Unit 3 Environmental Protection Words and Expressions 课件-2024-2025学年高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第三册

Unit 3 Art Environmental Protection (words and expressions) graph [ɡrɑːf] n. 图；图表；曲线图 3. a bar graph 条形图 4. draw a graph画图表 5.diagram图标 6.figure（书中的）图；表 7.table表 timetable 8.chart图表 9.form 表格 1.graphic adj. 详细的，生动的，绘画的，图形的 2.graphically adv. 形象地，生动地; 以图表形式 photo光+graph写→描写光的情况→photograph 照片 emission [iˈmɪʃn] n.排放物;散发物;排放 =give off/out 发出 3.carbon/gas emission 碳/气体排放 4.cut the emission of greenhouse gases 减少温室气体的排放 5.emission reduction 减排 6.emission control 排放控制 7.reduce the emission of 1.emit v.排放，散发 2.emitter发射器，发射体 melt [melt] v.融化；(逐渐)减少，消失；(使)软化，变得温柔； n.融化；熔化的金属，熔化物；一次的熔化量； 3.melt into 溶解成；消散在……中 4.melt away 消失，消散；逐渐散去 5.melt one's heart 使某人的心变软 6.melting point 熔点 1.melting adj.令人爱怜的，让人同情的柔和的；优美的 2.melted adj.融化的；溶解的 starve [stɑːv] v.（使）挨饿，饿死；使极其缺乏，需要 4.starve to death=be starved to death 饿死 5.starve for sth 渴望；急需 6.starve to do sth 渴望去做某事 7.starve sb. into (doing) sth. 迫使某人做某事 8.be starved for (of)sth. 缺少某物 = be short of=be lacking in 9starving children 饥饿的儿童 1.starved adj. 饥饿的；饥肠辘辘的 2.starving adj. 饥饿的 3.starvation n. 饥饿，捱饿，饿死 饿死: starve to death = be starved to death be frozen to death be frightened to death 渴望... : starve for/to do ... = be starved for/to do ... 同义: be thirsty/hungry/eager/dying/desperate/longing for/to do ... 1. The __________ is still a very serious problem today. It’s said that one in seven people in the world is ________ now. Fortunately, the UN has taken a lot of measures to protect them from ________ to death. (starve) 2. Many people starve ___ success, but they often fail because of a lack of determination. 3. Tom盯着妈妈，渴望得到妈妈的赞许。 starvation starving starving for Tom stared at mom, starved for her approval. seal [siːl] n. 海豹 (pl. seals) 印章; 保证; 密封; 封条/蜡 v. 封上; 密封; 覆盖表面; 确定; 关闭; seal seal a contract 订立合同 seal sth (up) (with sth) 密封（容器） ecology [iˈkɒlədʒi] n.生态;生态学 3.派生词：ecology system= ecosystem n 生态系统 ecotourism n 生态旅游 ecofriendly adj. 对生态环境友好的；环保的 -ology-学问，学说 geology n.地质学 geography n.地理学 biology n.生物学 psychology n.心理学 sociology n.社会学 epidemiology n.流行病学 1.ecologist n.生态学家 2.ecological adj 生态的；生态学的 release [rɪˈliːs] v.释放；排放；发布 n.释放；排放，泄漏 1.release stress 释放压力 2.release ...from ...　　　　从……释放…… 3.release...into 把...释放到 4.release sth （to sb/sth）　　发布（新闻等） 5.release a film/book/record　　发行一部电影/一本书/一张唱片 6.go on release 上映；发行 7.the latest release 最新发行的产品 ① 释放=set...free ② 排放 release/emit carbon dioxide ③上映(电影); 发行(唱片/书); 发布(新闻) ④发泄,宣泄 release [rɪˈliːs] v.释放；排放；发布 n.释放；排放，泄漏 一、将下列短语翻译成汉语。 1. press releases __________ 2. sign a release __________ 3. release information __________ 4. release a new film __________ 5. release prisoners of war ____________ 6. release the creative powers of the people _______________ 新闻稿 签发释放令 透露消息 发行新影片 释放战俘 激发人民的创造性 即学即练 1.On the peak, she burst into tears, _________(release) all her emotions. 2.When fuel is burning, it ______________a lot of heat. 3. Once____________(release) ,the new edition of the dictionary will be popular. 4. He ______________________ the prison last month. 他上个月被释放出狱了。 5.锻炼身体是释放压力的好方法。 releasing will release released was released from Physical exercise is a good way of releasing stress. methane /ˈmi:θeɪn/ n.甲烷;沼气 carbon /ˈkɑ:bən/ n.碳 dioxide  /daɪˈɒksaɪd/ n.二氧化物 carbon dioxide /ˈkɑ:bən daɪˈɒksaɪd/ 二氧化碳 habitable [ˈhæbɪtəbl] adj.适合居住的 5.habitable zone 适居带 1.habit n.习惯 2.habitation n.居住；住所 3.habitant n.居民，居住者 4.habitat n 栖息地 sustain [səˈsteɪn] vt.维持;支持;承受住 5. sustain damage/an injury/a defeat/losses 遭受损失/受伤/遭到失败/蒙受损失 6.sustain relationships with sb. 与某人维持关系 7.make a sustained effort 做出不懈的努力 8.sustainable development 可持续发展 1.sustainable adj 可持续的；不破坏环境的 2.sustainability n. 持续性、能维持性 3.sustained adj. 持久的；持续的 4.sustaining adj.支持的；持续的 sustain v. 维持; 遭受; 承受住 ___________ adj. 可持续的 _________ adj. 持续的 sustainable sustained The thin ice cannot sustain your weight. The food supplies are barely enough to sustain life in the refugee camp. A large international meeting was held with the aim of sustaining sustainable development. Some nearby buildings sustained minor damage. ① She managed _________ (sustain) audience’s interest until the end of speech. ② When ________ (choose) what products to buy, more and more consumers are considering . ③ Only by protecting environment can we realize our __________ (sustain), balanced and comprehensive development. v. 承受住 v. 维持 v. 维持 可持续发展 v. 遭受 to sustain choosing sustainable sustainaility comprehensive [ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv] adj.全部的;所有的;详尽的 1.comprehensive adj.全面/综合/详尽的 2.comprehensively adv.完全地，彻底地 3.comprehend vt.理解 4.comprehension n.理解(力) 5.(comprehensive quality综合素质) 6.(reading comprehension阅读理解) ① All the products are labelled with ____________ (comprehend) instructions. ② He stood still staring at the bulletin board (公告栏), unable ______________ (comprehend). comprehensive to comprehend trend /trend/ n.趋势;趋向;动向 3.economic/social/political trends 经济/社会/政治趋势 4.a trend in/towards... ……的趋势 5.tend to do sth 往往会做某事 1.tend v.倾向；往往会；照料 2.tendency n.趋向;趋势；倾向 frequently /ˈfriːkwəntli/ adv.频繁地;经常 frequent adj. 频繁的；经常的 infrequent adj. 罕见的 frequency n. 频繁;频率 1.Buses run__________ (frequent) between the city and the airport. 2.Fatal road accidents have decreased in___________(frequent)over recent years. frequently frequency the frequency of… ……的频率 1.broadcast-broadcast-broadcast 2.broadcaster n．广播员 3.broadcast news 传播新闻 4.a live broadcast 现场直播 broadcast /ˈbrɔ:dkɑ:st/ v.播送;广播 n.广播节目 worldwide [ˈwɜːldwaɪd] adv. 遍及全球地 adj.世界各地的；影响全世界的 world+-wide“...范围内的/地点” statewide______________ countrywide____________ industrywide____________ 全州的/地 全国的/地 整个业界的/地 global local international universal 1.复数: policies 2. politics n. 政治 3. politician n. 政治家 3. political adj. 政治的；政党的 4.a policy on sth （……方面）的政策 5.foreign policy 外交政策 6.make/ develop a policy 制定政策 7.adopt/ carry out/ follow a policy 采取/实施/奉行方针 policy /ˈpɒləsi/ n.政策;方针;原则 restrict [rɪˈstrɪkt] vt.限制;限定;束缚 4.restrict A to B 把A限制在B 5.restrict oneself/sb. to doing sth 限制自己/某人做某事 6.impose/place restrictions on…… 对……实行限制 7.without restriction 不受限制 1.restrictive adj.限制性的，约束的 2.restricted adj. 受限制的 3.restriction n.限制/约束 4.limit  ① Limited resources are restricting us to __________ (develop) new products. ② The crop scientists found that the varieties of wheat _____________ (restrict) not only by the type of soil but also by the climate. ③ Power without __________ (restrict) tends to lead to corruption(腐败). developing were restricted restriction seize [siːz] vt.抓住;夺取;控制 抓住 seize （基本义） 抓住人或人的身体部位 抓住某个地方或权利等 抓住机会等 被某种情绪抓住 抓住；逮捕 夺取；占领 抓住；把握（时机等） （情绪）突然侵袭；突然控制 sb. be seized by+情绪名词= 情绪名词+seizes sb. 被...侵袭 seize/catch/hold sb by the leg/hand/arm 抓住某人的腿/手/胳膊 be seized by +n. (curiosity / panic)好奇心顿起，突然惊慌失措 1.（续写佳句）一种强烈的内疚感攫住了我，我的手掌在冒汗。 2. 她突然感到一阵愤怒，但她强迫自己冷静下来。 3. 一种强烈的恐惧感攫住了我，我的手掌在冒汗。 4. 我抓住他的手臂，放声大哭起来。 I was seized by a strong sense of horror and my palms were sweating. I was seized by a strong sense of guilt , with my palms sweating. A sudden wave of anger seized/took hold of/swept over her, but she forced herself to calm. I seized him by the arm, bursting into tears. ① The key to having the sense of achievement is _______ (seize) the chance to take an active part in the activities. ② Panic ______ (seize) the crowd as the fire broke out in the crowded theater. ③ 我顿感恐惧，掌心冒汗，心跳加快。 to seize seized I by a strong wave of fright, with my palms sweating and heart racing. was seized reform [rɪˈfɔːm] vi.& vt. 改革；改造 n. 改革；变革；改良 3. reform and opening-up policy 改革开放政策 4. reform the social security system 改革社会保障制度 1.reformer n. 改革者; 改良者 2.reformation n. 改进; 改革; 改善 undergo [ˌʌndəˈɡəʊ] vt. 经历；经受(变化、不快等) undergo tests/trials/repairs/operation/surgery 经受考验/接受审讯/接受检修/接受手术 1.understand v.理解 undertake v.承担 2.underestimate v.低估 underline v.在……下面划线 3.underdog n.弱势群体 underwear n.内衣，衬衣 词汇 侧重点 undergo 经历某种过程或变化 尤其是困难或不愉快的事情 experience 亲身经历某事，中性的，可好可坏 endure 长时间忍受痛苦、困难； 强调态度，而非过程 suffer 经历痛苦、损失或不愉快；强调结果 go through 与 undergo 意思相近，但更日常化 The way in which we work _____________ (undergo) a complete reform in the past decade. undergo - underwent - undergone v. 经历, 经受 has undergone implement /ˈɪmplɪmənt/ vt.使生效;贯彻;执行 1. 近：carry out 2. implementation n. 实施；执行 3.the implementation of the new system 新体制的实施 4. carry out / implement the reform and opening-up policy 实施改革开放的政策 submit [səbˈmɪt] vt.&vi.提交;呈递;屈服 2.submit sth. to sb. 向某人提交某物 3.submit oneself to... 屈服于... 4.submit to sth. /sb. 顺从、屈服某人/某物；向某人投降 = be submitted to sb/sth 5.submit to (doing) sth. 不得已接受某事 6.拒绝做某事 refuse to do sth=decline to do sth=reject doing sth 1.submission n. 屈服；提交 2.submit-submitted-submitted-submitting mit 词根记词汇 mit admit v 容许……进入 commit v（使）承担义务；（使）作出保证 submit v 提交；呈递 permit v 许可；准许 transmit v 输送；传送 omit v 省略、遗漏 ① The plan will ____________ (submit) to the committee for official approval. ② He submitted himself ___ the strict discipline of the military academy. ③ When is the final date for the __________ (submit) of proposals? ④ According to the report _________ (submit) by researchers, between 20 and 50 percent of all annual carbon dioxide emissions are caused by the destruction of tropical (热带的) forests. be submitted to submission submitted annual /ˈænjuəl/ adj.每年的;一年的 n.年刊;年鉴 yearly daily weekly monthly 2. an annual event 一年一度的大事 3. an annual meeting/report 年会/年度报告 4. annual rainfall 年降雨量 ________ (annual), the world generates 1.3 billion tons of solid waste. Annually be responsible for 对……负责；是……的原因 This cleaner is also responsible for keeping the surrounding streets clean. 【词语积累】 responsible adj responsibility n. 责任；职责 have responsibility for（doing）sth. 有（做）某事的责任 It’s one’s responsibility to do sth. 某人有责任做某事。 take the responsibility for（doing）sth . 承担（做）某事的责任 a sense of responsibility 责任感 Our brand is damaged but no one wants to take responsibility for it. on behalf of /bɪˈhɑːf/ 代表(代替)某人 2. on behalf of sb= on sb's behalf =stand for = represent 代表；表示 3. in behalf of sb 为了帮助某人 我们为帮助无家可归的人而募捐。 We collected money in behalf of the homeless. 1. behalf n.利益；代表 区别 例句 stand for 强调符号、缩写、词语等所代表的意义或概念，不强调代表某人或某群体去行使权力或履行职责。 “UN” stands for the United Nations. The dove stands for peace. on behalf of 表示 “代表某人” “为了某人的利益”，通常用于某人受委托或代表他人去做某事。 I am speaking on behalf of my company. represent 指代表某人、某团体或某事物，强调作为其代表进行活动、发言或展示，有较强的代理、象征或体现的意味，可用于人或事物。 The lawyer represents the defendant(被告) in court. ① I’m Li Hua, the of the Students’ Union. ② (represent) the Debate Club, I sincerely invite you to be a member of our team. representative On behalf of / Representing harmonious [hɑːˈməʊniəs] adj.和谐的 3.a harmonious society 一个和谐社会 4.in harmony with… 与……协调；与……相配 5.out of harmony with sb./sth. 与某人/物不协调、 6.live/work in harmony 融洽地生活/工作 1.harmony n. 和谐 2.harmoniously adv. 和谐地 ① This pavilion is ___________ (harmony) with the surrounding environment. ② I believe it is possible for different ethnic groups to live together ___ harmony. harmonious in moderate [ˈmɒdərət] adj.适度的;中等的;温和的 vi.&vt.缓和;使适中 1.moderation n. 适度 2.moderately adv. 适度地；一般地；适中地 1. Moderate exercise will be of benefit to you. _______运动对你有益。 2. He has a room of moderate size. 他有一个大小______的房间。 3. The wind is moderate today. 今天的风很_______。 4. He is a moderate smoker. 他是一个____________ 烟民。 5. Alcohol should only ever be taken in (moderate). 6. He only drinks alcohol (moderate). 适当 适中 柔和 有节制的 moderation moderately sensitive [ˈsensətɪv] adj.敏感的; 善解人意的;灵敏的 4. be sensitive to 对……敏感 5. be sensitive about 对...介意 6. make sense 讲得通；有道理 7. make sense of 理解；弄懂 8. in a sense 在某种意义上 9. in no sense 决不(置于句首句子用倒装) 1.sense n. 感觉；见识；意义；理智 vt. 感觉到 2.sensible adj. 明智的，可察觉的 3.sensitively adv.敏感地 1. It’s a cold-blooded animal and very sensitive light. 2. Teenagers are often very sensitive their appearance and weight. 3. Her experiences make her sensitive other people’s troubles. to about to originate vi.& vt. 起源,发源；创立 1. origin n. 起源；出身/血统[常用复数] 2. original adj.起初的,最早的;新颖的/独创的；真迹的 n.原稿/原件 3. originally adv.原来,起初; 独创地，新颖地 4. originate from 来源于 5. originate in 起源于；归因于；产生于 6. by origin 出身于；原籍为 ① The thieves replaced the _______ (origin) with a copy. ② _________ (original), we had intended to go to Italy, but then we won the trip to Greece. ③ All theories originate _____ practice and in turn serve practice. 理论源于实践，反过来服务于实践. ④ The flu is thought to have the tropics. from originated in original Originally restore /rɪˈstɔː(r)/ vt.恢复;使复原;修复 1. restoration n. 恢复；复原；修复 2.同义：recover v. 恢复(健康，精神，体力), resume v. 恢复(职位),继续 refresh v. 恢复精神状态 3. restore one’s sight 恢复视力 4. restore ... to ... 把...恢复到..., 把...归还给... ① I specialize in examining and (restore) antiques. ② The old painting was damaged in the flood and had to (restore). restoring be restored conservation /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/ n.对(环境、文物等)保护;保持 1. conserve vt. 保护;保存 2. conservative adj. 保守的;守旧的 3. conservationist n. （自然环境等）保护主义者 ① The factories have closed for the weekend __________ (conserve) energy. ② The historical site is under ___________ (conserve) to maintain its original appearance. ③ The politician opposed the radical reforms ( 激进改革) proposed by the opposition. to conserve conservation conservative conservation conversation controversial contradictory contemporary 保护 有争议的 当代的 矛盾的 传统的 conventional 谈话 conservative 保守的 dozen [ˈdʌzn] n. (一)打; 十二个 4.英语中有一些和dozen一样表示数目的单词，如：score, ten, hundred, thousand, decade等，它们的用法与dozen相同。 scores of 许多，大量几十个 tens of 数十 hundreds of 数百 thousands of 数千 tens of thousands of 数万 hundreds of thousands of 数十万 millions of 数百万 tens of millions of 数千万 hundreds of millions of 数亿 billions of 数十亿 1. dozens of 许多；很多 2. 数字 + dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 regulation [ˌreɡjuˈleɪʃn] n.章程;规章制度 set up regulation 设立规章制度 fire/ safety/ building regulations 防火条例/安全规章/建筑法规 1. regulate vt. 调整，校准 2. regular adj. 规律的，定期的 3. regularly adv.有规律地 The fire regulations require all buildings to be equipped with smoke detectors and fire extinguishers. When these organisms (生物体) die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process ____ helps to the global climate. regulate that disposal [dɪˈspəʊzl] n. 去掉;清除;处理 at one’s disposal 任某人处理/ 自行支配 dispose (of ) 处理 同义：handle, manage, deal with, address / tackle, solve / settle arrive --- arrival survive --- survival refuse --- refusal propose --- proposal approve --- approval disapprove --- disapproval dispose vt.&vi. 处理；处置；安排 disposable adj. 一次性的；可自由支配的 We need to find a proper way to these garbage. With a large sum of money , he can realize many of his dreams. 3. chopsticks are convenient but not environmentally friendly. Disposable at his disposable dispose (of) inspection [ɪnˈspekʃn] n. 检查;查看;视察 carry out regular inspections 定期检查 inspect the army 检阅部队 1. inspect vt. 检查 2. inspector n. 检查员，视察员 3. inspective adj. 检查的、注意的 ① The factory should carry out regular __________ (inspect) to ensure the quality of products. ② These plants (inspect) for disease regularly. inspections are inspected 2. fine sb. for (doing) sth. 因某事而惩罚某人 3. be fined for (doing) sth. 因某事而被惩罚 fine n. 罚款 (a parking fine) v. 对...处以罚款 adj. 美好的, 健康的 That company _________ (fine) ＄2000 not cutting the emission of greenhouse gases according to the regulations. was fined for fee 较为正式，指专业服务费、咨询费、学费、会费等：  university / membership fees charge 指商品或服务的要价、收费：  The monthly charge for this service is only $29. rent 指房屋租金：  Two-thirds of the people living there are formerly homeless people, whose rent was payed by the goverment. fine 指罚款、罚金：  There are heavy fines for drunk driving. You might even go to prison. [ 辨析 ] charge, fee, rent, fine 选出适当的单词，并用其正确形式填空。 charge, fee, rent, fine 1. There is a(n) ___________ for the use of the swimming pool. 2. The landlord（房东）has put the ___________ up again. 3. The government will continue to pick up college ___________ for some students. 4. There will be ___________ for people who drop litter. charge rent fees fines campaign n. 运动, 战役 v. 参与/领导运动 ① We have campaigned _______ whaling (捕鲸) for the last 15 years. ② Now Mr. Anderson has set up an online campaign (raise) money for Mr. Smith against to raise campaigner n.（政治或社会变革的）运动领导者/参与者 a global/international campaign 全球/国际运动 conduct/launch a campaign 发起一场运动 campaign for/against 参加运动支持/反对…… tolerate [ˈtɒləreɪt] vt. 忍受;包容;容许 5. tolerate = stand = bear = put up with 容忍 6. be tolerant of sth. /sb. 容忍某物/某人 7. tolerate (one’s/sb.) doing sth. 容忍(某人)做某事 1. tolerance n. 宽容；容忍 2. tolerant adj. 宽容的；容忍的 3. tolerable adj. 可容忍的 4. intolerable adj. 无法忍受的；不能容忍的 ① Our school won’t tolerate ________ (cheat) in exams. If caught, you will get severely punished. ② Instead of blaming the child who had broken the vase, the woman gave him a _______ (tolerate) smile and let him go. ③ We should be tolerant ___ different cultural backgrounds. cheating tolerant of agenda [əˈdʒendə] n.议程表;议事日程 1. on the agenda 在日程表上 2. add sth. to one’s agenda 把某事加在某人的日程表上 3. at the top of the agenda 位于最重要的议事日程 4. set an agenda 确定一个工作日程 拼缀法(blending)：是指把两个词同时进行裁剪，或截头，或去尾，或只裁剪两个词中的一个，保留另外一个，然后把两部分拼合在一起，构成一个新词。 具体方式为：词首 + 词尾，词首 + 词首，词首 + 单词，单词 + 词尾。用这种构词法创造的新词言简意丰，生动别致，符合现代人快节奏的生活。拼缀法是当代英语新词产生的重要方式之一。 拼 缀 法 根据所给提示填空。 smoke + fog = ______ _______________ motor + ____ = motel _______________ breakfast + ______ = brunch _______________ ______ + fiction = sci-fi _______________ ____ + technology = hi-tech _______________ _________ + tourism = agritourism _______________________ smog 雾霾 / 烟雾 hotel 汽车旅馆 lunch 早午餐 science 科幻小说 high agriculture 高科技 农业旅游 / 农家乐旅游 1. starve vi.&vt. 使挨饿；饿死--__________n. 饥饿；饿死；挨饿 2. frequently adv. 频繁地；经常--_________ adj. 频繁的--___________ n. 频繁；频率 3. restriction n. 限制规定；限制法规；约束--__________ vt. 限制；限定；束缚 4. tolerate vt. 忍受；包容；容许--__________ n. 忍受；包容--___________ adj. 宽容的 5. comprehensive adj. 全部的；所有的；详尽的--_____________v. 理解--_________________n. 理解 6. sustain vt. 维持；遭受；承受住--___________adj. 可持续的；合理利用的 7. disposal n. 去掉；清除；处理--____________ vt. 处理；清除--_____________ adj. 一次性的；用完即丢弃的 8. annual adj. 每年的；一年的 n. 年刊；年鉴--____________ adv. 每年地 starvation frequent frequency restrict tolerance tolerant comprehend comprehension sustainable dispose disposable annually 9. submit vt.&vi. 提交；呈递；屈服--__________n. 提交；呈递；屈服 10. harmonious adj. 和谐的--___________ n. 和谐 11. originate vi.&vt. 起源；发源；创立--________ n. 起源；源头；起因--_________ adj. 最初的；原始的--____________ adv. 最初；起初 12. moderate adj. 适度的；中等的；温和的；vi.&vt. 缓和；使适中--____________ n. 适度；适中；合理 13. regulation n. 章程；规章制度--__________v. 约束；控制；管理 14. inspection n. 检查；查看；视察--___________v.检查；查看；审视；视察--_____________ n. 检查员；视察员；巡视员 15. habitable adj. 适合居住的--____________ adj.不适合居住的 --_________n.习惯 16. restore vt. 恢复；使复原；修复--____________n. 修复；整修 17. conservation n. 对(环境、文物等)保护；保持-- ____________ vt. 保护；节约；保存--_______________ adj. 保守的，守旧的 submission harmony original origin originally moderation regulate inspect inspector inhabitable habit conserve conservative restoration Period 2 Language points Reading and Thinking 65 1. There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer. There is little doubt that... 几乎没有疑问的是…… There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问的是…… There is some doubt whether...  是否…是有疑问的 Sb has/have no doubt that... 某人对……毫无疑问 I don't/never doubt that... 我确信…… I doubt whether/if... 我怀疑…… that引导同位语从句，解释说明doubt的具体内容 66 【dout 从句辨析】 （1）doubt（vt.）+ that 引导的宾语从句（否定句或疑问句中） doubt（vt.）+whether / if 引导的宾语从句（肯定句中） （2）doubt（n.）+ that 引导的同位语从句（否定句或疑问句中） doubt（n.）+ whether 引导的同位语从句（肯定句中） 注意：doubt前有否定意义的词修饰时，其后的同位语从句由that引导；doubt前有肯定意义的词修饰时，其后的同位语从句由whether或if引导。 [练通]——单句语法填空 ① There is some doubt ________ I can inspire him to study hard to achieve his goal. ②[2021·浙江高考读后续写] I doubted ________ my parents would agree that I had the right to manage my earnings. [2020·全国Ⅱ卷书面表达]毫无疑问，用自己的双手劳动而不是依靠别人是 非常有意义的。 ③ There is no doubt that it is very meaningful to work with our own hands rather than depend on others. (doubt n．) 毫无疑问，当你筋疲力尽时，一杯茶可以使你精力充沛。 a cup of tea can make you dynamic when you are worn out. whether whether/if = We don't doubt that There is no doubt that 68 2. A warming ocean and atmosphere along with melting ice and rising sea levels provide evidence of a dramatic change in the global climate. 句式分析 along with 连接前后两个主语时，谓语动词应和________那个主语保持一致，即“就远原则”。 前面的 海洋和大气变暖，以及冰层融化、海平面上升，都为全球气候急剧变化提供了依据。 Jim, along with his classmates, has seen the film. 69 就远一致的词还有哪些？ with, together with, along with, as well as, besides, apart from, except... 1. A library with five thousand books _______(offer) to the nation as a gift. 2. All but one _____ (be) here just now. 3. WeChat, as well as Ding Talk, __________ (play) an important part in daily communication nowadays. 4.The woman, along with two children, (come) here every day is offered were is playing 即学即用 comes An expert who has studied polar bears for many years said that from the position of its body, the bear appeared to have starved and died. 定语从句 宾语从句 一位长期研究北极熊的专家说，从实体的姿势看，这只北极熊像是饿死的。 …the bear appeared to have starved and died. appear/seem是系动词, appear/seem to do 好像，似乎…… appeared to have starved and died,是appear/seem to have done结构，表示starve这个动作发生在appear之前，是to do的完成形式。 They appear to do everything in a rush, with an eye on the clock, as if they had a short time to live. It appears to have rained last week. The “natural” greenhouse effect refers to the fact _____ heat from the sun enters the atmosphere and warms Earth’s surface as short-wave radiation. that 同位语从句：大多由从属连词_____引导,常常跟在order, report, wish, decision, suggestion, belief, doubt, fact, hope, message, news等抽象名词的____，一般用来解释或说明这些名词的具体含义或内容。 that 后面 即学即用 1. They expressed the hope _______ they would come over to China soon. 2. Word has come _______ some American guests will come to our college for a visit next week. 3. He can’t answer the question _______ he got the money from his home yesterday. 4. Do you have any idea _______ is actually going on in the classroom? 5. The problem ________ we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once. that that how what whether 72 [练通]——写出下列句中加黑部分的含义 ①When I spoke of that girl, I wasn't her daughter. ②We have reached an agreement that we will not the matter again. ③People who work in offices are usually white collar workers. ④As the situation was unusual, he the matter the editor. refer to 指的是；涉及，提及；提交；参考，查阅 refer to...as... 把……称作…… refer...to... 把……提交给…… reference n. 提及；参考；查阅 referred-referred-referring referring to refer to referred to as referred to Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as methane and carbon dioxide, trap some of the heat, keeping Earth’s climate warm and habitable. (P27) 大气层中甲烷、二氧化碳等温室气体吸收了部分热量，从而使地球保持气候温暖、适宜居住。 句式分析 v-ing 短语在句子中作__________。 结果状语 1. European football is played in more than 80 countries, ________ (make) it one of the most popular games in the world. 2. Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus ________ (cause) the delay. 3. Her husband died ten years ago, _______ (leave) her with three children to look after. 3. ___________ (consider) the reasons mentioned above, we should take effective measures to protect our environment. 4. The leader stayed up all night, _________ (think) of what to do the next day. 5. __________________ (not receive) her reply, he decided to send another e-mail to her. leaving making causing Considering thinking Not having received 74 2. 介词(短语)引导虚拟语气 [教材原文] Without this process，Earth could not sustain life.②① 没有这个过程，地球就无法维系生命。 (1)本句中without this process是一个介词短语，相当于一个虚拟条件状语从句----If there were no this process ,主句为与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。 (2)在含蓄虚拟结构中，如果: 与现在或将来事实相反的假设,则主句谓语动词用would/could/might＋do；与过去事实相反的假设,则主句谓语动词用would/could/might＋have done. (3)含蓄条件句还可以用but for，otherwise，or等词或短语来引导。 (1)If it hadn't been for your help, we couldn't have finished the work ahead of time. →________________________， we couldn't have finished the work ahead of time. But for/Without your help (2)我感谢我的英语老师，如果没有他，我就不可能在英语方面取得这么大的进步。 I thank my English teacher, without whom ____________________ ________________________________. I couldn't have made such great progress in English (3)谢谢你的及时帮助；否则我们现在就会有很大的麻烦了。(应用文之感谢信) Thank you for your timely help；_____________________________now. otherwise we would be in great trouble There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives. 有充分而全面的证据表明，温度升高导致全世界范围内极端天气和自然灾害增加，不仅造成了严重的破坏，而且还造成了人员伤亡。 解析：本句中的evidence后接同位语从句，说明evidence的具体内容 句型：There is evidence that… 有证据表明…… There is convincing evidence that skin cancer is linked to exposure to the sun. There is clear evidence that smoking causes heart disease. 有明确的证据表明吸烟会引起心脏病。 有令人信服的证据表明皮肤癌与日晒 Period 3 Environmental Protection Discovering Useful Structures 78 直接引语 间接引语 时态变化 人称变化 1 2 代词，时状，地状，动词变化 3 语序变化 4 How to change direct speech into indirect speech? 79 1.“I don’t know that,” he said. He said that he didn’t know that. 2.She said to me,“You can go with me.” She told me that I could go with her. 3.She said to me,“He will go home.” She told me that he would go home. 1.人称变化规律总结 一随主 二随宾 三不变 一随主：直接引语中第一人称变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。 二随宾：直接引语中第二人称变为和间接宾语（即听话人）相一致的人称。 第三人称不更新：直接引语中第三人称变为间接宾语时，人称不变。 句型转换 （1）“I will come and see you again this evening， Tom，”she said. → She told Tom that 　　　　 would go and see 　　　　 again that evening. （2）He said to me，“You are wrong.” → He told me that 　　　　 was wrong. （3）“Are you a soldier?” he asked. → He asked if/whether 　　　　 was a soldier. （4）He asked，“Where are you going to get off， John?” → He asked John where 　　　　 was going to get off. she I him I he 81 2.时态的变化规律总结 直接引语变成间接引语时，如果主句是过去的某种时态，则大多数情况下间接引语的时态应相应向前推一个时态。 直接引语 间接引语 一般现在时 一般过去时    一般将来时 过去将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时   现在完成时 过去完成时 过去进行时 过去进行时（不变） 一般过去时 过去完成时 “I don’t know that,” he said. He said that he didn’t know that. 82 1. 如果直接引语表述的是客观真理，变成间接引语时，时态不变。 The teacher said to us, “Light runs much faster than sound.” →The teacher told us light runs much faster than sound. 注意 The teacher said, “World War II ended in 1945.” → The teacher said that World War II ended in 1945. 2. 如果直接引语中有明确的表示过去时间的状语，变成间接引语时，时态不变。 注意 My father said to me, “ The house was completely transformed in 2017.” My father told me that the house was completely transformed in 2017. 变化项目 直接引语 间接引语 指示代词 this these 时间状语 now today this morning/ week that those then that day that morning/ week 3. 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化。 yesterday ten days ago tomorrow next week last week the day before yesterday the day after tomorrow 地点状语 here 方向性 动词 come bring the day before ten days before the next day/ the following day there go take two days before in two days’ time the next week/ the following week the week before 语序变化 （1）“I don’t know that,” he said. He said that he didn’t know that. 陈述句用that引导 （2）Mother asked me, “Have you finished your homework?” Mother asked me whether/if I had finished my homework. 一般疑问句用whether/ if 引导 87 语序变化 （3）“How many sleeping pills have you taken?” asked the nurse. The nurse asked me how many sleeping pills I had taken. 特殊疑问句用原特殊疑问词引导 88 Exercise： (1）He said，“I’ve left my book in your room.” →He told me _______ he ____________ his book in my room. (2）She said，“Do you like watching the advertisements on TV?” →She asked me ______________ I ________ watching the advertisements on TV. (3)“Where did you find the ads for jobs abroad?”Bill asked. → Bill asked _____________________ the ads for jobs abroad. had left that where I had found that whether 89 4. 连接词和语序变化 连接词 语序 陈述句 that或省略 不变 一般疑问句 引述动词后加上if 或 whether 陈述语序 特殊疑问句 连接词不变 陈述语序 祈使句 无连接词 不变 90 Summary 句型转换 （4）“What are you doing now?” Mom asked. →Mom asked 　　　　 　　　　 　　 then. （5）He said，“Please come here again tomorrow.” →He 　　　　 　　　 　again 　　　　 　. （6）He said，“Don’t make so much noise，boys.” → He told the boys 　 　　　 so much noise. what I was doing asked me to go there not to make the next day 92 Thanks $$