and late universe may be the most exciting development In cosmology in decades 可知,早期宇宙和晚期宇宙之间的哈勃张力可能是几十年来宇古学中最令人兴合的发展.D项(哈勃的张力是几十年来宇宙学中最令人兴面的发展)说法错误。根据该段最后一句 This disparity could not plausibly occur just by chance.可知，这种差异不可能是偶然出现的。C项(这种差异不太可能是偶然发生的)正确。A(现代字宙的膨胀速度比预测的要快)和B项(可能需新的物理学来解释这种不匹配)属于第一段的内容，与Adam Riess 无关，所以A项、B 项错误。故选 C。 66. A【解折】根据文章第三段第一句 Scientists use a "cosmic distance ladder" to determine how far away things are in the universe,可知，科学家们使用“字宙距离阶梯”来确定字宙中事物的距高。A项(宇宙距离阶梯)正确。B项(精确测量距离)、C项(里程碑标记)、D项(哈勃常数)都错误。故选A。 66.D 【解析】根据文章第四段第三句 Riess' team reduced the uncertainty in their Hubble constant value to 1.9% from an earlier estimate of 2.2%,可知, 里斯的团队将哈勃常数的不确定性从之前估计的 2.2%降低到1.9%。C项(他们把哈勃常数的不确定度提高到2.2%)说法错误; D项(他们把哈勃常数的不确定性降低到1.9%)正确。根据该段第一句In this new study,astronomers used Hubble to observe 70 pulsating stars called Cepheid variables in the Large? Magellanic Cloud.可知,天文学家使用哈勃望远镜观察了大麦哲伦星云中70颗被称为造父变星的脉动恒是，这不是里斯的团队做的事，故A项(他们用哈勃太空望远镜观察脉动恒星)说法错误;根据该段第二句 The observations helped the astronomers“rebuild” the distance ladder by improving the comparison between those Cepheids and their more distant cousins in the galactic hosts of supernovas,可知，这些观测帮助天文学家“重建”了距离阶梯，改善了造父变星和它们在超新星宿主星系中更遥远的表亲之间的比较，这也不是里斯的团队做的事，故B项(他们改进了造父变星和更远的表亲之间的比较)说法错误。故选D。 29 / 32 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$