2025中考专项热点时文阅读理解与阅读表达专项训练九（基础层、培优层）

2025中考专项热点时文阅读理解与阅读表达专项训练八（基础层、培优层） Passage 1 基础层 The Supreme Court (SCOTUS, the nation’s highest court of law) has ruled that states can ban some medical care for transgender youths. A person is transgender when their gender identity is different from the sex they were assigned at birth. The decision in the case of the US v. Skrmetti was divided, 6–3. The six conservative justices appointed by Republican Presidents were in the majority, and the three liberal justices appointed by Democratic Presidents dissented (disagreed). What was the case? In 2023, three families filed a lawsuit (legal dispute) against the state of Tennessee after it passed a law prohibiting doctors from providing gender-affirming care. This included medication to treat transgender youths who experience gender dysphoria (distress a person feels due to inconsistency between their gender identity and their sex assigned at birth). The families argued that the law violated their children’s rights under the Constitution (highest US law) because the medications they were denied could still be prescribed to other young people for conditions unrelated to gender dysphoria. What did the justices say? Chief Justice John Roberts, writing for the majority, said the law did not violate the Constitution. He said that amid “fierce” debate about the safety of certain treatments for young people, the law should be up to Tennessee’s voters and elected officials. Justice Sonia Sotomayor, who wrote the dissent, said the law discriminates against transgender youths and that untreated gender dysphoria can lead to serious health concerns. How did people react? Tennessee’s leading Republican elected officials praised the SCOTUS decision. Chase Strango, the lawyer representing the families in the case, said the ruling is “a devastating loss for transgender people, our families, and everyone who cares about the Constitution.” The American Academy of Pediatrics remained “unwavering” in its support of providing gender-affirming care for young people. What will happen next? In addition to Tennessee, more than 20 other states have taken steps to ban gender-affirming care for transgender youths. Because SCOTUS rulings settle law for the entire country, the laws in other states can remain in effect unless elected officials vote to change them. 阅读理解题 1. The author introduces the case by ______. A. Comparing different opinions B. Following a chronological order C. Using a problem-solution structure D. Presenting sub-topics (e.g., case, justices’ views, reactions) 1. From the justices’ differing opinions, we can infer that ______. A. Conservative and liberal justices disagree on constitutional interpretation B. Chief Justice Roberts supported the families’ claim C. Justice Sotomayor agreed with the law’s constitutionality D. All justices voted uniformly 1. The phrase “fierce debate” in the text serves to ______. A. Criticize the safety of gender-affirming care B. Support Chief Justice Roberts’ reasoning C. Highlight public opposition to the law D. Introduce the dissenting opinion 1. Chase Strango’s attitude toward the ruling is best described as ______. A. Approving B. Indifferent C. Disappointed D. Confused 1. The last paragraph mainly functions to ______. A. Predict the ruling’s future impact B. Summarize the case details C. Compare state laws nationwide D. Explain the Court’s decision-making process 1. Which rhetorical device does the author use to present the case? A. Citing legal definitions (e.g., transgender, lawsuit) B. Quoting different stakeholders (e.g., justices, lawyer, officials) C. Contrasting conservative and liberal positions D. All of the above 1. The word “unwavering” suggests that the American Academy of Pediatrics ______. A. Has changed its stance B. Strongly supports gender-affirming care C. Is uncertain about the care’s safety D. Opposes the SCOTUS ruling 1. The families’ legal argument was based on ______. A. Constitutional rights of their children B. Medical necessity of the treatments C. Public opinion polls D. Economic benefits of the care 1. The overall structure of the article is ______. A. Cause-effect B. Narrative-commentary C. Total-subordinate (introduce topic, then detail sub-aspects) D. Problem-solution 1. The core disagreement between conservative and liberal justices lies in ______. A. The definition of “transgender” B. The balance between state power and constitutional rights C. The safety of gender-affirming medications D. The influence of voter opinions 阅读表达题 1. According to the text, what defines a transgender person? 1. How was the Supreme Court’s decision in US v. Skrmetti split? 1. On what constitutional ground did the families sue Tennessee? 1. What was Chief Justice Roberts’ reasoning for upholding the law? 1. Why did Justice Sotomayor dissent from the majority opinion? 1. What did the American Academy of Pediatrics say about gender-affirming care? 1. Why did Chase Strango call the ruling a “devastating loss”? Explain with text evidence and your thoughts. （Open） 1. How might the SCOTUS ruling affect laws in other states? （Open） 1. Discuss the ideological differences between conservative and liberal justices shown in this case. （Open） 1. If you were a policy-maker, how would you balance state authority and transgender youths’ medical rights? （Open） Passage 2 培优层 For the first time, scientists have reconstructed the face of a prehistoric human known as a Denisovan. One of several extinct human species that once lived alongside early Homo sapiens (modern humans), Denisovans existed about 370,000 to 30,000 years ago in Europe and Asia. Denisovans were first identified in 2010 by a scientist named Qiaomei Fu, who analyzed DNA (a complex chemical that carries instructions for how a living thing should develop) from a pinkie fossil found in a cave in Siberia called Denisova. Since then, teeth and bone fragments weren’t enough to examine, scientists needed a skull. Ru recently examined a skull that was found in Harbin, China, in 1933 by a worker who kept it hidden for decades. Researchers had previously said it belonged to an undiscovered human species, but Fu suspected it was a Denisovan. She and her team extracted DNA from plaque on the skull’s teeth and proteins from other parts of it. They confirmed that it was a Denisovan, making it the most complete fossil of the species ever found. Using the skull as a guide, the team determined that the Denisovan had flat cheeks, deep-set eyes, and no chin. It also had a larger skull and a bigger brain than modern humans have. More Denisovan fossils are needed to confirm that these facial features are common among the species. But knowing what a Denisovan skull looks like will help scientists identify more of their fossils in the future. “We have cleared up some of the mystery surrounding this population,” Fu said. 阅读理解题 1. The author first introduces Denisovans by ______. A. Describing their extinction B. Mentioning their coexistence with Homo sapiens C. Reporting the facial reconstruction achievement D. Explaining their DNA structure 1. Why couldn’t scientists determine Denisovans’ appearance before? A. Lack of sufficient fossils (e.g., skulls) B. Advanced technology was unavailable C. The species was too rare D. Researchers focused on other humans 1. The Harbin skull is significant because ______. A. It’s the first Denisovan fossil found in China B. It proves Denisovans were a new species C. It’s the most complete Denisovan fossil discovered D. It contains well-preserved DNA only 1. The DNA and protein analysis served to ______. A. Reconstruct the Denisovan’s face B. Confirm the skull’s species as Denisovan C. Study the species’ brain size D. Determine their living environment 1. Which feature is NOT mentioned for Denisovans? A. Flat cheeks B. Deep-set eyes C. A visible chin D. A larger skull 1. The main purpose of the article is to ______. A. Report the reconstruction of a Denisovan’s face B. Compare Denisovans with modern humans C. Criticize past research on extinct humans D. Describe the process of fossil discovery 1. From Fu’s statement “We have cleared up some of the mystery,” we can infer that ______. A. All mysteries about Denisovans are solved B. More research is still needed C. No new fossils will be found D. Their facial features are fully confirmed 1. The article’s structure can be best described as ______. A. Chronological (time order) B. Cause-effect (problem-solution) C. Comparison-contrast D. General-specific (introduce topic, then detail findings) 1. Which explanatory method is used in the text? A. Listing numbers (e.g., 370,000–30,000 years) B. Making comparisons (e.g., vs. modern humans) C. Citing examples (e.g., the Harbin skull) D. All of the above 1. Why do scientists need more Denisovan fossils? A. To reconstruct more faces B. To confirm if the facial features are common in the species C. To analyze their DNA again D. To determine their exact extinction time 阅读表达题 1. When and where did Denisovans live? 1. How were Denisovans first identified in 2010? 1. What made the Harbin skull crucial for studying Denisovans? 1. What methods did Fu’s team use to identify the Harbin skull’s species? 1. What facial and cranial features did the Denisovan have? 1. How will the Harbin skull help future research? 1. How might reconstructing the Denisovan’s face advance human evolution studies? （Open） 1. What challenges did scientists face in studying Denisovans before the Harbin skull? （Open） 1. What other mysteries about Denisovans do you think remain unsolved? （Open） 1. How can new fossil discoveries impact scientific theories about human evolution? （Open） 参考答案 Passage 1 基础层 阅读理解1-5: D A B C A 6-10: D B A C B 阅读表达题 1. A person whose gender identity differs from the sex assigned at birth. 1. 6 conservative justices (Republican-appointed) supported it, 3 liberal justices (Democratic-appointed) dissented. 1. They argued the law violated their children’s constitutional rights, as the denied medications could be prescribed for other conditions. 1. He claimed the law didn’t violate the Constitution, as the debate over treatment safety should be left to Tennessee’s voters and officials. 1. She argued the law discriminates against transgender youths and that untreated gender dysphoria causes serious health issues. 1. It remained unwaveringly supportive of providing gender-affirming care. 1. （Open: e.g., It denies trans youths access to needed care, violating their rights and harming their well-being, as argued by the families.） 1. （Open: e.g., Other states with similar bans may keep their laws, unless officials repeal them.） 1. （Open: e.g., Conservatives prioritize state power/voter will; liberals emphasize constitutional rights and anti-discrimination.） 1. （Open: e.g., Conduct thorough medical research, involve experts, and ensure laws protect both state interests and individual rights.） Passage 2 培优层 阅读理解1-5: C A C B C 6-10: A B D D B 阅读表达题（答案） 1. They lived about 370,000–30,000 years ago in Europe and Asia. 1. By Qiaomei Fu analyzing DNA from a pinkie fossil found in Siberia’s Denisova Cave. 1. It’s the most complete Denisovan fossil, allowing scientists to study their appearance. 1. They extracted DNA from tooth plaque and proteins from other parts of the skull. 1. Flat cheeks, deep-set eyes, no chin, a larger skull, and a bigger brain than modern humans. 1. It will help scientists recognize more Denisovan fossils in the future. 1. （Open: e.g., It provides visual evidence of an extinct human species, helping trace evolutionary links.） 1. （Open: e.g., Limited fossils (only teeth/bones) made it hard to determine their appearance.） 1. （Open: e.g., Their exact behavior, social structure, or how they interacted with other humans.） 1. （Open: e.g., New fossils can support, revise, or challenge existing theories about human evolution.） 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$