Unit 3 词汇、短语、知识点及写作 讲义-2024-2025学年人教版（2012）英语八年级下册

人教版八年级英语下册默写卷-Unit 3.Could you please clean your room? Unit 3.Could you please clean your room? 一、词性转换 1.fold（动词）折叠，对折→（反义词）展开，打开 unfold 2.sweep（动词）打扫，扫→（过去式） swept →（过去分词） swept 3.throw（动词）扔→（过去式） threw →（过去分词） thrown 4.stress（名词）精神压力 →（形容词）人感到有压力的 stressed 5.depend（动词）依靠，信赖→（形容词）依赖的 dependent →（反义词）独立的 independent →（名词）独立 independence 6.fair（形容词）公正的→（反义词）不公正的 unfair →（名词）公正性，合理性 fairness 7.neighbor（名词）邻居→（名词）街区 neighborhood 8.ill（形容词）有病的，不舒服的→（名词）疾病 illness →（同义词） sick →（名词） sickness 9.angry (adj.) 生气的→angrily (adv.) 生气地 10.sit (v.) 坐 →sat (V-过去式) 11.lend (v.) 借出 →lent (V-过去式) 12.develop (v.) 发展 →development (n.)→（形容词）发展中的 developing →（形容词）发达的 developed 13.drop (v.) 落下 →dropped (V-过去式) →dropping (V-ing) 二、词组（phrase） NO. CHINESE ENGLISH NO. CHINESE ENGLISH 1 倒垃圾 take out the rubbish 45 ...都不 neither of 2 做家务 do chores 46 发现..怎么样 find +宾语+形容词 3 洗餐具 do the dishes 47 发现做某事怎么样 find it +形容词+to do sth 4 叠衣服 fold one‘s clothes 48 惊讶地 in surprise 5 扫地 sweep the floor 49 喝的东西 something to drink 6 整理床铺 make one’s bed 50 递给某人某物 pass sb. sth.=pass sth to sb 7 出去吃饭 go out for dinner 51 向某人借某物 borrow sth from sb 8 打扫房间 clean the room 52 借给某人某物 lend sb. sth.=lend sth to sb 9 可以做某事吗？ Could you please +动原？ 53 给你 here you are 10 客厅 living room 54 变湿 get wet 11 在二楼 on the second floor 55 讨厌做某事 hate to do/hate doing sth. 12 没问题 no problem 56 买零食 buy some snacks 13 出去吃饭 go out for dinner 57 邀请某人去某地 invite sb to SP 14 在外面待得晚 stay out late 58 光盘播放机 CD player 15 搭便车 get a ride =give sb a ride 59 主旨 the main idea 16 篮球比赛 basketball game 60 做某事的好主意 a good way to do sth 17 使用电脑 work on the computer 61 让某人做某事 make sb do sth 18 完成做某事 finish doing sth 62 帮着做家务 help with housework 19 20 2 想要某人做某事 want sb to do sth 63 如今 these days 20 回来 be back= come back 64 来自学校的压力 stress from school 21 随时，马上 any minute now 65 浪费时间 a waste of time 22 弄得一团糟 make a mess 66 浪费时间 waste time 23 乱七八糟 in a mess 67 取得好成绩 get good grades 24 相当干净整洁 pretty clean and tidy 68 上一个好大学 get into a good university 25 生某人气 be angry with sb 69 提供给某人某物 provide sb. with sth. 26 解决问题 solve the problem 70 =provide sth for sb 27 从学校回家 come home from school 71 介意做某事 mind doing sth. 28 扔下 throw down 72 培养某人的独立性 develop one’s independence 29 扔掉 throw away 73 照顾自己 look after oneself 30 坐下 sit down 74 保持...怎么样 keep+宾语 +形容词 31 一...就 the minute = as soon as 75 在...上花时间 spend ...on 32 在....前面 in front of 76 为了做... in order to do = to do 33 过来 ，顺便来访 come over 77 长大 get older 34 遛狗 take the dog for a walk 78 不知道 have no idea= don't know 35 生气地回答 reply angrily 79 依赖，依靠 depend on 36 一直 all the time =always 80 尽自己的职责 do one’s part in doing sth 37 整天 all day 81 结果是 as a result 38 整夜 all evening 82 生病 fall ill 39 与...一样 as +原级+as 83 成绩下降 grades drop 40 顶嘴 shout back 84 越早...越好 the earlier...the better 41 走开 walk away 85 同意某人 agree with sb 42 ...也不（否定句） Neither +be/助/情+主语。 86 某人做某事是没有必要的 It’s no need for sb. to do sth. 43 ...也（肯定句） So +be/助/情+主语 87 某人做某事是不够的 It’s not enough for sb. to do sth. 44 既不...也不... neither....nor 88 培养好习惯 develop a good habit 三、重点词汇拓展 考点1 .throw v.扔 ①词形： throw v.→（过去式） threw ②短语： throw down 扔下 throw…at… 投向向…投去 throw away 扔掉 throw… back into 把…扔回…里 throw … into 把…扔到…里 考点2. pass v．经过;通过;及格;传递 ①词形：pass v.→（（过去式）passed ②句型:pass sth. to sb.=pass sb. sth.把某物递给某人。 Pass me the salt, please.=Pass the salt to me,please. 请把盐递给我。 ③短语：pass the exam 考试及格 pass away 去世 pass by 经过；从旁边路过 【易混区分】 past ①prep．经过 He walked past my house．(walk past 走过/经过) ② adj．过去的 He told me about his past experience.他告诉我他过去的经历。 ③ n.过去 in the past 在过去 考点3. lend v. 借给，借出 【易混辨析】重点：borrow, lend与keep 单词 含义 用法 图解助记 borrow 借；借入 （主语借进） borrow sth. from sb. “向某人借某物” lend （过去式lent） 借给；借出 （主语借出） lend sb. sth. “借某物给某人” = lend sth. to sb. “把某物借给某人” keep 保存；保留 延续动词，表示借用的时间长度，与for +一段时间及how long连用（指借一段时间） 【即学即用】 1.Mike went to the library ________ some books the day before yesterday. A.borrow B.borrows C.to borrow D.borrowed 2.—Could you ________ me your bike,Tom? —OK.And you can ________ it for a week. A. lend ; keep B. borrow ; lend C. lend ; borrow D. borrow ; keep 3.—Can I ________ a dictionary from you, Lucy? —Sorry, I don’t have one. A. borrow B. lend C. lent D.keep 4.He often borrows money ________ others but he doesn’t lend anything ________ anybody. A. from; from B. to; from C. from; to D. to; to 5.Although you like the book, you may only ______ it for two weeks. A. borrow B. keep C. lend D. stay 考点4.provide v.提供 句型：provide sth.for sb.=provide sb.with sth.  为某人提供某物  My mother provides a comfortable room for me. =My mother provides me a comfortable room. 我妈妈为我提供了一个舒适的房间。 【易混区分】 offer ①v.提供；给予 · offer to do sth. 主动要求做某事。 I offer  to  help  my mother with the housework.我主动提出帮我妈妈做家务。 · offer sth. to sb.= offer sb sth. 给某人提供某物 He offered me a job when I am in Australia.我在澳大利亚时，他给了我一份工作。 ②offer n. 报价；提议；录取通知 He  is  expecting the  offer  of  Harvard University day  and  night . 他日夜盼望着哈佛大学的录取通知书。 考点5.depend v. 取决于，依靠，依赖 ①词形：depend v. →dependent adj.依赖的→ independent adj.独立的 ②短语：depend on sb. 依靠某人 depend on sth. 取决于某事。 We cannot always depend on our parents.我们不能总是依赖父母。 Whether to go to the park depends on the weather.是否去公园取决于天气。 考点6.develop v. 发展，壮大，开发，研制 ①词形：develop v.→development n. 发展 ②用法拓展 · v. 养成 develop a good/bad habit 养成一个好/坏习惯 · vt. &vi. 发展 developing country 发展中国家 developed country 发达国家 ③写作经典句型： With the development of the society…随着社会的发展… With the development of the science and technology …随着科学和技术的发展… 考点7. fair ①adj. 公平的，公正的 词形：fair adj.→ unfair adj.不公平的→ fairness n.公平性 I don’t think it is fair.我认为这不公平。 ②n. 博览会，展览会 a book fair 书展 ③集市 temple fair 庙会 考点7.the minute一、、、就=as soon as =the moment 引导时间状语从句(主将从现) 考点8. neither的用法： ①(adv.)“…也不”用法： neither+ be/助/情+主语 A:I don’t like this dress. B： Neither do I. 【易混辨析】重点：neither与so引导的倒装结构 倒装结构 neither + be动词/情态动词/助动词+主语 表示前者描述的否定情况也适用于后者，意为“……也一样” so + be动词/情态动词/助动词+主语 表示前者描述的肯定情况也适用于后者，意为“……也一样” 正常语序 neither＋主语＋be动词/助动词/情态动词 陈述前面的否定情况，意为“确实如此” so＋主语＋be动词/助动词/情态动词 陈述前面的肯定情况，意为“确实如此” Eg.She can’t swim and neither can her sister. 她不会游泳，她的妹妹也不会。 They went to the museum yesterday. So did we. 他们昨天去了博物馆。我们也去了。 —It was very cold yesterday. 昨天很冷。 —So it was. 确实如此。（昨天确实很冷。）【做题技巧】①“so/neither后不是人/物”→倒装语序，指的不是同一人/物，“……也一样”； “so/neither后是人/物”→正常语序，指的是同一人/物，“确实如此”。 ②前句是肯定，谁谁谁也一样用so；前句是否定，谁谁谁也一样用neither。 ③谓语动词由主语决定，时态与前句保持一致。 【即学即用】 1.—I don’t understand the story in the new unit. What about you, Bob? —_______. A.Neither I do B.Neither do I C.So do I D.So I do 2.—I'm going swimming tomorrow afternoon. —_______. I like swimming in summer. A. So am I B. Neither am I C. Neither I am D. So I am 3.我不想做家务，他也不想做。 I don’t want to do chores, ___________ ___________he. ②(pron.) “两者都不”：neither of+代宾/the+可名复 Neither of them is very clever, but both study hard. ③(adj.) “两者都不”：neither +单数名词 Neither students is from America. ④ neither …nor… “既不…也不…” （连接两个主语时，谓语动词就近一致原则） Neither Tom nor Jim is a student. Neither he nor I like this story. 【易混辨析】重点：不定代词both,neither,all,none与either的用法 不定代词 用于几者中 含义 固定搭配 例句 both 两者 两者都 both...and... …和…都 Both Tom and Mary are teachers. 汤姆和玛丽都是老师 neither 两者都不 neither...nor... 既不…也不… Neither you nor I am good at math. 我们俩都不擅长数学。 all 三者或三者以上 三者或三者以上都 无 All of us are from China. 我们都来自中国。 none 三者或三者以上都不 无 I like none of the books. 这些书我都不喜欢。 either 两者中的任何一个 两者之一 either...or... 要么…要么… Either you or he is right. 不是你对，就是他对。 【即学即用】 1.Helen has got two brothers. _______ of them likes chocolate, but she loves it. A.Neither B.None C.All D.Both 2.—Who will send you to the school, your mom or your dad? —_______. I’ll go there alone. A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. None 3.________my father ________ my mother look after me. I love them so much. A.Either;or B.Both;with C.Not only;but also D.Both;and 4.―Which would you like, a hamburger or a sandwich? ―________ of them is OK. I think ________ of them are delicious. A. Either; All B. Neither; both C. All; either D. Either; Both 5.Neither Tom nor John ___________ (come) from America. 四、重要语法 情态动词could的用法 一、情态动词could作为can的过去式时，表示过去的能力和可能性，其否定形式为could not，可缩写为couldn’t。 Eg.He could write poems when he was 10. 他十岁时就会写诗了。 Judy couldn’t have enough money for a car. 朱迪不可能有足够的钱买汽车。 二、情态动词could可用于礼貌地提出要求或征询许可，此时并非can的过去式。 用法和句式 示例 提出请求： Could you please (not) do ...? Could you please take the dog for a walk? 请你去遛遛狗好吗？ 征询许可： Could I/we do ... ? Could I go out for dinner with my friends? 我能和朋友一起出去吃（晚）饭吗？ 肯定回答常用语： Of course./Certainly./OK./Sure./No problem.等 否定回答常用语： Sorry./Certainly not./I’m afraid I can’t./No, you can’t等.+说明理由 —Could you please clean the room? 请你打扫一下房间好吗？ —Sure. 当然可以。 —Could you open the windows? 你能打开窗户吗？ —Sorry, but I have a cold. 抱歉，我感冒了。 【拓展延伸】 1.对提出请求或征询许可的句型做否定回答时，通常以sorry或I’m sorry开头。 Eg.—Could you help me with my English now? 你现在能帮我学英语吗？ —I’m sorry, but I have a football match ten minutes later. 抱歉，我十分钟后要参加一场足球赛。 2.如果问句中使用could，回答时要用can或can’t，不能用could或couldn’t。 Eg.—Could I use your bike? 我能用一下你的自行车吗？ —Sure, you can. 当然可以。 3.其他常见的表示委婉请求或征询许可的句型： （1）Will/Would you please do ...? 表示“请你做……好吗？” （2）Would you mind (not) doing ...? 表示“你介意（不）做……吗？” （3）May I ...? 表示“我可以……吗？” 语法小测 一、单项选择 1.—Could you ride a bike when you were 5 years old? —_______. But I could sing some songs. A.No, I can't. B.No, I couldn't. C.Yes, I can. D.Yes, I could. 2. At the age of five, Allen _______ tell some famous Chinese stories. A. could B. must C. need D. might 3.—Could you please wash the fruit? —_______. I cut my finger and I'm trying not to get it wet. A. No, I can't B. Yes, sure C.No, you can't D.Yes, you can 4.—Could I borrow the book? —_______, that would be OK. I finished reading it yesterday. A. Thank you B. I'm sorry C. Never mind D. Of course 5.Kim _______ play the violin five years ago,but now he can play it well. A. mustn't B. couldn't C. needn't D.shouldn't 6. ---Could you please buy _______ drinks and snacks? --- Sorry. I don’t have _______ money. A. some, any　　 B. any, any　　 C. some, some　　 D. any, some 7.---Could you help me with the math problem? ---________. I'm too busy now. A .Yes, please B. No, sure C. Yes, you could D. Sorry, I can't 8.—Could you finish the task in two days? —________. I have something else to do these days. A. I could not B. Yes, I think so C. I’m afraid so D. I’m afraid not 9.—Could I use your bike? —Yes, of course you ________. A. can B. could C. must D. will 10.—Would you mind ________ the window? It’s very hot. —No, not at all. A. open B.to open C. opening D. opens 11.—Could I borrow your car? —_______, I need it. I _______ go to school. A. Certainly; don’t B. Sorry; have to C. Certainly; don’t have to D. Sure; have to 12.—Could you lend me the book you bought last week? —_______. A. Yes, here you are B. No, I can’t lend C. It’s not interesting D. A good idea 13.—Paul, could you please _______ the TV? Jim is sleeping now. —Sorry. I’ll do it right now. A. turn up B. turning up C. turn down D. turning down 14.---Lily, could you help to feed my cat while I’m away? ---_______. A. No, I don’t B. Yes, I will C. No, I mustn’t D. Yes, I must 15.—Would you mind my smoking here? —________. Can’t you see the sign “No smoking”? A.Of course not B.No C.Never mind D.You’d better not 五、交际用语 1.A:Why don’t you go to sleep earlier this evening? B:Good idea.好主意。/ Sounds great. 听起来不错。/Not bad.还行。 2.A:What should I do?我该怎么办？ B:I guess you could tell her to say sorry. 我想你可以叫她道歉。 3.A:Thanks for your advice.谢谢你的建议。B: No problem./You’re welcome.不客气。 六、单元话题写作（家务劳动） 【范文1】 Should Children do chores at home ? I think children should do chores at home. Here are three reasons. First, parents will feel very tired if they do all the housework at home, so children should help their parents do some chores. It can make children understand their parents better. Second, children are part of the family. They should share chores at home. Children should do their part in keeping their rooms tidy. For example, they should make their beds and fold their clothes. Third, these days children depend on their parents too much. Doing chores can help children learn how to take care of themselves. And it can help them have good living habits. It’s good for their future. So I believe that children should do chores at home. 【范文2】 Learn to Do Housework Nowadays, many students depend on their parents too much. They have no idea how to take care of themselves. In my opinion, we teenagers should help our parents share housework. First, doing housework can develop our independence. We can learn some life skills and learn to look after ourselves. Secondly, it’s a good way to understand our parents. Since we live in a house with our parents, we should do our part in keeping it clean and tidy. Finally, doing housework is a kind of exercise, it can help us keep healthy and strong. All in all, doing housework helps us learn life skills and understand the idea of fairness. The earlier we learn to do housework , the better we will be . 【范文3】 My Experience of Doing Housework As a family member, it’s our duty to help our parents do housework. Last Sunday, when my parents went out shopping to buy food for lunch, I began to clean my house. First, I swept the floor and wiped the table. Then, I collected all the books and other things and put them in place. Finally, I took all the rubbish out. When my parents came back, they were surprised and praised me. I felt so happy at that time. So I keep doing housework, such as sweeping the floor or tidying the room. Sharing the housework with our parents means showing love to them. So I think all of us should take action from now on. 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$