Unit 2 Making a difference 单元生词详解 1审 讲义-2024-2025学年高中英语外研版（2019）必修第三册

Unit 2 1.contribution n 1.[ C]a sum of money that is given to a person or an organization in order to help pay for sth捐款；捐资 = donation to make a contribution to charity给慈善事业捐款 a substantial contribution一笔数额相当大的捐款 All contributions will be gratefully received.我们对所有捐资表示感谢。 valuable contributions towards the upkeep of the cathedral对维修大教堂很重要的捐资 2.[ C]a sum of money that you pay regularly to your employer or the government in order to pay for benefits such as health insurance, a pension, etc.（给雇主或政府用作医疗保险、养老金等津贴的）定期缴款 monthly contributions to the pension scheme养老金计划的每月分摊款额 3.[ Cusually sing.]an action or a service that helps to cause or increase sth贡献；促成作用 He made a very positive contribution to the success of the project.他对项目的成功贡献良多。 These measures would make a valuable contribution towards reducing industrial accidents.这些措施将会对减少工业事故起重要的作用。 the car's contribution to the greenhouse effect汽车对加剧温室效应所起的作用 4.[ C]an item that forms part of a book, magazine, broadcast, discussion, etc.（书、杂志、广播、讨论等部分内容的）一则，一条，稿件 an important contribution to the debate这次辩论一项重要的内容 All contributions for the May issue must be received by Friday.所有要在五月这一期发表的稿件必须在星期五以前寄到。 5.[ U]the act of giving sth, especially money, to help a person or an organization捐赠；捐助；（尤指）捐款 We rely entirely on voluntary contribution.我们全靠自愿捐赠 Contribute v 1.~ (sth) (to/towards sth)to give sth, especially money or goods, to help sb/sth捐献，捐赠（尤指款或物）；捐助 We contributed ￡5 000 to the earthquake fund.我们向地震基金捐赠了 5 000 英镑。 Would you like to contribute to our collection?你愿意给我们的募捐捐款吗？ Do you wish to contribute?你想捐助吗？ 2.[ V] ~ (to sth)to be one of the causes of sth是…的原因之一 Medical negligence was said to have contributed to her death.据说医务人员的玩忽职守是她死亡的原因之一。 Human error may have been a contributing factor .人为的失误可能是一个起作用的因素 3.~ (sth) to sthto increase, improve or add to sth增加；增进；添加（到某物） Immigrants have contributed to British culture in many ways.移民在许多方面都对英国文化有所贡献。 This book contributes little to our understanding of the subject.此书对我们了解这门学科助益甚少。 4.~ (sth) (to sth)to write things for a newspaper, magazine, or a radio or television programme; to speak during a meeting or conversation, especially to give your opinion（为报纸、杂志、电台或电视节目）撰稿；（在会议或会谈期间）讲话，（尤指）发表意见 She contributed a number of articles to the magazine.她给这家杂志撰写了一些稿件。 He contributes regularly to the magazine ‘New Scientist’.他定期给《新科学家》杂志撰稿。 We hope everyone will contribute to the discussion.我们希望大家都能参与讨论。 2.relief n 1.[ Using.]the feeling of happiness that you have when sth unpleasant stops or does not happen（不快过后的）宽慰，轻松；解脱 a sense of relief解脱感 We all breathed a sigh of relief when he left.他走了以后，我们大家都如释重负地松了口气。 She sighed with relief.她松了口气。 Much to my relief the car was not damaged.令我非常庆幸的是车并没有损坏。 News of their safety came as a great relief.他们平安的消息给大家带来了巨大的安慰。 It was a relief to be able to talk to someone about it.能和别人谈谈这件事，感到舒心多了。 What a relief !可轻松了！ 2.[ U]~ (from/of sth)the act of removing or reducing pain, anxiety, etc.（焦虑、痛苦等的）减轻，消除，缓和 modern methods of pain relief 消除疼痛的新办法 the relief of suffering痛苦的消除 3.[ U]food, money, medicine, etc. that is given to help people in places where there has been a war or natural disaster（给灾区或交战地区人民提供的）救济，救援物品=aid famine relief 饥荒救济物资 a relief agency/organization/worker 救助机构╱组织╱工作者 4.[ U] ( especially NAmE ) financial help given by the government to people who need it救济金ON TAX 税收 5.[ U]= tax relief relief on mortgage interest payments支付按揭利息的税收减免 6.[ Using.]~ (from sth)something that is interesting or enjoyable that replaces sth boring, difficult or unpleasant for a short period of time（暂时替代单调乏味事物的）调剂，轻松场面 a few moments of light relief in an otherwise dull performance沉闷的表演中几处轻松的情节 There was little comic relief in his speech.他的演讲少有轻松幽默的地方。 The calm of the countryside came as a welcome relief from the hustle and bustle of city life.离开喧嚣忙碌的城市生活，来到宁静的乡村，是一种令人愉快的调剂。 7.[ C+sing./pl.v.] ( often used as an adjective常用作形容词 ) a person or group of people that replaces another when they have finished working for the day or when they are sick替班者；接替人；换班者 The next crew relief comes on duty at 9 o'clock.下一批换班的员工9点钟接班。 relief drivers换班的司机 8.[ sing.]~ of...the act of freeing a town, etc. from an enemy army that has surrounded it（被困城镇等的）解困，解围 9.[ UC]a way of decorating wood, stone, etc. by cutting designs into the surface of it so that some parts stick out more than others; a design that is made in this way浮雕；浮雕法；浮雕作品 The column was decorated in high relief (= with designs that stick out a lot) with scenes from Greek mythology. 柱子上饰有描述希腊神话中的场面的高浮雕。 The bronze doors are covered with sculpted reliefs.青铜门上覆有浮雕。 10.[ U]the effect of colours, light, etc. that makes an object more noticeable than others around it（光和色彩等产生的）醒目效果；醒目；光彩夺目 The snow-capped mountain stood out in sharp relief against the blue sky. 白雪覆盖的高山在蓝天的映衬下格外醒目。 11.[ U]the quality of a particular situation, problem, etc. that makes it more noticeable than before突出的品质；令人注目的特征 Their differences have been thrown into sharp relief by the present crisis. 目前的危机使得他们的分歧更加引人注目。 adj. relieved放心的 adv. Relievedly 宽慰地 vt. relieve1.to remove or reduce an unpleasant feeling or pain解除，减轻，缓和（不快或痛苦） to relieve the symptoms of a cold减轻感冒的症状 to relieve anxiety/guilt/stress 消除焦虑╱内疚；缓解压力 Being able to tell the truth at last seemed to relieve her.能够最后讲出真话似乎使她感到轻松。 2.to make a problem less serious减轻（问题的严重性）；缓和；缓解=alleviate efforts to relieve poverty缓解贫困的努力 to relieve traffic congestion缓解交通拥堵 3.to make sth less boring, especially by introducing sth different调剂；使有趣 We played cards to relieve the boredom of the long wait 长时间等待实在无聊，我们就打扑克来解闷儿。 The black and white pattern is relieved by tiny coloured flowers. 五彩缤纷的小花使得黑白图案不那么单调。 4.to replace sb who is on duty接替；给…换班 to relieve a sentry换岗 You'll be relieved at six o'clock.六点钟有人来换你的班。 5.to free a town, etc. from an enemy army that has surrounded it将（城镇从敌人的围困中）解围 6.~ yourself a polite way of referring to going to the toilet（去厕所的一种委婉说法）方便，解手 I had to relieve myself behind a bush.我只好在树丛后面方便了一下。 PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 relieve sb of sth (1)to help sb by taking sth heavy or difficult from them替…拿重物；帮助…减轻（负担） Let me relieve you of some of your bags.我来帮你拿几个袋子吧。 The new secretary will relieve us of some of the paperwork.新来的秘书会减轻我们文案工作的一些负担。 (2) ( informal ironic) to steal sth from sb偷窃；窃取 A boy with a knife relieved him of his wallet.一个持刀的家伙偷了他的钱包 (3)to dismiss sb from a job, position, etc.开除；解除…的职务 General Beale was relieved of his command.比尔将军被解除了指挥权。 3.shortage [ CU]a situation when there is not enough of the people or things that are needed不足；缺少；短缺=absence food/housing/water shortages 食物╱住房╱用水短缺 a shortage of funds资金不足 There is no shortage of (= there are plenty of) things to do in the town.城里不愁找不到活儿干。 4. internal adj 1.[ only before noun]connected with the inside of sth内部的；里面的 OPP external the internal structure of a building大楼的内部结构 internal doors内门 2.[ only before noun]connected with the inside of your body体内的 OPP external internal organs/injuries 内脏；内伤 The medicine is not for internal use .这种药不可内服。 3.[ usually before noun]involving or concerning only the people who are part of a particular organization rather than people from outside it（机构）内部的 an internal inquiry内部调查 the internal workings of government政府内部的运作 internal divisions within the company公司内部的各部门 4.[ only before noun]connected with a country's own affairs rather than those that involve other countries SYN domestic内政的；国内的 internal affairs/trade/markets 内政；国内贸易╱市场 an internal flight (= within a country) 国内航班 5.coming from within a thing itself rather than from outside it本身的；自身的 a theory which lacks internal consistency (= whose parts are not in agreement with each other) 自相矛盾的理论 Some photos contain internal evidence (= fashions, transport, etc.) that may help to date them. 有些照片自身就含有确定拍摄日期的佐证。 6.happening or existing in your mind SYN inner内心的；头脑中的 internal rage内心的愤怒 DERIVATIVES 派生词 internally adv internally connected rooms内部连通的房间 The new posts were only advertised internally.新职位仅限于内部招聘。 5. effective adj 1.producing the result that is wanted or intended; producing a successful result产生预期结果的；有效的 Long prison sentences can be a very effective deterrent for offenders. 判处长期徒刑可对违法者起到强有力的威慑作用。 Aspirin is a simple but highly effective treatment.阿司匹林药片治疗方法简便，效果却非常显著。 drugs that are effective against cancer治疗癌症的有效药物 I admire the effective use of colour in her paintings.我很欣赏她绘画作品中的色彩效果。 OPP ineffective 2.[ only before noun]in reality, although not officially intended实际的；事实上的 the effective, if not the actual, leader of the party虽未居其位却实际上是党的领导人 He has now taken effective control of the country.他目前已有效地控制了这个国家。 3.( formal ) ( of laws and rules法律和规则 ) coming into use生效的；起作用的 The new speed limit on this road becomes effective from 1 June.这条路上新的限速规定自6月1日起生效。 DERIVATIVES 派生词 effectiveness[ U] ( also less frequent also effectivity /ɪˌfekˈtɪvɪti/ ) n to check the effectiveness of the security system检查安全系统的有效性 adj.[数]有效的，起作用的；实际的，实在的； Valid available virtual practical 6. fund n&v N 1.[ C]an amount of money that has been saved or has been made available for a particular purpose基金；专款 a disaster relief fund赈灾专款 the company's pension fund公司的养恤基金 the International Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织 2.funds[ pl.]money that is available to be spent资金；现款 government funds政府资金 The hospital is trying to raise funds for a new kidney machine.这家医院正设法募集资金购买一台新的血液透析器。 The project has been cancelled because of lack of funds.这个项目因缺乏资金已经撤销。 I'm short of funds at the moment—can I pay you back next week?我目前缺钱，下周还你行吗？ 3.[ sing.]~ of sthan amount or a supply of sth（相当）数量；储备 a fund of knowledge丰富的知识 [ V] to provide money for sth, usually sth official为…提供资金；拨款给 a dance festival funded by the Arts Council由艺术委员会资助的舞蹈节 The museum is privately funded.这家博物馆由私人提供资金。 a government-funded programme政府资助项目 7.recycle v 1.to treat things that have already been used so that they can be used again回收利用；再利用 Denmark recycles nearly 85% of its paper.丹麦的纸张回收率近85%。 recycled paper再生纸 2.to use the same ideas, methods, jokes, etc. again再次应用，重新使用（概念、方法、玩笑等） He recycled all his old jokes.他把那些老掉牙的笑话又说了一遍。 短语 recycled paper再生纸再生环保纸再造纸 recycled writing paper再生纸 recycled water再生水循环水循环使用的水再循环水 Recycling [ U]n the recycling of glass玻璃的回收利用 a recycling plant废品回收加工厂 8.earn v 1.to get money for work that you do挣得；赚得；挣钱 He earns about $40 000 a year.他一年大约挣 4 万元。 She earned a living as a part-time secretary.她靠做兼职秘书为生。 She must earn a fortune (= earn a lot of money) .她准是挣了一大笔钱。 His victory in the tournament earned him $50 000.他在这次锦标赛中获胜，挣得了5万元。 All the children are earning now.所有子女都在挣钱了。 2.[ VN] to get money as profit or interest on money you lend, have in a bank, etc.生（利）；获（利） Your money would earn more in a high-interest account.你的钱放在高利息账户里可获利更多。 3.to get sth that you deserve, usually because of sth good you have done or because of the good qualities you have应得；博得；赢得 He earned a reputation as an expert on tax law.他赢得了税法专家的美名。 As a teacher, she had earned the respect of her students.作为教师，她赢得了学生的尊敬。 I need a rest. I think I've earned it, don't you?我需要休息一下。我觉得我也应当歇一歇了，你说是不是？ She's having a well-earned rest this week.她本周休假，这完全是应当的。 His outstanding ability earned him a place on the team.他非凡的能力为他在队中赢得了一席之地 9.donate v 1.to give money, food, clothes, etc. to sb/sth, especially a charity（尤指向慈善机构）捐赠，赠送 He donated thousands of pounds to charity.他向慈善事业捐款数千英镑。 2.to allow doctors to remove blood or a body organ in order to help sb who needs it献（血）；捐献（器官） All donated blood is tested for HIV and other infections. 对所有捐献的血都要进行艾滋病病毒和其他传染病病毒检测 Donation n ~ (to sb/sth)~ (of...)something that is given to a person or an organization such as a charity, in order to help them; the act of giving sth in this way捐赠物；捐赠；赠送 to make a donation to charity向慈善事业捐赠 a generous/large/small donation 慷慨╱大量╱少量捐助 a donation of ￡200/a ￡200 donation200英镑的捐款 The work of the charity is funded by voluntary donations.这家慈善机构工作所需资金是人们自愿捐赠的。 organ donation器官捐献 Donor n 捐赠者；捐赠机构 献血者；器官捐献者 10. break into a smile 突然笑起来 break into a house破门而入；闯入他人住宅 break into pieces成为碎片打成碎片破成碎片摔成碎片 break into tears突然大哭突然哭起来放声大哭大哭起来 Break into 1) 闯入：突然或猛烈地使分离成碎片；打碎。 2) 侵入：非法进入或进入未经许可的地方。 3） 开始从事：开始从事某种活动或行业。 11.foundation n 1.[ C usually pl.]a layer of bricks, concrete, etc. that forms the solid underground base of a building地基；房基；基础 The builders are now beginning to lay the foundations of the new school.建筑工人正开始给新校舍打地基。 The explosion shook the foundations of the houses nearby.爆炸震撼了附近房屋的地基。 2.[ CU]a principle, an idea or a fact that sth is based on and that it grows from基本原理；根据；基础 Respect and friendship provide a solid foundation for marriage.尊重和友爱是婚姻的牢固基础。 The rumour is totally without foundation (= not based on any facts) .这谣传毫无事实根据。 These stories have no foundation (= are not based on any facts) .这些故事纯属虚构。 3.[ C]an organization that is established to provide money for a particular purpose, for example for scientific research or charity基金会 The money will go to the San Francisco AIDS Foundation.这笔钱将交给旧金山艾滋病基金会。 4.[ U]the act of starting a new institution or organization（机构或组织的）创建，创办=establishment The organization has grown enormously since its foundation in 1955.该组织自1955年创建以来已有重大的发展。 5. [ U]a skin-coloured cream that is put on the face underneath other make-up（化妆打底用的）粉底霜 Found v. 1.to start sth, such as an organization or an institution, especially by providing money创建，创办（组织或机构，尤指提供资金）=establish to found a club/company创办俱乐部╱公司 Her family founded the college in 1895.她的家族于1895年创办了这所学院。 2.to be the first to start building and living in a town or country建立，兴建（城镇或国家） The town was founded by English settlers in 1790.这座城镇是英格兰移民于1790年建立的。 3.[ usually passive]~ sth (on sth)to base sth on sth把…基于；把…建立在 Their marriage was founded on love and mutual respect.他们的婚姻建立在爱情和互相尊重的基础上。 4.( technical 术语)to melt metal and pour it into a mould ; to make objects using this process熔铸；铸造 12.insight n 1.[ U] ( approving) the ability to see and understand the truth about people or situations洞察力；领悟 a writer of great insight有深刻洞察力的作家 With a flash of insight I realized what the dream meant.我突然明白了这个梦意味着什么。 2.[ CU]~ (into sth)an understanding of what sth is like洞悉；了解 The book gives us fascinating insights into life in Mexico.这本书生动地表现了墨西哥的生活。 短语： 1.insight into深刻理解，洞察… 2.gain an insight into看透， 识破 13.perseverance [ U] ( approving) the quality of continuing to try to achieve a particular aim despite difficulties毅力；韧性；不屈不挠的精神 They showed great perseverance in the face of difficulty.他们面对困难表现了坚强的毅力。 The only way to improve is through hard work and dogged perseverance. 要更上一层楼，唯一的途径就是艰苦奋斗，不屈不挠。 14.reality 1.[ U]the true situation and the problems that actually exist in life, in contrast to how you would like life to be现实；实际情况 She refuses to face reality .她不肯面对现实。 You're out of touch with reality. 你脱离了现实。 The reality is that there is not enough money to pay for this project.实际情况是没有足够的钱花在这个项目上。 2.[ C]a thing that is actually experienced or seen, in contrast to what people might imagine事实；实际经历；见到的事物 the harsh realities of life严峻的生活现实 This decision reflects the realities of the political situation.这一决定反映了政治形势的真实情况。 Will time travel ever become a reality ?时光旅行真的会成为现实吗？ adj. real实际的；真实的；实在的 realized实现的；已实现 realistic 1）现实的；实际的；实事求是的; 2)明智的；恰如其分的；能够实现的3)逼真的；栩栩如生的 adv. really实际上，事实上；真正地，真实地；真的吗？（表语气） real真正地；确实地 n. real现实；实数 realization实现；领悟 realism现实主义；实在论；现实主义的态度和行为 realist现实主义者；实在论者 realness真诚；真实性 vt. realize实现；认识到；了解；将某物卖得 realized实现（realize的过去式及过去分词） 15.extend v 1.[ VN] to make sth longer or larger使伸长；扩大；扩展 to extend a fence/road/house扩建护栏╱公路╱房子 There are plans to extend the no-smoking area.现已有扩大无烟区的计划。 2.[ VN] to make sth last longer延长；使延期 to extend a deadline/visa 延长最后期限╱签证 The show has been extended for another six weeks.展览会又延长了六周。 Careful maintenance can extend the life of your car.精心保养可延长汽车寿命。 3.[ VN] to make a business, an idea, an influence, etc. cover more areas or operate in more places扩大…的范围（或影响） The company plans to extend its operations into Europe.公司打算将业务扩展到欧洲。 The school is extending the range of subjects taught.学校正在拓宽授课学科的范围。 4.[ V+ adv./prep.] to relate to or include sb/sth适用于；包括 The offer does not extend to employees' partners.这项优惠不包括雇员的伴侣。 His willingness to help did not extend beyond making a few phone calls. 他的乐意帮助只不过限于打几个电话罢了。 5.[ V+ adv./prep.] to cover a particular area, distance or length of time涉及（范围）；延伸（距离）；延续（时间） Our land extends as far as the river.我们的土地一直延伸到河边。 His writing career extended over a period of 40 years.他的写作生涯超过了40年。 6.[ VN+ adv./prep.] to make sth reach sth or stretch使达到；使延伸 to extend a rope between two posts在两根柱子间拉根绳子 7.[ VN] to stretch part of your body, especially an arm or a leg, away from yourself伸展，舒展，展开（尤指手臂或腿） He extended his hand to (= offered to shake hands with) the new employee.他伸出手来与新雇员握手。 to extend the hand of friendship to another country向另一个国家伸出友谊之手 8.[ VN] ~ sth to sb( formal ) to offer or give sth to sb提供；给予 I'm sure you will join me in extending a very warm welcome to our visitors. 我肯定你们会同我一起向我们的客人表示热烈的欢迎。 to extend hospitality to overseas students殷勤款待外国留学生 to extend an invitation发出邀请 The bank refused to extend credit to them (= to lend them money) .银行拒绝向他们提供信贷。 9.[ VN] [ often passive]to make sb/sth use all their effort, abilities, supplies, etc.使竭尽全力 Jim didn't really have to extend himself in the exam.吉姆大可不必为这次考试那么拼命。 Hospitals were already fully extended because of the epidemic.这场流行病已使各医院以最大负荷运转 adj. extensive广泛的；大量的；广阔的 extended延伸的；扩大的；长期的；广大的 extensible可延长的；可扩张的 extendable可延长的；可展开的；可扩张的 extensional外延的；具体的；事实的 extendible可伸长的 adv. extensively广阔地；广大地 n. extension延长；延期；扩大；伸展；电话分机 extensiveness延伸；大范围 v. extended延长；扩充（extend的过去分词） 16.mission n&v N 1.[ C]an important official job that a person or group of people is given to do, especially when they are sent to another country官方使命；使团的使命 a trade mission to China赴华贸易使命 a fact-finding mission核查事实的工作 a mercy mission to aid homeless refugees帮助无家可归的难民的慈善工作 2.[ C]a group of people doing such a job; the place where they work使团；代表团；执行任务的地点 the head of the British mission in Berlin在柏林的英国使团团长 3.[ CU]the work of teaching people about Christianity, especially in a foreign country; a group of people doing such work（尤指在海外的）传教，布道；布道团 a Catholic mission in Africa在非洲的天主教传教士 Gandhi's attitude to mission and conversion甘地对于布道和改变信仰的态度 4.[ C]a building or group of buildings used by a Christian mission 布道所；传教区 5.[ C]particular work that you feel it is your duty to do使命；天职 Her mission in life was to work with the homeless.她以帮助无家可归者为己任。 6.[ C]an important job that is done by a soldier, group of soldiers, etc.军事行动 The squadron flew on a reconnaissance mission.这支空军中队执行一项侦察任务。 7.[ C]a flight into space太空飞行任务 a US space mission美国的太空飞行 mission control 太空飞行的地面指挥人员 8.[ C] ( BrE informal ) a task or journey that is very difficult and takes a long time to complete（极其艰巨且需长时间才能完成的）任务，旅行 It's a mission to get there.一路上要经历艰辛才能到达那里。 IDIOMS 习语 mission accomplished任务已完成；大功告成 V [ V+ adv./prep.] ( informal ) to go on a long and difficult journey, especially one that involves going to many different places作艰苦的长途旅行（尤指去许多地方） We had to mission round all the bars until we found him.我们跑遍了所有的酒吧才找到他 17.disability n1.[ C]a physical or mental condition that means you cannot use a part of your body completely or easily, or that you cannot learn easily（某种）缺陷，障碍 a physical/mental disability 生理缺陷；心理障碍 people with severe learning disabilities具有严重学习障碍的人 2.[ U]the state of not being able to use a part of your body completely or easily; the state of not being able to learn easily（指状态、身心、学习等方面的）缺陷，障碍 He qualifies for help on the grounds of disability.他因身有残疾有资格得到帮助 短语 intellectual disability智力障碍智力缺陷 Learning Disability学习障碍学习困难学习失能无学习能力 disability glare减能眩光失能眩光致残闪光污点 Disable v.  1.to injure or affect sb permanently so that, for example, they cannot walk or cannot use a part of their body使丧失能力；使伤残 He was disabled in a car accident.他在车祸中残废了。 a disabling condition导致残障的疾病 2.to make sth unable to work so that it cannot be used使无效；使不能运转 The burglars gained entry to the building after disabling the alarm.窃贼破坏报警器后便得以进入大楼。 adj. disabled残废的，有缺陷的 physically/mentally disabled 有生理残疾的；有心理缺陷的 severely disabled严重伤残 He was born disabled.他天生残疾。 facilities for disabled people残疾人使用的设施 Enable v.  1.[ VN to inf] to make it possible for sb to do sth使能够；使有机会 The software enables you to access the Internet in seconds.这种软件使你在几秒钟内便可访问互联网。 a new programme to enable older people to study at college使老年人有机会在大学学习的新计划 2.to make it possible for sth to happen or exist by creating the necessary conditions使成为可能；使可行；使实现 Insulin enables the body to use and store sugar.胰岛素使人体能够利用和贮存糖分。 a new train line to enable easier access to the stadium到体育场更为便捷的新列车线路 Able adj. 1.~ to do sth( used as a modal verb用作情态动词 ) to have the skill, intelligence, opportunity, etc. needed to do sth能；能够 You must be able to speak French for this job.干这项工作你得会说法语。 A viral illness left her barely able to walk.一场病毒引起的疾病使她走路十分困难。 I didn't feel able to disagree with him.我觉得无法不同意他的意见。 Will you be able to come?你能来吗？ 2.intelligent; good at sth有才智的；有才能的；（某方面）擅长的 the ablest student in the class班上最有才华的学生 We aim to help the less able in society to lead an independent life. 我们的宗旨是帮助社会上能力较弱的人独立生活。 Ability n. 1.[ sing.]~ to do sth the fact that sb/sth is able to do sth能力 OPP inability The system has the ability to run more than one program at the same time.该系统能够同时运行一个以上的程序。 Everyone has the right to good medical care regardless of their ability to pay. 无论支付能力如何，每个人都有权得到良好的医疗。 A gentle form of exercise will increase your ability to relax.和缓的运动锻炼会提高自我放松的能力。 2.[ CU]a level of skill or intelligence才能；本领；才智 Almost everyone has some musical ability.几乎人人都有一些音乐才能。 He was a man of extraordinary abilities.他才干卓著。 students of mixed abilities能力各不相同的学生 A woman of her ability will easily find a job.有她那样才能的女性找工作不难。 I try to do my job to the best of my ability (= as well as I can) .我尽全力做好我的工作。 18.territory n 1.[ CU]land that is under the control of a particular country or ruler领土；版图；领地 enemy/disputed/foreign territory 敌方╱有争议的╱外国领土 occupied territories被占领的土地 They have refused to allow UN troops to be stationed in their territory. 他们拒不允许联合国部队驻扎在他们的国土上。 2.[ CU]an area that one person, group, animal, etc. considers as their own and defends against others who try to enter it（个人、群体、动物等占据的）领域，管区，地盘 Mating blackbirds will defend their territory against intruders.乌鸫交配时会保护自己的地盘，不允许外来者侵入。 This type of work is uncharted territory for us.我们从未涉足过这类工作。 Legal problems are Andy's territory (= he deals with them) .法律问题由安迪负责处理。 3.[ CU]an area of a town, country, etc. that sb has responsibility for in their work or another activity（某人负责的）地区 Our representatives cover a very large territory.我们的代理人负责的地区很广。 4.[ U]a particular type of land（某类）地区；（某种）地方 unexplored territory未勘察地区 5.( alsoTerritory ) [ C]a country or an area that is part of the US, Australia or Canada but is not a state or province（美国）准州；（澳大利亚）地区；（加拿大）地区 Guam and American Samoa are US territories.关岛和美属萨摩亚是美国的准州。 IDIOMS 习语 come/go with the territory成为必然的部分（或结果） She has to work late most days, but in her kind of job that goes with the territory.她在大部分日子里都得工作到很晚，但根据她的工作性质，这是不可避免的 adj. territorial领土的；区域的；土地的；地方的 adv. territorially在领土方面 n. territorial地方自卫队士兵 territoriality领土性质或状态；领土权 territorialization按地区分配；领土化 vt. territorialise（主英）使成为领土（等于territorialize） territorialize按地区分配；使成为领土 19. sensitive adj 1.~ (to sth)aware of and able to understand other people and their feelings体贴的；体恤的；善解人意的 OPP insensitive a sensitive and caring man体贴的男人 She is very sensitive to other people's feelings.她很能体谅他人的感情。 2.able to understand art, music and literature and to express yourself through them感觉敏锐的；艺术感觉好的；有悟性的 an actor's sensitive reading of the poem演员对那首诗富有表现力的朗诵 a sensitive portrait栩栩如生的画像 3.~ (about/to sth)easily offended or upset易生气的；易被惹恼的；神经过敏的 You're far too sensitive.你也太敏感了。 He's very sensitive about his weight.他很忌讳别人说他胖。 She's very sensitive to criticism.她一听批评就急。 OPP insensitive 4.that you have to treat with great care because it may offend people or make them angry须谨慎对待的；敏感的 Health care is a politically sensitive issue.医疗卫生是政界的一个敏感问题。 5.~ (to sth)reacting quickly or more than usual to sth敏感的；过敏的 sensitive areas of the body身体的敏感区 My teeth are very sensitive to cold food.我的牙齿对冷食过敏。 OPP insensitive 6.~ (to sth)able to measure very small changes灵敏的 OPP insensitive a sensitive instrument灵敏的仪器 The Stock Exchange is very sensitive to political change.证券市场对政局变化非常敏感。 Sensitively adv She handled the matter sensitively.她谨慎细致地处理了那件事情。 He writes sensitively.他文笔细腻。 adj. sensible明智的；明显的；意识到的；通晓事理的 adv. sensitively敏感地；易感知地 n. sensible可感觉到的东西；敏感的人 sensitivity敏感；敏感性；过敏 sensibility情感；敏感性；感觉；识别力 sensing传感；感觉；测知 sensitization敏化作用；促进感受性；感光度之增强 sensitiser感光剂（等于sensitizer） sensitising感光sensitiveness神经过敏 sensitizer[感光] 敏化剂；[感光] 感光剂；激敏物 sensitizing光敏处理 sensitometer[摄] 感光计；[摄] 曝光表 v. sensing感觉，了解（sense的现在分词） sensitizing使敏感（sensitize的ing形式） vi. sensitize变得敏感 sensitise变得敏感（等于sensitize） vt. sensitize使敏感；使具有感光性 sensitise使敏感（等于sensitize） sensitising使感光（sensitise的现在分词形式） 20.generous adj 1.~ (with sth)giving or willing to give freely; given freely慷慨的；大方的；慷慨给予的 a generous benefactor慷慨的捐助者 to be generous with your time不吝惜时间 to be generous in giving help乐于助人 a generous gift/offer 丰厚的礼物；慷慨的提议 It was generous of him to offer to pay for us both.他主动为我们俩付钱，真是大方。 2.more than is necessary; large丰富的；充足的；大的 a generous helping of meat一大份肉 The car has a generous amount of space.这辆汽车的空间很大。 3.kind in the way you treat people; willing to see what is good about sb/sth宽厚的；宽宏大量的；仁慈的 a generous mind宽阔的胸怀 He wrote a very generous assessment of my work.他给我写的工作评价多有赞誉之词。 DERIVATIVES 派生词 Generously adv Please give generously.请慷慨施与。 a dress that is generously cut (= uses plenty of material) 用料多的连衣裙 n. generosity慷慨，大方；宽宏大量 generousness丰富，肥沃；宽大 21.hesitate v 1.~ (about/over sth)to be slow to speak or act because you feel uncertain or nervous（对某事）犹豫，迟疑不决 She hesitated before replying.她犹豫了一下才回答。 I didn't hesitate for a moment about taking the job.我毫不犹豫地接受了那份工作。 2.[ V to inf] to be worried about doing sth, especially because you are not sure that it is right or appropriate顾虑；疑虑 Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any queries.如果有疑问就请尽管和我联系。 IDIOMS 习语 he who hesitates (is lost)当断不断（，反受其乱）；优柔寡断者坐失良机 DERIVATIVES 派生词 Hesitation [ UC] nShe agreed without the slightest hesitation .她毫不犹豫地同意了。 I have no hesitation in recommending her for the job.我毫不犹豫地推荐她做这项工作。 He spoke fluently and without unnecessary hesitations.他说得很流畅，毫不支吾。 adj. hesitant迟疑的；踌躇的；犹豫不定的 22.royal adj 1.connected with or belonging to the king or queen of a country国王的；女王的；皇家的；王室的 the royal family王室 the royal household王室 2.(abbr. R)used in the names of organizations that serve or are supported by a king or queen（用于服务于国王或女王或受其赞助的组织名称） the Royal Navy英国皇家海军 the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds皇家鸟类保护协会 3.impressive; suitable for a king or queen庄严的；盛大的；高贵的；适合国王（或女王）的=splendid We were given a royal welcome.我们受到了盛大的欢迎 N a member of a royal family王室成员 adv. royally庄严地；像国王似地 23.institution n 1. [ C]a large important organization that has a particular purpose, for example, a university or bank（大学、银行等规模大的）机构 an educational/financial, etc. institution 教育、金融等机构 the Smithsonian Institution史密森学会 2.[ C] ( usuallydisapproving) a building where people with special needs are taken care of, for example because they are old or mentally ill慈善机构；社会福利机构 a mental institution精神病院 We want this to be like a home, not an institution.我们希望这里像个家，而不像收容所。 3.[ C]a custom or system that has existed for a long time among a particular group of people（由来已久的）风俗习惯，制度 the institution of marriage婚姻制度 4.[ U]the act of starting or introducing sth such as a system or a law建立；设立；制定 the institution of new safety procedures新安全规程的制定 5.[ C] ( informal humorous) a person who is well known because they have been in a particular place or job for a long time（某地或工作中的）出名的人 You must know him—he's an institution around here!你一定认识他—他是这一带的知名人士！ institute  n /ˈɪnstɪtjuːt/ an organization that has a particular purpose, especially one that is connected with education or a particular profession; the building used by this organization（教育、专业等）机构，机构建筑 a research institute研究所 the Institute of Chartered Accountants（英国皇家）特许会计师协会 institutes of higher education高等学府 V [ VN] ( formal ) to introduce a system, policy, etc. or start a process建立，制定（体系、政策等）；开始；实行 to institute criminal proceedings against sb对某人提起刑事诉讼 The new management intends to institute a number of changes.新任管理层打算实行一些改革 24.assistance n [ U] ~ (with sth)~ (in doing sth/to do sth) ( formal ) help or support帮助；援助；支持 technical/economic/military assistance 技术╱经济╱军事援助 financial assistance for people on low incomes给低收入者的经济援助 Can I be of any assistance ?我能帮上忙吗？ Despite his cries, no one came to his assistance .尽管他喊叫，却没有人来帮助他。 She offered me practical assistance with my research.她给我的研究提供了实实在在的援助。 The company provides advice and assistance in finding work.公司提供咨询并帮助找工作。 He can walk only with the assistance of crutches.他只能靠一副拐杖走路。 assist  v /əˈsɪst/ 1.~ (sb) (in/with sth)~ (sb) (in doing sth)to help sb to do sth帮助；协助；援助 We'll do all we can to assist you.我们要尽量帮助你。 We will assist you in finding somewhere to live.我们将帮你找个住的地方。 The play was directed by Mike Johnson, assisted by Sharon Gale. 该剧由迈克•约翰逊导演，沙伦•盖尔为助理导演。 Two men are assisting the police with their enquiries (= are being questioned by the police) . 有两个人正配合警方的询问。 a course to assist adults to return to the labour market成人重返劳工市场的辅导班 Anyone willing to assist can contact this number.凡愿协助者可拨此号码联系。 We are looking for people who would be willing to assist in the group's work. 我们正寻找愿意协助该团体工作的人。 2.[ VN] to help sth to happen more easily促进 activities that will assist the decision-making process促进决策进程的活动 assistant  /əˈsɪstənt/ n 1.a person who helps or supports sb, usually in their job助理；助手 My assistant will now demonstrate the machine in action.现在我的助手将演示机器运转情况。 a senior research assistant高级研究助理 2.( BrE )= shop assistant a sales assistant in a department store一名百货公司售货员 3.( BrE ) a student at university or college who spends time in a foreign country teaching his or her own language in a school助教（在国外留学的大学生，教授本国语） Adj [ only before noun] ( often in titles常用于头衔 ) having a rank below a senior person and helping them in their work助理的；副的 the assistant manager协理 Assistant Chief Constable Owen助理警察局长欧文 Assistant Attorney General William Weld助理检察总长威廉•韦尔德 25.registration 1.[ UC]the act of making an official record of sth/sb登记；注册；挂号 the registration of letters and parcels信件和包裹的挂号 the registration of students for a course学生的选课登记 registration fees注册费 vehicle registrations车辆登记 the registration of a child's birth婴儿出生登记 2.[ UC]a document showing that an official record has been made of sth登记文档；注册项目——compare logbook(1) 3.[ C] ( BrE )= registration number 4.[ U] ( BrE ) the time when a teacher looks at the list of students on the class register and checks that the students are present（教师对上课学生的）点名 register  v /ˈredʒɪstə(r)/ 1.~ (at/for/with sth)~ sth (in sth)~ (sb) as sthto record your/sb's/sth's name on an official list登记；注册 to register a birth/marriage/death 登记出生╱结婚╱死亡 to register a company/trademark 注册公司╱商标 The ship was registered in Panama.这艘船是在巴拿马注册的。 She is officially registered (as) disabled.她正式登记为伤残者。 to register with a doctor向医生登记 to register at a hotel在酒店登记 2.[ VN] ( formal ) to make your opinion known officially or publicly（正式地或公开地）发表意见，提出主张 China has registered a protest over foreign intervention.中国对外国干涉正式提出了抗议。 3.if a measuring instrument registers an amount or sth registers an amount on a measuring instrument, the instrument shows or records that amount显示（读数）；记录 The thermometer registered 32°C.温度计显示读数为32摄氏度。 The earthquake registered 3 on the Richter scale.地震震级为里氏3级。 The stock exchange has registered huge losses this week.本周证券交易遭到重创。 4.[ no passive] ( formal ) to show or express a feeling流露出；显得；表达出 Her face registered disapproval.她脸上流露出不赞同的神色。 Shock registered on everyone's face.人人都面露震惊之色。 5.[ no passive] ( often used in negative sentences常用于否定句 ) to notice sth and remember it; to be noticed注意到；记住；受到注意 He barely registered our presence.他几乎没有注意到我们在场。 I told her my name, but it obviously didn't register.我把名字告诉了她，但她显然没有在意。 6.[ VN] [ usually passive]to send sth by mail, paying extra money to protect it against loss or damage把…挂号邮寄 Can I register this, please?请给我把这个挂号邮寄。 a registered letter挂号信 N 1.[ C]an official list or record of names, items, etc.; a book that contains such a list登记表；注册簿；登记簿 a parish register (= of births, marriages and deaths) 教区登记簿 to be on the electoral register/register of voters 成为登记在册的选民 Could you sign the hotel register please, sir?先生，请在酒店登记簿上签字好吗？ The teacher called the register (= checked who was present at school) .老师点了名。 2.[ C]the range, or part of a range, of a human voice or a musical instrument声区；音区 In the upper/middle/lower register 在高╱中╱低声区 3.[ CU]( linguistics 语言)the level and style of a piece of writing or speech, that is usually appropriate to the situation that it is used in（适合特定场合使用的）语体风格，语域 The essay suddenly switches from a formal to an informal register.这篇短文的语体风格突然从正式转为非正式。 4.[ C] ( NAmE ) an opening, with a cover that you can have open or shut, that allows hot or cold air from a heating or cooling system into a room（供暖或制冷设备的）调风口，节气门 5.[ C] ( NAmE )= cash register 26.confirmation n 1.a statement, letter, etc. that shows that sth is true, correct or definite证实；确认书；证明书 I'm still waiting for confirmation of the test results.我仍在等待考试结果的通知书。 2.a ceremony at which a person becomes a full member of the Christian Church坚振；坚振礼；坚信礼 3.a Jewish ceremony similar to a bar mitzvah or bat mitzvah but usually for young people over the age of 16坚振礼（通常为16岁以上犹太年轻人举行的仪式） 26.Confirm v. 1.to state or show that sth is definitely true or correct, especially by providing evidence（尤指提供证据来）证实，证明，确认 Rumours of job losses were later confirmed.裁员的传言后来得到了证实。 His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions.他内疚的表情证实了我的猜疑。 Please write to confirm your reservation (= say that it is definite) .预订后请来函确认。 Has everyone confirmed (that) they're coming?他们是不是每个人都肯定过一定会来？ Can you confirm what happened?你能证实一下发生了什么事吗？ It has been confirmed that the meeting will take place next week.已经确定会议将于下个星期召开。 2.[ VN] ~ sth~ sb (in sth)to make sb feel or believe sth even more strongly使感觉更强烈；使确信 The walk in the mountains confirmed his fear of heights.在山里步行使他更加确信自己有恐高症。 3.[ VN] to make a position, an agreement, etc. more definite or official; to establish sb/sth firmly批准（职位、协议等）；确认；认可 After a six-month probationary period, her position was confirmed. 经过六个月的试用期后，她获准正式担任该职。 He was confirmed as captain for the rest of the season. 他被正式任命在这个赛季剩下的时间内担任队长。 4.[ VN] [ usually passive]to make sb a full member of the Christian Church（给某人）施放坚振，施坚信礼 She was baptized when she was a month old and confirmed when she was thirteen. 她出生一个月时受洗礼，十三岁时受坚信礼。 Confirmed adj.  /kənˈfɜːmd/ [ only before noun]成习惯的；根深蒂固的 27. aid n&v N 1.[ U]money, food, etc. that is sent to help countries in difficult situations援助；救援物资；援助款项 economic/humanitarian/emergency aid 经济╱人道主义╱紧急援助 An extra ￡10 million in foreign aid has been promised.额外的1 000万英镑外国援助款项已得到保证。 aid agencies (= organizations that provide help) 救援机构 medical aid programmes医疗援助计划 2.[ U]help that you need to perform a particular task（完成某工作所需的）帮助，助手，辅助物 He was breathing only with the aid of a ventilator.他只有靠呼吸器呼吸。 This job would be impossible without the aid of a computer.这项工作不用计算机是不行的。 3.[ U] ( formal ) help that is given to a person帮助；援助 One of the staff saw he was in difficulty and came to his aid (= helped him) . 一名工作人员见他有困难，便过来帮忙。 4.[ C]an object, a machine, etc. that you use to help you do sth辅助设备 a hearing aid助听器 Photos make useful teaching aids.照片可以成为有用的教具。 IDIOMS 习语 1.in aid of sth/sb=( BrE ) in order to help sb/sth为了帮助某事物╱人 collecting money in aid of charity为资助慈善事业的募捐 2.what's... in aid of? ( BrE ) used to ask why sth is happening…究竟是为啥（发生）；…是做什么用的 What's all this crying in aid of?这哭叫声究竟是为啥？ V ~ (sb/sth) (in sth/in doing sth)~ sb (with sth)( formal ) to help sb/sth to do sth, especially by making it easier帮助；援助 The new test should aid in the early detection of the disease.新的化验应该有助于早早检查出这种疾病。 This feature is designed to aid inexperienced users.这个特色是为帮助没有经验的用户而设计的。 They were accused of aiding his escape.他们被控帮助他逃跑。 They were accused of aiding him in his escape.他们被控帮助他逃跑。 Aided by heat and strong winds, the fire quickly spread.借助高温和大风，火势迅速蔓延。 IDIOMS 习语 aid and abet ( law 律)to help sb to do sth illegal or wrong帮助和教唆（他人犯罪） She stands accused of aiding and abetting the crime.她被控帮助和教唆犯罪 28.temporary adj lasting or intended to last or be used only for a short time; not permanent短暂的；暂时的；临时的 temporary relief from pain短暂的解痛 I'm looking for some temporary work .我在找临时工作。 They had to move into temporary accommodation .他们不得不搬进临时住所。 a temporary measure/solution/arrangement 临时措施╱解决办法╱安排 More than half the staff are temporary.半数以上的职员是临时雇员。 Opp==permanent temporarily adv.We regret this service is temporarily unavailable.我们很抱歉暂时不能提供这一服务。 Temporariness n 29.military adj [ usually before noun]connected with soldiers or the armed forces军事的；军队的；武装的 military training/intelligence 军训；军事情报 a military coup军事政变 military uniform军服 We may have to take military action.我们可能不得不采取军事行动。 ——compare civilian DERIVATIVES 派生词 Militarily adv a militarily superior country军事强国 We may have to intervene militarily in the area.我们可能只好对这一地区进行军事干涉 the military==soldiers; the armed forces军人；军队；军方 The military was/were called in to deal with the riot.已调来军队平息暴乱。 30. rise to one’s feet=come to one’s feet=stand up=on one’s feet=stand on one’s feet 站起来 31. Achievement n 1.[ C]a thing that sb has done successfully, especially using their own effort and skill成就；成绩；功绩 the greatest scientific achievement of the decade这十年最伟大的科学成就 It was a remarkable achievement for such a young player.如此年轻的选手有这样的成绩真是了不起。 They were proud of their children's achievements.他们对孩子们的成绩感到自豪。 2.[ U]the act or process of achieving sth达到；完成 the need to raise standards of achievement in education在教育中提高成绩标准的必要性 Even a small success gives you a sense of achievement (= a feeling of pride) . 即便是小小的成功也给人一种成就感。 Achieve v 1.[ VN] to succeed in reaching a particular goal, status or standard, especially by making an effort for a long time（凭长期努力）达到（某目标、地位、标准）=attain He had finally achieved success.他终于获得了成功。 They could not achieve their target of less than 3% inflation.他们未能达到通货膨胀低于3%的目标。 2.[ VN] to succeed in doing sth or causing sth to happen完成=accomplish I haven't achieved very much today.我今天没做成多少事。 All you've achieved is to upset my parents.你唯一做到的就是使我的父母难过。 3.[ V] to be successful成功 Their background gives them little chance of achieving at school. 他们的家庭背景使他们很难有机会在学校学有所成。 adj. achievable可完成的；可有成就的；做得成的 32.chief adj [ only before noun]1.most important最重要的；首要的；主要的=main/crucial/essential the chief cause/problem/reason主要原因╱问题╱理由 one of the President's chief rivals总统的主要政敌之一 2.( often Chief ) highest in rank最高级别的；为首的；首席的 the Chief Education Officer首席教育官 the chief financial officer of the company公司的首席财务官 Detective Chief Inspector Williams探长威廉斯 3.-in-ˈchief ( in nouns构成名词 ) of the highest rank最高级别的；为首的 commander-in-chief总司令 N 1.a person with a high rank or the highest rank in a company or an organization（公司或机构的）首领，头目，最高领导人 army/industry/police chiefs 部队首长；行业巨擘；警察局长 2.( often as a title常用作头衔 ) a leader or ruler of a people or community首领；酋长；族长 Chief Buthelezi布特莱齐酋长 Chief Crazy Horse“疯马”酋长 adv. chiefly主要地；首先 32. major adj/n&v OPP minor Adj 1.[ usually before noun]very large or important主要的；重要的；大的 a major road一条大马路 major international companies大跨国公司 to play a major role in sth在某事中起重要作用 We have encountered major problems.我们遇上了大问题。 There were calls for major changes to the welfare system.有人要求对福利制度进行重大改革。 2.[ not before noun] ( NAmE ) serious严重 Never mind—it's not major.别担心—这不严重。 3.( music 音)based on a scale (= a series of eight notes) in which the third note is two whole tones/steps higher than the first note大调的 the key of D major D大调 4.( NAmE ) related to sb's main subject of study in college主修的（课程） N 1.(abbr. Maj.)[ C]an officer of fairly high rank in the army or the US air force少校 Major Smith史密斯少校 He's a major in the US army.他是美国陆军少校。 2.[ C] ( NAmE ) the main subject or course of a student at college or university主修课程；专业课 Her major is French.她的专业课是法语。 3.[ C] ( NAmE ) a student studying a particular subject as the main part of their course主修学生；主修生 She's a French major.她是法语专业的学生。 4. the majors[ pl.]( sport 体) ( NAmE ) the major leagues大联盟 V 1.major in sth ( NAmE ) to study sth as your main subject at a university or college主修 She majored in History at Stanford.她在斯坦福主修历史。 2. major on sth ( BrE ) to pay particular attention to one subject, issue, etc.专门研究（课题、问题等） n. majority多数；成年 33.treatment n 1.[ UC]~ (for sth)something that is done to cure an illness or injury, or to make sb look and feel good治疗；疗法；诊治 He is receiving treatment for shock.他正在接受休克治疗。 She is responding well to treatment .她经过治疗大有起色。 to require hospital/medical treatment 需要住院／药物治疗 There are various treatments available for this condition.对这种病情有各种疗法。 Guests at the health spa receive a range of beauty treatments. 客人在健身中心享受各种各样的美容服务。 2.[ U]a way of behaving towards or dealing with a person or thing对待；待遇 the brutal treatment of political prisoners对狱中政治犯的虐待 Certain city areas have been singled out for special treatment.某些城区已划出要进行特别治理。 3.[ UC]a way of dealing with or discussing a subject, work of art, etc.处理；讨论；论述 Shakespeare's treatment of madness in ‘King Lear’莎士比亚在《李尔王》中对疯癫的处理手法 4.[ UC]~ (for sth)a process by which sth is cleaned, or protected against sth（净化或防治）处理，加工 a sewage treatment plant 污水处理厂 an effective treatment for dry rot防治干腐病的有效方法 Treat v 1.~ sb/sth (with/as/like sth)to behave in a particular way towards sb/sth以…态度对待；以…方式对待 to treat people with respect/consideration/suspicion, etc. 对人尊敬、体谅、怀疑等 Treat your keyboard with care and it should last for years.爱惜你的键盘，这样就可以使用很多年。 My parents still treat me like a child.我父母仍然把我当成孩子。 He was treated as a hero on his release from prison.他获释出狱时被当成英雄看待。 2.~ sth as sthto consider sth in a particular way把…看作；把…视为 I decided to treat his remark as a joke.我决定把他的话当作戏言。 3.to deal with or discuss sth in a particular way处理；讨论 The question is treated in more detail in the next chapter.下一章中对这一问题有更详尽的阐述。 4.~ sb (for sth) (with sth)to give medical care or attention to a person, an illness, an injury, etc.医疗；医治；治疗 She was treated for sunstroke.她因中暑而接受治疗。 The condition is usually treated with drugs and a strict diet.这种病通常用药物和严格控制饮食进行治疗。 5.~ sth (with sth)to use a chemical substance or process to clean, protect, preserve, etc. sth（利用化学物质或反应）处理，保护，保存 to treat crops with insecticide给庄稼喷洒杀虫剂 wood treated with preservative经过防腐处理的木材 6.~ sb/yourself (to sth)to pay for sth that sb/you will enjoy and that you do not usually have or do招待；款待；请（客）；买（可享受的东西） She treated him to lunch.她请他吃午饭。 Don't worry about the cost—I'll treat you.别担心费用，我来替你付。 I'm going to treat myself to a new pair of shoes.我打算给自己买双新鞋。 IDIOMS 习语 treat sb like dirt ( informal ) to treat sb with no respect at all视某人如粪土；把…视为草芥；蔑视 PHRASAL VERBS 短语动词 treat sb to sth 用…招待；以…款待 The crowd were treated to a superb display of tennis.观众看了一场非常精彩的网球赛，大饱眼福。 N something very pleasant and enjoyable, especially sth that you give sb or do for them乐事；乐趣；款待 We took the kids to the zoo as a special treat .作为特别的消遣，我们带孩子们到动物园去。 You've never been to this area before? Then you're in for a real treat. 你以前从来没有到过这一地区？那么你一定会喜之不尽。 When I was young chocolate was a treat.我年轻的时候，吃巧克力是一种难得的享受。 Let's go out for lunch— my treat (= I will pay) .咱们到外面去吃午餐，我请客。 Treaty n 条约，协议；谈判 34.obtain v 1.[ VN] to get sth, especially by making an effort（尤指经努力）获得，赢得 to obtain advice/information/permission得到忠告╱信息╱许可 I finally managed to obtain a copy of the report.我终于设法弄到了这份报告的一个副本。 To obtain the overall score, add up the totals in each column. 要得出总计得分，就把各栏的小计加起来。 2.[ V] ( of rules, systems, customs, etc.规则、制度、习俗等 ) ( not used in the progressive tenses不用于进行时 ) to exist存在；流行；沿袭 These conditions no longer obtain.这些条件不再适用。 adj. obtainable能得到的 n. obtainment获得 35.drug n 1.an illegal substance that some people smoke, inject , etc. for the physical and mental effects it has毒品 He does not smoke or take drugs .他既不抽烟也不吸毒。 teenagers experimenting with drugs试用毒品的青少年 I found out Steve was on drugs (= regularly used drugs) .我发现史蒂夫已吸毒成瘾。 drug and alcohol abuse吸毒和酗酒 a hard (= very harmful) drug such as heroin（毒性很大的）海洛因之类的硬毒品 a soft drug (= one that is not considered very harmful) （毒性不很大的）软毒品 Drugs have been seized with a street value of two million dollars.黑市价值二百万元的毒品被查获。 She was a drug addict (= could not stop using drugs) .她是个吸毒成瘾的人。 He was charged with pushing drugs (= selling them) .他被控贩毒。 I don't do drugs (= use them) .我不吸毒。 drug rehabilitation吸毒者的康复训练 2.a substance used as a medicine or used in a medicine药；药物 prescribed drugs处方药 drug companies药品公司 The doctor put me on a course of pain-killing drugs.医生让我服一个疗程的止痛药。 The drug has some bad side effects.这种药有些不好的副作用 吸毒hit the pipe/hop up 36.certificate n 1.an official document that may be used to prove that the facts it states are true证明；证明书 a birth/marriage/death certificate 出生╱结婚╱死亡证明 2.an official document proving that you have completed a course of study or passed an exam; a qualification obtained after a course of study or an exam文凭；结业证书；合格证书 a Postgraduate Certificate in Education (= a British qualification for teachers) 教育学研究生证书（英国教师资格证书） V /səˈtɪfɪkeɪt/ ( BrE ) to give sb an official document proving that they have successfully completed a training course, especially for a particular profession发给结业证书；（尤指）发给职业培训证书 37.ministry 1.[ C] ( BrE ) a government department that has a particular area of responsibility（政府的）部 the Ministry of Defence国防部 a ministry spokesperson部发言人 2.the Ministry[ sing.+sing./pl.v.]ministers of religion, especially Protestant ministers, when they are mentioned as a group（尤指基督教新教的）全体牧师 3.[ Cusually sing.]the work and duties of a minister in the Church; the period of time spent working as a minister in the Church神职；牧师职位；神职任期 38.further adj/adv/v Adj more; additional更多的；更进一步的；附加的 Cook for a further 2 minutes.再煮两分钟。 Have you any further questions?你还有问题吗？ For further details call this number.欲知详情，请拨打这个电话号码。 We have decided to take no further action.我们决定不采取进一步行动。 The museum is closed until further notice (= until we say that it is open again) . 博物馆现在闭馆，开馆时间另行通知。 Adv 1.( comparative of far far的比较级 ) ( especially BrE ) at or to a greater distance（空间距离）较远，更远=farther We had walked further than I had realized.在我不知不觉中我们已走得很远。 Two miles further on we came to a small town.我们又走了两英里，来到了一座小镇。 The hospital is further down the road.沿这条路走下去就是医院。 Can you stand a bit further away?你能不能站远一点？ 2.a longer way in the past or the future（过去或未来）较远，更久远 Think further back into your childhood.再往前回想你的童年。 How will the company be doing ten years further on?十年以后公司的情况将如何呢？ 3.to a greater degree or extent进一步；在更大程度上；在更大范围内 The police decided to investigate further.警方决定作进一步调查。 My life is further complicated by having to work such long hours. 我得工作这么长的时间，因此生活中的麻烦事就更多了。 Nothing could be further from the truth .绝不是那回事。 4.( formal ) in addition to what has just been said此外；而且=furthermore Further, it is important to consider the cost of repairs.此外，重要的是要考虑修理费用。 IDIOMS 习语 1.go further (1) 进一步说；提出更极端的意见 I would go even further and suggest that the entire government is corrupt.我甚至进而想要说，整个政府都是腐败的。 (2)更经久；为更多人服务 They watered down the soup to make it go further.他们在汤里掺水，好让更多的人喝。 2.go no further not go any further if you tell sb that a secret will go no further , you promise not to tell it to anyone else到此为止；不再传下去 3.take sth further采取进一步行动；把…向上级反映 I am not satisfied with your explanation and intend to take the matter further. 我对你的解释不满意，打算进一步探讨这个问题。 V to help sth to develop or be successful促进；增进 They hoped the new venture would further the cause of cultural cooperation in Europe. 他们希望这个新项目将促进欧洲文化合作事业。 She took the new job to further her career.她接受了这项新工作以进一步发展她的事业 adj. furthermost最远方的 adv. furthermore此外；而且 n. furtherance促进；助成；助长 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$