阅读理解能力突破：主旨大意题 讲义-2026届高三年级英语一轮复习

阅读理解能力突破：主旨大意题 讲义 第一课时 常见的设问方式 · Which of the following can be the best title for the text? · What is the... paragraph mainly about? · What is the best title for the text? · What is the text mainly about? · What may be the best title for the text? · What can be a suitable title for the text? 重点提示：attitude,think about,opinion-----author 确定概括范围，关注题目特点 主旨大意题的答案设置分为两类。一类是文章有一个明确的主题句，正确选项往往是它的同义转述句。做这类题时，首先要找出文章的主题句，这样就明确了文章要讲什么，再通读全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。由于文章内容和体裁的不同，作者的写作手法也不尽相同，因而主题句在文章中出现的位置也不固定。另一类是文章中没有可概括全文的中心句，主题句隐含在全文当中。阅读这样的文章时，考生应根据文章的细节来分析、概括，从而推导出文章的主旨大意。 【例】Two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel, two air conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproof covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones. 重复就是力量 What is the main idea of the passage? A. The construction of two lanes. B. The function of a road. C. The solution to cars' pollution. D. The design of two tunnels. 同源替换----熟词生义（替换）---乱序 速读文章，明确主题 主题句的特征 · 首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容往往体现文章主旨; · 作者有意识地反复陈述的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词或短语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词; · 段落中出现表转折的词或短语(如 however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该词或短语后的句子很可能是主题句。 寻找主题句 · 主题句在段首：主题句在段首的文章结构是先点明主题，然后围绕这一主题进行分析，用演绎法阐述观点。在议论文、科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种方式。 · 主题句在段中：当主题句被安排在段落中间时，通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、论证或展开。 · 主题句在段尾：主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据，层层推理论证，最后得出结论，即段落的主题。 因果选果 [全国I 2020·D] The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants. 32. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. A new study of different plants. B. A big fall in crime rates. C. Employees from various workplaces. D. Benefits from green plants. 瞻首顾尾，定位中心句 每一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句成为该段主题句的概率往往最大。将首段的中心句与各段第一句串联在一起，常常可以得出文章的中心思想。此外，文章的逻辑结构也有助于定位中心句。常见的结构有按时间顺序组织的结构或“分述------总说”结构。按时间先后顺序说明某一件事或某一理论的发展过程的文章,主题句通常在首段或末段；采用“分述-----总说”结构的文章，前几段分述，末段总结，这类文章主题句常在末段。 [全国Ⅱ 2020·B] Some parents will buy any high-- tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills... . The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during every -day activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age... . The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science. Suggest,say,prove,conclude,advise,show,illustrate 27. What is the text mainly about? A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.----research C. A woman psychologist. D. A teaching program. 真题实战 Passage 1 （2022·全国·高考甲卷真题）Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city. 同源替换 名词定位，动词逻辑 32．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．Sydney’s striking architecture. B．The cultural diversity of Sydney. C．The key to Sydney’s development. 抽象替换key=harbor D．Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s. Passage 2 （2022·全国·高考乙卷真题）Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. 31．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B．How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded泛 C．What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face D．How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways 祛同求异 Passage 3 （2022·全国新高考II卷真题）Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply. That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately." "Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. "We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone." 31．What is a suitable title for the text? A．To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start B．Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer C．New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers. D．The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer- 补充练习 Passage 1 （2022·江西·一模） Discussions about the impact of false news often center on our preference of confirmation: we tend to believe and share things that fit with our prior beliefs. A new study finds that we're poor judges of truthfulness even when we can't trust a particular source—and we overestimate our powers of judgment. In three experiments, the researchers asked participants to record two short videos, one to describe a real-life news event and one to make up an event. They were told they would get a reward if viewers thought that the events described in either video were true. Viewers, for their part, were paid both for accuracy and for correctly estimating their accuracy. Across all the experiments, viewers’ ability to distinguish lies from truth stayed at or just above 50%, just like flipping(抛) a coin to decide. They believed false videos and doubted true ones. More than 65% of men and 61% of women thought they'd performed better than they actually had. In one of the experiments, the researchers explored whether certain behaviors exhibited in the videos were associated with lying. This pointed to several clues, and analysis suggested that viewers noticed the clues, /but they tended to interpret them in the wrong direction. For example, they judged wordier videos to be true. In the final experiment, some viewers were shown eight videos, including one shared by a previous viewer because he or she found it to be interesting and believable. They selected one of the eight to watch and assess for truthfulness. Knowing that a video had been shared greatly increased the chances that participants would choose it to watch, and they believed what the previous viewer had thought to be true./ Actually most of the shared videos were false and had been misjudged by the first viewers. “The combination of overconfidence and being bad at detecting lies, with an overreliance on shared content, may explain why fake news is so prominent and influential,” the researchers write. 1．How do people judge false news according to the new study? A．On the basis of careful research. B．According to personal preferences. C．Based on the influence of the news. D．After attending a group discussion. 2．What can we learn about the participants in the experiments? A．Most of them performed better than expected.褒贬一致，比较级谨慎选择，主客一致 B．Some of them flipped coins to make a judgment.例子非答案，just like C．They tended to see the clues in the opposite way. D．They made good judgment when given good clues.褒贬一致 3．What affected the judgment of some participants in the final experiment? A．The opinions of previous viewers. B．Their ability to tell lies from truth. C．The number of videos offered to them. D．The nature of the behaviors in the videos. 4．What's the text mainly about?注意文章总分结构，以及最后一段的关键性总结 A．It's important to tell false news from real news. B．Shared videos usually carry misjudged news. C．False news is made by combining several forces. D．Preferences determine our judgment of fake news. Passage 2 （2022·青海·模拟预测） An experimental cleanup device called RemoveDebris has successfully cast a net around adummy (仿造的) satellite, simulating (模拟) a technique that could one day collect spaceborne garbage. The test, which was carried out this week, is widely believed to be the first successful demonstration of space cleanup technology, experts told CNN. And it signals an early step toward dealing with what is already a key problem: rubbish in space. Millions of pieces of junk are turning around in orbit, the result of 50 years of space travel and few regulations to keep space clean. At orbital speeds, even a small bit of paint crashing with a satellite can cause serious damage. Various companies have plans to send thousands of new satellites into low-Earth orbit, already the most crowded area. The RemoveDebris experiment is run by a company and researchers led by the UK’s Surrey Space Centre and includes Airbus, Airbus-owned Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. and France’s Ariane Group. Guglielmo Aglietti, the director of Surrey Space Centre, said that an operational version of the RemoveDebris technology would cast out a net that remains fastened to the main satellite so the debris can be dragged out of orbit. It could target large pieces of junk, including dead satellites up to 10 meters long. The RemoveDebris satellite will conduct a few more experiments in the coming months, including testing navigation systems that could help guide the satellite to a specific piece of debris. Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, said the success of this week’s experiment was exciting, but he cautioned against “over-publicizing” it. There are still big barriers to clear before operational cleanup tasks will be underway, he said, and the biggest challenge is figuring out how to fund such projects. Aglietti, the Surrey professor who helped lead the RemoveDebris project, said “the challenge will be to convince the relevant authorities to sponsor these tasks”. Aglietti said he hopes RemoveDebris will conduct a few cleanup tasks per year, targeting the largest pieces of rubbish in the most crowded orbits. Aglietti is hopeful. 5．What attracts people to invent RemoveDebris?从第六题可以得知 A．Exploring space. B．Testing an orbit. C．Cleaning satellites. D．Removing waste in space. 6．How does the RemoveDebris work? A．It throws a net to take junk from orbit. B．It fastens junk to the main satellite. C．It targets large pieces of junk carefully. D．It drags junk up to 10 meters long. 7．What do we know about RemoveDebris?褒贬一致性 A．It is successful in cleanup tasks. B．It still needs to be broadcasted widely. C．It should get some financial help from authorities. D．It helps researchers to find a specific junk. 8．What’s the best title of the text? A．Space Garbage Causes Severe Damage B．Researchers Advertise Waste Collecting Satellite C．Authorities Sponsor RemoveDebris Project主客一致 D．Satellite First Time Collects Waste Passage 3 （2022·陕西西安·一模） You probably don’t think of scientific or medical instruments as the kind of instruments that actually make music. But now researchers have built a scientific instrument specifically designed to detect counterfeit (伪造的) medications through sound. The World Health Organization estimates about 10 percent of the medications in low and middle-income countries are fakes. Sometimes, dangerous ones. /So the idea here is to fill the tube with a sample that’s known to be safe. Then compare it to a bottle you’re not so sure about. “If you get the same pitch (音高) out of those two samples, it’s very good evidence that they’re probably the same material, and the suspect substance is a safe drug to take. But if you get a different pitch out of the two samples, that’s absolute proof that those two samples are chemically different. And that shows you there’s something wrong with the sample you were given and you probably shouldn’t take it.” The instrument is designed to test only liquid samples for now. And while the human ear is sensitive enough to hear the difference between samples of air and water, the difference between a real and a counterfeit drug might be imperceptible to our ears. So Grover built a free website where users can upload recordings of the instrument, from their smartphone or computer, and analyze the hertz. Then repeat it with the suspect sample. …in the hope of inspiring people around the world to build these things themselves. “I can literally make one of these out of junk in your garage in about five minutes probably. The hardest thing to come by is tubing. We’ve made them out of bent copper tubing like you get out of a radiator. Just junk, lying around. It’s remarkable how easy they are to make. My dream would be to have the instructions for making them and using them shared as widely as possible.” It is, admittedly, a pretty convincing pitch. 9．What’s the passage mainly about? A．A scientific instrument. B．A pretty convincing tube.非主旨信息 C．A suspect sample. D．A dangerous instrument. 10．What’s the function of the instrument according to the passage? A．To give the buyer more drugs as a gift. B．To make the wonderful music.非主旨信息 C．To carry the liquid. D．To test fake medications through sound. 11．Where can you get the material to build this kind of scientific instrument?定位细节题（选项高度一致） A．The junk in the garage. B．The junk in the drugstore. C．The junk in the supermarket. D．The junk in the factory. 12．What can we learn about the instrument from the passage? A．Everyone can make it easily. B．It can play the music you like.非主旨信息 C．There is a long way to go. D．It is widely used to test medicine.时态一致性 第二课时习题课 经典例题做题回顾 Passage 1 （2022·江西·一模） Discussions about the impact of false news often center on our preference of confirmation: we tend to believe and share things that fit with our prior beliefs. A new study finds that we're poor judges of truthfulness even when we can't trust a particular source—and we overestimate our powers of judgment. In three experiments, the researchers asked participants to record two short videos, one to describe a real-life news event and one to make up an event. They were told they would get a reward if viewers thought that the events described in either video were true. Viewers, for their part, were paid both for accuracy and for correctly estimating their accuracy. Across all the experiments, viewers’ ability to distinguish lies from truth stayed at or just above 50%, just like flipping(抛) a coin to decide. They believed false videos and doubted true ones. More than 65% of men and 61% of women thought they'd performed better than they actually had. In one of the experiments, the researchers explored whether certain behaviors exhibited in the videos were associated with lying. This pointed to several clues, and analysis suggested that viewers noticed the clues, /but they tended to interpret them in the wrong direction. For example, they judged wordier videos to be true. In the final experiment, some viewers were shown eight videos, including one shared by a previous viewer because he or she found it to be interesting and believable. They selected one of the eight to watch and assess for truthfulness. Knowing that a video had been shared greatly increased the chances that participants would choose it to watch, and they believed what the previous viewer had thought to be true./ Actually most of the shared videos were false and had been misjudged by the first viewers. “The combination of overconfidence and being bad at detecting lies, with an overreliance on shared content, may explain why fake news is so prominent and influential,” the researchers write. 1．How do people judge false news according to the new study? A．On the basis of careful research. B．According to personal preferences. C．Based on the influence of the news. D．After attending a group discussion. 2．What can we learn about the participants in the experiments? A．Most of them performed better than expected.褒贬一致，比较级谨慎选择，主客一致 B．Some of them flipped coins to make a judgment.例子非答案，just like C．They tended to see the clues in the opposite way. D．They made good judgment when given good clues.褒贬一致 3．What affected the judgment of some participants in the final experiment? A．The opinions of previous viewers. B．Their ability to tell lies from truth. C．The number of videos offered to them. D．The nature of the behaviors in the videos. 4．What's the text mainly about? 注意文章总分结构，以及最后一段的关键性总结 A．It's important to tell false news from real news. B．Shared videos usually carry misjudged news. C．False news is made by combining several forces. D．Preferences determine our judgment of fake news. Passage 2 （2022·青海·模拟预测） An experimental cleanup device called RemoveDebris has successfully cast a net around adummy (仿造的) satellite, simulating (模拟) a technique that could one day collect spaceborne garbage. The test, which was carried out this week, is widely believed to be the first successful demonstration of space cleanup technology, experts told CNN. And it signals an early step toward dealing with what is already a key problem: rubbish in space. Millions of pieces of junk are turning around in orbit, the result of 50 years of space travel and few regulations to keep space clean. At orbital speeds, even a small bit of paint crashing with a satellite can cause serious damage. Various companies have plans to send thousands of new satellites into low-Earth orbit, already the most crowded area. The RemoveDebris experiment is run by a company and researchers led by the UK’s Surrey Space Centre and includes Airbus, Airbus-owned Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. and France’s Ariane Group. Guglielmo Aglietti, the director of Surrey Space Centre, said that an operational version of the RemoveDebris technology would cast out a net that remains fastened to the main satellite so the debris can be dragged out of orbit. It could target large pieces of junk, including dead satellites up to 10 meters long. The RemoveDebris satellite will conduct a few more experiments in the coming months, including testing navigation systems that could help guide the satellite to a specific piece of debris. Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, said the success of this week’s experiment was exciting, but he cautioned against “over-publicizing” it./ There are still big barriers to clear before operational cleanup tasks will be underway, he said, and the biggest challenge is figuring out how to fund such projects. Aglietti, the Surrey professor who helped lead the RemoveDebris project, said “the challenge will be to convince the relevant authorities to sponsor these tasks”. Aglietti said he hopes RemoveDebris will conduct a few cleanup tasks per year, targeting the largest pieces of rubbish in the most crowded orbits. Aglietti is hopeful. 5．What attracts people to invent RemoveDebris?从第六题可以得知 A．Exploring space. B．Testing an orbit. C．Cleaning satellites. D．Removing waste in space. 6．How does the RemoveDebris work? A．It throws a net to take junk from orbit. · B．It fastens junk to the main satellite.主客一致（主动和被动） C．It targets large pieces of junk carefully. D．It drags junk up to 10 meters long. 7．What do we know about RemoveDebris?褒贬一致性 A．It is successful in cleanup tasks. B．It still needs to be broadcasted widely. C．It should get some financial help from authorities. D．It helps researchers to find a specific junk. 8．What’s the best title of the text? A．Space Garbage Causes Severe Damage B．Researchers Advertise Waste Collecting Satellite C．Authorities Sponsor RemoveDebris Project主客一致 D．Satellite First Time Collects Waste Passage 3 （2022·陕西西安·一模） You probably don’t think of scientific or medical instruments as the kind of instruments that actually make music. But now researchers have built a scientific instrument specifically designed to detect counterfeit (伪造的) medications through sound. The World Health Organization estimates about 10 percent of the medications in low and middle-income countries are fakes. Sometimes, dangerous ones. /So the idea here is to fill the tube with a sample that’s known to be safe. Then compare it to a bottle you’re not so sure about. “If you get the same pitch (音高) out of those two samples, it’s very good evidence that they’re probably the same material, and the suspect substance is a safe drug to take. But if you get a different pitch out of the two samples, that’s absolute proof that those two samples are chemically different. And that shows you there’s something wrong with the sample you were given and you probably shouldn’t take it.” The instrument is designed to test only liquid samples for now. And while the human ear is sensitive enough to hear the difference between samples of air and water, the difference between a real and a counterfeit drug might be imperceptible to our ears. So Grover built a free website where users can upload recordings of the instrument, from their smartphone or computer, and analyze the hertz. Then repeat it with the suspect sample. …in the hope of inspiring people around the world to build these things themselves. “I can literally make one of these out of junk in your garage in about five minutes probably. The hardest thing to come by is tubing. We’ve made them out of bent copper tubing like you get out of a radiator. Just junk, lying around. It’s remarkable how easy they are to make. My dream would be to have the instructions for making them and using them shared as widely as possible.” It is, admittedly, a pretty convincing pitch. 9．What’s the passage mainly about? A．A scientific instrument. B．A pretty convincing tube.非主旨信息 C．A suspect sample. D．A dangerous instrument. 10．What’s the function of the instrument according to the passage? A．To give the buyer more drugs as a gift. B．To make the wonderful music.非主旨信息 C．To carry the liquid. D．To test fake medications through sound. 11．Where can you get the material to build this kind of scientific instrument?定位细节题（选项高度一致） A．The junk in the garage. B．The junk in the drugstore. C．The junk in the supermarket. D．The junk in the factory. 12．What can we learn about the instrument from the passage? A．Everyone can make it easily. B．It can play the music you like.非主旨信息 C．There is a long way to go. D．It is widely used to test medicine.时态一致性 Passage 4 （2022·宁夏·平罗中学模拟预测） When you were at school, were you ever told to stop daydreaming and concentrate? It was easy for your mind to wander if you weren’t interested in what you were learning or if you had better things to think about. Staying focused can still be a challenge in adult life, but understanding how to do it, and knowing what is distracting you, can help. Scientists have looked at what makes us delay and found a number of ways to help us stay in the zone. One of the most obvious things is eliminating noise. Research by Science Focus magazine found silence is best for concentration, or a gentle background hum and coffee shop noise is great! It also found turning off notifications on your phone, or switching it off altogether, removes a major distraction and helps us focus on the task at hand. Another possible cure for a short attention span is brain training. Psychologists and neuroscientists are increasingly interested in our ability to settle down and have looked at what we can change inside our head to make us concentrate. An article for BBC Future by Caroline Williams says that “Attention Researcher Nilli Lavie of University College London has found that making a task more visually demanding takes up more processing power and leaves the brain nothing left to process distractions.” So, keeping your mind busy might be the answer. There are more practical tips to keeping your mind focused. These include making a list or timetable of the tasks you have to do, finding a workspace where you’re not tempted to do other things, or chewing some gum! It’s possible the movement in your mouth occupies parts of the brain that might otherwise get distracted. But according to Science Focus magazine, distraction isn’t all bad. “If we were always so focused that we never got distracted, we’d miss potential changes, such as threats, in our environment. Distraction is vital for survival.” 13．Which of the following places is better to make you keep focused according to the research?褒贬一致 A．An unquiet library. B．A crowded hall. C．A classroom with loud noise. D．A cafe with soft music. 14．Why does the author suggest keeping our mind busy? A．To introduce a mental recovery. B．To explain a cultural phenomenon. C．To train our brain to concentrate.唯一主旨信息 D．To recommend an intelligent train. 15．What is Science Focus magazine’s attitude to distraction?褒贬一致 A．Contradictory. B．All-sided. C．Doubtful. D．Puzzling. 16．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?全面信息 A．How to stay focused B．The harm of distraction C．The Benefits of keeping focused D．The research about distraction 第二课时的课前作业 （2024·四川成都·一模·★★★）One day I typed into ChatGPT all about my upset feelings and it instantly responded, offering a list of practical advice. Nowadays million pens of people are already turning to ChatGPT and specialist therapy (治疗) chatbots for convenient and inexpensive mental health support. Some experts say this is a boon. After all, AI, undisturbed by embarrassment, might be able to express empathy (同理心) more openly and tirelessly than humans. But others worry about the consequences of people seeking emotional support from machines that can only pretend to care. Some even wonder if the rise of so- called empathetic AI might change the way we interact with one another. Indeed, empathy is one of our species’ defining qualities, developing as it did in pace with social interaction. One recent analysis about empathy looked at 52 studies published between 1980 and 2019, which shows that the empathizer must first be able to recognize how the other person is feeling. They must also be affected by those emotions and distinguish themselves and the other person, grasping that the other person’s feelings aren’t their own while still being able to imagine the other person’s experience. On the first point, in recent years, AI- powered chatbots have made progress in their ability to read human emotions, most powered by large language models (LLMs) that work by predicting which words are most likely to appear together based on training data. In this way, LLMs like ChatGPT can seemingly identify our feelings and respond appropriately most of the time. But when it comes to the other criteria, AI still misses the mark in many ways. Empathy is interpersonal, with continued feedback helping to perfect the sympathizer’s response, which also requires some degree of intuitive (直觉的) awareness of an individual and their situation. All of this helps to explain conversations like the ones I had with ChatGPT. At the end of the day, despite talking to multiple chatbots online, I did what I knew I had to do all along: I picked up my phone and called a friend. 1．What does the underlined word “boon” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Challenge. B．Misunderstanding. C．Trap. D．Blessing. 2．What does the recent analysis show about empathy? A．It starts with identifying emotions. B．It relies on rich imagination. C．It requires clear communication. D．It ignores individual difference. 3．What can AI do according to paragraph 4? A．Recognize one’s real desire. B．Provide data- driven response.. C．Solve all the emotion puzzles. D．Predict one’s behavior by intuition. 4．What does the author think of ChatGPT? A．Its development should be sped up. B．Its intelligence is winning more favor. C．Its application should be strictly managed. D．Its artificial kindness is no match for humans’. 补充练习 2025届T8第一次联考（2024年12月13日） C It goes without saying that hard physical labor wears you out, but what about hard mental labor? “Influential theories suggested that fatigue (疲惫) is a sort of illusion cooked up by the brain to make us stop whatever we're doing and turn to a more gratifying activity," says Mathias Pessiglione of Pitié-Salpêtrière University in Paris, France. “But our findings show that cognitive work results in a true functional transformation - accumulation of toxic substances so fatigue would indeed be a signal that makes us stop working but for a different purpose: to preserve the integrity of brain functioning. Pessiglione and colleagues wanted to understand what mental fatigue really is. They used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to monitor brain chemistry over the course of a workday. They studied two groups of people: those who needed to think hard and those who had relatively simple cognitive tasks. They saw signs of fatigue only in the group doing hard mental work. Those in that group also exhibited in their choices a change toward options proposing rewards at short delay with minimal effort. Critically, they also had higher levels of glutamate (谷氨酸) in the brain's prefrontal cortex (前额皮质). Together with earlier evidence, the scientists say it supports the hypothesis that glutamate accumulation makes further activation of the prefrontal cortex more costly, such that cognitive control is more difficult after a mentally tough workday. So, is there some way to overcome this limitation of our brain's ability to think hard? “Not really, I'm afraid," Pessiglione said, “I would employ good old recipes: rest and sleep! There is good evidence that glutamate is removed from the brain during sleep. There may be other practical implications of the findings. For example, the researchers say, monitoring of prefrontal cortex could help to detect severe mental fatigue. Such an ability may help adjust work agendas to avoid burnout. Pessiglione also advises people to avoid making important decisions when they're tired. 28.What does the underlined word “gratifying" in Paragraph l mean? A. Relaxing. B.Complex. C.Temporary. D.Rewarding. 29. What does the group performing hard mental work exhibit in the study? A. Fewer signs, of mental fatigue. B.Greater motivation and effort. C.Higher efficiency in complex tasks. D.Stronger preference for:immediate rewards. 30. What do we know about glutamate accumulation? A.It causes a sense of peaceful mind. B.It enhances brain function in a limited way. C. It signals the brain is emptying its mental energy. D.It decreases the cost of prefrontal cortex actiyation 31. What is Pessiglione's advice for those overwhelmed by mentally demanding tasks? A.Remove them from the work agenda B.Reduce the complexity of all cognitive tasks C.Schedule strategic breaks to allow for recovery. D. Apply technology to monitoring the brain activity. 辽宁省名校联盟2024年高三12月份联合考试英语试题卷 Do you experience worse car sickness in electric cars than in petrol cars? You' re not alone and when it comes to self-driving cars, it may be even worse. Although scientists aren't exactly sure what causes motion sickness, it has to do with passengers being deprived of the ability to predict future movements. When you read a magazine in a car, your eyes will signal to your brain that the car is still. However, your brain will recognize the vibrations(振动) and turns that the car makes.This can confuse the mind and make you start to feel sick. As for electric cars, one-pedal driving is often blamed for feelings of car sickness, according to the U. S Department of Energy. The one pedal does both the accelerating and braking the driver steps on the pedal to increase speed and takes their foot off the pedal to slow down. If you stop accelerating, the one-pedal will automatically slow and stop the car. The deceleration caused by this system is thus more rapid than that of petrol cars, which may lead to motion sickness. Another technological advance that can also be related to car sickness is the larger and increasing number of screens inside electric vehicles. These screens overburden users with visual information, which discourages them from looking outside, according to The Conversation. Passengers thereby fail to take in the “correct" visual signals such as the moving surroundings, which can trigger sickness.Unfortunately, even when people adjust to the movements of electric cars and experience less car sickness self-driving vehicles might be another challenge for them. According to a study, as much as 12 percent of the U. S population may feel carsick while riding in autonomous vehicles.To ensure the widespread usage of new types of' vehicles, car producers are working to solve such problems with better technology. For example, Japanese company Honda is working on reducing the car's “'violent' acceleration by making changes to the engine, said Car Magazine. 28. What does the phase “being deprived of’ in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Losing. B. Restricted to. C. Fueled with. D. Developing. 29.What may cause worse car sickness in electric cars? A. The one-pedal system couldn't stop the car fast enough. B. The screens inside do not provide appealing images. C.Passengers are distracted from looking at outside views. D.It takes time for people to get adapted to creative designs 30.What can readers predict from the passage? A. New types of vehicles have no bright future. B. Car sickness can possibly be avoided in time. C.People will get over car sickness pretty soon. D.Electronic devices inside cars will be removed 31. What is the author's purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend ways to avoid car sickness B. To promote the sales of self-driving cars. C.To clear misunderstandings of electric cars D.To analyze possible causes of car sickness 解析 （2024·四川成都·一模·★★★）One day I typed into ChatGPT all about my upset feelings and it instantly responded, offering a list of practical advice. Nowadays million pens of people are already turning to ChatGPT and specialist therapy (治疗) chatbots for convenient and inexpensive mental health support. Some experts say this is a boon. After all, AI, undisturbed by embarrassment, might be able to express empathy (同理心) more openly and tirelessly than humans./ But others worry about the consequences of people seeking emotional support from machines that can only pretend to care. Some even wonder if the rise of so- called empathetic AI might change the way we interact with one another. Indeed, empathy is one of our species’ defining qualities, developing as it did in pace with social interaction. One recent analysis about empathy looked at 52 studies published between 1980 and 2019, /which shows that the empathizer must first be able to recognize how the other person is feeling./ They must also be affected by those emotions and /distinguish themselves and the other person, /grasping that the other person’s feelings aren’t their own while still being able to imagine the other person’s experience. On the first point, in recent years, AI- powered chatbots have made progress in their ability to read human emotions, /most powered by large language models (LLMs) that work by predicting /which words are most likely to appear together based on training data. /In this way, LLMs like ChatGPT can seemingly identify our feelings and respond appropriately most of the time. /But when it comes to the other criteria, AI still misses the mark in many ways. Empathy is interpersonal, with continued feedback helping to perfect the sympathizer’s response, which also requires some degree of intuitive (直觉的) awareness of an individual and their situation. All of this helps to explain conversations like the ones I had with ChatGPT. At the end of the day, despite talking to multiple chatbots online, I did what I knew I had to do all along: I picked up my phone and called a friend. 1．What does the underlined word “boon” in paragraph 2 mean?褒贬一致 A．Challenge. B．Misunderstanding. C．Trap. D．Blessing. 2．What does the recent analysis show about empathy?分句结构法 A．It starts with identifying emotions. B．It relies on rich imagination. C．It requires clear communication. D．It ignores individual difference. 3．What can AI do according to paragraph 4?分句结构法 A．Recognize one’s real desire.画蛇添足 B．Provide data- driven response.. C．Solve all the emotion puzzles.绝对化 D．Predict one’s behavior by intuition.BD矛盾选项 4．What does the author think of ChatGPT?褒贬一致，此处是作者而不是科学家 A．Its development should be sped up. B．Its intelligence is winning more favor. C．Its application should be strictly managed. D．Its artificial kindness is no match for humans’. 一、阅读理解解析 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，主要讲述了人们现在越来越倾向于使用ChatGPT和专业的聊天机器人来获取方便且低成本的心理支持。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词上一段“Nowadays million pens of people are already turning to ChatGPT and specialist therapy (治疗) chatbots for convenient and inexpensive menal health support. (如今，数以百万计的人已经转向ChatGPT和专家治疗聊天机器人，以获得方便和廉价的心理健康支持。)”及划线词后文“After all, AI, undisturbed by embarrassment, might be able to express empathy (同理心) more openly and tirelessly than humans. (毕竟，不受尴尬干扰的人工智能或许能够比人类更公开、更不知疲倦地表达同理心。)”可知，一些专家说找ChatGPT和聊天机器人聊天是一种福音，因为机器人能更公开、更不知疲倦地表达同理心。划线词与Blessing意思相近。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“One recent analysis about empathy looked at 52 studies published between 1980 and 2019, which shows that the empathizer must first be able to recognize how the other person is feeling. They must also be affected by those emotions and distinguish themselves and the other person, grasping that the other person’s feelings aren’t their own while still being able to imagine the other person’s experience. (最近一项关于同理心的分析研究了1980年至2019年发表的52项研究，这些研究表明，同理心者必须首先能够识别对方的感受。他们还必须受到这些情绪的影响，并将自己和他人区分开来，在理解他人的感受不是自己的同时，仍然能够想象他人的经历。)”可知，最近的分析表明，同理心从识别情绪开始。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“On the first point, in recent years, AI- powered chatbots have made progress in their ability to read human emotions, most powered by large language models (LLMs) that work by predicting which words are most likely to appear together based on training data. In this way, LLMs like ChatGPT can seemingly identify our feelings and respond appropriately most of the time. (关于第一点，近年来，人工智能驱动的聊天机器人在阅读人类情绪的能力方面取得了进展，其中最大的动力是大型语言模型LLMs，该模型通过基于训练数据预测哪些单词最有可能一起出现。通过这种方式，像ChatGPT这样的LLMs似乎可以识别我们的感受，并在大多数时候做出适当的反应。)”可知，AI能够提供数据驱动反馈。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“All of this helps to explain conversations like the ones I had with ChatGPT. At the end of the day, despite talking to multiple chatbots online, I did what I knew I had to do all along: I picked up my phone and called a friend. (所有这些都有助于解释我与ChatGPT的对话。在一天结束的时候，尽管我在网上和多个聊天机器人聊天，我还是做了我知道我一直必须做的事情：我拿起手机给一个朋友打了电话。)”可知，作者还是更依赖人类进行交流，因此，AI人为的善良是无法与人类匹配的。故选D。 C It goes without saying that hard physical labor wears you out, but what about hard mental labor? “Influential theories suggested that fatigue (疲惫) is a sort of illusion cooked up by the brain to make us stop whatever we're doing and turn to a more gratifying activity," says Mathias Pessiglione of Pitié-Salpêtrière University in Paris, France. “But our findings show that cognitive work results in a true functional transformation - accumulation of toxic substances so fatigue would indeed be a signal that makes us stop working but for a different purpose: to preserve the integrity of brain functioning. Pessiglione and colleagues wanted to understand what mental fatigue really is. They used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to monitor brain chemistry over the course of a workday. They studied two groups of people: those who needed to think hard and those who had relatively simple cognitive tasks. They saw signs of fatigue only in the group doing hard mental work. Those in that group also exhibited in their choices a change toward options proposing rewards at short delay with minimal effort. Critically, they also had higher levels of glutamate (谷氨酸) in the brain's prefrontal cortex (前额皮质). Together with earlier evidence, the scientists say it supports the hypothesis that glutamate accumulation makes further activation of the prefrontal cortex more costly, such that cognitive control is more difficult after a mentally tough workday. So, is there some way to overcome this limitation of our brain's ability to think hard? “Not really, I'm afraid," Pessiglione said, “I would employ good old recipes: rest and sleep! There is good evidence that glutamate is removed from the brain during sleep. There may be other practical implications of the findings. For example, the researchers say, monitoring of prefrontal cortex could help to detect severe mental fatigue. Such an ability may help adjust work agendas to avoid burnout. Pessiglione also advises people to avoid making important decisions when they're tired. 28.What does the underlined word “gratifying" in Paragraph 1 mean?相同词性对应，已经stop和turn的逻辑转折 A. Relaxing. B.Complex. C.Temporary. D.Rewarding. 29. What does the group performing hard mental work exhibit in the study?Exhibit和show的强逻辑提示 A. Fewer signs of mental fatigue. B.Greater motivation and effort. C.Higher efficiency in complex tasks. D.Stronger preference for immediate rewards. 30. What do we know about glutamate accumulation? 谷氨酸的积累根据also可以判定是贬义（前文讲的是疲惫，also题） A.It causes a sense of peaceful mind. B.It enhances brain function in a limited way. C. It signals the brain is emptying its mental energy. D.It decreases the cost of prefrontal cortex actiyation 31. What is Pessiglione's advice for those overwhelmed by mentally demanding tasks? 关注said等强态度、主旨提示 A.Remove them from the work agenda B.Reduce the complexity of all cognitive tasks C.Schedule strategic breaks to allow for recovery. D. Apply technology to monitoring the brain activity. 辽宁卷解析 Do you experience worse car sickness in electric cars than in petrol cars? You' re not alone and when it comes to self-driving cars, it may be even worse. Although scientists aren't exactly sure what causes motion sickness, it has to do with passengers being deprived of the ability to predict future movements. When you read a magazine in a car, your eyes will signal to your brain that the car is still. However, your brain will recognize the vibrations(振动) and turns that the car makes.This can confuse the mind and make you start to feel sick. As for electric cars, one-pedal driving is often blamed for feelings of car sickness, according to the U. S Department of Energy. The one pedal does both the accelerating and braking the driver steps on the pedal to increase speed and takes their foot off the pedal to slow down. If you stop accelerating, the one-pedal will automatically slow and stop the car. The deceleration caused by this system is thus more rapid than that of petrol cars, which may lead to motion sickness. Another technological advance that can also be related to car sickness is the larger and increasing number of screens inside electric vehicles. These screens overburden users with visual information, which discourages them from looking outside, according to The Conversation. Passengers thereby fail to take in the “correct" visual signals such as the moving surroundings, which can trigger sickness. Unfortunately, even when people adjust to the movements of electric cars and experience less car sickness self-driving vehicles might be another challenge for them. According to a study, as much as 12 percent of the U. S population may feel carsick while riding in autonomous vehicles.To ensure the widespread usage of new types of' vehicles, car producers are working to solve such problems with better technology. For example, Japanese company Honda is working on reducing the car's “'violent' acceleration by making changes to the engine, said Car Magazine. 28. What does the phase “being deprived of’ in paragraph 2 probably mean?（褒贬一致） A. Losing. B. Restricted to. C. Fueled with. D. Developing. 29.What may cause worse car sickness in electric cars?（因果选果） A. The one-pedal system couldn't stop the car fast enough. B. The screens inside do not provide appealing images. C.Passengers are distracted from looking at outside views. D.It takes time for people to get adapted to creative designs.(主客一致) 30.What can readers predict from the passage?主题词明显提示 A. New types of vehicles have no bright future. B. Car sickness can possibly be avoided in time. C.People will get over car sickness pretty soon. D.Electronic devices inside cars will be removed 31. What is the author's purpose in writing the text?主题词明显提示 A. To recommend ways to avoid car sickness B. To promote the sales of self-driving cars. C.To clear misunderstandings of electric cars D.To analyze possible causes of car sickness Passage 4 （2022·宁夏·平罗中学模拟预测） When you were at school, were you ever told to stop daydreaming and concentrate? It was easy for your mind to wander if you weren’t interested in what you were learning or if you had better things to think about. Staying focused can still be a challenge in adult life, but understanding how to do it, and knowing what is distracting you, can help. Scientists have looked at what makes us delay and found a number of ways to help us stay in the zone. One of the most obvious things is eliminating noise. Research by Science Focus magazine found silence is best for concentration, or a gentle background hum and coffee shop noise is great! It also found turning off notifications on your phone, or switching it off altogether, removes a major distraction and helps us focus on the task at hand. Another possible cure for a short attention span is brain training. Psychologists and neuroscientists are increasingly interested in our ability to settle down and have looked at what we can change inside our head to make us concentrate. An article for BBC Future by Caroline Williams says that “Attention Researcher Nilli Lavie of University College London has found that making a task more visually demanding takes up more processing power and leaves the brain nothing left to process distractions.” So, keeping your mind busy might be the answer. There are more practical tips to keeping your mind focused. These include making a list or timetable of the tasks you have to do, finding a workspace where you’re not tempted to do other things, or chewing some gum! It’s possible the movement in your mouth occupies parts of the brain that might otherwise get distracted. But according to Science Focus magazine, distraction isn’t all bad. “If we were always so focused that we never got distracted, we’d miss potential changes, such as threats, in our environment. Distraction is vital for survival.” 13．Which of the following places is better to make you keep focused according to the research? A．An unquiet library. B．A crowded hall. C．A classroom with loud noise. D．A cafe with soft music. 14．Why does the author suggest keeping our mind busy? A．To introduce a mental recovery. B．To explain a cultural phenomenon. C．To train our brain to concentrate.唯一主旨信息 D．To recommend an intelligent train. 15．What is Science Focus magazine’s attitude to distraction? A．Contradictory. B．All-sided. C．Doubtful. D．Puzzling. 16．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．How to stay focused B．The harm of distraction C．The Benefits of keeping focused D．The research about distraction 重庆五城区2025届高三第一学期期中考试英语试题卷 C That artificial food dyes are unhealthy is not news.Some of the most common additives used to give color to everything are known to affect some children's ability to learn.But regulatory(管理 的)agencies around the world don't necessarily agree.That may soon change,thanks in part to increasing consumer pressure.In addition,a report prepared by the state of California's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment(OEHHA)concluded that synthetic food dyes“cause or worsen neurobehavioral problems in some children”. In response to the report,California is now thinking about requiring warning labels on food products containing the seven most commonly used synthetic dyes.Among them are Red 40, Yellow 5 and Yellow 6,which account for more than 90%of food dye.Restaurants in California would also have to identify menu items containing the additives. “The science is clear,”says Lisa Lefferts,an environmental health consultant.“These synthetic dyes harm children and are completely unnecessary. What makes the OEHHA report a game changer is that a regulatory agency is on the same page as scientists and advocacy(拥护)groups.“That's largely because of the quality of the report,”says Lefferts,one of 10 original signatories to the petition. Synthetic dyes are used in foods for one reason:to make products look prettier.Someone likens the practice to“putting cosmetics on food”Bright colors and fun shapes make candies and cereals appealing,especially to kids, As more research has emerged,consumer pressure has led companies to reformulate products. In 2016,the company began using turmeric,annatto and paprika instead of Yellow 5 and Yellow 6. Around the same time,Chipotle,NestlUSA and a number of other restaurants and manufacturers announced plans to cut back on or stop using synthetic dyes. 28.What can we learn from the first paragraph? A.All the regulatory agencies is against the food dyes.褒贬一致 B.The use of artificial food dyes are obviously increasing.动静一致 C.Consumers' pressure reduces the use of artificial food dyes. D.The agencies don't know why food dyes are still a problem.过度推测（主客一致） 29.Why does OEHHA have power to change the use of artificial food dyes?题干永远对 名词定位；动词逻辑 A.OEHHA is an organization determining the ingredients in food. B.OEHHA prepared an excellent report to state the use of food dyes. C.The government in California support OEHHA to change this situation. D.The excellent report put scientist and advocacy groups stand with OEHHA. 30.Which word can replace the underlined word “reformulate”? A.Restructure. B.Register C.Reflect. D.Rebuild. 31.What's the main idea of the passage? A.Some scientists don't agree on using food dyes. B.The use of artificial food dyes may soon change.因果选果 C.OEHA prepared a report to avoid using food dyes. D.OEHHA cleared the reason why food dyes are used. D Wrapping paper —that thing that makes our holiday gifts look so festive —has a landfill problem.If it's shiny,metallic,or glitter-encrusted,it's not recyclable.And even recycled paper isn't guaranteed to actually get recycled.But there's an alternative,eco-friendlier option that some are turning to this holiday season:the Japanese art of wrapping packages in cloth,known as furoshiki. Furoshiki refers to both the square cloth itself and the wrapping technique.The practice dates back hundreds of years,when people started using cloth bundles to carry items to and from public baths.Eventually,it evolved into a wrapping art form.People don't just wrap presents with the cloth,but an endless number of small items like boxes,fruit,and books.When it was used to wrap gifts,Tsukada Simonian says traditionally,the furoshiki cloth would be returned to the gift giver to be used again and again. The tradition went out of fashion as paper and plastic substitutes took off in the post World War I period.It's something“you would see at grandma's house”,says Tomoko Dyen,who teaches furoshiki wrapping technique in Los Angeles. But recently,she says,it's been regaining popularity.As more tourists have learned about it while visiting Japan,Dyen says it's encouraged the next generation to“learn more about ourselves” . Furoshiki doesn't necessarily require specific furoshiki cloth,says van der Steur.She stocks the museum store with imported Japanese furoshiki cloth including patterns with flowers,cats,and otters,but she says any piece of fabric,even old clothes,can work. Some of the learners showed up specifically hoping to learn furoshiki for holiday wrapping. But some say they walked away hoping to use it for much more.Kristan Delatori attended with the plan to wrap her holiday gifts this way—but now she says she'll bring furoshiki with her when she runs quick errands.“Being able to put a couple of these into my bag and always having something when I go to the grocery store or go shopping,”says Delatori.“I'm really excited.” 32.What can we learn about furoshiki from the first two paragraphs? A.It looks more festive than common wrapping paper. B.It was sent as a part of the gift to the receivers for use. C.It refers to the square cloth only used to wrap presents. D.It was first used to carry items when people took baths. 33.What makes the revival(复兴)of furoshiki in recent years? A.The effort of the last generation. B.The attention from more visitors. C.The unique charm of furoshiki itself. D.The support of the local government. 34.Which word best describes Kristan Delatori's attitude to furoshiki? A.Skeptical. B.Conservative. C.Favorable. D.Unclear. 35.What is the best title of the text? A.The Square Cloth:The Very Thing Bearing the Lost Memory B.Wrapping Paper:A Recyclable Material Regaining Popularity C.Furoshiki:An Eco-Friendier Choice for Holiday Wrapping D.Japan:An Asian Nation with Various Traditional Art Forms 第 1 页 共 26 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$